TDC 1Pedagogical GrammarClass 3

Parts of Speech - Review

In pairs, list the eight parts of speech we have talked about, define each and give an example.

Pre-Test 3 – Page 41

Exercises

• Nouns - Workbook Page 39 (Exercise 2.25) Page 40 (Exercise 2.27)• Pronouns – Workbook Page 48 (Exercise 2.36)• Adjectives – Workbook Page 49 (Exercise 2.38) Page 50 (Exercise 2.40)• Verbs – Workbook Page 42 (Exercise 2.30) Page 45 (Exercise 2.33)

Exercises

• Adverbs – Workbook Page 52 (Exercise 2.44) Page 53 (Exercise 2.45)• Prepositions – Workbook Page 58 (Exercise 2.51)• Conjunctions – Workbook Page 55 (Exercise 2.47) Page 56 (Exercise 2.48)

Count / Non-Count Nouns

Compare your answers in groups of 3.

Parts of Speech - Uses Nouns – Subject / Direct Object / Indirect Object / Subject or

Object Complement / Object of Preposition Pronouns – Subject / Direct Object / Indirect Object / Subject or

Object Complement / Object of Preposition Adjectives – Modifying Noun or Pronoun/ Subject Complement /

Object Complement Verbs – Predicate

Adverbs – Modifying Verb/ Modifying Adjective / Modifying Adverb / Modifying Passages

Prepositions – Introducing Prepositional Phrases

Conjunctions – Coordinating: Joining Words, Phrases or Clauses of Equal Rank / Subordinating: Joining Clauses

Interjections – Showing Emotion

Phrases, Clauses and Sentences

• A phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.

• A clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition.

• A sentence is a grammatical unit expressing an independent statement , question, request, etc, often preceded and followed in speech by pauses.

Phrases

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition

• A phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.

The title of the course that the beautiful young girl was looking for at school yesterday morning was Woodland Ecology.

Clauses• A clause is the smallest grammatical unit that

can express a complete proposition.

Noun:

Adjective: Adverb:

I don’t know who wrote it.

She’s the girl who sent him that weird e-mail.

The package arrived before Mark had the chance to leave.

INDEPENDENT x DEPENDENT

Sentences• A sentence is a grammatical unit expressing an

independent statement , question, request, etc, often preceded and followed in speech by pauses.

1. Simple2. Compound3. Complex4. Compound-

complex

_____ Washington died before Lincoln was born, so these two famous citizens never met each other. _____ Washington died in 1799, and Lincoln was born in 1809._____ Washington died before Lincoln was born._____ Washington was the first U.S. president.

1

2

3

4

Sentences1) A simple sentence... ... has one independent clause.

2) A compound sentence... ... contains two independent clauses.

3) A complex sentence... ... has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

4) A compound-complex sentence... ... contains two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Pronouns - SubjectMatch the pronouns and their corresponding uses.

Pronouns Uses

1. who _____ used for both people and things

2. which _____ used for people

3. that _____ used for things

1

2

3

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Pronouns - SubjectJoin the sentences, using the second of them as an adjective clause.

1) We helped the man.2) He was lost in the woods.

1) The new computer is fast. 2) It is in my office

We helped the man who / that was lost in the woods.

The new computer which / that is in my office is fast.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Pronouns - ObjectMatch the pronouns and their corresponding uses.

Pronouns Uses

1. who(m) _____ used for things

2. which _____ used for both people and things

3. that _____ used for people1

2

3

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Pronouns - ObjectJoin the sentences, using the second of them as an adjective clause.

1) The man was Mr. Jones.2) I saw the man yesterday.

1) The movie wasn’t very good. 2) We saw the movies yesterday.

The man who(m) / that I saw yesterday was Mr. Jones.

The movie which / that we saw yesterday wasn’t very good.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Pronouns – Object of the PrepositionMatch the pronouns and their corresponding uses.Pronouns Uses

1. who(m) _____ used for people

2. which _____ used for both things

3. that _____ used for both people and things

1

2

3

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Pronouns – Object of the PrepositionJoin the sentences, using the second of them as an adjective clause.

1) She is the woman.2) I told you about her.

Is there any other possibility?

She is the woman who(m) / that I told you about.

She is the woman about whom I told you.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Pronouns – Object of the Preposition

1) The music was good.2) We listened to the music last night.

Is there any other possibility?

The music which / that we listened to last night was good.

The music to which we listened last night was good.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Pronouns - OmitionIn which of the sentences below is it possible to omit the relative pronoun?

The man whom I saw yesterday was Mr. Jones.

We helped the man who was lost in the woods.

The music that we listened to last night was good.

The music to which we listened last night was good.

We helped the man who was lost in the woods. (Not Possible)

The man ______ I saw yesterday was Mr. Jones.

The music ______ we listened to last night was good.

The music to which we listened last night was good. (Not Possible)

Adjective Clauses

Restrictive X Non-restrictiveObserve the sentences below and discuss why one of them have a punctuated adjective clause.

That is John, who sent us the invitation to the party.

That is the man who sent us the invitation to the party.

The noun ‘man’ is not definite. We need the information in the adjective clause ‘who sent us...’ to identify which man is meant.

Here, we already know which man is being referred to. He has a name. The adjective clause simply gives additional information.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Pronouns – whose / where / when

Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.Pronouns Uses

1. whose _____ used to modify a noun of time

2. where _____ used to show possession

3. when _____ used to modify a noun of place

1

2

3

Adjective Clauses

whoseJoin the sentences, using the second of them as an adjective clause.

1) The student writes well.2) I read her composition.

Can whose ever be ommited?

The student whose composition I read writes well.

The student _____ composition I read writes well.NEVER

Adjective Clauses

whereJoin the sentences, using the second of them as an adjective clause.

1) The building is very old.2) He lives in the building.

Is there any other possibility?

The building where he lives is very old.

The building ___ / that / which he lives in is very old.

The building in which he lives is very old.

Adjective Clauses

whenJoin the sentences, using the second of them as an adjective clause.

1) I’ll never forget the day.2) I met you on this day.

Is there any other possibility?

I’ll never forget the day when I met you.

I’ll never forget the day ___ / that / which I met you on.

I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.

Adjective Clauses

whyJoin the sentences, using the second of them as an adjective clause.

1) Do you know the reason?2) I did it for this reason.

Is there any other possibility?

Do you know the reason why I did it?

Do you know the reason ___ / that / which I did it for?

Do you know the reason for which I did it?

Adjective ClausesModifiers before Relative Pronouns (I)Join the sentences, using the second of them as an adjective clause.

1) Rembrand’s “Windmill” is my favorite painting.2) The original of Rembrand’s “Windmill” is at the

Metropolitan Museum.

Rembrand’s “Windmill,” the original of which is at the Metropolitan Museum, is my favorite painting.

1) The students were called back by the professor.2) Some of the students had already started to leave the

classroom.The students, some of whom had already started to leave the classroom, were called back by the professor.

Adjective ClausesModifiers before Relative Pronouns (II)Join the sentences, using the second of them as an adjective clause.

1) She owns several diamond rings.2) The least expensive of them is worth a fortune.

She owns several diamond rings, the least expensive of which is worth a fortune.

1) The agency sent us several applicants.2) The most qualified of them was the first one.

The agency sent us several applicants, the most qualified of whom was the first one.

Adjective Clauses - Reduction

1. (Clause) – The girl who is sitting next to me is Mai.2. (Phrase) – The girl sitting next to me is Mai.

3. (Clause) – The girl who(m) I saw is Mai.4. (Phrase) – NOT POSSIBLE

What can we conclude?Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun – who, which or that – are possible to be reduced into adjective phrases.

Adjective Clauses - Reduction1. (Clause - Phrase) –

The girl sitting next to me is Mai.

2. (Clause - Phrase) –

The man responsible for the error is here.

What can we conclude?If the adjective clause contains the be form of a verb, omit the relative pronoun – who, which or that – and the be form.

who is

that was

Adjective Clauses - Reduction1. (Clause - Phrase) –

Anyone wanting to come with us was welcome.

2. (Clause - Phrase) –

English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.

What can we conclude?If there is no be form of a verb in the adjective clause, omit the relative pronoun and change the verb to its present participle form.

who wanted

that consists

Adjective Clauses - Reduction1. (Clause - Phrase) –

The English alphabet, consiting of 26 letters, is really easy for ELLs to learn.

2. (Clause - Phrase) –

Paris, the capital of France, is an exciting city.What can we conclude?If the adjective clause requires commas, the adjective phrase also requires commas.

which consists

which is

Which one is called an appositive?The one which is a noun phrase.

Adjective Clauses - Reduction

1. Do you know the man who is coming toward us?2. We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern

Spain.3. The photographs which were published in the

newspaper were extraordinary.4. A myth is a story that expresses traditional beliefs.5. Johnson’s ideas, which refuted the principle we are

studying, were presented in his first book.

Homework

Book:- Pages 193 – 200 (Self-study) “Adjective Clauses and Reductions”

Workbook:- Pages 162 – 165 (Self-study) “Adjctive Clauses and Reductions”

Moodle Week

3) Graded Exercise• Parts of Speech• Verb Tenses• Phrases

2) Basic Grammar Labels for Sentence Structure• Subject, Predicate• Verb Transitivity• Objects

1) Grammar Key 9• Adjective Clauses and

Reductions