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OEB: 500, Orgnizational Ethics and Behaviour inHealth Care.
Topic
Theories of justice and Fair opportunity
Pesented by
Muhammad Shahid
MSc.N
Year II , Semester I, (III)
Course Facilitator: Mr. Muhammad Jaar (I!N"#$%S).
#ate &'"'"&'
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Objectives
• At the end of this resentationlearner !ill be able to :
"# $e%ne and classif& the t&es of justice
'# Argue on justice in isla(
)# $iscuss the selected theories of justice
*# +nderstand ill-s utilitarian theor& of justice, its alication and objections
5# ntrerete /obert ozic1-s 2ibertarian 3heor& of 4ustice
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Continue ...
# Ho! can !e al& libertarian theor& of justice.
6# $escribe the 4ohn /a!l-s theor& of justiceor fair oortunit& .
7# Alication of 4ohn /a!l-s theor& of justiceand Objections
8# 9u((ar&
"0#/eferences
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hat is 4ustice
• 3he rocess or result of using la!s to fairl& judge andunish cri(es and cri(inals.
arr&a( ebster $ictionar&• ;airness in the !a& eole are dealt !ith.
Ca(bridge$ictionar&
". 3he s&ste( of la!s in a countr& that judges and unisheseole:
'. 3he justice s&ste( in this countr& consists of a series of la!
courts at di
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4ustice in sla(
The Meaning of Justice
"# n the sla(ic !orldvie!, justice denotes lacingthings in their rightful lace.
'# t also (eans giving others e=ual treat(ent.
)# n sla(, justice is also a (oral virtue and anattribute of hu(an ersonalit&, as it is in theestern tradition. 4ustice is close to e=ualit& inthe sense that it creates a state of e=uilibriu( in
the distribution of rights and duties, but the& arenot identical.
*#9o(eti(es, justice is achieved throughine=ualit&, li1e in une=ual distribution of !ealth.
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4ustice in sla(
• >od so1e to His essenger in this(anner:
"# ?O & slaves, have forbidden injustice for &self andforbade it also for &ou. 9o avoid being unjust to oneanother.@ 9aheeh usli(#
"# ?e sent Our essengers !ith clear signs and sent do!n!ith the( the Boo1 and the easure in order to establish
justice a(ong the eole@ uran 56:'5#
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3&es of justice
• 3here are four t&es of justice thateole can see1 !hen the& havebeen !ronged:
"#$istributive justice
'#Drocedural justice
)#/estorative justice*#/etributive justice
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$istributive justice
"# $istributive justice, also 1no!n as econo(ic justice, is
about fairness in !hat eole receive, fro( goods to
attention.
'# ts roots are in social order and it is at the roots of
socialis(, !here e=ualit& is a funda(ental rincile.
)# f eole do not thin1 that the& are getting their fair share
of so(ething, the& !ill see1 %rst to gain !hat the& believethe& deserve.
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Drocedural justice
"# 3he rincile of fairness is also found in the idea of fair
la& as oosed to the fair share of distributive justice#.
'# f eole believe that a fair rocess !as used in deciding
!hat it to be distributed, then the& (a& !ell accet an
i(balance in !hat the& receive in co(arison to others.
)# f the& see both rocedural and distributive injustice, the&
!ill li1el& see1 restorative andor retributive justice.
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/estorative justice
"# 3he %rst thing that the betra&ed erson (a& see1 fro( the
betra&er is so(e for( of restitution, utting things bac1 as
the& should be.
'# 3he si(lest for( of restitution is a straightfor!ard
aolog&. /estoration (eans utting things bac1 as the&
!ere, so it (a& include so(e act of contrition to
de(onstrate one is trul& sorr&. 3his (a& include action and
even eFtra a&(ent to the o
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/etributive justice"# /etributive justice !or1s on the rincile of unish(ent, although
!hat constitutes fair and roortional unish(ent is !idel&
debated. hile the intent (a& be to dissuade the eretrator or
others fro( future !rongGdoing, the reGo
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9elected theories of justice
!ill discuss three theories of justice:
"# ill-s utilitarian theor& of justice.
'# ozic1-s 2ibertarian 3heor& of 4ustice
)# /a!ls-s theor& of justice
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ill-s utilitarian theor& of justice.
• 4ohn 9tuart ill "70G"76)#,hi(self a utilitarian, sought torescue utilitarianis( fro( this andother objections.
• ill argues that resect for individualsrights as ?the (ost sacred and bindingart of (oralit&@ is co(atible !ith theidea that justice rests ulti(atel& onutilitarian considerations. But is ill
right to be con%dentI Can the rincileof utilit& suort the notion that so(erights should be uheld even if doingso (a1es the (ajorit& ver& unha&I
4ohn 9tuart ill "70G"76)#,
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Continue.."# +tilitarians tend to be a(ong those !ho see no (ajor divide bet!een
justice and (oralit&.
'# +tilitarians see justice as art of (oralit& and don-t see justice to have a
higher riorit& than an& other (oral concern. n articular, utilitarians
thin1 that !e should ro(ote goodness things of value#, and (an& thin1
that goodness can be found in a single goodJ such as hainess,
Kourishing, !ellGbeing, or desire satisfaction.
)# +tilitarian ideas of justice connect (oralit& to the la!, econo(ic
distribution, and olitics. hat econo(ic or olitical rinciles !ill
utilitarians sa& !e should accetI 3hat is not an eas& =uestion to ans!er
and is still u in the air. e have to discover the best econo(ic and
olitical s&ste(s for ourselves b& seeing the e
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Continue ...• +tilitarians often advocate for social !elfare because ever&one-s
!ellGbeing is of (oral interest and social !elfare see(s li1e a
good !a& to (a1e sure ever&one Kourishes to a (ini(al eFtent.
• On the other hand utilitarians often advocate free trade
because:
a# ;ree trade can hel re!ard eole for hard !or1 and encourage
eole to be roductive,
b# 3he free (ar1et allo!s for a great deal of freedo(,
c# ;reedo( has a tendenc& to lead to (ore roserit&,
d# 3a1ing a!a& freedo( has a tendenc& to cause su
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s conce on o r g s caninclude
• Dositive rights for ublic education, food, shelter,
(edical assistance, etc.#
• egative rights to be allo!ed to sa& !hat !e
!ant, to be allo!ed to have an& religion, etc.# Both
of these sorts of rights can otentiall& hel eole
have greater !ell being.
• Concrete utilitarian suggestions:
"# ill argued that !e should reduce the division bet!een
!or1ers and o!ners 8'G8*#.
'# e can ro(ote greater e=ualit& of inco(e 8)#.
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Al&ing ill-s theor& of justice
ill thin1s that !e should have rights, la!s, andgovern(ent intervention.
a# aFi(ize the goodness
b# aFi(ize hainessc# ini(ize the evil because it causes su
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Objections
". t-s too si(le
'. +tilitarianis( fails to account forthe need to be resectful
). t ignores ersonal relationshis
*. t-s too de(anding
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/obert ozic1-s 2ibertarian 3heor&of 4ustice
• 2ibertarians are eole !ho favornegative rights and the right toroert& in articular#, s(allgovern(ent, and a free (ar1et.
• an& libertarians ascribe to aneFtre(e vie! that denies theeFistence of ositive rights andfavors a laissezGfaire free (ar1etno (atter ho! horrible the
conse=uences are.• 3his see(s to entail no
govern(ent regulation or ubliceducation.
Born November 16,1938Brool!n,Ne# $or , %&'&
(ie) Januar! *3,
*++* age) 63-Cambri)ge, Massachusetts, %&'&.1/
0ra *+thcentur! 2hiloso2h!
egion
4estern 2hiloso2h!
'chool
5nal!tic,ibertarianism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklynhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusettshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusettshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusettshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusettshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn
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2ibertarian 3heor& of 4ustice
• ozic1-s vie! see(s to i(l& that taFation is afor( of theft because it violates our roert&rights.
• Deole are coerced b& govern(ents to give utheir roert& !hen the& are being taFed.
• o one can ta1e a!a& our legiti(atel& attainedroert& !ithout er(ission.
• An& ublic service funded b& taFation !ould thenalso be illegiti(ate, such as ublic education orfood for the oor.
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Al&ing ozic1-s theor& of justice
•
ozic1-s theor& of justice aLr(s that !e havenegative rights to be left alone# but denies that !ehave ositive rights to social !elfare or education#.
• ozic1 sa&s taFation is a for( of coerced redistributionof !ealth and it-s unjust because !e have a right to
roert& and !e don-t have a right to social !elfare.• eFect that ozic1-s govern(ent to be full& funded
b& donations andor re=uires volunteers.
• t !ould be !rong to taF eole to have a olice
deart(ent because that-s just one (ore unjustviolation of our roert& rights. 3he olice deart(ent,%re deart(ent, ublic schools, risons, andever&thing else (ust either be ?for ro%t,@ eFist fro(volunteers, andor be funded b& donations.
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Ho! do !e al& ozic1-stheor& of justiceI
• ;irst, !e need to 1no! !hat rights !e have. Hethin1s !e have ?2oc1ean rights@Ma right fro(being har(ed, a right to roert&, freedo( ofseech, and so on.
• 9econd, !e need to 1no! ho! those rights al&to various conteFts.
7bections:
". e have duties to each other
'. ;reedo( is (ore than negative rights
). 3he free (ar1et can lead to eFloitation and oression
5. 3he free (ar1et can lead to horrible conse=uences.
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4ohn /a!l-s theor& of justice
• /a!ls described his theor& of justicecalled ?4ustice as ;airness@ in his boo1A 3heor& of 4ustice.
• /a!ls agrees !ith ozic1 that justice
is =uite searate fro( (oralit& and hetoo rejects utilitarian for(s of justice.
• He %rst suggests a ne! !a& to learnabout rinciles of justiceMtheoriginal osition "0)G"05#.
• 3he original osition as1s us toi(agine that a grou of eole !illget to decide the rinciles of justice.
Born: ;ebruar& '", "8'",Balti(ore, ar&land, +nited 9tates
$ied:
ove(ber '*, '00',2eFington, assachusetts, +nited 9tates
Areas of interest: Dolitics, Dolitical hilosoh&,9ocial contract,2iberalis(, 4ustice
4ohn Bordle& /a!ls !as anA(erican (oral and oliticalhilosoher.
https://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+born&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtYSy0620i9IzS_ISQVSRcX5eVZJ-UV5AD8wCeEkAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIfSgAMBQhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=baltimore&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsyxNssq0xLKTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VUn5RHgC6knCLLgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIfigBMBQhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=baltimore&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsyxNssq0xLKTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VUn5RHgC6knCLLgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIfigBMBQhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+died&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtaSz0620i9IzS_ISdVPSU1OTSxOTYkvSC0qzs-zSslMTQEAP5qAEy0AAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIgQEoADAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=lexington+ma&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlbiBLEMcyrKzbTks5Ot9AtS8wtyUvVTUpNTE4tTU-ILUouK8_OsUjJTUwDc-_2_OAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIggEoATAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=lexington+ma&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlbiBLEMcyrKzbTks5Ot9AtS8wtyUvVTUpNTE4tTU-ILUouK8_OsUjJTUwDc-_2_OAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIggEoATAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+areas+of+interest&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtZSyU620s8uiM8p1y_IyMzJL84vyEgtsspNzMyLz8wrSS1KLS4pBgCKx0s_MgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIhQEoADAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=politics&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCs0wLSwy0VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigHBncuHPAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIhgEoATAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=political+philosophy&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCs0yLzC21VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigGzxRJ8PAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIhwEoAjAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=social+contract&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsywrDCy0VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigGOq24OPAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIiAEoAzAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=social+contract&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsywrDCy0VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigGOq24OPAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIiAEoAzAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=political+philosophy&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCs0yLzC21VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigGzxRJ8PAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIhwEoAjAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=politics&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCs0wLSwy0VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigHBncuHPAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIhgEoATAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+areas+of+interest&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtZSyU620s8uiM8p1y_IyMzJL84vyEgtsspNzMyLz8wrSS1KLS4pBgCKx0s_MgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIhQEoADAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=lexington+ma&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlbiBLEMcyrKzbTks5Ot9AtS8wtyUvVTUpNTE4tTU-ILUouK8_OsUjJTUwDc-_2_OAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIggEoATAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=lexington+ma&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlbiBLEMcyrKzbTks5Ot9AtS8wtyUvVTUpNTE4tTU-ILUouK8_OsUjJTUwDc-_2_OAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIggEoATAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+died&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtaSz0620i9IzS_ISdVPSU1OTSxOTYkvSC0qzs-zSslMTQEAP5qAEy0AAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIgQEoADAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=baltimore&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsyxNssq0xLKTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VUn5RHgC6knCLLgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIfigBMBQhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=baltimore&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsyxNssq0xLKTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VUn5RHgC6knCLLgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIfigBMBQhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+born&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtYSy0620i9IzS_ISQVSRcX5eVZJ-UV5AD8wCeEkAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIfSgAMBQ
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4ohn /a!l-s theor& of justice
• He argues that in a veil of ignorance the& couldn-tbe as biased to!ards their rofession, race,gender, age, or social status because the&!ouldn-t 1no! !hich categories the& belong to
"0*G"05#.• As far as selfGinterest is concerned, /a!ls argues
that the& !ill !ant rinciles of justice that !ill?fairl& distribute@ certain goods that ever&one !ill
valueM!hat /a!ls calls ?ri(ar& social goods@"05#.
• He argues that t!o intuitive rinciles of justice inarticular !ill reach reKective e=uilibriu(:
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Here !ill discuss t!orinciles of justice
"# E=ualit&'# Ene=ualit&
". Each erson is to have an e=ual right to the (ost
eFtensive total s&ste( of e=ual basic liberties co(atible!ith a si(ilar s&ste( of libert& for all.
'. 9ocial and econo(ic ine=ualities are to satisf& t!oconditions:
%rst, the& are to be attached to ositions and oLces oen
to all under conditions of fair e=ualit& of oortunit&J and second, the& are to be the greatest eFected bene%t
of the least advantaged (e(bers of societ& "06#.
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Continue ..
• /a!ls sa&s that the %rst rincile has riorit& over thesecond
• 3he liberties /a!ls has in (ind are negative rights, li1e thefreedo( of thought.
•
3he distribution of social goods can include education, food,and housingJ !hich could be considered to be ositive rights.
• 3he second rincile-s second restrictionMthat social andecono(ic ine=ualities (ust bene%t the !orst o< grouMis1no!n as the ?di
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Al&ing /a!l-s theor& of justice
• /a!ls agrees !ith ozic1 that !e have negative rightsand no ositive rights, but he argues that social andecono(ic ine=ualities are unjust unless the& (eetcertain re=uire(ents.
• /a!ls thin1s that redistribution of !ealth and taFesare justi%ed if it is the best !a& for the ?!orst o
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Objections
"# Basic liberties aren-t good enough
'# Aren-t these eole too ris1 averseI
)# 3he di
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/eferences:• /a!ls, 4. "86"#. A theory of justice 'nd ed.#. Ca(bridge, A: Bel1na Dress
of Harvard +niversit& Dress.
• /etrieved fro( htt:!!!.isla(religion.co(articles)6justiceGinGisla(
on ''G""G'0"5.
• /etrieved fro( htt:changing(inds.orgeFlanationstrustfourjustice.ht(
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8/19/2019 Tehories of Justice and Fair Opportunity
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8/19/2019 Tehories of Justice and Fair Opportunity
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