TAKS Objective 5
Motion , Forces
and Energy
Motion can be described as
a change in an object’s position
Average velocity (speed) is the change of position of an object over time
Velocity Graphs V = distance
time
Velocity (v) is the slope (rise over run) of a position (d) vs. time (t) graph
Velocity
0
20
40
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Time (sec)
Dista
nce (
m) Series1
Series2
40 The diagram represents the total travel of a teacher on a Saturday. Which part of the trip is made at the greatest average speed?F QG RH SJ T
How do we work this one?
Calculate v = d/t for each segment.
Acceleration Graphs Acceleration (a) is
the slope of a velocity (v) vs. time (t) graph
Plotted on a distance vs. time graph, acceleration is an exponential curve
Acceleration
0
20
40
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Time (sec)
Velo
city
((m
/s)(m
)
Acceleration is a change in an objects velocity (speed or direction)
When an object’s speed changes over time it is accelerating (or decelerating)
A = vfinal – vinitial time Units for acceleration
m/s/s or m/s2
Definition of a Force
A Force is a push or a pull
Balanced Force
A force that produces no change in an object’s motion because it is balanced by an equal, opposite force.
4 The picture shows the position of a ball every 0.25 second on a photogram. Using a ruler, determine the velocity of the ball.
F 3.5 cm/s
G 10.5 cm/s
H 14.0 cm/s
J 28.0 cm/s
Use the ruler on the side of the chart and the equation for velocity. The answer was H.
Measure from the center of ball 1 to the center of ball 2 and multiply by 4.
Unbalanced Forces
Are forces that results in an object’s motion being changed.
+
Friction
A force that acts in a direction opposite to the motion of two surfaces in contact with each other.
Friction
Friction causes an object to slow down and stop.
Since the amount of energy stays constant, the energy becomes heat.
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
Object in motion stays in motion
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
And Objects at rest stay at rest
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
Until they are acted upon by unbalanced forces.
Inertia or Newtons 1st Law
Tendency for an object to stay at rest or moving in a straight line at a constant speed.
The mass (m measured in kg) of an object determines its inertia
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
Force = Mass X AccelerationF=maWeight (pull of gravity) is a commonly measured force,
calculated by F=mg, g is the acceleration due to gravity 9.8 m/s2
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
The greater the mass of an object, the greater the force required to change its motion.
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
The greater the acceleration of an object, the greater the force required to change its motion.
A 0.2 N B 0.8 N C 1.5 N D 6.0 N
11 The frog leaps from its resting position at the lake’s bank onto a lily pad. If the frog has a mass of 0.5 kg and the acceleration of the leap is 3 m/s2, what is the force the frog exerts on the lake’s bank when leaping?
Formula chart says F=ma, m is mass in kg, a is acceleration in m/s2.
So, .5 kg x 3 m/s2= 1.5 N
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
All forces come in action-reaction pairs
Ex: feet push backward on floor, the floor pushes forward on feet
27 A ball moving at 30 m/s has a momentum of 15 kg·m/s. The mass of the ball is —
A 45 kg
B 15 kg
C 2.0 kg
D 0.5 kg
Formula Page says that Momentum = Mass x Velocity
So 15 kg.m/s = M x 30 m/s solving for M it is:
Work Work: using a force
for a distance W = F x d The work done by forces on an object
= changes in energy for that object. Work and Energy are measured in
Joules 1 Joule=1 Newton • meter
42 How much work is performed when a 50 kg crate is pushed 15 m with a force of 20 N?
F 300 JG 750 JH 1,000 JJ 15,000 J
Use the formula Work = Force x distance
Force of 20 N x 15 meters = 300 Joules Answer:
Why use a machine?
In an ideal (perfect) machine the work put into the machine (Win) = the work put out by that machine (Wout)
Machines make work easier
The ideal mechanical advantage of a machine (IMA) of a machine is the number of times the output force is larger than the input
force IMA=Fout/Fin A machine can only make this
happen by moving the input force through a farther distance than the output force
Fin • din=Fout • dout
48 The diagram shows an electric motor lifting a 6 N block a distance of 3 m. The total amount of electrical energy used by the motor is 30 J. How much energy does the motor convert to heat?
F 9 J
G 12 J
H 18 J
J 21 J
Work Output = Resistance Force x Resistance Distance
Workout = 18J = 6N x 3m
Work Input = 30J done by the motor
The difference is lost as heat due to friction, which is 30J – 18J = 12J
Answer G
Real Machines use Energy No real machine is
100 % efficient. i.e. none put out more work than is put in
Efficiency of a machine is work output/work input X 100 %
Eff = Wout X 100%
Win
Machines use power Power: the rate at
which energy is used (work is done)
P=Work/time Power is measured in
H.P. or watts 1 watt = 1 Joule
1 sec
A accelerated rapidly
B remained motionless
C decreased its velocity
D gained momentum
45 If a force of 100 newtons was exerted on an object and no work was done, the object must have —
Work = Force x Distance
Work = 0 Force = 100 N so
0 J = 100 N x d
distance must be 0
It did not move!
6 Types of simple machines
Some Simple Machines:
Inclined planes Screws Pulleys Wheel and axle Levers Wedge
Universal Law of Gravitation
All objects in the universe attract each other by the force of gravity
Universal Law of Gravitation
Gravity varies depending on two factors:
1) the mass of the object doing the pulling, and
2) the distance from the center of that object
On Earth gravity = 9.8 m/s/s
For every second that an object falls its speed increases by 9.8 m/s
Weight= Mass (m) X gravity (g)
Weight Unit of mass = kg Unit of acceleration =
m/s/s Unit of weight = Newton 1 Newton= about ¼ pound
USE THE FORMULA PAGE
Some of the problems require you to grid in an answer. Make sure you pay attention to the decimal point in the square in the middle.
.
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9