TAHIRA KHAN BADAR SALAMUZAIR HASHMI TAYYABA KOMALFARIA KHANINAM KAMAL
MOLECULAR TYPING OF MICROORGANISMS…..
INTRODUCTION DEFINITION:
Molecular typing procedures can be broadly defined as methods used to differentiate bacteria and viruses based on the composition of biological molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, carbohydrates, etc., or nucleic acids
Infection control relies increasingly on the recently introduced nucleic acid mediated procedures for addition of microbial pathogens. The newly designed techniques are for microbial identification and typing. The presentation in detail covers the phenotypic, genotypic and other methods of molecular typing in detail.
NEED FOR MOLECULAR TYPING There are a number of reasons why it may be
necessary to characterize a microbial isolate beyond species level and determine its sub-species, strain, or even sub-strain.
To relate individual cases to an outbreak of infectious disease
To establish an association between an outbreak of food poisoning and a specific food vehicle
To study variations in the pathogenicity, virulence and antibiotic resistance of individual strains within a species
To trace the source of contaminants within a manufacturing process
To characterize microorganisms with important industrial applications
TYPING METHODS
Sero typing
Phage typing
Antimicrobial resistance monitoring
Multilocus enzyme
electrophoresis (MLEE)
Phenotypic
•Rely on expression of phenotypic characteristics (genetically coded)•Antibiotic resistance, antigens etc
Genotypic
•Analysis of the genetic material •DNA, RNA
PHENOTYPING METHODS
Sero typing
• Antigenetic determinants expressed on the cell surface
• Still widely used for Salmonella, Shigella, Neiseria, E. coli, V cholerae Slide/ tube agglutination
• LIMITATION: Requires extensive stock of absorbed/monoclonal sera (e.g. >2200 antisera required for definitive Salmonella typing)
Phage typing
•Viruses that infect and destroy bacterial cells –Bacteriophage•The resistance or susceptibility of strains is used for differentiation•LIMITATION: Technically demanding, time consuming, typeability is an issue
MLEE
MLEEMLEE Characterizes the
cellular proteins by electrophoretically .separating them in a gel
matriXExposing the gel to chromogenic
substrates (that react with the enzymes)
Limitation: Complexity of interpretation
EMEGRING MOLECULAR DIAGONOSTIC METHODS
UZAIR HASHMI
EMERGING MOLECULAR METHODS IN DIAGNOSIS• Plasmid profiling• Restriction enzyme analysis (REA)• Restriction fragment length polymorphism
(RFLP)• Ribotyping• Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) • Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)• Nucleic acid sequencing
)
RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS (REA)Extraction of plasmid or chromosomal DNADigestion of the DNA at particular sites using specific restriction enzymesHundreds of DNA fragments of various sizes (0.5-50Kb) separated by gel electrophoresisLIMITATION: Complex profiles with hundreds of unresolved or overlapping bands
NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCING
Enumeration of individual nucleotide base pairs
Provides highly reliable and objective data suitable for
subsequent quantitative analysisNecessary for virus typingLIMITATIONS:
Locus with sufficient sequence variability Sequencing of a single locus may not be reliable
result Prohibitively expensive for most settings
Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD ) DEFNITION: Technique that utilizes low-stringency
polymerase chain reaction PCR amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments.
RAPD technique may be used to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyze mixed genome samples, and create specific probes.
ADVANTAGES
• Uses short primers that find a lot of targets
• Different size amplicons• Products separated by
electrophoresis
LIMTATIONS:
• Identification of suitable primers
• Difficult to interpret differences in the intensity of bands
• Inefficient reactions• Amplification of cryptic
genetic material (prophages, bacteriophages)
FARIA KHAN ANTIBIOTIC SENTISVITY PULSE FIELD GEL ELECTROPHRESIS MULTI LOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING (MLST)
Multi Locus sequence typing (MLST)• Targets different DNA pieces
and sequences them• Compares results with data
banks• Pro: highly comparable• Con: expensive equipment
Antibiotic susceptibility testing
• Based on susceptibility of bacterial isolates to a panel of antimicrobial agents
• Routinely performed on clinical isolates• A reasonable preliminary indicator to initiate epidemiological action
Examples:• MRSA methicillin/oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus• VRE vancomycin resistant enterococci• Esbls extended spectrum beta Lactamases (which are resistant to
Cephalosporins and monobactams)• PRSP penicillin resistant streptococcus pneumoniae
Limitations: Antibiotic resistance under extraordinary selective pressure Multiple mechanisms for a strain to become abruptly resistant
PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS (PFGE)
This technique is relatively similar to performing a standard gel electrophoresis except that instead of constantly running the voltage in one direction, the voltage is periodically switched among three directions;
one that runs through the central axis of the gel and two that run at an angle of 60 degrees either side
The pulse times are equal for each direction resulting in a net forward migration of the DNA.
ADVANTAGES
• Rare cutting enzymes• Alternate current orientations
allow separation of large DNA fragments
• Highly discriminatory and reproducible; currently the method of choice for typing a range of bacteria
LIMITATIONS
• Time consuming• Expensive• Specialized equipment
MOLECULAR TYPING OF MICROORGANISMS- BACTERIA
BY: TAYYABA KOMAL.
Phenotyping Biotyping. ( based on detailed
biochemical structure) Bacteriocin typing. Protein typing. Extracted cell proteins can be
typed using MALDI-TOF. Analysis of cellular fatty acid
methyl esters (FAMEs) by gas chromatography.
Profile databases and Softwares.
Genotyping
1. Multilocus sequence typing.2. Pulsed- field gel electrophoresis.3. Ribotyping.4. Repititive sequence based PCR.
TECHNIQUE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Multilocus sequence typing.
Highly discriminatory if the genes are correctly chosen.
Quite time consuming and costly.
2. Pulsed- field gel electrophoresis.
Method of choice in the typing of human bacterial pathogens and the investigation of disease outbreaks.
Costly and requires at least three days to obtain a result.
3. Ribotyping. It is rapid (<24 hours to result), reproducible and works for a wide range of bacterial species.
Costly in terms of equipment.
4. Repititive sequence based PCR.
Widely used for typing human pathogens.
Variation in analysis and interpretation of data.
INAM KAMAL
HYBRIDIZATION AND NUCLEAR PROBINGSOUTHERN BLOTRESTRICTION LENGTH POLYMOPRPHISM(RFLP)
Hybridization
Nucleic acid hybridization is the formation of a duplex between two complementary sequences
Intermolecular hybridization: between two polynucleotide chains which have complementary bases DNA-DNA DNA-RNA RNA-RNA
Annealing is another term used to describe the hybridization of two complementary molecules
Double-stranded
DNA
Denaturation
Single-stranded
DNAInitialBase
pairing
Denaturation - Renaturation
Renatured DNA
Renaturation
Southern Blots
Southern blotting is a procedure for transferring denatured DNA from an agarose gel to a solid support filter where it can be hybridized with a complementary nucleic acid probe
The DNA is separated by size so that specific fragments can be identified
Procedure: Restriction digest to make different sized fragments Agarose gel electrophoresis to separate by size Since only single strands bind to the filter, the DNA
must be denatured. Denaturation to permit binding to the filter (NaOH) Transfer to filter paper (capillary flow) Hybridization to probe Visualization of probe
Southern Blot
Restriction enzyme
DNA of various sizes
Electrophorese on agarose gel
gel
Denature - transfer to filter paper.
blot
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
RFLP is a polymorphic allele identified by the presence or absence of a specific restriction endonuclease recognition site: GAATTC versus GATTTC
RFLP is usually identified by digestion of genomic DNA with specific restriction enzymes followed by Southern blotting
Regions of DNA with polymorphisms: Introns Flanking sequences Exons
Applications, Advantages and limitations
Badar Slam
Applications
Nonculturable agents Fastidious, slow-growing agents Highly infectious agents that are
dangerous to culture In situ detection of infectious agents Agents present in low numbers Culture confirmation
Locating specific genes Organisms present in small volume
specimens Differentiation of antigenically similar
agents Antiviral drug susceptibility testing Non-viable organisms Molecular epidemiology
Advantages High sensitivity
Can theoretically detect the presence of a single organism
High specificity Can detect specific genotypes Can determine drug resistance Can predict virulence
Speed Quicker than traditional culturing for certain
organisms Simplicity
Some assays are now automated
Disadvantages
Expensive So specific that must have good clinical
data to support infection by that organism before testing is initiated.
Due to high sensitivity and specificity, proper quality control is critical for molecular testing.
May be a problem with mixed cultures – would have to assay for all organisms causing the infection.