Telecommunications and Networking 1866

8/8/2019 Telecommunications and Networking 1866

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TelecommunicationsTelecommunicationsand Networkingand Networking


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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1.1. Understand the concept of a network.Understand the concept of a network.

2.2.Apply Metcalfes law in understanding theApply Metcalfes law in understanding the

value of a network.value of a network.3.3. Identify several major developments andIdentify several major developments and

trends in the industries, technologies, andtrends in the industries, technologies, and

business applications ofbusiness applications oftelecommunications and Internettelecommunications and Internet

technologies.technologies.

4.4. Examples of the business value of Internet,Examples of the business value of Internet,

intranet, and extranet a lications.intranet, and extranet a lications.


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5.5. Identify the basic components, functions,Identify the basic components, functions,

and types of telecommunications networksand types of telecommunications networks

used in business.used in business.6.6. Explain the functions of major componentsExplain the functions of major components

of telecommunications network hardware,of telecommunications network hardware,

software, media, and services.software, media, and services.

7.7. Explain the concept of client/serverExplain the concept of client/server

networking.networking.

8.8. Understand the two forms of peerUnderstand the two forms of peer--toto--peerpeer

networkin .networkin .


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10.10.Identify the various transmission mediaIdentify the various transmission media

and topologies used in telecommunicationsand topologies used in telecommunications

networks.networks.11.11.Understand the fundamentals of wirelessUnderstand the fundamentals of wireless

network technologies.network technologies.

12.12.Explain the concepts behind TCP/IP.Explain the concepts behind TCP/IP.13.13.Understand the seven layers of the OSIUnderstand the seven layers of the OSI

network model.network model.


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Network ConceptsNetwork Concepts

NetworkNetwork

An interconnected chain, group or systemAn interconnected chain, group or system

Number of possible connections on aNumber of possible connections on a

network is N * (Nnetwork is N * (N--1)/21)/2

WhereN

= number of nodes (points ofWhereN

= number of nodes (points ofconnections on the network)connections on the network)

Example, if there are 10 computers on aExample, if there are 10 computers on a

network, there are 10 * 9/2 = 45 possiblenetwork, there are 10 * 9/2 = 45 possible

connectionsconnections


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TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

Exchange of information in any form (voice,Exchange of information in any form (voice,

data, text, images, audio, video) over networksdata, text, images, audio, video) over networks


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Basic conceptsBasic concepts Communication protocols (TCP/IP)Communication protocols (TCP/IP)

Data transmission methodsData transmission methods

AsynchronousAsynchronous

SynchronousSynchronous

ConnectingConnecting ModemModem

Hardwired and remoteHardwired and remote

Data transmission channels (bps)Data transmission channels (bps)

narrow bands: 5narrow bands: 5--3030

voice bands: 1,000voice bands: 1,000--9,6009,600 broad bands: 100,000broad bands: 100,000

Types of communication linesTypes of communication lines

simplexsimplex

half half--duplexduplex

duplexduplex


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NetworksNetworks ConceptConcept

"a group of interconnected computers, workstations, or computer devices"a group of interconnected computers, workstations, or computer devices

(such as printers and data storage systems).(such as printers and data storage systems).

Network topologyNetwork topology

busbus

star star

ringring

LocalLocal--area networksarea networks bus: Ethernet, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)bus: Ethernet, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)

ring: token passing methodring: token passing method

Distributed data processingDistributed data processing

"interconnects sites of one organization not only for communication of data"interconnects sites of one organization not only for communication of data

and messages but also forand messages but also for

the sharing of resources."the sharing of resources."


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Open SystemsOpen Systems

Information systems that use common standardsInformation systems that use common standards

for hardware, software, applications and networksfor hardware, software, applications and networks

Internet networking technologies are a commonInternet networking technologies are a common

standard for open systemsstandard for open systems

ConnectivityConnectivity::

Ability of networked computers to easily access andAbility of networked computers to easily access and

communicate with each other and share informationcommunicate with each other and share information InteroperabilityInteroperability::

The ability of an open system to enable end userThe ability of an open system to enable end user

applications to be accomplished using differentapplications to be accomplished using different

varieties of computer systems, software packages,varieties of computer systems, software packages,


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MiddlewareMiddleware

Any programming that serves to glueAny programming that serves to glue

together two separate programstogether two separate programs


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Internet Service ProviderInternet Service Provider

ISPISP

A company that specializes in providing easyA company that specializes in providing easy

access to the Internetaccess to the Internet For a monthly fee, you get software, user name,For a monthly fee, you get software, user name,

password and accesspassword and access

ISPs are connect to one another throughISPs are connect to one another through

network access pointsnetwork access points


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An Intranet Also look at fig 6.8An Intranet Also look at fig 6.8

A network inside an organizationA network inside an organization

That uses Internet technologies (such as WebThat uses Internet technologies (such as Web

browsers and servers, TCP/IP protocols, HTML,browsers and servers, TCP/IP protocols, HTML,etc.)etc.)

To provide an InternetTo provide an Internet--like environment withinlike environment within

the organizationthe organization

For information sharing, communications,For information sharing, communications,collaboration and support of businesscollaboration and support of business

processesprocesses Protected by security measuresProtected by security measures

Can be accessed by authorized users through the InternetCan be accessed by authorized users through the Internet


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Extranet (also look at fig 6.9)Extranet (also look at fig 6.9)

Network links that use Internet technologiesNetwork links that use Internet technologies

To connect the Intranet of a businessTo connect the Intranet of a business

With the Intranets of its customers, suppliers orWith the Intranets of its customers, suppliers orother business partnersother business partners


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GPSGPS

1.1. The global positioning system (GPS) is a majorThe global positioning system (GPS) is a major

technological achievement that has broadtechnological achievement that has broad--

reaching implications for business. Using thereaching implications for business. Using the

Internet,Internet,

Can find other innovative uses forGPS.Can find other innovative uses forGPS.

Good places to start familiarizing yourself withGood places to start familiarizing yourself with

current accomplishments arecurrent accomplishments are The GPSWorld site atThe GPSWorld site at

http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/

The GPS Overview atThe GPS Overview at

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/

gps_f.htmlgps_f.html


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Telecommunications networkTelecommunications network

Any arrangement where a sender transmitsAny arrangement where a sender transmits

a message to a receiver over a channela message to a receiver over a channel

consisting of some type of mediumconsisting of some type of medium


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Types ofNetworksTypes ofNetworks

WANWAN

LANLAN

VPNVPN C/SC/S


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VPNVPN

Basically, a VPN is a private network that uses aBasically, a VPN is a private network that uses a

public network (usually the Internet) to connectpublic network (usually the Internet) to connect

remote sites or users together. Instead of using aremote sites or users together. Instead of using a

dedicated, realdedicated, real--world connection such as leasedworld connection such as leasedline, a VPN uses "virtual" connectionsline, a VPN uses "virtual" connections routedrouted

through the Internet from the company's privatethrough the Internet from the company's private

network to the remote site or employee.network to the remote site or employee.

Source: computer.Howstuffworks.comSource: computer.Howstuffworks.com


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VPNVPN

I

c

rt s

is c

s t

s , I

c .

A ty i l V P i h t h v i L A N t th r r th q rt r f y , th r L A N s t r t ff i s r

f ilit i s i iv i l s e rs e c t i fr t i th e f ie l .


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Internetwork ProcessorsInternetwork Processors

SwitchSwitch makes connections betweenmakes connections between

telecommunications circuits in a networktelecommunications circuits in a network

RouterRouter intelligent communicationsintelligent communicationsprocessor that interconnects networksprocessor that interconnects networks

based on different protocolsbased on different protocols

HubHub a port switching communicationsa port switching communicationsprocessorprocessor

GatewayGateway connects networks usingconnects networks using

different communications architecturesdifferent communications architectures


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ROUTERSROUTERS

Routers are specialized computers that sendRouters are specialized computers that send

your messages and those of every otheryour messages and those of every other

Internet user speeding to their destinationsInternet user speeding to their destinationsalong thousands of pathways.along thousands of pathways.

Fujitsu GeoStream R980 industrial strengt routerFujitsu GeoStream R980 industrial strengt router


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ROUTERSROUTERS

configuration tableconfiguration table. A configuration table is a collection of. A configuration table is a collection ofinformation, including:information, including:

Information on which connections lead to particular groupsInformation on which connections lead to particular groupsof addressesof addresses

Priorities for connections to be usedPriorities for connections to be used Rules for handling both routine and special cases of trafficRules for handling both routine and special cases of traffic

A router, then, has two separate but related jobs:A router, then, has two separate but related jobs:

The router ensures that information doesn't go where it'sThe router ensures that information doesn't go where it'snot needed. This is crucial for keeping large volumes ofnot needed. This is crucial for keeping large volumes ofdata from clogging the connections of "innocentdata from clogging the connections of "innocentbystanders."bystanders."

The router makes sure that information does make it to theThe router makes sure that information does make it to theintended destination.intended destination.

Computer.howstuffworks.comComputer.howstuffworks.com


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Distributed data processingDistributed data processingTSS - Time Sharing Systems

CSS - Client Server Systems

PC

MAINFRAME

PC PC PC


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Client/Server networksClient/Server networks

ClientsClients: End user personal computers: End user personal computers

or networked computersor networked computers

Interconnected by LANsInterconnected by LANs

ServersServers: manage networks: manage networks

Processing shared between clients andProcessing shared between clients and

serversservers


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CSS arc itectureCSS arc itecture

PC PC PC PC

L A N

FileServer

PrintServer

Communica-tions Server

Remote

Server


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PeerPeer--toto--peer networks (p 209)peer networks (p 209)

Networks that connect from one PC to another PCNetworks that connect from one PC to another PC

PeerPeer--toto--peer networking enables or en ances t epeer networking enables or en ances t efollowing scenarios:following scenarios:

RealReal--time communications (RTC)time communications (RTC) CollaborationCollaboration

Content distributionContent distribution

Distributed processingDistributed processing

Impro ed Internet tec nologiesImpro ed Internet tec nologies

Source: www.microsoft.comSource: www.microsoft.com


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Wireless TechnologiesWireless Technologies

Terrestrial microwaveTerrestrial microwave

Earthbound microwave systems that transmitEarthbound microwave systems that transmit

highhigh--speed radio signals in a linespeed radio signals in a line--ofof--sight pathsight path

Between relay systems spaced approximatelyBetween relay systems spaced approximately

3030--miles apartmiles apart

Communications satellitesCommunications satellites

Satellite serves as relay stations forSatellite serves as relay stations for

communications signalscommunications signals

Uses microwave radio signalsUses microwave radio signals


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Wireless TechnologiesWireless Technologies

Cellular and PCS telephone and pagerCellular and PCS telephone and pager

systemssystems

Divide the geographic area into small areas orDivide the geographic area into small areas orcellscells

Each cell has transmitter or radio relay antennaEach cell has transmitter or radio relay antenna

to send message from one cell to anotherto send message from one cell to another

Wireless LANsWireless LANs Radio signals within an office or buildingRadio signals within an office or building

Connect PCs to networksConnect PCs to networks

BluetoothBluetooth


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BluetoothBluetooth

Bluetooth is a standard developed by a group ofBluetooth is a standard developed by a group of

electronics manufacturers that allows any sort ofelectronics manufacturers that allows any sort of

electronic equipmentelectronic equipment ---- from computers andfrom computers and cellcell

phonesphones toto keyboardskeyboards and headphonesand headphones ---- to maketo makeits own connections, without wires, cables or anyits own connections, without wires, cables or any

direct action from a user.direct action from a user.

Bluetooth can connect up toBluetooth can connect up to eig t de iceseig t de ices

simultaneously. With all of those devicessimultaneously. With all of those devices

in the same 10in the same 10--meter (32meter (32--foot) radiusfoot) radius


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http://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/globahttp://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/globa

l.aspx/solutions/en/truemobile?c=us&cs=04l.aspx/solutions/en/truemobile?c=us&cs=04

&l=en&s=bsd&l=en&s=bsd


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Cell PhonesCell Phones

GSM (CDMA) vs TDMAGSM (CDMA) vs TDMA

Cell vs MobileCell vs Mobile


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GSMGSM CDMACDMA

DigitalDigital YESYES YESYES

Network T peNetwork T pePP--GSM 900 (primar ) 900MHzGSM 900 (primar ) 900MHz

bandband

CDMA 800 , 800MHz band (X1CDMA 800 , 800MHz band (X1is a ailable.. but is notis a ailable.. but is not

being talked about ere)being talked about ere)

Maximum talk range from a tower (pls. note ou willMaximum talk range from a tower (pls. note ou will

need a carkit for our mobile to ac ie e t eseneed a carkit for our mobile to ac ie e t ese

numbers in some cases)numbers in some cases)

35KM (stock cell) 70KM ER , EER35KM (stock cell) 70KM ER , EER105KM possible wit105KM possible wit

special towersspecial towersApprox 110KMApprox 110KM

Background Noise suppressionBackground Noise suppression YES (Included in EFR)YES (Included in EFR) YESYES

Talk TimeTalk Time

Hig er due toDTX and t eHig er due toDTX and t e

"pulse" nature of TDMA."pulse" nature of TDMA.

ower due toower due to

CDMACDMA transmitting alltransmitting allt e t ime.t e time.

Standb TimesStandb TimesHig er due t e "pulse" nature ofHig er due t e "pulse" nature of

TDMATDMAHigHig

International RoamingInternational Roaming

YES (o er 138 GSM countriesYES (o er 138 GSM countries

world wide)world wide) VERY OW 15?VERY OW 15?

World wide customersWorld wide customers 200 Mil200 Mil 35Mil35Mil

SMSSMS YESYES YESYES

Fax + DataFax + Data YESYES YESYES

Built in "Intelligence"Built in "Intelligence" HIGHHIGH MEDIUMMEDIUM


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EDI ConceptsEDI Concepts

EDI is a mechanism for electronic tradingEDI is a mechanism for electronic trading

EDI replaces paper flow with online transactionsEDI replaces paper flow with online transactions

EDI architectureEDI architecture

--------> see next slide> see next slide

EDI is for trading partnersEDI is for trading partners

Implementation plan is a key factorImplementation plan is a key factor

Obstacles:Obstacles: lack of transaction standardizationlack of transaction standardization

high starthigh start--up costsup costs

EDI thirdEDI third--party suppliersparty suppliers

AT&T, Control Data, EDS, GE, Western Union, IBM, Martin MariettaAT&T, Control Data, EDS, GE, Western Union, IBM, Martin Marietta

Data Systems, etc.Data Systems, etc.


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EDI arc itectureEDI arc itecture

Tradi g art er 1 Tradi g art er 2

system

transactionssystem

transactions

standard

transactions

AcquisitionSystem

Transaction

Converter

Transaction

Converter

Or

derEntrySystem

ORDER ORDER

CONFIRMATIONCONFIRMATION


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Network Topologies (p 219)Network Topologies (p 219)

TopologyTopology: structure of a network: structure of a network

StarStar: ties end user computers to a central: ties end user computers to a centralcomputercomputer

RingRing: ties local computer processors: ties local computer processors

together in a ring on a relatively equal basistogether in a ring on a relatively equal basis BusBus: local processors share the same: local processors share the same

communications channelcommunications channel


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Network Architectures &Network Architectures &

ProtocolsProtocols ProtocolProtocol: standard set of rules and: standard set of rules and

procedures for the control ofprocedures for the control of

communications in a networkcommunications in a network Network Architecture:Network Architecture:

Master plan of standard protocols, hardware,Master plan of standard protocols, hardware,

software and interfaces between end users andsoftware and interfaces between end users and

computer systemscomputer systems

Goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, andGoal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and

efficient telecommunications environmentefficient telecommunications environment


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OSI & TCP/IP Models (p 221)OSI & TCP/IP Models (p 221)

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) ModelModel

A sevenA seven--layer model that serves as a standardlayer model that serves as a standard

model for network architecturesmodel for network architectures

Model for how messages should be transmittedModel for how messages should be transmitted

between two points in a networkbetween two points in a network

Each layer adds functionsEach layer adds functions

Transmission Control Protocol / InternetTransmission Control Protocol / InternetProtocol (TCP/IP)Protocol (TCP/IP)

A five layer telecommunications protocol usedA five layer telecommunications protocol used

by the Internetby the Internet


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IPIP

Internet protocolInternet protocol

Each system connected to the internet is identified by a 32Each system connected to the internet is identified by a 32--bit IP addressbit IP address

Four numbers separated by a decimalFour numbers separated by a decimal

Each represented by octal (8 bits; hence 0Each represented by octal (8 bits; hence 0--255)255)

Ex: 168.212.226.204Ex: 168.212.226.204

Binary format:Binary format:10101000.11010100.11100010.11001100.10101000.11010100.11100010.11001100.

A new protocol IPv6 allows for 128 bit IP addressesA new protocol IPv6 allows for 128 bit IP addresses

to look up an IP address :to look up an IP address :http://www.kloth.net/services/nslookup.phphttp://www.kloth.net/services/nslookup.php

to find info:to find info:

http://www.geobytes.com/IpLocator.htmhttp://www.geobytes.com/IpLocator.htm


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Basic Communications ModelBasic Communications ModelStandards are needed at all LayersStandards are needed at all Layers

User Layer

pplication Layer

omputer (Transport) Layer

Transmission Layer


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Internet TelephonyInternet Telephony

Using an Internet connection to pass voiceUsing an Internet connection to pass voice

data using IPdata using IP

Voice over IP (VoIP)Voice over IP (VoIP) Skips standard longSkips standard long--distance phone chargesdistance phone charges


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VOIP (source www.fcc.gov)VOIP (source www.fcc.gov)


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BandwidthBandwidth

BandwidthBandwidth

Frequency range of a telecommunicationsFrequency range of a telecommunications

channelchannel

Determines transmission rateDetermines transmission rate

Classified in bits per second (bps)Classified in bits per second (bps)

Transmission Rates:Transmission Rates:

NarrowNarrow--bandband lowlow--speedspeed

BroadbandBroadband highhigh--speedspeed


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WiFiWiFi

WIreless FIdelity (WiFi)WIreless FIdelity (WiFi)---- used generically when referringused generically when referringof any type ofof any type of802.11802.11

""WiWi--FiFi CertifiedCertified" (a registered trademark) by the Wi" (a registered trademark) by the Wi--FiFiAlliance areAlliance are interoperableinteroperable with each other,with each other,

even if they are from different manufacturers. A user with aeven if they are from different manufacturers. A user with a"Wi"Wi--Fi Certified" product can use anyFi Certified" product can use any

brand ofbrand ofaccess pointaccess point with any other brand of clientwith any other brand of client

hardwarehardware that also is certifiedthat also is certified

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html


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Additional ReadingsAdditional Readings

Voice o er data networksVoice o er data networks

Networking Hardware QuizNetworking Hardware Quiz

abc of wireless ANabc of wireless AN

ISDN TutoriISDN Tutorialal Et ernet tutorialEt ernet tutorial

Internet ProtocolInternet Protocol

T in clientsT in clients

UNIX/NT integrationUNIX/NT integration Cell p onesCell p ones


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RWC 1: SAIC, HewlettRWC 1: SAIC, Hewlett--Packard, GE, and Ot ers:Packard, GE, and Ot ers:

Wireless, Wireless E er w ereWireless, Wireless E er w ere

W at are some of t e business benefitsW at are some of t e business benefits

associated wit using wireless networks toassociated wit using wireless networks to

collect and transmit data?collect and transmit data?

Benefits would includeBenefits would include

Superfast wireless connections to the Web.Superfast wireless connections to the Web.

Cost is about oneCost is about one--fourth of existing costs forfourth of existing costs for

connection to the Web.connection to the Web.

Productivity gains such as a 45% gain at UPS.Productivity gains such as a 45% gain at UPS.


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W at are some of t e c allenges being faced in t is useW at are some of t e c allenges being faced in t is use

of wireless tec nologies? W at solutions can ouof wireless tec nologies? W at solutions can ou

offer?offer?

Having everyone online in a meeting can be toxic toHaving everyone online in a meeting can be toxic toproductivity. No laptop policies for important meetings.productivity. No laptop policies for important meetings.

Enormous pressure within companies to provide WiEnormous pressure within companies to provide Wi--Fi inFi in

all areas of the company. Which employees haveall areas of the company. Which employees havecompelling needs for Wicompelling needs for Wi--Fi accessFi access

Cost exceeds the benefit to be gained by providing WiCost exceeds the benefit to be gained by providing Wi--FiFisuch as in a manufacturing plant that would requiresuch as in a manufacturing plant that would require

numerous additional access points than usual.numerous additional access points than usual.

Security of information available via the WiSecurity of information available via the Wi--Fi system.Fi system.Delay implementation until security assurances are met.Delay implementation until security assurances are met.


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T e use of wireless networking asT e use of wireless networking as

described in t e case is bot inno ati e anddescribed in t e case is bot inno ati e and

useful. W at ot er business uses can ouuseful. W at ot er business uses can ou

en ision for t is approac ?en ision for t is approac ?


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RWC 2: Mar land and Colorado: Ser ingRWC 2: Mar land and Colorado: Ser ing

Its Citizens Wit out Using WiresIts Citizens Wit out Using Wires

1.1. W at is t e business alue of ad anced mobile tec nologies toW at is t e business alue of ad anced mobile tec nologies toMar lands emergenc management ser ices?Mar lands emergenc management ser ices?

Direct agentsDirect agents toward places where their presence is requiredtoward places where their presence is required

GiveGive notice of impending natural disastersnotice of impending natural disasters with forecasts andwith forecasts andinstructions on how to proceed.instructions on how to proceed.

Improve information gatheringImprove information gathering on the extent and magnitude ofon the extent and magnitude ofdevastation.devastation.

Reduce the amount of manual dataReduce the amount of manual data--entryentry, leading to improved, leading to improvedresponse times and reduction of errors (i.e. address is automaticallyresponse times and reduction of errors (i.e. address is automaticallycaptured and popcaptured and pop--up menus limit possible answers).up menus limit possible answers).

In w at ot er go ernment ser ices couldIn w at ot er go ernment ser ices could


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In w at ot er go ernment ser ices couldIn w at ot er go ernment ser ices could

GPS ser e to pro ide business alue?GPS ser e to pro ide business alue?

Gi e some examples.Gi e some examples.

States National Guards, to monitor and direct personnel inStates National Guards, to monitor and direct personnel incase of an emergency.case of an emergency.

Emergency Services, to direct ambulances, firefighters,Emergency Services, to direct ambulances, firefighters,

etc.etc.

Department of Treasury / Federal Reserve, to track theDepartment of Treasury / Federal Reserve, to track thelocation of armored trucks both for regular traffic and inlocation of armored trucks both for regular traffic and incase of a hijacking.case of a hijacking.

The military in general, given that it has one of the largestThe military in general, given that it has one of the largestmanpower and logistics network in the country.manpower and logistics network in the country.

A t di d t i k i t d itA t di d t i k i t d it


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Are t ere disad antages or risks associated witAre t ere disad antages or risks associated wit

t e deplo ment of GPS s stems to monitort e deplo ment of GPS s stems to monitor

t e location of people? Explain.t e location of people? Explain.

Invasions of privacyInvasions of privacy

Limitation on the freedom of movementLimitation on the freedom of movement

Could allow not only the government butCould allow not only the government but

also private individuals to monitor otheralso private individuals to monitor otherpeoples movements.peoples movements.

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Telecommunications and Networking 1866

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