Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Tackling the challenge of global warming

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Tackling the challenge

Sustainable development strategies- we will look at a range of sustainable strategies available to combat and cope with global warming.

These include sustainable development at all levels and green strategies such as renewable energy.

Sustainable development = ?

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

P 80-84BBC Sustainability

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Sustainable development strategies – Sustainability Quadrant

Developing eco-friendly & green strategies. Working with nature

Providing pro-poor solutions. Increasing equality to help the world’s poorest people.

Providing community-based solutions. Facilitating grass-roots, locally developed initiatives.

More efficient use of resources. Ensuring resources are conserved for future generations by not overusing them in the present.

Conservation of biodiversity.

Clean development mechanisms e.g. renewable energy.

Carbon capture and storage

Community-based schemes using appropriate technologies

Technology transfer to the poor.

Extra climate change related aid to the world’s poorest countries.

Climate-proofed, climate friendly schemes.

Energy-efficiency measures in transport, industry, building design, recycling and waste management

P80 Philip Allan

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Green strategiesGreen strategies

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Tree planting....a possible solution to global warming?

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Carbon storehouses

Mature forests store enormous quantities of carbon, both in the trees and vegetation itself and within the soil in the form of decaying plant matter. Forests in areas such as the Congo and the Amazon represent some of the world's largest carbon stores on land.

But when forests are logged or burnt, that carbon is released into the atmosphere, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases and accelerating the rate of climate change. So much carbon is released that they contribute up to one-fifth of global man-made emissions, more than the world's entire transport sector.

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Deforestation has such a massive effect on climate change that Deforestation has such a massive effect on climate change that IndonesiaIndonesia and  and Brazil Brazil are now the third and fourth largest are now the third and fourth largest emitters of carbon dioxide on the planet. emitters of carbon dioxide on the planet.

This dubious honour comes not from industrial or transport This dubious honour comes not from industrial or transport emissions, but from deforestation - up to 75 per cent of Brazil's emissions, but from deforestation - up to 75 per cent of Brazil's emissions come solely from deforestation - with the majority emissions come solely from deforestation - with the majority coming from clearing and burning areas of the Amazon rainforest.coming from clearing and burning areas of the Amazon rainforest.

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1 Scientists from the Carnegie Institution of Washington used a computer model to determine the impact which forests in different parts of the planet would have on temperature.

Their analysis indicates that three key factors are involved:

•forests can cool the planet by absorbing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide during photosynthesis

•they can also cool the planet by evaporating water to the atmosphere and increasing cloudiness; a deck of white clouds reflects incoming solar radiation straight back out into space

•trees can also have a warming effect because they are dark and absorb a lot of sunlight, holding heat near ground level

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Their study shows that tropical forests are very beneficial to the climate Their study shows that tropical forests are very beneficial to the climate because they take up carbon and increase cloudiness, which in turn because they take up carbon and increase cloudiness, which in turn helps cool the planet. helps cool the planet.

The further you move from the equator, though, these gains are eroded; The further you move from the equator, though, these gains are eroded; and the team's modelling predicts that planting more trees in mid- and and the team's modelling predicts that planting more trees in mid- and high-latitude locations could lead to a net warming of a few degrees by high-latitude locations could lead to a net warming of a few degrees by the year 2100 . This is because the darkening of the surface by new the year 2100 . This is because the darkening of the surface by new forest canopies in the high-latitude boreal regions allows absorption of forest canopies in the high-latitude boreal regions allows absorption of more sunlight that helps to warm the surface. more sunlight that helps to warm the surface.

Also in the first 10 years of a trees growing life a growing tree releases more Also in the first 10 years of a trees growing life a growing tree releases more carbon dioxide than it absorbs!carbon dioxide than it absorbs!

P 66 Pearson and CD ROM P 66 Pearson and CD ROM BBC In search of rainforestsBBC In search of rainforests

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Developed by Dr. Klaus Lackner these synthetic trees could be used as CO2 scrubbers cleaning our air. Using a chemical reaction to pull carbon dioxide from the air this technology could buy the world time to development and implement alternative energy sources.

http://www.reuters.com/video/2011/04/25/synthetic-trees-capture-carbon?videoId=205618634

http://knowledge.allianz.com/climate/science/?1580/carbon-capture-artificial-trees-suck-co2-from-air

Synthetic treesSynthetic trees

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Innovation in technology - Innovation in technology - CarsCars

• A A natural gas vehiclenatural gas vehicle or or NGVNGV is an alternative fuel is an alternative fuel vehicle that uses compressed natural gas or liquefied vehicle that uses compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas as a clean alternative to other fossil fuels. natural gas as a clean alternative to other fossil fuels.

• Worldwide, there were 14.8 million natural gas vehicles by Worldwide, there were 14.8 million natural gas vehicles by 2011, led by Iran with 2.86 million, Pakistan (2.85 million), 2011, led by Iran with 2.86 million, Pakistan (2.85 million), Argentina (2.07 million), Brazil (1.70 million), and India Argentina (2.07 million), Brazil (1.70 million), and India (1.10 million).(1.10 million).

• The Asia-Pacific region leads the world with 6.8 million The Asia-Pacific region leads the world with 6.8 million NGVs, followed by Latin America with 4.2 million vehicles.NGVs, followed by Latin America with 4.2 million vehicles.[[

• As of 2009, the U.S. had a fleet of 114,270 compressed As of 2009, the U.S. had a fleet of 114,270 compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles, mostly buses. natural gas (CNG) vehicles, mostly buses.

• They release less carbon dioxide than both petrol and They release less carbon dioxide than both petrol and diesel cars, as the graph on the next slide shows. diesel cars, as the graph on the next slide shows.

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

HondaHonda

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Hybrid carsHybrid cars

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Reducing our carbon Reducing our carbon footprintfootprint

Who….industrialists, the Who….industrialists, the automobile industry, homes, automobile industry, homes,

families, individuals, us?families, individuals, us?

How? Your ideas? How? Your ideas? P 84 Philip AllanP 84 Philip Allan

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Incandescent bulbs replaced Incandescent bulbs replaced with energy saving bulbswith energy saving bulbs

p 68 Pearsonp 68 Pearson

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1 Moving away from Moving away from

dependence on fossil dependence on fossil fuels….fuels….

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1 Large scale monumental Large scale monumental

projects…..like the Three projects…..like the Three Gorges DamGorges Dam

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Three Gorges Dam

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

It is the world’s largest HEP dam and very controversial.

Advantages of the dam (economic, social and environmental)•HEP needed for China's growing industry and for domestic use too (China uses 40% world power)•It will provide for 2% of China's 1.3 billion peoples’ energy needs and so helps reduce the Chinese carbon emissions•Tourism increased on lake•Improved shipping as larger cargo boats (up to 10,000 tonnes) can travel upstream to Chongqing•New settlements have better services eg water, sewage etc

However, the dam also has disadvantages (economic, social and environmental)•1.3 million people relocated often without adequate compensation•4 cities, 8 towns and 356 villages submerged•Temples and sacred places flooded•Factories submerged releasing toxic waste into water •Silt builds up behind dam so does not fertilise fields downstream•Risk of earthquakes cracking dam and causing flooding •27 billion pounds to build it•Loss of species like the Yangtze river dolphin

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8311223.stm

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

P 85 Philip AllanP 85 Philip Allan

Have a look why it is so important for China (and India) to Have a look why it is so important for China (and India) to make changes!make changes!

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Renewable energy Renewable energy generationgeneration

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Reading Wind Turbine in the UK

The 85 metre tower and 2MW turbine will be able to generate enough power for 1,000 homes - roughly 2% of Wokingham itself - the company says.

BBC News Windpower

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Wind Power in GreeceWind Power in GreeceWind Energy Capacity (MW)Wind Energy Capacity (MW)

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010

3939 112 189 272 297 383 473 573 746 871 985 1,087 1,208112 189 272 297 383 473 573 746 871 985 1,087 1,208

Wind power in GreeceWind power in Greece was due to expand by 352% by 2010 to meet the was due to expand by 352% by 2010 to meet the European target of 20% coverage of energy needs from renewable European target of 20% coverage of energy needs from renewable sources. Previously, there were 1,028 wind turbines installed throughout sources. Previously, there were 1,028 wind turbines installed throughout Greece and the number was set to reach 2,587 wind turbines before the Greece and the number was set to reach 2,587 wind turbines before the end of 2010end of 2010

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

1 Kw

3 Kw

Micro Hydro can produce up to 100 Kw

A kilowatt is approximately equivalent to 1.34 horsepower. An electric heater with one heating element might use 1 kilowatt. 40 w light bulb (1000 watts in a Kilowatt).

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1 What are biofuels?

Biofuels are any kind of fuel made from living things, or from the waste they produce.This is a very long and diverse list, including:

•wood, wood chippings and straw•pellets or liquids made from wood•biogas (methane) from animals' excrement•ethanol, diesel or other liquid fuels made from processing plant material or waste oil

In recent years, the term "biofuel" has come to mean the last category - ethanol and diesel, made from crops including corn, sugarcane and rapeseed.

Burning the fuels releases carbon dioxide; but growing the plants absorbs a comparable amount of the gas from the atmosphere. However energy is used in farming and processing the crops and this can make biofuel as polluting as petroleum-based fuels.

Brazil leads the world in production and use, making about 16 billion litres per year of ethanol from its sugarcane industry. Sixty percent of new cars can run on a fuel mix which includes 85% ethanol.

A recent UK government publication declared that biofuels reduced emissions "by 50-60% compared to fossil fuels".

What are the downsides?

From the environmental point of the view, the big issue is biodiversity.

With much of the western world's farmland already consisting of identical fields of monocultured crops, the fear is that a major adoption of biofuels will reduce habitat for animals and wild plants still further.Asian countries may be tempted to replace rainforest with more palm oil plantations, critics say.

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Renewable energy powerpoint presentations

Microhydro

Wind

Biomass/Biofuel

Geothermal

Solar

Tidal, wave

You should include a place where it is being used, why each will help manage climate change and what are the costs and benefits of each!

See P 82 Philip Allan

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Community based green Community based green strategiesstrategies

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Take-action/Community-projectshttp://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Take-action/Community-projects

P82-83 Philip AllanP82-83 Philip Allan

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Further thought….Further thought….

Criticisms of climate – friendly technologies p 69 PearsonCriticisms of climate – friendly technologies p 69 Pearson

Cost of climate - friendly technologies p 69 PearsonCost of climate - friendly technologies p 69 Pearson

Role of market forces P 70 PearsonRole of market forces P 70 Pearson

Date: 20 Apr 2023 AS Global Challenges Unit 1

Exam practiceExam practice

p 71 Pearson Q1p 71 Pearson Q1