Tasty TimelineCharles and Maximillian

Fleischmann introduced the first commercially produced

yeast by selling bread in their “Vienna Bakery” at Philadelphia’s Centennial

Exposition.187618771878

Yeast Breads

Yeast Bread Ingredients

Yeast -Types1. Compressed cake2. Active dry3. Rapid rise

• finer particle size• less resistant to temperature

fluctuations• lower shelf-life• used in bread machines

Types of Yeast

Rapid Rise Yeast

Compressed Yeast

Types of yeast

http://familyconsumersciences.com/2010/09/yeast-compilation/

Fermentation

Yeast + H20 + Sugar + Heat

C02 + Alcohol + Acid

Yeast activity related to temperature

Temperatures

If you will be dissolving the yeast in water, heat the liquids to 105°-115°.

If you are combining yeast with other dry ingredients, heat the liquids to 120°-130°.

Temperatures that are too high will kill the yeast cells. Temperatures that are too low can slow or stop yeast activity.

When preparing bread in a bread machine, liquids should be at room temperature (75°-85°)

Yeast Functions

1. Leavening2. Flavor3. Aroma4. Yeast enzymes break starch

in flour into sugar

Flour

1. Gluten for elasticity & structure

2. Bread flour3. Serves as a source of starch

which turns into fermentable sugar

You can use all-purpose flour for making yeast breads. However, many yeast bread recipes call for bread flour. Bread flour contains more gluten than all-purpose flour.

When mixed with liquid and kneaded, the flour develops gluten which supports the carbon dioxide produced by the yeast.

Water Ingredient1. Dissolves sugar & salt2. Disperses yeast3. Hydrates starch & gluten4. Provides steam5. Helps break starch into sugar6. Gives consistency to dough

(Picture from ZoeAnn Holmes 2000. Science of Foods,Nutrition and Food Management, OregonState University, Corvallis)

Salt1. Essential ingredient2. Strengthens gluten by

slowing down yeast enzymes 3. Controls rate of yeast growth4. Firms gluten

No salt Normal Salt Double Salt

From PowerPoint Presentation tool for Understanding Food, 1 edition by 2000.Reprinted with permission of Wadsworth, an imprint of theWadsworthGroup, a division of Thompson Learning

Sugar

Contributes to:–Flavor–browning–tenderness

Food for yeast

Fat

1. Not an essential ingredient2. Flavor & richness3. Contributes to tenderness by

interfering with gluten development

4. Volume & grain5. Plastic fat preferred

Eggs

1. Not an essential ingredient2. Contributes color3. Provides richness and flavor4. Contributes nutritive value5. Allows dough to “stretch”

because of the protein in the egg and also contributes to structure(refer to next slide for picture)

Influence of eggs on volume and texture of

loaf bread

From PowerPoint Presentation tool for Understanding Food, 1 edition by 2000. Reprinted with permission of Wadsworth, an imprint of the WadsworthGroup, a division of Thompson Learning

Steps in Yeast Bread Production

1. Mise en place (scale and prepare ingredients)

2. Mixing3. Fermentation4. Punching5. Scaling6. Rounding

Steps in Yeast Bread Production7. Benching-allow the dough to

rest before shaping.8. Makeup and panning9. Proofing10. Baking11. Cooling12. Storing

Kneading

Although some of the gluten develops during mixing, kneading develops most of the gluten.

To knead means to press the dough with the heel of the hands, fold it, and turn it.

You must knead yeast dough until smooth and elastic.

It is important not to add too much flour during kneading. Too much flour will make the dough stiff.

Do not be too rough with the dough. Too much pressure at the beginning of kneading can keep the dough sticky and hard to handle. Too much pressure at the end of kneading can tear or mat the gluten strands that have developed.

Kneading the Dough The dough has been

kneaded enough when it passes the windowpane test.

To perform the windowpane test, cut off a small piece of dough from the batch and gently stretch, pull and turn it to see if it will hold a paper-thin translucent membrane.

If the dough falls apart before it makes the windowpane, continue mixing or kneading for another minute or two and test again.

Kneading dough, step 1 step 2

step 3

From PowerPoint Presentation tool for Understanding Food, 1 edition by 2000. Reprinted with permission of Wadsworth, an imprint of the WadsworthGroup, a division of Thompson Learning

Kneading http://www.youtube.com/watch

?v=dWj8oHMPFm0 Window pane test http://familyconsumersciences.

com/2010/09/yeast-compilation/

Kool-Aid Play Dough 2 cups flour 1 cup salt 1 package of Kool-Aid 1 cup hot water Combine ingredients and mix.

Practice kneading the dough

Fermentation

After kneading a yeast dough, you must allow it to rest in a warm place. During the rest time, the yeast acts upon the sugars in the bread dough to form alcohol and carbon dioxide. This is called fermentation.

The alcohol evaporates during baking, the carbon dioxide causes the bread to rise.

The dough should double in volume.

To test to see if the dough has doubled, press two fingers into the dough, if an indentation remains, the dough has risen enough.

Fermentation time varies depending on the kind and amount of yeast, the temperature of the room, and the kind of flour.

The room temperature for fermentation should be 80°-85° F.

If the kitchen is not warm enough, place the dough on a wire rack over another bowl filled with warm water.

Punching the Dough When the dough has

completed rising, you must punch it down to release some of the carbon dioxide.

Punch dough down by firmly pushing a fist into the dough. Fold the edges of the dough toward the center, and turn the dough over so that the smooth side is on top.

At this point, some doughs require a second rising time.

Shaping

After punching the dough down, use a sharp knife to divide it into portions as the recipe directs. Allow the divided dough to rest 10 minutes. After resting, the dough is easier to handle.

Allow the dough to rise again after shaping.

To shape dough, first flatten dough into a rectangle.

The width of the dough should be about the length of the bread pan.

Use a rolling pin to help you work out any large air bubbles.

Cover the shaped dough and allow to rise in a warm, draft free place until they have doubled in bulk.

Shaping Yeast Breads Crescent Rolls Parkerhouse Rolls Cloverleaf Rolls

Baking Baking times and temperatures vary depending

upon the kind of dough and size of the loaf. Place most yeast breads in a hot oven to begin

baking. During baking, the gas cells expand. The walls

of dough around these cells set and become rigid.

During the first few minutes of baking, the dough will rise dramatically-this is called oven spring.

Shortly after oven spring occurs, you may reduce the oven temperature so the bread finishes baking in a moderately hot oven. This prevents over-browning.

After baking, immediately remove the bread from the pans and place it on cooling racks. Cool thoroughly before slicing and storing.

Tests for doneness

Time and color (should be golden brown)

Tap on top of bread (should sound hollow)

Remove from pans and cool on wire rack to prevent sogginess

Other Types of Yeast Breads French Bread Baguettes Focaccia

Other Types of Yeast Breads

Challah-the traditional bread for Jewish Sabbaths and Celebrations. Rich with eggs and flavored with honey, it is braided into oval loaves and topped with poppy or sesame seeds.

Other Types of Yeast Breads

Croissants-fat is incorporated through a process of rolling and folding.

1.

2

3. 4.

5.

6.

Other Types of Yeast Breads Brioche-a rich,

tender bread made with lots of eggs and butter. It can be a difficult dough to work with. It is traditionally made in fluted pans and has a topknot of dough

Other Types of Yeast Breads

The New Orleans tradition, begun in the 1870s, borrows heavily from European customs. As part of the celebration of Mardi Gras, it is traditional to bake an oval cake in honor of the three kings - the King Cake. The shape of a King Cake symbolizes the unity of faiths. Each cake is decorated in the traditional Mardi Gras colors: purple represents justice, green represents faith and gold represents power. A small baby, symbolizing the baby Jesus, is baked into each cake.

Shapes Clover leaf

Crescent

Parker house

Braided bread

Brioche

Mixing Methods for Yeast Breads

–Traditional Method–One Rise Method–Mixer Method–Batter method–Cool Rise Dough–Refrigerator Dough–Freezer Dough–Bread Machine

Traditional Method Steps:

– Soften the yeast in warm water.(105°-115°).

– Add the sugar,fat, and salt to the milk. The milk should be room temperature to lukewarm.

– Combine the yeast with the liquid mixture, and add some of the flour . beat the mixture until smooth. Add the remaining flour gradually to form a dough.

You can also use the traditional method to prepare refrigerator yeast breads. These breads often call for extra yeast, sugar and salt. Mix and knead the dough and place in a covered bowl in the refrigerator. Shape the dough and bake it the next day. The is sometimes called the cool-rise method.

Mixer Method

This method works well with active dry or fast rising yeast. It also allows ingredients to blend easily and eliminates softening the yeast.

Steps:– Mix the yeast with some of the flour and all of the

other dry ingredients. – Heat the liquid and fat together to a temperature

of 120°-130°F, and add to the dry ingredients with an electric mixer.

– Add eggs, if required, and add the remaining flour to form a dough.

– Using the mixer helps develop the gluten and shortens the kneading time.

Batter Method

Uses less flour, so the yeast mixture is thinner than a dough.

Vigorous stirring, rather than kneading helps develop the gluten.

If the recipe requires two risings, rise first in the mixing bowl, then spread the batter in the baking pan for the second rising.

Food Science Principles of Preparing Yeast Breads Preparing yeast breads requires the development

of gluten and the formation of carbon dioxide. The gluten develops during mixing and

kneading. The gluten will form the framework of the bread

and hold the carbon dioxide produced by the yeast during fermentation.

The yeast will produce carbon dioxide which will give volume to the bread.

Characteristics of Yeast Breads A high-quality loaf has a large volume, and a

smooth, rounded top. The surface is golden brown.

When sliced, the texture is fine and uniform. The crumb is tender and elastic, and it springs back when touched.

If a yeast dough has been under or over worked, the finished product will have a low volume. (The carbon dioxide has leaked out of the dough.)

If you allow bread to rise for too long a time before baking, it may have large, over-expanded cells. The top of the loaf may be sunken with over-hanging sides. The texture may be coarse, and crumbly.

Bread that has not been allowed to rise long enough before baking may have large cracks on the side of the loaf, and the texture will be compact.

Time Saving Yeast Bread TechniquesCool-Rise Doughs

–Prepared from recipes that are specially designed to rise slowly in the refrigerator. Mix the ingredients and knead the dough, then after a brief rest, you shape the dough and place it in a pan. Cover and refrigerate. The dough will rise and be ready to bake 2-24 hours later.

Refrigerator Doughs–Prepared from recipes that are specially designed to rise slowly in the refrigerator.

–Often uses the batter method. –Shaped after refrigeration.–Dough can remain in the refrigerator for 2-24 hours. Then you shape the dough, let it rise and bake it

Freezer Doughs–Recipes allow you to mix and knead the dough. Then you can freeze the dough before or after shaping.

–Store the dough in the freezer for up to one month. When you are ready to eat it, thaw, shape if necessary, let rise and bake.

Bread Machines

Fastest, easiest way to produce homemade bread.

Each machine model behaves differently. Carefully follow the manufacturers directions. You can check the texture of the dough by

opening the machine’s lid partway through the first knead cycle. The dough should form a soft ball that is somewhat sticky to the touch.

If the dough is too moist, the loaf will collapse during baking.

To correct, add 1 Tablespoon of bread flour at a time.

Weather conditions have an effect on dough prepared in a bread machine.

Microwaving Yeast Breads

You can defrost frozen bread dough in the microwave.

You can also raise and bake yeast bread in the microwave.

Bread baked in the microwave will lack the crisp, brown crust of a conventionally baked loaf.

Defrosting Frozen Bread Dough Step 1: Microwave 1 cup water for 3-5

minutes on HIGH, until boiling. Place the frozen bread dough in a greased,

microwavable loaf pan. Microwave on the defrost setting for 3 min. Turn dough over and rotate the pan. Microwave on defrost for another 3 min. , until

the dough is soft to touch. Allow the dough to stand for 5 min. until pliable.

Raising Dough in the Microwave Oven

Place dough in a greased bowl, turning to grease on all sides.

Cover the bowl with waxed paper and place it in the microwave with a dish of warm water.

Microwave on low power for 1 min. Let the dough stand for 15 min. Rotate the dish ¼ turn. Repeat this step until the dough is doubled.

Did you know that:

1. Microwaves are not recommended in the making of bread because they do not provide dry heat and therefore cannot contribute to the Maillard reaction and carmelization.

2. Yeast breads rise faster at higher altitudes and so less yeast is needed

3. If you would like to decorate your yeast breads and spice up the taste, spread a thin layer of egg white on the prepared dough and then sprinkle sesame seed, poppy seeds, garlic, parmesan, cinnamon & sugar, etc.