Technological developments and market perspectives for ... konf... · Case Chiller Type Cooling...

Renewable Heating and Cooling 2012 Prof. Dr. habil. Ursula Eicker

Folie 1

Technological developments and market

perspectives for renewable energy cooling systems

Prof.Dr.habil. Ursula Eicker

Centre of Applied Research

Sustainable Energy Technology – zafh.net

University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart

Collector field


Folie 2

Solar cooling market

Source: Tecsol

Yazaki largest with 13%, then Broad, Thermax, LG, Ebara

2011 in France: 15 installations with 630 kW

21; 8%16; 6%

48; 18%

6; 2%

31; 11%

8; 3%

127; 47%

15; 5%

Austria

France

Germany

Greece

Italy

Portugal

Spain

Other EU Countries

Germany

Source: Green Chiller


Folie 3

News and trends

Modified German renewable heat law (1.5.2011) includes 15% solar or 50% biomass heating and cooling for new buildings and for rehabilitation of public buildings

Combined heat-power-cold largest market segment: CHP for smart grid applications

A high efficiency 50 kW LiBr/H2O chiller was developed by ZAE Bayern/TU Berlin and Vattenfall with a COP of 0.8 from 25%-150% of nominal load, electric EER about 20

Liquid desiccant work ongoing in many places including the use of non-corrosive ionic liquids


Folie 4

New large solar thermal systems deployed

3900 m² Flat plate collectors with 1575 kW single effect absorption (SOLID) in Singapore, 5000 m² 1750 kW Arizona

2052 m² parabolic trough collectors (Solitem) in Cyprus with 360 kW double effect chiller, 6 years amortisation

230 kW double effect chiller with PTC (NEP) in Cinema Complex, Newcastle, Australia

Packaged medium/large power absorption chiller systems with concentrated collectors

Thermax (India)

Hitachi (Japan)

Vicot Air Con (China)


Folie 5

Sakura

SHL003 & SHL005

Water / Lithium Bromide

Source: Sakura Source: InvenSor

InvenSor

LTC9 & HTC11

Water / Zeolith

Source: SorTech

SorTech

ASC08 & ASC15

Water / Silica Gel

Source: Pink

Pink

PC14 & PC19

Ammonia / Water

Many low power systems available

Trends: packaged low power absorption chiller systems


Folie 6

Heat rejection important issue for primary energy efficiency

Source: Jiangsu Huineng


Folie 7

Primary energy savings?

Ziegler, F. Sorption heat pumping technologies: Comparisons and Challenges, International Journal of Refrigeration 32 (2009), pp 566 – 576

Comparison:

compression system COP 5.0

absorption system COP 0.6


Folie 8

Photovoltaic electricity generation and compression cooling

Compression

cooling machine

Cold

storage

tank

Public grid

electricity

PV modules

Source: ZAE Bayern, IEA task 38


Folie 9

9

zafh.net

PV Module Prices Development 2009 - 2011

Source: www.solarserver.de


Folie 10

Cooling loads of buildings

CASE City Uwall

(W/

m²K)

Inter

nal

loads

Sun

Protec-

tion

Annual

cooling

load

(kWh/m²)

Annual

heating

load

(kWh/m²)

Maximum

cooling

load

(W/m²)

Case 1 Palermo 1.1 low yes 46 18 38.0

Case 2 Palermo 0.41 low yes 61 0 31.9

Case 3 Palermo 1.1 high no 94 2 54.1

Case 4 Palermo 0.41 high no 141 0 39.4

Case 5 Madrid 0.66 low yes 34 11 34.4

Case 6 Madrid 0.41 low yes 36 5 32.6

Case 7 Madrid 0.66 high no 88 0 35.6

Case 8 Madrid 0.41 high no 97 0 34.2

Case 9 Stuttgart 1.1 low yes 8 56 23.8

Case 10 Stuttgart 0.41 low yes 17 20 22.6

Case 11 Stuttgart 1.1 high no 31 25 29.8

Case 12 Stuttgart 0.41 high no 54 2 30.2

3 storey office building

927 m² surface

15

64

ground view

second floor

office floor

310m²

vertical section first floor

ground floor

43

43

77

39

8

2131


Folie 11

Solar fraction for PV and ST cooling


Folie 12

Primary energy savings for cooling


Folie 13

Cost comparison


Folie 14

Total annual costs


Folie 15

Cost of cooling production


Folie 16

Solar cooling for Kairo office building

15100 m² surface

52 W/m² cooling load

130 kWh/m² cooling

energy demand


Folie 17 1

7

Case Chiller

Type Cooling Capacity

Collector

Type Collector Area Storage Tank

brut aperture hot cold

Case 1 Single

Effect 422 kW Vacuum

Tube 2025 m² 1350 m² 20 m³ 10 m³

Case 2 Double

Effect 500 kW Linear

Fresnel 2050 m² 1320 m² 20 m³ 10 m³

Case 3 Triple

Effect 563 kW Linear

Fresnel 1280 m² 800 m² -- m³ 10 m³

Kawasaki Sigma, triple effect

Ace CF01-10-0001

Shuangliang, double effect

500 kW

THERMAX, single effect

ProChill LT12C

Comparison of large multi-effect systems


Folie 18

Solar Collectors and back-up

Vacuum tubes

Jiangsu Sunrain

TZ47/1500-10U

0= 0.65

a1=1.585 W/m²K

a2= 0.002 W/m²K²

Linear Fresnel

Industrial Solar GmbH

0= 0.62

a1= 1.585 W/m²K

a2= 0.002 W/m²K²

Case Chiller

Type Cooling Capacity

Backup

heating Additional cooling (compression chiller)

power heat rejection

Average COPel

Case 1 Single

Effect 422 kW ---

380 kW direct dry 2.8

Case 2 Double

Effect 500 kW Gas boiler 300 kW direct dry 2.8

Case 3 Triple

Effect 563 kW Direct gas

burner 240 kW direct dry 2.8

http://en.sunrain.com/index.html


Folie 19

Absorption Cooling Fraction and Solar System Efficiency

37%

91%93%

40%

31%

27%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Single effect ACM + vacuum tube collectors

Double effect ACM + Fresnel collectors

Triple effect ACM + Fresnel collectors

Sola

r syste

m e

ffic

iency /

%

AC

M fra

ction /

%

ACM fraction Solar system efficiency


Folie 20

Heating Energy Consumption and Average COPth

1050

792

469

577

534

0.70

1.31

1.83

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Single effect ACM +

vacuum tube collectors

Double effect ACM +

Fresnel collectors

Triple effect ACM +

Fresnel collectors

CO

Pth

/ -

Heating e

nerg

y c

onsum

ption /

MW

h a

-1

Qh_solar Qh_additional COPth


Folie 21

Primary Energy Efficiency

183

443 462

12401443

692 6401194

176128

1900

1.431.50

1.60 1.59

1.37

1.04

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Single effect ACM +

vacuum tube collectors

Double effect ACM + Fresnel

collectors

Triple effect ACM + Fresnel

collectors

CCM with PV collectors,

grid as ideal storage

CCM with PV collectors, electricity

directly used

Reference system with compression chiller only

Pri

ma

ry e

ne

rgy r

atio

PE

R /

-

Pri

ma

ry e

ne

rgy c

on

su

mp

tio

n /

MW

h a

-1

Electricity Additional heating Additional cooling PER


Folie 22

System Costs Including Installation and Integration T

ota

l syste

m c

osts

/ €

Specific

syste

m c

osts

/ € p

er

kW

coolin

g p

ow

er

2 242

2 626

2 040

1 102 1 102

381

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

0 €

250 000 €

500 000 €

750 000 €

1 000 000 €

1 250 000 €

1 500 000 €

1E 2E 3E CCM_PV CCM_PV_dir CCM_ref.

Installation and integration

Piping

hot and cold storage

Collector / PV

Chiller and heat rejection

Specific system costs


Folie 23

Overall Cooling Costs / Office Building in Cairo, Egypt

Prices: Gas = 0.0174 €/kWh Electricity = 0.062 €/kWh Water = 1.6 € / m³

Source: www.worldtribune.com Inflation rate = 5.6%/a Discount rate = 6%/a

78

92

82

6566

51

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

- €

20 000 €

40 000 €

60 000 €

80 000 €

100 000 €

120 000 €

140 000 €

160 000 €

180 000 €

200 000 €


Cool

ing

cost

s [€/

MW

h]

Ann

ual C

osts

[€/a

]

Operational cost annuity

System cost annuity

Cooling costs

http://www.worldtribune.com/


Folie 24

Overall Cooling Costs / Office Building in Cyprus

Prices: Gas = 0.101 €/kWh Electricity = 0.230 €/kWh Water = 4.0 € / m³

Inflation rate = 5.6%/a Discount rate = 6%/a

161

187

171

131

143148

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

- €

50 000 €

100 000 €

150 000 €

200 000 €

250 000 €

300 000 €

350 000 €

400 000 €


Spec

ific

cool

ing

cost

s [€/

MW

h]

Ann

ual c

oolin

g co

sts [€/

a]

Operational cost annuity

System cost annuity

Cooling costs


Folie 25

Conclusions

Cooled surface area and solar cooling market is growing

New components and solar cooling kits are available in all power ranges

Solar thermal cooling can be cost effective today with long chiller lifetimes and high cooling loads

The primary energy efficiency of solar thermal cooling is comparable or higher than photovoltaic cooling, especially when double or triple effect chillers are used

An efficient heat rejection system is essential

Primary energy savings of 30 to 50% are reached at solar fractions around 50%

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Technological developments and market perspectives for ... konf... · Case Chiller Type Cooling...

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