SDO400002
Taxonomical, Anatomical and ChemotaxonomicalI -Studhs Of 12 Mosses From Jebel Marra (DarfurState, Sudan), With Special Reference To Their
Localities.
BY
1kram Madani Ahmed
B. Sc. Hon s Botany December 1994), M. Sc. Forestry (Septernber 1997)
A tesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany
Department of BotanyFaculty of Science
University of Khartoum
February2003
DISCLAIMER
Portions of this document may beillegible in electronic image products.
Images are produced from the bestavailable original document
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOW LEDGEM ENIS ............................................. i
ABSTRACT ......................................................... ii
ARABIC ABSTRACT .......................................... iv
7CHAPIfER-ONE-INTRODUCTMNAND-LITERATURER-VIEW---]L
The study area .................................. 4
Location ..................................... 4
Topography ...................................... 4
Geology and geomorphology .................. 7
Climate ........................................... 9
Vegetation ....................................... 9
CHAPTER TWO: MATERIAL AND METHODS .......................... 14
A: Taxonomical investigation .................. 4
Taxonomical procedures .................... 15
The relevant consulted floras and publications... 18
B: Anatomical investigations .................. 20
C: Chernotaxonomical. investigations ......... 22
Qualitative analysis of the cloroplast pigments..22
Quantitative analysis of the chlorophylls ......... 22
Nitrogen content ................I..................... 23
Elemental analysis ...................................... 25
CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS ............................................. 26
A: Taxonomical results ........................ 26
-Sudan-bryoflor-f�he-k4ist�.--.--.
Present study taxonomic descriptions ........ 31
Key to the studied genera ...................... 61
B: Chemotaxonomical results ............... 62
Elemental analysis ............................ 62
Sodium content ............................. 62
Potassium content ................... 62
Zinc content ......................... .65
Cobalt content ....................... 65
Copper content ............................ 70
Manganese content ... .................... 70
Iron content ................................. 75
Chlorophyll concentrations ........ 84
Absorption coefficients ..................... 84
Nitrogen content ............................. 90
C:Numerical taxonomy ......................... 93
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION ............................................... 97
References ............................................................ 102
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sncere thanks and appreciations to my
supervisor Dr. S. El Tiganii for her advice and encouragement throughout this
research.
I'm keenly 'indebted to Prof E. Ban', Prof W. E. El Saadawi, Prof T.
Heddrson and Prof B. Osl�a for their valuable help various ways in te
course of this work.
I wish to thank my friends and colleagues for their support and special
thanks are extended to M. Mubarak and M. Khalid for their valuable help in
photo. sanning and pinting.
More thanks are also extended to my family.
i
ABSTRACT
This research represents taxonomical, anatomical, and
cheniotaxonomical stud-fdof mosses of Jebel Marra, Darfour State, Sudan.
This study and for the first time includes the bryoflora checklist of the
Sudan which is gathered from many previous studies, in addition to te
present study.
The fully identified mosses for the study area are 12 species belonging
to different families and 10 different genera.. Three genera frorn the family
Pottiaceae 2 from the family Bartramiaceae 2 frorn Funariaceae, and one
genus recorded for each of the families: Ditrichaceae, Grinuniaceae,
Bryaceae, Puidiaceae and Polytrichaceae. Key to the studied genera is
constructed and full species description and illustrations of the most
taxonomically inportant characters are included.
In this study, the genus Ceratodon Brid. is recorded for the first tirne in
Sudan, and to the specific level, species aretheountered for the first time:
Barbida ehrenberaii, Philonotis fenuis, Philonotis lonkisela, Ceratodon
purpureusand Thuidiumfurfurosum.
H
For each species determination of the levels of the heavy metals:
sodimn, potassimn, zinc, cobalt, copper, manganese and iron are studied,
addition to nitrogen and chlorophyll content.
W
j� t��S' ;A L)
L)
3 I Lp 8 12
,�Ar Bartramiaceae z�Wi �i L)6-- j Pottiaceae zL;W� L�j
j Ditrichaceae J< -L-�j L i Funariaceae z�w� L�� �)L--"
L�s- Polylrichaceae Thuidiaceae j Bryaceae Grimmiaceae
Y L) Z,2--dl Li -�l Jj �S' Z��
Y Jj� Ceratodon -,--j Z�-� .J� olz C,Uj
Philonotis longiseta j Barbula ehrenbergii jj�
Thiddium furfurosum _ Ceratodon purpureus,.� Philonotis tenuis
-Y.4jl ZJ�l -,�w L51
.5-S L�-�- 4 �k--
iv
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
-B-ryophyte&-(mosse"verw-arts and hornworts) are small vxeen plants tat
reproduce by means of spores (or vegetatively) instead of seeds. Most are only a
few centimetres hgh, although some mosses attain a half meter or more. Although
often sinall and inconspicuous, bryophytes are remarkably successful. Tey are
sensitive indicators of air and water pollution, ad play important roles in te
cycling of water and nutrients and in relationships with many other plants and
animals. Bryophytes rank second (after the flowering plants) arnong major groups
of green land plants with an estimated 15,000-18,000 species worldwide Anderson
et al., 1990).
Bryophytes have successfully exploited many environinents, perhaps partly
because-�ey-me--Tm���ect--coinpetition--vMh-highef -plants-.For--such-a---smafl--
organisms, the climate near the ground (microclimate) is often very different from
conditions recorded by standard meteorolo ical methods, and shifts in temperature
and humidity are often extreme. A remarkable adaptation of bryophytes is teir
ability to remain alive for long periods without water, even under hgh
temperatures, then resume photosynthesis within seconds after being moistened by
rain or dew (Anderson, 1980).
Mosses are the higher bryophytes. They reproduce trough aternating
generations, The first generation, the gametophyte, forins the green leafy structure.
It produces a sperm and an egg (the gametes) which unite, when conditions are
-favourable; - -to--graw-iM-o-4he-next-- generation,,- te -- sporophyte-or---sporA�-,-bear'mg
structure. The sporophyte contains no chlorophyll, it grows parasitically o its
gainetophyte mother. As the sporophyte dries ot the capsule releases spores which
will grow into a new generation of gametophytes (Ben Hl et. al
Mosses aid greatly in stabilization and strengthening of te fra 'le soil.
Rhizoids of mosses have te ability to bind and adhere particles of soil together.
Mosses also aid in water infiltration into the soil, and allow the other organisms in
the community to collect and take up water. The mosses help creation of a
roughened, microtopographic Srface that decreases water run-off by creating rain
buddies wch trap and disperse precipitation through the entire area were growth
is occtining�--Mile--perffimiing-these-func�fion-s---mosses- -aid-i"e-prevention--of-
erosion caused by water, wind, animals or even people (BeInap, 1994).
Mosses are reliable indicator of soil conditions because they tend to
accumulate chemical elements directly into leaves and stems (Longton, 1980).
Few researches have been published on the bryoflora of the Sdan Republic.
Pettet 1967) studied mosses collected from Khartown State, between latitude 15'
ION and 16' 30'N. He recorded six fully identified mosses from this area.
Imain and Ghabbour 1972) regarded four Sudanese mosses collected by
Kassas in I _e__�Wtidhf�ora� �
2
Wickens 1976) recorded another four fully identified osses or
another aea: Jebel Marra wich is also studied later by Townsend 1984).
He added 14 ore fully dentified mosses for th-i's area.
III 1994 Buck, the Curator of Bryophytes i New York Botanic
Garden, dentified five new moss species for Sudan Tese species were
collected by Bari from Ekowit area (Red Sea Hills), and kept in te Botany
Department Herbarluin, University of Khartown.
---- Stiabb-a-a--e--a1-(M9) "um. -- His-- -
study dealt with Khartoum State, in localities different from those eported
by Pettet ( 967).
Brain 2002), In 111's bryophyte Sub-Saharan Affican cecklist,
worked out 41 taxa, sorne of which were already mentioned by other
authors. He listed all fully dentified mosses for Sudan, wth their literature
references. The floral elements entioned il all te previous published
works are ordered and listed as a checklist for Sudan (See Chapter Tree).
Objectives:
The objectives of tis work were:
1. To collect, identify the mosses of Jebel Marr a for documentation.
3
2. To study te morphology, anatomy and chernotaxonorny of' each
moss plant
3.1-o work out te updating bryoflora cecklist for Sudan.
4. To construct a taxonomic relationships betwee te identified taxa
using te Chernotaxononic data
5. With special reference to the mosses localities, this Study also
aimed to study mosses, each with its corresponding cheimical
constituents in an attempt to construct a database for further
pollution moffltorifig studies
The Study Area:
1. Location:
The study area was "Jebel Marra" which is an isolated, 3042 meters high
volcanic massif, located about I 00 kilornetres south- west Khartoum. It rests on a
base of Archaean rocks at the summit of an upwarding between the Chad and the
Nile Basins. lt lies almost in the center of the African continent, being equidistant
from the Atlantic and the Indian oceans, the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. It is
situated in te climatically transitional Sahelian zone between the arid Sahara desert
and the seasonally-wet tropicaf Savanna (Fig. 1) (Captin, 1959).
Jebe dfibis about 100 kilometres north of Nyala town in Darfur State, which extends
for more than 200 kilometres to the north. It is 80 kilometres wide at its broadest
part. It os the highest massif in the Sudan. It lies at the intersection of two
transcontinental tectanovolcanic zones "East North East" from Cameroon to Red
Sea and South South East" from Libya to Kenya as shown in (Fig. 2 (Vail, 1972).
2. Topopraphy:
The Marra Mountains rise steeply from the flat plains of Western Sudan at
about 1000-3042 meters elevation above sea level. The highest point occurs around
the serrated rm of a spectacular Caldera ,some kilometres n dameter. Wthin the
floor of this basin, at an elevation of about 2000 meters, are the two Deriba lakes,
the smaller of which occupies a small cone as a deep Crater Lake approximately one
kilometre across. The other is a shallow, saline, 25 kilornetres in length. A number
of streams have cut steep gorges down the flanks of the mountains and spectacular
waterfalls and canyons have developed (Vail, 1972).
4
20 00 200 400 6.040* 40'�-
-2 + 2,cL-
Jebel Marra mP SUDAN
-00
-20*
20' 00 2e 40' 6
Fla. Location of tile sudy area.(after Caphil, 1959).
REGIONAL SETTING OF
J. MARRA
0 kin
Volcanic rocks
a Fracture zones
.............. International
boundaries
N '.MARRA
Regional setting of Jebel Marra in north - east Affica.(afterV�11, 1972).
6
3. Geolou and Geomorpholoyy:
The following components represent the main outlines of the geology of Jebel
Marra:
3. L Crystalline Basement Rocks:
These rocks are exposed in the west around Zalingel and Kebkabeya bt are
obscured in the east and south by a younger cover of unconsolidated alluvial silts
and clays and sands.
3.2 Sedimentary cover:
Overlying the basement are a group of sediments belongngto teNi.Nan
Sandstone Forination. Generally, poorly sorted, cross-bedded and flat-lying
sandstone, silts and shales crop out in the north eastern part of the Marra ranges. In
protected basins and troughs, they reach several hundreds of meters tick bt ae
usually much thinner.
3.3 Volcanic Complex:
The volcanic rocks are in the form of a very large stratiform volcanic
complex. The outpourings from several centers have coalesced to forin ranges of
igneous rocks, and obviously great many flows from different eruptions have bilt
up more than 2000
meters extrUSve and pyroclassic rocks which remain today. The main
constituents of the volcanic rocks are: Basalts, Tuffs, and trachytes (Fig. 3 (Vail,
1972).
7
0 b
15
,0
NOEL FASHER
GENEINA
lk
A L\0
1, Q
I NYA�A 12:x
5PkT
2TE 26'1 2?1
MVIokanic rocks plugs Nubian Sandstone �Metamorphosed basement with trends
Fig. Regional geology ofthe Jebel Marra area, Darfur State, Sudan,
(Abbreviations- Zal,= Zalingel-, Keb = Kebkabeya).
(After Vail, 1972).
4. Climate:
The Jebel Marra iiiassif strongly odifies te regional cmate and Increases
tile aniount of precipitation- Rainfall is almost entirely dUring te period May to
September, with 60 during te 111011tilS Of Rtly and August. Te total
precipitation is below 94 or above I 10 of te normal to be expected
every three years. Variability of te rainfall fom year to year is shown ]II (Fig. 4)
as te total rainfall in nil.) dUring te period 1960-1999.
The average temperatUre at Jebel Marra varies between 20'C in winter and
27'C a( (lie beginning of te rains n May-hine. Te average diurnal variation is
greatest dUrilIg te winter dry season (28'C) and least during tile rains August,
10T.). Te average niaminuin temperatures are lowest in te rains (ALIgUSt, 29'C),
rising to WC in December and 38'C in April. Te average mininium temperatures
-are--lawest-HY-December m&January-(6C)undAlighest-in--J-Lme-ancf-J-uly,-tt-9-C)�.-14iglit--
fi-osts alsoOCCLII- III tle lower valleys especially In te depressions.
Mean SUrface winds are less strong within Jebel Marra than n te
SUrrOUndings. Jebel Marra acts as a shield to te northern winds. Te relative
humidity is gnerally low Wickens, 1976).
5. Vegetation:
The vegetation of Jebel Marra inassif is divided by Wickens( 976)
-it"u-Ce type--,�--
9
r" "-%rn�. 1000
1000
800800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 - - - 0w (D C4 CI) t- co
at m �m t- t- I'. -6 t" 0) OD w m 0) co Om 0) CD m qm
1000 1000
Boo I
600" :0000
400" roll- 400
200 200
0 I I 0 L I " el) W r.-
00 co co co 00 co co co co 00 0) Im C" a) 0) 0) a) a)C) Ca -9� Cn -4 co w m 0) a,
-FV�,.-4--TotaLraw-ULdiwing-the-period 1.-960--- fQ994SOUrce: Nyrtete Metrological Station.
I
5. I. Hill Savanna:
The hill savanna is described as different cominunities with marked
transitions: Acacia mellifiera hill thorriland occurs on the drier eastern slopes of the
if and merges with the Anogeissus leiocarpus hl savanna. Elsewhere o te
massif there-lis a-transition-wifl-i-inereasing---altitude-ftoin-Anogeissus-leH�curpu,,�-a-s-a--
dominant tree species, through Terminalia brownie to Combretum n7olle. However,
zonation is so interfered by man's activities.
5.2. Gallery Forest:
There are several true gallery forest on the south western slopes of Jebel
Marra massif. The larger gallery forest is at Saur, above Golol and extends for
several kilometres. The main body of the forest lies in a deep precipitous-sided
gorge into wich access is impossible, both the upper and the lower extremities are
protected by waterfalls. There is an abrupt change in the vegetation frorn open
An th�ealk� forest. Anogeissus
leiocarpus, Combretum molle and Entada abyssinica frequently occur along the
forest margin
The main constituent of the forest is Terma orientalis. Ferris are also plentiffil
along the stream banks in shaddy moist places. To the east of Saur, there is a
minor gallery forest where Anogissus leiocarpus forms a closed canopy.
The trd gallery forest is at Mortagello, by the Forest Department Rest
House. The forest is in a deep bassalt gorge; protected upstream by a waterfall bt
merging downstream into woodland where the gorge widens into. V -shaped valley.
Combretum malle, Lannea kerstingii and Anogeissus leiocarpus border the gorge
rim.
.3. Montane Grassland:
The transition from hill tree savanna to montane grassland takes place
between 1800-2000 ineter. An interesting feature of this upland area is te apparent
absence of any altitudinal zoning of the vegetation. Two distinct corni'minities are
recognized in ts grassland zone: upland grassland which occurs' on the steeper
slopes and upland meadows whichstf, the flatter ash plains, sei-ni-waterlogged dring
rainy season. Olea laperrinei and Acacia albida are thinly scattered troughout te
two grassland communities. Fig. shows the vegetation of different geornorphic
and soil combination in Jebel Marra.
2
22' 30'
13' 30' w e
'la
Al
uld X/ 4",
Ze,
Z cr a 1:12,
Ned ratcr. .. .. ....... ...
k
KaJokitting w
...........
Kas I 2 30'
'24' 45'
8
2 9
i Acacia meIIifrr&-C&WMiOkPr,, africana on indurated soils
3 .10 2 Acacia Zero on hill soils of the basement complex
3 Acacia inelfifere-Anageissui kiocarpas mm-tic on basemcsit
4 complex soils
F7777771 4 Acacia styal- Balanites aegyptiace on clay soils
1 .... 12 5 Acacia sed- Anageiismi kiwarpui mosaic on basement comph-
soils
6 ---- 1 3 6 Anogeissai leiararpwi on basement complex soils
D�. 7 hill soils8 Acacia albida - Balanitej aegipliaca on alluvial soils
9 Acacia albida on ash piedmont soils
to Coatbretun; Slutinasum- Terminalia laxiflora on ash picclinont -.0,
i jAcacia welfifera on volcanic soils of the Jebel Marra musif
12 Anageirm kiocarpus on volcanic soils of the Jebel Marta mad
13 Upland grassland and UP12nd meadow on volcani( soils oflhr
Jebel Marra massif
Sketcb map of the vegetation associations.(After Wickens, 1976).
13
CHAPTER TWO
MATERIALS AND METH
In this study, taxonomical, anatomical and chemotaxonomical investigations
-were carried out.,
A) Taxonomical Investii!ation:
Study area:
A general srvey was carried out in Jebel Marra area (Darftir State, Western
Sudan) during the season July-August 1998 in which sites of different altitudes
were h-of'-fl forAhis-�dy-.-
1) Togi: on the south west slope at an average altitude of approximately 2600
meter above sea level (m.a.s.l.)
ii) Beldong: on the south west slope at an average altitude of approximately
2500 m.a.s.l.
iii) Golol: on the southwest slope at an average altitude of approximately
1500 m.a.s.l.
_iv-) \41,rtagdlG--. -����wer-slope-at-an-altitude efWfom
I 000 in. a. s.
1 4
V) Nyrtete: on the western lower slope at an altitude of approximately I 00
ni.a.s.l.
Materials:
In each site the encountered mosses were collected as mats frorn dfferent
locations alongside "Wadis" and depressions. They were kept in paper bags labelled
for site, date of collection and collector's name. Another, collection following te
same procedure was carried out in the same sites in the second season July-August
I 999.
Methods:
Taxonomical rocedures:
The two field collections were then sorted out as different groups and all the
niacrotaxonoinic caracters of each group were examined sng tile binocular
microscope.
For te investigations of the microtaxonomic characters, the collected inosses
were prepared as whole mount specimens on slides using the following techniqUe:-
Plant materials were firstly soaked in water contained in an open Petri-dish
for 23 hours so as to become turgid, then cleaned 23 times from undesired iterns,
such as sands and other plants depris.
15
Fixation was carried out using formalin: acetic acid: alcohol solution whic is
prepared as 5% fon-naldehyde, 5% glacial acetic acid and 90% ethyl alcohol. The
materials were kept in the fixative until the chlorophyllW completely eached out.
Dehydration was carried out after stretching each plant individual between
two slides before putting tem in staining jars. Pa--n--ts-wer-etliensuT3et&(]-t-6-�e�i&s
of concentrations of ethyl alcohol (50%, 70% and 90%). Then the slides were
removed and the plants were transferred to wide-mouth bottles and Sbjected to 95-
98% absolute alcohol. The last step was repeated to ensure complete dehydration.
Each dehydration step was left for overnight.
Cleaning of the material was done by transferring the plants to a mixture of I
1 - xylene and cedar oil for overnight and pure xylene for half an our only. The
last step was also repeated to ensure clearing.
Mounting was carried out for all plants by taking them by a dry bnish ad
placing each one on a drop of Canada balsam mountant. Lastly, using a oreceps a
suitable-sized glass covers were used, and all slides - placed in an oven adjusted
at 60'C for 3 days as recommended by (Johansen, 1940). The whole inount slides
were examined microscopically for the taxonomically valued caracters. Tile
characters were then tabulated and used later for both describing the ndividual. -tks�
mosses and constructing� identification key. Also, fully-labelled drawings of
different parts for each individual plant were done using a drawing tube fixed to a
microscope.
16
Photographs were taken from the whole mount slides using Leitz DalLIx 20
-Aens mici!aseope-w��MFIS-H-eamem-
For presentation of the whole mount samples, enlargement modified
technique was used as follows:
Using Focomat 11 enlarger, the prepared whole mount slides were situated on
the negative holder and well focused. Then sensitive papers were exposed for 20
secs. and processed as usual (developed by Metol for I min., washed by water for
30 secs., fixed by 30% sodium thiosulphate for 10 min., washed by running tap
water for 30 rnin. and dried) (Langford, 1975).
-Finally, -individual-samples--wer -leane"tretched-and car fatly-presstd-as-
herbarium specimens kept at the Herbarium of te Botany Department, University
of Khartoum. Table (1) represents the relevant consulted floras and publications.
17
Table (1): The relevant consulted floras and publications
Floras and publications References
The bryophy-ta of South Africa Sim 1926)
Illustrated moss flora of Fennoscandia Nyhlom 1969)
Bryophyte flora of the Huon Peninsula, papua New Norris avi& 1984)
Guinea K, �'3"P'r\
Illustrated flora of Nordic mosses Nyhlom 1987)
Mosses and other Bryophytes- An illustrated glossary Malcolm O\a 2000)N�w"S!:NI.J
How to know mosses and liverworts Conard. 1956)
A preliminary account of mosses of Zambia Phirl-a-,J 1988)
Sorne mosses from Kuwait El Saadawl 1976)
Index nuscorum Van Der Wijk et al (I 969)
Contributions to the bryophyta of the United Arab Shabbara and El Saadawi
Emirates (UAE) (I 999)
Identity of North African endemic bryophytes I Cano et al 2000)
1 8
Contribution to the bryophyte flora of Morocco: The Ros et al.(2000)
Jbel Toubkal.
Three new records of Funariaceae from Egypt Shabbara 1999)
New Synonyms in Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) Munoz 2000)
A cladistic overview of the Byaceae (usci) based Pederson 2000)
on orphological and anatomical data and with
emphasis on the genus Bryurn.
Continue table (1): The relevant consulted floras and publications
19
B) Anatomical Investh!ations:
Transverse sections through the stems of the mosses under investigation were
done using te following technique<;
Cleaning and fixation processes were done typically as previously described
in the whole mount preparation technique.
Dehydration was carried out after washing te plant materials with distilledof the acid with the stain later. Also, all the
water so as to avol
dehydration steps were done as shown in te whole mount preparation technique
but, in thiscase the plants were not pressed between two slides. Also, te sarne
;clearing steps were followed.
Waxing was done in an oven adjusted at 600 C using 60' m.p. parafin wax.
This process was carried out as follows: after clearing the plant materials wth
xylene, they were transferred to bottles containing 1:1 melting wax ad xylene
mixture for 25 minutes then to new bottles containing pure melted wax for alf an
hour. The last step was repeated. The melted wax containing the plant materials was
poured into molds, cooled and trimmed into blocks. The wax blocks were then
attached to wooden blocks as mechanical support for sectioning.
Sectioning was carried out using a rotatory microtorne (Leitz 1512 West
Germany), adjusted at 68 micrones. Using a brush, the ribbons of sections were
collected on glass slides which had been wetted with egg albumin to keep the
sections attached to the slides. The slides were left overnight on a hot plate to give
20
maximum expansion of the tissues. After that, dewaxing was done by iminersing
-tlieslid-esin�fn-ire xylene-foirone -i-inu-te-.
Staining was done by i-nmersing the slides in series of solutions as follows-
Xylene I for five ininutes, xylene 2 for three ininutes, 95% alcohol for two minutes,
90% alcohol for two minutes, 70% alcohol for one and a half minute, Haematoxilin
mier's stain which is prepared according to Mahoney(1973) for seven ininutes,
ninning water for ten minutes and arnmonified water for one minute. Then a back
dehydration was carried out and the slides were washed by xylene for two minutes.
This last step was repeated twice.
--Mo-untmg-ww-&ne-u&MA:�-P-X--mountant--ne-slide�-were--phwed-4ito-a-
warm plate for five minutes and were left at roorn temperature overnight. After tat
the slides were transferred to an oven adjusted at 60' C for one hour (Johansen,
1940).
The pen-nanent slides were examined microscopically, illustrations were done
using the drawing tube, and photographs were also taken for the best sections as
shown in the whole mount preparation technique.
21
C) Chemotaxonomical Investip-ations:
For the chernotaxonomy of the studied mosses, the following analyses were
done:-
1. Oualitative analysis of the chloroplast i-ments:
I. I. Extraction:
The plant tissue was ground in a mortar in the presence of excess acetone
until all the pigment was released from the tissue. Few amounts of calcium
carbonate were added to prevent pheophytin fori-nation. Te extract was
centriffiged and made up to a known volume (Harborne, 1973).
1 2 Separation of pigments:
Paper chromatography:
Chromatography was carried ot on Whatmari filter paper No. I in the
dark sing petrolew-n ether (B.P.60 - 80' Q - acetone -- n-propanol 90: 0:
0.45 v/v). The chromatograms were developed for 30 minutes as
recommended by Amon, 1949). The chromatograms were examined both
in daylight and U.V. light. Also, for each sample the chromatograrn was
documented.
Z. Ouantitative analysis of the chlorophylls:
2.1. Estimation of the concentrations of the chlorophylls:
Measurements of concentrations of both chlorophyll a and b were made
by direct determination of the-absorbances at different wavelengths using
22
standard spectrophotorneter (Jennay 6300). In this method, the absorbance
was measured at 663 and 645 nrn in I cm cells. The concentrations were
calculated from the following fon-nula according to Harborne 1973):
a) Total Chlorophyll (mg/1 = 20.2A645+ 8.02A663
b) Chlorophyll a (mg/1) 12.7A663 - 2.69A645
b) Chlorophyll b (mg/1) 22.9A645- 4.68A663
2.2. Absorption coefficients:
Scanning at spectral region 400 nin - 700 mn was made and the
absorption spectrum of each sample was read using UV.
spectrophotometer. The maximum Lambda for each sample was detected
and compared with the absorption coefficients of both chlorophylls a ad
b (Stryer, 1992).
3. Niti-wen Content:
Nitrogen contents of the studied mosses were estimated using Kjeldahal
procedure according to (Ryan et al., 1996):
1. Sample preparation:
Plant tissue was firstly ground to a powder which passed trough 0.2nu-n
sieve before digestion.
11. Sample digestion:
0.2-Uams of goun
grams of a catalyst mxture (96%- anhydrous sodium sulphate 035% copper
23
SUlphate and 0.5% selenium dioxide) and 3ml of sulphuric acid were added and
digestion was proceeded for two hours. The mixture was allowed to cool before
addition of 300ml water to the digest and the mixture was allowed to cool again.
Ill. Distillation and titration
The content of the digestion flask was transferred to te distillation
apparatus. Another, 50ml conical flask in wch 15ml 42% boric acid ad 2
drops of bromocresol green methyl red mixed indicator were added, . placed
tinder te condenser of the distillation apparatus with the tip of the delivery tbe
below the level of the liquid. 20ml of 40% sodium ydroxide were added
careftilly down the neck of the distillation apparatus. Moderate heat was applied
first, and then increased gently for about 7 minutes. The delivery tube was
washed down and the ami-nonlum. ion was titrated with 0.02N hydrochloric acid
to the neutral point of the blue colour just disappeared (one drop in excess will
turn the solution pink).
IV. Analysis:
A ftill analysis was carried out without the plant tissue and the volume of the
standard acid consumed by the traces of nitrogen in the reagent was measured.
The nitrogen content of each sample then was calculated using the following
formula:-
Nitrogen percentage = A - x 14 x I 0 x N
-4-OOGA-W4--
Where: A the volume of hydrochloric acid equivalent to the sai-nple titration.
B the volui-ne of the hydrochloric acid equivalent to the blank
titration.
24
N = te Non-nality of te used ydrochloric acid.
Wt = the weigh of the sample
4) Elemental Analysis:
Sodiuin, potassium, zc, calciw-n, cobalt, copper, manganese and iron-- -f - - -- -W -d-asing/1--foreach-- a-i-p -- For-these-
conce-nTraians were e nne s II le
detenrlinations te dry ashiig procedure was used Perkin Elmer, 1994).
Method:
a) Sample Preparation:
One grain of dried plant tissue was weighed ad placed 'Hi a
porcelain crucible ad then placed I a cool uffle furnace ad ashed at
500'C for overnight. Te ash was cooled and dissolved n of 20%
hydrochloric acid. The solution was filtered tough a acid- washed
filter paper into 50nil volumetric flask and diluted to the volume with
deioiuzed water.
b) Measurement:
The quantitative estimation was determined by the atoinic
absorption spectrophotometer (A. A. S. 3 1 0)
.5. Statistical anal in
ysis: Cluster analysis was done accord' g to Sokal ad
Sneath 1963) using the statistical package SPSS.
0
CHAPTER THREE
RESULTS
A. Taxonomical Results
1. Sudan bryoflora (mosses) checklist:
In this study the actual number of mosses recorded for Sudan
Republic was worked out from different literature sources, and moss
specieswe sumi-narized as a checklist of the bryoflora of Sudan,
because it is the only country Affica that hasn't been covered by a
proper checklist.
Table 2 covers all the mosses species with their literature
references gving the source, addition to the present study check.
Taxonomic investigations of the studied specimens showed 12
different species belonging to different families and 10 different
genera. Compared to the previous studies, 7 of the identified species
were already reported for Sudan by different authors. However, still
all the studied genera are known for Sudan except one (Ceratodon
Bird.). Refer to (Table 3.
26
Table 2): Sudan bryoflora checklist.
Present Literature reference
Species list study
check
Anacolia laevisphaera Taylor. Townsend 1984)
Anoectangium aestimm (Hedw.) Mitt
Anomobryum julaceum var. julaceum (Bird.)
Schimp.
Bryum pseudotriquetrum var. bimum (Bird.)
Lilij.
Bryum torquescens Bruch ex de Not.
Didymodon rigidulus var. gracilis Schleich.
Fabronia abyssinica Muell. Hal.
Grimmia laevigata Bird. +
Mielichhoferia clavata Buch&Schimp.
Philonolis marchica var marchica Hedw.
Psedocrossidium replicatum var.replicatum F.
Weber& 0. Mohr
Torfula bogosica Muell. Hal.
Tortula sabinae C.C. Towns
Syntrichia ruralis subsp. Ruralis (Hedw. F
Weber&O. Mohr.
27
Continue table 2):
Funaria hygrometrica var. calvescens + Wickens 1976) &Pettet
(Schwaegr.) Kindb. (1967)
Lepiobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wilson W ickens(1976)
-L,��do�nnum viti�ulosoides var� timlosoides
(P. Beauv.) Wijk&Margad
Polytrichumjuniperinum Hedw. +
Tortula khartoumensis A.Pettet - Pettet 1967)
Barbula unguiculata Hedw. -
Micropoma nilotica (Del.) Lindb. -
Funaria nutans Mitt. -
Bryum kilinggraeffii Schimp. -
Campylopusflaccidus Renauld&Cardot Frahm ( 1 99 5)
Brachymenium exile (Dozy&Molk.) Ochi 1972)
Bosh&Sandelac.
-- Bryun7 capillare var. capillare Hedw.
Fissidens crispulus Brid. - Pursel ei al (I 992)
Molendoe sendineriana var. marchica Hedw. - Sollman 1998)
Thuidium varians We1w. &Duby - Touw 1976)
Thuidium gratum (P. Beauv.) A. Taeger - cc
Bryum cellulare Hook - Abou Salama 1998)
28
Continue Table 2
Entosthodon muhlenbergii (Turner) Fife. Abou Salaina 1998)
Hyophda laxitexta J. Frochl. Ex -
Imam&Ghabbour
Bryum valparalsense Ther - Arts et al (I 995)
Fissidens pellucidus var. pellucidus Hornsch. - Bruggeinan 1993)
Fissidens intramarginalus (Hampe) Mitt. - Bruggeman 1997)
Fissidens sciophyllus Fo. Ulna(Muell. Hal.) - C
Trachyphllum inflexum (Harv.) A. Gepp. - Buck(1979)
Henicodium geniculatum (Mitt.) W. R. Buck - Buck(1989)
Philonotis dregeana (Mull. Hal.) A. Jaeger - Ghanern et al ( 999)
Philonotisfiontana Hedw. - 4 4
Pilonotis hastate (Duby) Wijk& Margad - cc
Gymnostonium aeruginosum Sm. var. - cc
cochlearifolium Karczmarz
Pleurochaele squarossa (Bn'd.) Lindb. + K.U. Herbanwn
Crossidium davidai Catcheside 66
Funaria nubica C. Mull +
Gigaspermum mouretii Corb.
Tortella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn. +
29
Table (3)- Present study list:
Species Families
1. Barbula ehrenbergii (Lor.) Fleisch Pottiaceae
2. Peurochaete squarossa (B'd.) Lmidb. cc
3. Tortella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn. cc
4. Pholonotis longisela Bartraini'aceae
5. Philonotis tenuis (Hedw.) B'd. C
-&.--Fiinari-a-hygrome-tr-ica-ffew.� �---- -- F-un
7. Funaria nubica C. Mull. 4 4
8. Ceratodon purpureus(Hedw.) Brid. Diffichaceae
9. Grimmia leavigata (Bri'd.) Bnid. Grfimniaceae
10. Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Brid.) Shwaegr Bryaceae
I 1. Thuidiumfurfurosum (Broth.) Broth Thuidiaceae
12. Poly1richumjuniperinum Hedw. Polytrichaceae
30
2. Present study taxonomic descriptions:
The followings are the detailed descriptions of the studied speci
I I u-nens,
4-iff -aspe-ai-alrefe-refi-ce t-o-ilye--t-a-co-n-o--ica-Iy- important-characters-wh-icIr-
are also illustrated figures 6-26).
2.1. Genus: Funaria Hedw., Sp. Muse., 01
Species autoicous. Leaves lanceolate, concave, crowded at' top of the
stein, erect or erect-spreading, margin plane or ncurved, denticulate or
entire, bordered, cells large and thin-walled; capsule on an elongated seta,
asymi-netrical pyriform, gibbous; neck conspicuous; calyptra flated,
cucullate, long-beaked; peristome double.
* Most species are cosmopolitan.
-4,-Funaria-hygrometrica-Redw-S p.- Muse-: 172� 18R�
Plants in dense tufts, often large patches, light green to pale
yellowish green, 310 mm high. Shoot is bulbiforin. Leaf narrow,
chlorophyllose and with entired bordered margin; costa extends clearly
to the tip of the leaf, leaf cells are long hexagonal and papillose- alar
cells are like the rest leaf cells. Capsules: inclined, fijrrowed and
smooth; Seta is long, smooth and dark brown colour; Pen'stomes
contiguous (touching but not overlappi or fused) and with cancellate
(resembling a net work) apical disk; Teeth are entire, sigmold, regular
and with hyallne tips. (Figs6&7).
3 1
C)
6. Funaria hygrometrica Hedw.
a) Whole plantb) Leaf apical cells (x IC)c) Rhizoids at the base of the stem (x4)
32
b)
a)
c
F 7: Funaria hygrometri
I:m ca Hedw.a) Closed capsule (x IO)b) Closed capsule (x4)c) Opened capsule showing teeth (x IO)
-33
H Funaria nubica-C. Mull.
-Plants---m--loos-e---tuff-a,-pate green-4-5-nu-n--hWh-Shoot&-,are--
prostrate with erect branches; Leaf: broad and rolled upward; leaf
marg n: smooth and thin-walled; Costa absent; leaf cells are spid e-
shaped; Alar cells are like the rest leaf cells. Capsules: short and
111clined; Seta are short and brown-, Peristome is single; Teeth are entire
(Fig. 89).
2.2. Genus: Ceratodon Brid., Br. Univ., 1826
Species dioecious. Leaves lanceolate, with revolute margins; cells on
the whole leaf homogenous, regularly quadrate above, shortly rectangular
below, nerve strongly excurrent or ending just below the apex. Capsules on a
_ptupke or_yelb wish ed seta, erect or inclied, when dry sulcate and furrowed.
Peristome with basal membrane. Teeth papillose, deeply divided.
Ceratodonpurpure (Hedw.) Brid., Br. Univ., 1826.
Plant is erect (1-5) mm. high, green. Leaf. lanceolate and plane;
Leaf margin is toothed and thin walled; costa is present, ending below
the apex; leaf cells are elongated; Alar cells are swollen and
transparent. Capsule: erect smooth and strumulose (having a small
swelling on one side); Seta is long, erect and purpureous to red-purple;
Calyptra is smooth and mitrate; Teeth are papillose. (Figs: 10, II, 12).
34
--k
ONUSAA
a
C
b
d
I o, 8: Funaria nubic C Mull.
a) Reproductive buds and adventitious rhizolds (x4)c) li%) Whole plant
>( e) Leaf apical cells (x4O)d) Vegetative buds (x IO)
35
0
0
b)
C)
Fig. 9'Fitnaria nubica C. Mull.
a) Inclined capsule (x4).b) Teeth and spores (x IO)c) Teeth and spores (x IO)
36
I
a) i
I
I , I
II
I
II
I
j.''p l-Ceratodonpurpureus(Hedw.)Brid.IIna) Leaf apical cells (x4O prn)b) Whole plant
37
a)
V, Ceratodon purpureits(Hedw-) Brid.a) Opened capsule (x IO)b) Opened capsule (x4)c) M itrate calyptra (x IO)
C)
38
mal
a)
b)
C)
HP 12:Ceratodonpurpureza(Hedw.) Brid.a) Reproductive bd WO) -A
b) Vegctati ve bud (x I )go
O Actinomorphic sem (XI )
39
Syn. Dicranum purpure um
��e'cie arecosinopontan.
2.1Genus:,Tortella Lim'ber., Laubm., 1888
Species dioicous; Stem erect. simple or branched. Leaves erect.
erect�spreading or patulous and often recurved when moist, sually
crisped and curled or incurved and contorted Wn dry. linear-
lanceolate, acurninate or mucronate; margins plane or incurved, below
bordered of a row sinooth, elongate cells; niic stow, cii(III i the
apex or excurrent; cells in upper part of leaf rounded-quadrate or
hexagonal, strongly papillose. Capsule erect, straight or slightly curved-,
Calyptra cucullate or mtrate; Peristorne teeth from a very low bsal
tube, filiform, pupillose. Plants small or up to cm high drk, iht-
green or often yellowish green.
Tortella humifiv. (Hedw.) Jcnn,
Plant is erect, in loose green wfis, 3 cm. high. Lcaf narrow ad
rolled upward; in is entire and thin-walled; Ca�ta is present
and stop clearly near the tip of leaf, leaf cells are smooth and
isodiameffic; Alar cells are small rectangular. Capsule: erect and
smooth Seta is long, smooth and brown; Calytptra is smooth and
mitrate; Peristome is single; Teeth are entire, irregular and ciliate.
(Figs 3 4.
40
a)
RP
Fi R. I 3 Tortella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn.a) Leaf apicai cells (x4O)b) Zygom orgp i c stem x I )c) Whole plant
4
eim-AOM,,
d)
4 el�
a')
all
C),
F 14: Toriella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn.
a) Opened capsule (x IO)b) Whole capsule (x3.2)c) C apsul e teeth (x I d) Mitrate calyptra (x4)e) Opened capsule (x4)
42
2.4. Genus: Pleurocliaete Lindb. In M. K. V. A. Forch., 1864
Species dioicous;j florescence allary. Leaves from sheathing base,_,
lihceplAte" serrate. at a6ex squarrose; nerve strong, excurrent or percurredt;
cells in the upper pt of leaf small', strongly papi to t t
border of several rows of thin-walled, yaline cells. Stems ith w
central strand. Seta elongate; Capsules erect, cylindrical; Calyptra cucullate�
Peristome with low membrane,, Teeth long filiforin, papillose.
Pleuroehoetesquarros (Brid.)Lindb.InOfv.K.V.A.Forch,1824.
Plant is green, prostrate or decumbent with erect branches. Leaf
lanceolate and rolled upward, serrate at apex; Leaf margin is entire, smooth
and thin-walled; Costa is present; Leaf cells are swollen and transparent
(Fig. 5).
Syn.: Barbula squarossa Brid., Br Univ., 1826
Torfulasquarrosa D. Not. In Mem. Accad 138
Parbbula iorfulosa Br. Ew-., 1842
Torlellasquarossa_Llmpr., Laubrn.. 1888
43
A
d)--'w77W7
ho. 15: Plettrochaete suarossa (BrId.) Lindb.
a) Leaf apical cells (x4O)b) Reproductive bud xlO)c) Whole plantd) Adventitious rhizolds (0)
44
2.5. Genus: Barbuld fedw., Sp. Musc. 1 15, 1 801
Plant: dioicous or,! possibly sometimes rhizautoicous forining dense.,.
cushions' elowish brown o dark green. Stem short to elongate, 23.5 c;
hyaline. Leaves incurved to weekly spreading, oen contorted 6r7I"iSted`
about stem, occasionally catenulate when dry, spreading when moist; igulte'
or broadly lanceolate to long-triangular, adaxial surface usually deeply
grooved along costa,; margins sometimes narrowly decurrent, occasionally
plane throughout entire or weakly denticukite ear apex, ,apex rounded to
obtusely acute, usually mucronate. Costa percurrent to shortly excurrent.
Perichaetia terminal. Seta 05-2.5 cm.Capsule: stegocarpus. Peristome teeth
filamentous to narrowly triangular, usually strongly twisted. Calyptr
cucullate.
Barbuld erenh (Lor.) Fleisch.
Plant is prostrate with erect branches, 1-3) cm. igh in dense
dark green cushions. Leaf broad and slightly curved; leaf margin is smooth
and thm'-walled; leaf cells are isodiametric; alar cells are swollen and
transparent; Costa is present and stops clearly near the leaf tip. (Fig: 16).
45
Ar j
C)
Fig. 16: Barbula ehrenbergii (Lor.) Fleisch()
a) Whole plantb) Leaf apical cells (x4O).c) Comites (stiffeners) support the stern (x25)d) Adventitious rhizolds (x4).
'16
2.6.Genus: Philonotiv Brid.
Plant dioicous usully,.,erect, sometimes densely caespitose and rhizoid-
�tomentose-below, Leaveserect secund, ovate-lanceolate, blunt]
toothed, papillose; nervc strong, often ek ii&Rf,
ven 1-nicular towards the leaf apex, gradually shorter and wider downward,,'at'
the base loosely rectangular. Capsule globose striate, when dry furrowed, with
long seta. Calyptra, mitrate. Peristorne double and badly developed
I Yhilonods longiye (Michx.) Britt.
Plant is prostrate with erect branches, 12.5 cm. high in dense
dark green tufts. Leaf narrow and rolled upward; leaf margin is smooth and
thin-walled; leaf cells are elongated; alar cells are small and rectangular; leaf
base stops at the stem; Cost is present (Fig: 17).
11. Philonotiv tenuiv (Hedw.) Bird.
Plant is prostrate with erect branches, 1-1.5 cm. igh in loose
tufts. Stem is brown. Leaf. narrow and rolled upward; leaf margin is tin-
walled; leaf cells are elongated; alar cells are swollen and transparent; Costa
is present and stops clearly near the tip (Fig: 18).
2. 7. Genus: Polytrichum Hedw.,Sy. Musc. 1801
Species dioicous. Leaves from broad, erect, sheathing gradually
narrowed into a linear or narrowly ovate-lanceolate, erect spreading; margin
47
a
!�A, A A-�
all
d)C) XN
A."
1:j.IT Pholonotis longisela
a) Whole plantb) Lal'apical cells (x4O)c) Transverse section through stem (x25)d) Young sporophyte covered by perichaetium (x IO)
49
;�7
b)
C) 4'
Ilk
v
g:P
Philonolis lennis (-ledw.) Brid.
a) Whole planth) Leaf apical cells (x4O')c) Transverse section showing stern and alar cells (.x25,d) Adventitious rhizolds (x4)
4 9
in. upper part of the leaf narrowly or broadly incurved, dentate or etire; nerve
4;;DAUTQW4AUqI=IV' 1USIM
Seta smooth, strong, engate- Capsule erect or.inclined, short or elongate,,-.
Calatra large, strongly hairyihr6bghput;.Peristome single.
Pol um iumperinum Hed 1801
ytrich W. . Muse.
Plant is erect, 0.5-1.0 cm. high in loose pale reen mats. Leaf-
filiform and plane; leaf margin is smooth; and thin-walled; leaf cells are
elongated and smooth; Costa is present; alar cells are swollen and transparent.
(Fig: 19).
2. 8. Genus Bryum Hedw., So. Muse., 1801
Species dioicous, or synoicous; inflorescence terminal, bud-like
or dish-shaped. Leaves lanceolate, often smaller and distant below, larger and
crowded in stem apex; margin smooth or denticulate in upper part, border
usually distinct, but sometimes indistinct or nearly absent, cells in tipper part
of leaf hexagonal to rhomboidal. Seta mostly reddish, elongate; Capsule erect
or horizontal to pendulous; Calyptra mitrate; Peristome double
Bryum pseudo2iquetrum (Hedw.) Shwaegr.
Plant is prostate with erect branches, 15-2.5 cm. high in dense
green tufts. Leaf broadly lanceolate and rolled upward; leaf margin is
bordered; Costa is present; leaf cells are smooth and spindle shaped; alar cells
50
71C)
d)
1-.,o. 9. Polytrichumftiniperinum Hedw.
a) Whole plant (x4)b) Whole plantc) Leaf apical cells (x4O)d) Transverse section through the stem (x25)
are greatly swollen and transparent. Capsule: smooth, erect with brown, seta;
2j GrimmiaHedw., Sp., Musc..1801..P
Species autoicous or dioicous, acrocarptis. Leaves lanceolate.
mostly acunninate and with a long hyaline hair-point, rarely otti§ ad
without hair-point nerve round or flat at back, percurren; cells in tipper part
of leaf rounded-quadrate, stnooth or slightly sinose, at margin oen a border
of hyaline cells. Seta sort or clongatc, straight or arcuate; Capsules sually
symmetrical, rarely gibbous at base, sometti-nes sulcate when dry and cmptl;
Peristorne single. Teeth reddish, entire or nTegularly divided and perforated to
about te iniddle; Calyptra smooth, itrate or calculate, usually long-beaked.
Grininiia laevigah�.(Brid) Brid., Br. Univ.,1826.
Plant is prostrate with erect branches, 1-1.5 cin igh in loose
dark green tufts. Leaf broadly lanceolate and rolled pward; leaf argi is
toothed; leaf cells are isodirnetric; alar cells are like te rest cells, Costa is
extends clearly beyond te leaf tip as an awn. (Fig. 23&24).
Syn.: Grinnnia campewris Burcb. In Hook, Muse. Exot., 1820
G. leucophaea-Grev. In Wern. Trans., 1822
Campylopus laevigaluv Brid., Mant. Muse., 1819.
52
�JW
A"
V
(Brid.) Shwacgr
Fig. 20: Bryumpseudoiriquetrum IIa) Teeth (x4O)b) Whole plantc) Capsule 0)
53
b)
44
C)
4
aegr2 i3ri-ton seudotriquetrum
a) Vegctative and reproductive buds (x4),b) Vegetative bud (x I 0)c) Adventitious rhizoids (x IO)
54
At
a)b)
7777777rrrM1""'11
C)
d)
F I g. M-yunt pseudotriquetrum (Brid.) Shwaegr
a) Alar cells (00)b) Alar cells WO)c) Transverse section through the stern (x25)d) Leaf apical cells (00)
55
a)
Grimmia kj',"-�',igata (Brid.) Brid.Fig. 23:a) Whole plant showing adventitious rhizolds (0)
b) Whole plant
56
4,14
"W"
C)
Fig. 24: Grimmia leavigata (Brid.) Brid.
I - I Ia) Awn and apical leaf cells (x4O)b) Rolled leaves (x4)c) Transverse section through the stern (x2.5)
57
2. 1 0. Genus: 7tidium P Bru�h t al, Bryol. Eur. 5Fasc. 51) 1852.
gre
brown nats. Stems creeping,--to arclied-ascending, lanceolate or filifon�,!V
-leaves, are more or, less tan lar with a heart-sha e base ad long,
minate 1as'I I 11acetl strong midrib ends in ti F t"I �6- I "
P Ali e, exadte e e because.!,-,Io
one papilla. leaf margin usually revolute, papillos , s rrate abov
the projecting cell ends. Costa: short, weak, ending below apex. Cells Uniform
throughout, rounded to oblong, exagonal tick- walled. Capsule inclined to
horizontal, crved, cylindrical, asymnictrici], sooth. Calyptra: cticidlate,
Peristorne single.
77tui(fium furfurosum (Broth.) Broth.
Plant prostrate with erect branches 15-2 cm. ig i loose pale
green 1nats. Leaf broad. and plane; leaf inargin is toothed ad thin-walled;
leaf cells are elongated; afar cells are greatly swollen and transparent; Costa is
present. (Fig.25&26).
Syn.: 7huidiopsis carralensis Herzog &Schwabe 1939,T fuifurosuln Herzog
&Schwabe 1939, T. masqfuerae Brotherus 1924 and Thuidit1117 corralensis
Dusen 1903
58
C)
X J:ie. 25 Thuidiumfirfurosum (Broth.) Broth,�)
a) Whole plantb) Leaf apical cells (x4O)c) Transverse section through the stem (x25)
59
pro Ith� oliwi I �-Iq�IVTW III rV:'flj-
A
NO
r
Oa)
Ae,
4LW
b)
F 6:Thuidit(m furfurosum (Broth.) Broth
a) Young sporophyte covered by perichaetlum (x4)b) adventitious rhizoids (x4)
60
Key to the studied genera:
A. Capsule with double Penstomes%
5. QaJyptra -infl
BB, Calyptra mitrateo
C. Capsule globose, striate, finTowed when &y.....Philonottv
CC. Capsule erect or horizontal to pendulous ....... Bryum
AA. Capsule with single penistome -
D. Teeth strongly twisted, flamentous and entit'e....Barbilla
DID. Teeth erectfiliform and papillose-
E. Leaves lanceolate, serrate at apex ....... Pleurochaete
EE. leaves lanceolate, entire at apex�,
F. Seta purple or yellowish red ........ Ceratodon
FF. Seta brown
G. Capsule asymmetrical ............... Auidium
GG. Capsule symmetrical
H. Calyptra large elongate, strongly hairy throughotit... okiricum
HH.Calyptra itrate and entire,;
1. Leaves mostly acun-linate with long hyaline hair-point, often
u�-'-4k sinose margin ... Grimmia
11. Leaves linear-lanceolate with si-nooth margins ........ Tortella
61
B. Chemotaxonomical Results
LI Elemental analysis
The following are the results of the e'leme�'Ianaysmb:"t:6.I
studied mosses with special reference to their localities:
1. Sodium content:
The results of this analysis show that, the studied mosses are
approximately similar in their sodium content. The recorded datawe fe,
show the content range (I 2-18.5 mg/l ) where 12 mg/l,,recorded for
Polytricum junip&rnum collected from Togi and 18.5 mO, recorded
for Philonotis tenuis collected from Golol (Table 4 and Fig.27
2. Potassium content:
The potassium content of the studied mosses reflects a
relatively homogenous entity: Barbula ehrenbergii, Pleurochae-le
squarossa and Tortella humilis which are grouped as Nyrtete
collection. However, minimum and maximum contents (I 700 and
62
vmm, Ot M,." 411-I& 17, 1e
..... .. ...(O co --j 0cn J�lcr
0 CD
CZ Ccw� a) olc) COC/)
CD0 co 5� CO)CD C,) Cl Z CD Cl) C/)M 0CD Z 0
Z cu:3 CD Z C') CD
CA Q) Z
CDG) G) G) ZZZ0 0 0 M CD 0 0 0
12.(2.12. 0 0 0 CD CD0 0 M= Z co CDMM CD
CO CO CD CL
0N) Jl wCA) CTI (in 0) co Lrl CD
K) '"6 6 chcn cri (.n
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 C) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4�h Ol - 1 4 CA) 4�h- -4 -P6(A) N 00 CA) CD -4
CO OD OD U7 CA) CO OD M
63
CDW -4 Cn 4,-W
co
CL)C) Z). (D MS ku 0
Q) CD CD
CX cu. Cl)Oa a)"-,-: -,- zrcl) 0 Z --r0 0 Z CDiBZ Z CD ---NCD zr
Z cl) CO �3 -., CDto C/) o) C-r
CD -0 CDQ) CD ZCDZ3 r- a� 2),CD 01
sodium content ng/l
Tof i
-4
CA
6 4
57.25 mg/l) were recorded for two different species from onegi-'(Tabid-5-arid rg
-6oI'1[6&fom'groap,'*t ans'To Ti 2S)
in t eir "Zirit
The studied mosses are extremely valn'abl h
contents. The results show maximum zinc content of about 30.175
mg/l. recorded for Tortella humilis collected from Nyrtete, and
minimum zinc content of about 4975 mg/l recorded for Girimmia
laavigata collected from Beldong. Also, wit',in the same collection
group there are clear variations between different species (Table 6
and Fig. 29)
4. Cobalt content:
cobalt content show the range between
0.000 and 0.050 rngA which is recorded for four different species
fi-om two different collection groups: Grimmia lewvigata collected
fi-om Beldong and Bryum psedotriquetrum, huidium fitrfurosum
and Polytricum juniperinum collected from Togi, and 0.050 mg/]
recorded for Philonotis longiseta collected from Golol. However,
65
N) C) --4 ) n w N) CDCO 001 crlo,�i co 0 p �n -n CD
al
Q)IC..
51.1OL CL) C)
�3 tr CDCD Z ZZ Q) tr (D Z:P' cf)
z i� a. C: - a iD "aCZ (Q Z CD cnw r-r 0. E
eh (1) Cl) -0 CD CDCD. c.,) CZ 'W CD Z Ca 3Q)a 0
CD IZ O 0=3r-q-Q) CD
0
z z z P-1.=r0 0 0 m m C 0 0 0 CDp. 57 ZY U C)
- - - CD (D CD 0 C/)0 0 w
(D (D
0 CDCL
W Cil N) CJ' w w (-A) Lrl -t�- -ts' -N0 3-A 4 OD CD W to CO 0) CO 00 -J 0 0 0(n
cr U Crl VI 0 cn M U) w=3 (D
C3
0 0 0 0 0 0 C) CL Cn0 _, CD -0 r3 < w
clo --AM :3W -D- W C) --4 Cn (D (D W N M CD
- - - - 4S- 4 --4 0 -D,0 a
66
CDI<
p o -n -n CDQ) cn
Z w 0 U CDQL SZ CD
C)
C.), Cb(D Z 'n'Z Cl)r, C: Z CDci) C) " -Srx CO cb
-A d-, s, Z C),Cz
to'CO) cn
CD C)
(D CZ O
WQ)
Potassium contcnt mg/]tlj w .11, �-A \
C:) C: c c c c)
41- intn.
3 co 30 0tn 0M
M
000
tncC�M
6 7
171, -.1 1. 7w
(O OD -4 0) (31PO 0 CD
..... ......
Q) C'lCR, R 8co zr R -:3. C,)CD z :31z Q) C3 cr CD
lz ig, JD CDz Ocn Zr
CD CZ CD Cn 0z iDCD
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5: EL 67 00 0 - - - CD CDm cn
CD CD CD coCD
0N) w CD
CC) (O N) C) co N) C) C', -4�J -4 --4 --4 CO
cri cn -4 --4cri cn
0 C) C)0C) C) C)00 C) C) pa....0 C) C) C) C)oC)OO C)o0 0 0 0 0 C)W 4�--0 4�L Cn CnWCn LnWUlCY) CD (C)O0) -4 00 (O (O N3
. . . . . . . . . . .... ..
68
. . . CDCD OD 0) Y -06 CA) N)C)0
r-4-
0S -� l
CDOCO :r (D CDCD E C: (1)CD
Z :3 cb CDZ :A CL Z3
(D CDCD zCU(D CZ O' Q) 8C/) a) 0)
Zinc content mg/I.
0 Cn C> Ln
10,
--4
co
co fffiC
m0.
69
Variation within the species from the same collection group is ver
5.-Conver content:
I Copper content show the range between 0044
mo as minimum record and 0 109 mg/] as maximum records for
the two species.- Grimmia laevigata and Tortella humilis
respectively. Also, the analysis shows the maximum records for
Togi group compared to the others (Table and Fig. 3
6.-Manganese content:
Manganese content of the studied mosses rangeA
between 0637 mg/I recorded for Tortella humilis and 217 mg/I
recorded for Bryum psedoriquetrum which are different species
from different localities. Also, it is observed that the three different
species: Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Thuidium furfurosum and
Polytricumjuniperinum which are grouped as Togi collection group
70
co 00 -4 0) (31 4�6 Cj N)N) CD
�o 00 (7) -n -10 ---iY CD Z Z:r
(D'Q ) Q ) .............
cj) (bCD Z zr 0Q CD co CD
C) Z Z3to co O CDCA) C4 CO) -Q (DCO) Z CD Z Z(D r
CZ PD CL) 0-hCD Z C),O ............................................cn CDCD . ..... O
CO 03 Q G Z Z Z0 0 0 M c 0 0 0
0 0 - - - CD CD CD=3 -n co r-1- -.I. P-0. 0CD CD CD CD CD CD cn
cn............... . CD... .... ....... cn0 0 O O O O 00: N.
.0, O O 6(O N) CV - 0 w w . ..........
....................
...... .........
..........
C C)io io O O O C C C) C) C) C) C) ...... ...
C) Pi N) 06 -Pk NO w O -Al N)00 AL " N) N) CO -4 -4 C.P tQ-4 - W -N -4 0 0 N) (3) co -4
7
-N) CI 0 Ln Z6 w m
CD
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C) CD CDHBO ,C V !R (Dt. CO CD O
z C) a -'3 m CD 0CZ �Q 7-- 1 :3 , CD,Q) C-� Er, aCO) CD -0 CD(D IzCZCD sz ZZ:CA CD
Cobalt content mg/I
O 0 0 0 0 O0 0
Ln
00U
0 0Q1 M :3
CO rq.m M
(D 0FDNW
co
(OCL
72
10 00 -4 0) (it ok0 M cr
CD
01i sign
CD ZC.) 0
r3 Q) 0Iz CDZ3 Z31 zir
Cb z Z ..:z Z3, CDZ Q) 01 Q CD
CZ ZD 0o)- Zz. C) Z3 C.) Z3 0
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Q)CD
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co CD CD CDU:) CD 300
................ CDC) C) C) C) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0C) 'C)b 'O 6 'O00 OD ) 4�6 (D CD a) 00 0( 0 4 OD .... .
0 w -Oh -oh (D (D N) (3)
C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) O C) 0 )LC) C)
C) 0 0 0 C) 0 C) 0 0 0 0 C) ...DjiboutiW -t�, -4 -40 W 0 M -4 En o K)
00 C" Ul 00 CA) -4
73
CD 0 4 ) CTI J�k W N)
CD IZ (D, .1eZ3 t:-, --. , 4.1-,. z,� I a)'.%0.1, I D0-0� :Z. 1. 0; - CZ
C),-4) 0 :3 :rR R Q) (D CDCT) CZ CZ CD Zr
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Copper content mg/l
0 0 0 0 0
9 Ca I-j
00
0
VI co
'oCL
74
show the maximum records compared to the other four groups
-Conte: t.-
The iron content of the studied mosses shows minimum
content of a about 18.525 m/l recorded for Tortella humilis
collected from Nvrtete and maximum content of about 46.575 m/l
recorded for Thuidium fitrfurosum collected from Tog]. GenerallyI
the studied mosses are extremely variable in teir iron content even
those collected from the sanne localit,%.. (Table I and FP-33).
11. Qualitative analysis of the chloroplast pigments:
Acetone extracts of' chloroplast pigimnts were separated on
Whatman filter paper no. I using petroleurn ether-acetone-n-
propanol solvent system resulted in a number of spots. Table (I I)
and Fig. 34) show the chromatographic properties of the separated
compounds.
75
. .. ..... ...
(O 0 4 ) Cn 4�, CA) N) crCD
CD ZY Q)CZ .13 8� :r_ K.�3 �
Z. 'In M,C) Z a) CL)"O CL)
C.,)=3CD CZ %.<
C CL) CY CD CDZ cx cn0 Z Z CDcn oil2 CD (D IDC/) ... .. .....
CA)CD Z 0 ... CD
cn a)..........
0..... ........
...................................
..........
................ C DC13 co G) C) G) Z Z Z0 0 0 CD CD 0 0 0 %< cn0 0 2 - - - CD CD CD ...... . ...=3 =3 co CD CD CD .... CD
(a (C) CD CL0 ................ 3............ 0
N) N) 0 C) - - i� V)
C) 6 6 bo OD �,4 :b, 6) 6) :1�, (DW 0 -4 0 0 0 O N W 4�6cn 0) 00 00 --4 -06 N) -4 W 0)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C)=";,:
- N) CA) 4 -A 00) co -06 (A 0) CO 00 N) -AL
(A) W 0 W C?I -0 00
ionic
76
4 q:q �l it, 1-1.0
0 Cil
0 On CD
4-4
cv -V"K,
O' CZ O -6,
C) Z3 Zr Q) CD iD:3 Z %< CD
:3 CDCZ O 0 Z CDQ) :� r CO) Tr 0
(DCD 0 CD (T) C--CZCD Zt;l O Q) C/)
CO)
Manganese content mg/lp
0 cm �n rl) O In
0 to
m
O M
is. 'Amm
77
C) (O 0 4 ) Cy - (A) cr
CD,--n -n 55 --,-i 5:T:tr-;
4Ci)ZQ) C)CL CL):3 zr (D
CD Z (�Q< 00
CL S :5 =3Z3to Q) Z C/) CD7r3 a co =3CD CO (D CDZ CD Z 0
0) Q)CD
CL
M co G) G G Z Z Z CD0 0 CD CD a 0 0 0 OL(2 C2. U 57 6
0 0 0=3 CD CD CD
CD (D CDCDcn
w -A, rQ N) �j w w w r1i w w .....--4 0) Cn C.0 CO --4 CD CD CD CO cn
ij ul 6 io 6 �j �-4 ij r.) Lin 0) (nN) -4 0 Cn Cn -4 Ln rQ N)
0 Lrl VI (P
C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) 40
6 iD 6 6 6 6 6 6 iD in io iDW - 01 0 -- 0 .46 W N) - N)Cn (A 0 C> 0) 4s- N) 0 0 CC) 4"-4 0) a) Ul co Crl w W Cil
7 8
co 00 -4 0) 0 w N)
ui4a CD CZ Z Z:� ZY' 0 Q CD
-. 0C), cL CD CD C-)Z Zt C:t zr Z�Co 0 :a Z� CO) CO) M
CD :3 CZ %.<-.0 Cr co 67 CD Z3--, -% Cn:A Z3 :3 �3 CD -0Z Z C) CZ co Z3 CD" - (n CrO
C5 (n 0 'Q CDCD 0 CD CZ (D
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Q) Cn(nCD
Iron content mg/l
8 EN 8 dn 8 b,
w
0Z0003
-4 O0
co
mco (a
C0 CL
j
79
Table I : Chromatographic properties of the separated compounds.0 i
Plant species compoun value
J.Bai-hula ehrenbergii 1 0.16
2 �0.36;
3 0.77
2. Plew-ocheatesquarossa 1 0.22
2 0.44
3 0.79
3. Toriella humilis 1 0.14
2 0.28
Philonotis longiew 1 0.64
2 0.86
Philonolis lenuis 1 0.31
2 0.53
3 0.73
4 0.86
80
4&i Z�winwo,�,,,fable VT,
Separated Rf.
Plant species compound value
Grimmia leavigata 1 0.52
2 0.74
Bryum pseudofriquetruin
71iuidiwnfiu�furosum 1 0.43
2 0.84
Poly1ricunijuniperinum 1 0.35
2 0.57
3 0.74
4 0.98
8 1
- ---------
J
1. Barbu thmememrr-'i 2.Pleurochaele 5Mqr-rO.3a 3. Torlella limits
AP
4.,,Philonotis loupLse 5. hilonotis_Lenuis ometrica
6 Funaria hy&�-..
Fig. 34- Paper chromatograrns of acetone extracts. Solvent systern:petroleurn ether acetone n-propanol ( 90 : 10 45, v/v).Viewed in day
light.
82
Finaria nubica 8. Ceralodon purpureus 9. Grimmia laevigata
IO. Bryum pseudotriquetrum IL Thuidiumfurfurosum 12.Polytrichumfitniperinum
Contlnu'c Fg. 34
83
M. Quantitative analysis of the chlorophylls:
,A). Chlorophyll con&ntrations:
The chlorophyll contents of the studied mosses sh6w;' difY&dAfI.
concentrations for both chlorophylls a and b. Studied mosses are
greatly varied in their chlorophylls which record maxin-iUrn total
content of about 40.815 rng/l for the species Philonotis lenuis and
minimum total content of about 6822 mg/I for the species Funaria
hygrometrica. Table(12) and Fig. 35) show the concentrations of
the total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b for each
species.
B). Absorption coefficients:
Absorption spectra of acetone extracts for te studied
species are demonstrated in Fig. 36).
94
INSmliy,is, cont e'n't-,,ofthcstttdie&m'(S�vs.
Cincinnati, Total' h`y,14iN0cmO*mchlo h' 11 a mz4
mg/I
1. Barbula ehrenbergii 14.228 9.215 5.016
2. Pleurochaete squarossa 25.229 16.897 8.408
3. Tortella humilis 11.168 7.282 3.880
4. Philonotis longesita 24.353 16.069 8.330
5. Philonotis tenuis 40,815 15.808 25.020
6 unaria hygrometrica 6.882 4.005 2.517
7. Funaria nubica 19.567 12.745 6.826
8. Ceratodon purpureus 10.862 7.143 3.720
9. Grimmia laevigata 13.315 8.170 5.118
1 0. Bryum pseudotiquetrum 10.638 6.581 4.058
11. Thuidimfurfurosum 18.742 11.891 6.497
12. Polytricumjuniperinum 12.829 11.646 j1.185
85
chloroohylls contents
W 0 Cn Lon
J-:1f
ehrembergil
2.Pleurochaetssquarossa
3.Tortella humilis
4.Philonotis longesb
C.25. Philonotis tenuis.
6.Funariahygrometrica =r
7.FunaHa nubicam
B.Ceratodon 0purpureus
m
9.Gdmmia aevigatamCL
=1
pseu tum 0mCA
II.Thuidimfurfurosum ...
12.Polytdcumjumpennum
0 0 --I
O:r0
33
WAV al
&Orhl�la
2.Pleurochaele, Mgr-Osa
3. Torfello, humilis
14NI 7c-
4. Philonotis Ion i-sela
36.0-12) QN. Absorption spectra ofchlorophylls a and b.X- xis Wvelength (nm) Yaxis- Absorpt'on oell"cients (m l)
8.7
6 tMaria h� e�lnca
I5. Philontfi-S Initially
. O
14
Saint v
4.00 50. 6oo 700
8. Ceratodon purpureus
see
7.fv!�aria 17"hica
4�
9. Grimmia leoxigala
0- 600
300 1100 500
colitilILIC 36.
88
W14, ��,l
ONI
lon 660
10. Bryumpseudotriquetrum
3-
II. AuidiumArfurosum
3� too*
12.Polyfrichumjuniperinun?
Contillue Fig. 36-
89
IV. NitroLyen content
The minimum and, the maxim .um. percentage nitrogen woreen 7Zorte
1(L&-v���x d' ��,'�"hiii)iiftswte
Uto k" d te moSseTh6�' nitrogen content range; d
3.22%.Gololl, Beldong and Togi collection groups show the low est
variation within species in their nitrogen content,- Beldong
collection group shows the lowest record compared to the two other
groups. Table 13) and Fig. 37) show the percentage nitrogen for
the studied mosses.
90
co 00 -4 0) Cil 0h CA) N) crCD
Book,zlli 70 -o -1 IRWINY :Y -a v
rl) CIL)C.), CL
0 a w(D
CD Z Ci) =r CDZ =3
Cj) nCDCO
CD c/) CD CO CO -0 CD CDCD CZ
CD C--C/)CO
CD
003 03 C) G) G) Z Z Z
0 0 0 m CD C 0 0 0 l< l<co co (a -.. .. .. 6 E57 a CD
0 0 a) - - - CD CDr-q-
(C) CD CD CD(D (C) CD
OL0 CD
.......... O
CA) N) N) .0, CO Crl N) CO0
co N) C) (Yi -N N) CF) cp
cnCD
91
(D OD -4 a) Cri W N)
pot it ii4i 00 �4 Z3 CD Z Zk a (bz -'j T--- zz: ZL CD
(b -Q) CJ) 0 0 CD
0'CD =r
CD CD Z a) Zr (DCDIZZ). (C) (n r_r (D-6 2) a) 'b , .CD (n -*- z C�3 V5. -Q (D-�S- Q) D CD C-' CD
(D 23U)
Nitrogen
7L(A CA) (n
CL
0
-4
m
CD
92
C. Numerical taxonomy
The data of the previous quantitative investigations of sodiukn,.
m- t6w t COPMr"i1----rnR71gvffeSe!I C Mvp
nitrogen which is computed for area under curve and tonIP16fe'
linkage dendrogram. resulted into 10 different groups. The following
is the arrangement of the groups starting firom the group that
includes the most closely related individuals (Fig.38)-
Group ()- a) Barbida ehrenberg,,
b) Thwdiumfitrfitrosuni
c) Grimmia lbwi��qata
Group (2)- a) F unaria nubica
b) Polytricumjuniperinum
Group 3): a) Tortella humilis
b) Ceratodon purpureus
93
Group 4): a) Thuidiumfurfurosuni
O"Philonotis longiseta
Group (5): a) Funaria nubica
b) Polyti-icunijuniperinum
c).fftnaria hygrometrica
Group (6): a) Pleurochaelesquarossa
b) Philonotis tenuis
Group (7): a) Pleurochaute squarossa
b) Philonotis tenuis
c) Grimmia Imvigata
Group (8)- a) Philonotis longiseta
b) PleurochaWe squarossa
94
c) Philonolis lenuis
--d�--Fitnaria-mtbica-
01�tricumjuniperinum
Group (9)' a) Tortella humilis
b) Ceralodon Furpo-rens
c) Brytim psedotriquetrum
Group 10)- a) Ph4lonotis tenitis
b) Funaria nubica
c) Polytricumjuniperinum
d) Funaria hygrometi-ica
c) Tortella humilis
f) Ceratodonpc4rvc-lreus
95
A.
pipT - . ........
Opost �F.�
t.W A
4.?hi-1jr_nod.v Ion isela -Ihdonofi-� mis -Yrica6. Funaria hygome
7. rinqrLy mibica 8. Ceralodon urpurens 9. Grimmia7aevigala
Ak "NJA
IO. Brympseudwriepielnim 1. 7huidiumfurfurosum
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A 0 5 10 15 20 25Label Num ----------------------------------- ---------------
9
4
2
5
12 T3
PI
10Area Linder CUrve and complete linkage dendrop-rarn Co r
111C StUdled mosses.
96
CHAPTER FOUR
ffiscu-SSION"
the .M.Wial-rimpmUnce of JebehiMarraas-i habitat --for-btybph �Iftsildy!
Darfiir State stems from the fact that this high volcanic massif gives rise.t6:..
better soils, lower temperatures, and higher rainfall tan the rest of the region
of west Darfur. Moreover, the degree of slopes. soil characteristics. rainfall
conditions, and the nature of erosion arc closcIv related to te requirements of
these plants.
The selected sites of te studN.- in Jebel Marra are verv rich in mosses ill
terms of densitv., he fijlly dentified entities are 12 7 of which are already
In Sudan by other athors. And for Jebel Marra only 4 species are
quoted in the previous studies, these are: Funaria hygrometrica, Grimmia
leavigara, Bryum pseudotriquelruni, and folytrichwn juniperininn. This
foundation is probably possible because both of t precious authors:
(Wickens, 1976) and (Townsend, 1984) did ot qote te sarne taxa ad
Townsend, 1984) stated that, there will be further species to be od in
Jebel Marra. The rest 3 species: Pleurochaele squarrosa, Torlella humilis,
and Funaria nubica were reported for Erkowit which of slightly sli-nilar
environment to Jebel Marra.
97
The genus Funaria wich is recorded for Jbel Marra, Erkowit,
.'..Khattoum.,.,and-iebeT..T$�- seems to.-Ibe--the�most;- idelv-distributed-Ionei Xkas;;
remark confirins the description of many consulted floras for this genus*sd
widespread.
(;igwspermium sp. which is identified for Erkowit in 1994 bv WtliAfn�
R.Buck, the curator of bophytes of the New York Botanic Garden is
reported as of a particularly interest since it is a rare Mediterranean species
known from Morocco. Palestine, Spain, and te Canary islands.
The newlv recorded species: Barbula eherenhergii, Philonoliv lenuis,
Philonolis longiseta, Ceratodon purpureus and Auidiumfiu�furoswn are from
the alreadv known genera except Ceraiodon which is reported for Sudan for
the first time.
More four entities which were collected by Wickens 1976 bt not
identified to the specific level can be regarded for Sudan tese are:
Brachymenium sp, Bryumsp, Derpanocladus sp ad Physcomitriumsp.
It can be concluded tat, in addition to the newlv identified entities, this
research gathers the scattered information about the bryoflora checklist of
Sudan Republic in an easy followed foundation giving a base to which
researchers can add or subtract as required.
98
.Mosse�s-:17-v-es-tig-aEcT,1'6r- eir.-eleffiFifa ..-coiistituents..,were..,wiaimtediia&4-';1
the dorninant species in pach study site, and as it is followed in this stud
TrIost..,,,methods n heavy 'metals monitoring employ bryophyte§ as
bioaccumLilators and invol%--e sample collection followed by laboratory
analysis technique to detect actual levels. Piipo 1982) employed epiphytic
bryophytes as climatic indicators in Eastern Fennoscandia. Also, Kansanen
and Venetvaara 1991) compared the capability of two mosses, an epiphytic
lichen, pine bark samples, pine necdle litters, earthworins, and moths in
assessing airborne chromium and nickel dust near a ferrochrome and stainless
steel works in Finland. The two mosses and the lichens were the most
effective biornonitors at low and moderate depositions
Part of the result of this study also agrees with that of Mukhe 'ee and
Nuorteva. 1994) who found that the best indicators for zinc and aluminum are
mosses and epiphytic lichens.
The records of the levels of te investigated elements will bettbase for
future comparisons so as to estimate the atmospheric pollution degree in Jebel
Marra as it is followed now in many countries such as the Republic of Karelia
(Fedorets, 1998).
The statistical analysis for all chemical investigations grouped different
species from different localities as closely related individuals. This important
99
result confirms the fact tat mosses are good bioaccumulators particularly for
retil cono�ntrations-!�refiect.-- -deposit.-i-on46witlmiv44.t4v*.v-
complication of additional-!uptake via root system. (Longton, 1980). Then th&,-
chemical constituents of the ddibihant species in each site reflect the chemical,,
constituents of the soil and air in Jebel Marra. However, within the studie 'd
sites, Golol shows two chemically related individuals: Philonotis 'Ienu'is"a'6d
Funaria hygromeirica coming in one group. Also, tis study grouped
(Funaria nubica and 1"unaria hygroinefrica) and (Philonolis Winds and
Philonotis longisela) each two in one group wich is taxonomically tnie.
As a conclusion: since Philonotis tenuis and Peurocheale squarossa)
were grouped together 3 tirries and (7"huidium fiu�furosurn and Grimmia
leavigata) were grouped together 2 tirries then (Nyrtete and Golol) ad (Togi
and Beldong) are of relatively the same chemical constituents ptting i 1-nind
that Togi and Beldong are the highest study sites whereas Nyrtete and Golol
are the lowest study sites.
The chloroplast pigments. specially the clorophyll content of the
studied mosses, reflect considerable variations that can partly help in
describing them. Taxonomically the studied mosses were described either as
light or dark green in most of the consulted relevant floras and chemically,
mosses described as light green recorded the low chlorophyll content and tat
described as dark green recorded the high clorophyll content. So it can be
concluded that this part of te chernical analysis not only on line with but.
100
also confirms morphological descriptions and also agrees with authors of the
t6yf9dw Iota,
101
RVFVRFNCFS
Abu:Salaina, U. -Y. 1998. Mosses'of Egyptian Conservation Areas: I - Gebel
Elba Protectorate. Pvtomorphology 50: 47-58
Anderson, L. E. 1980. Cytology and reproductive biology of mosses. Pacific
DiNrision of the American Association for tile Advancement of Science. San
Francisco.
H. A. Grom, and W.R. Buck. 1990. List of te mosses of
North America north of %lexico. Bryologist 93: 448-499.
Amon, D. 1. 1949. Copper enzyme in isolated chloroplast. Plant Physiology,
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