Teleuse@BOP4: Preliminary findings
Ayesha Zainudeen, Senior Research Manager
23 November 2011, Colombo
The work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada (www.idrc.ca) and UKaid from the Department for International Development, UK (www.dfid.uk).
Understanding emerging Asian BOP's use of ICTs (mostly phones) via Teleuse@BOP studies
• Multi-country studies conducted in 2005, 2006, 2008, 2011– Bangladesh, Pakistan , India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia (Java), Philippines, Thailand
– Quantitative (representative survey) and qualitative research conducted
• Target group: BOP teleusers aged 15-60– BOP defined as Socio-Economic Classification (SEC) groups D and E
– Teleusers defined as having used any phone in previous three months
• Different methodology and target group (USD1.25/day group) in Java
2
SEC D+E vs. USD2/day comparison
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
SEC D+E (% of population)
73 59 69 44 33
Less than USD2 per day (% of population)YearSource: World Resources Institute
842000
802004
742002
432003
252002
Actual population proportions
3
2011 focus on productive use of ICTs
• Representative sample of BOP teleusers (6 countries)– Questions on how ICTs used for productive uses; perceptions of
economic benefits, etc.
• Non-representative sample of agricultural micro-entrepreneurs: Growers (farmers) & non-growers (4 countries)– Questions on knowledge and information needs, sources, uses, etc, as
well as ICT use.
– Separate presentation follows
Sample sizes
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka [1] Java[2] Thailand Total
BOP teleusers
2,050 1,835 3,181 1,200 1,088 800 10,154
Margin of error @ 95% CL (%) + 2.% + 2% + 2% + 3% + 2% + 4%
5[1] Sri Lanka: Includes North and East[2] Java region only; separate sampling procedures and BOP definition used
Multi-staged stratified sampling by probability proportionate to size to ensure representation of target group
• Primary sampling units (Regions/states/provinces/districts) randomly selected in 2006; kept the same for comparison in 2008 and 2011.
• Within selected PSUs, urban and rural centers randomly selected
• Within selected urban and rural centers, starting points randomly selected– Number of starting points within each center determined in
proportion to its population
– 10 HH per starting point selected using right-hand rule• Kish grid used to select from eligible respondents within HH
Study locations
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka ThailandDhaka 697 Sindh 421 Uttar Pradesh 853 Western 169 Chiang Mai 85Chittagong 111 Punjab 1062 Harayana 114 Central 162 Pisanulok 86Sylhet 154 Baluchistan 96 Assam 146 Southern 131 Suratthani 36
Rajshahi 623Khyber Paktoon Khuwa
254 Tirupura 18North Western & North Central
203 Songklah 37
Khulna 303 West Bengal 440Uva & Sabaragamuva
231Nakornrachasima
218
Barisal 161 Bihar 448Northern & Eastern
304 Khonkaen 215
Rajasthan 294 Nakornsawan 63Gujarat 268 Chonburi 59Tamil Nadu 326Karnataka 272
2050 1834 3181 1200 800
AGENDA
• SAMPLE PROFILE
• ACCESS
• MOBILE OWNERSHIP AND USE
• MORE-THAN-VOICE
• PERCEIVED BENEFITS
• QUALITY OF SERVICE
• SUMMARY
8
SAMPLE PROFILEFindings
9
Sample profile
10
Gender Age Location
Male (%) Female (%) Mean SD Urban (%) Rural (%)
Bangladesh 49 51 33 12 26 74
Pakistan 42 58 31 10 38 62
India 45 56 32 12 19 81
Sri Lanka 40 60 35 12 15 85
Java 52 48 34 13 25 75
Thailand 49 51 36 13 43 57
Majority either have no or irregular personal incomes
11
6%
25% 21%
5%
31%
0%
1%0%
5%
1%38%
9%24%
41%
40%
56%65%
54% 50%
28%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
Personal income status (% of BOP teleusers)
No personal income
Irregular personal income
Regular and irregular personal income
Regular personal income
12
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
Primary occupation (% of BOP teleusers)
Other
Unemployed, retired
Housewife
Student
Agriculture sector worker (incl. farmers)
Clerk, supervisor, office executive
Shop owner, businessman, self-employed
Petty trader
Skilled worker
Unskilled worker
Most of BOP only have primary education
13Among BOP teleusers
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Highest educational achievement (% BOP teleusers)
University
Diploma, technical/vocational education
Secondary schooling
primary schooling
No formal schooling
ACCESSFindings
14
90% of BOP have used a phone in previous 3 months
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
2008 95% 96% 86% 88% - 77 %
2011 99% 96% 89% 90% 90% 91%
15
Used a phone in the last 3 months (% of BOP)
Among BOP (OUTER SAMPLE)
LK BOP are regular users; relatively more frequent users
16
Among BOP teleusers
70% 69%
50%
85%70%
85%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Last time respondent used a phone (% of BOP teleusers)
About 1-2 months ago
About 3-4 weeks ago
About 2-3 weeks ago
About 1-2 weeks ago
During the last week
Today / Yesterday
Sri Lanka 2008 vs 2011: 19% increase in BOP who made a call on the "day" of the survey
17
Among BOP teleusers
83% 86%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Urban Rural
Last time respondent used a phone (% of BOP teleusers)
Between 2-3 months ago
Between 1-2 months ago
Between three to four weeks ago
Between 2-3 weeks ago
Between 1-2 weeks ago
During the last one week
Today / Yesterday
Rural BOP in Sri Lanka on par with urban BOP
18
Among BOP teleusers
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers)
Public access phones
A friends or relatives phone **
A neighbours phone *
Other household members personal phone
I use the household (common) phone
I use my own phone
95% of BOP have access within the household
19
Among BOP teleusers
Sri Lanka 2006-2011: Fall in public phone and increase in household access
20
Among BOP teleusers
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2006 2008 2011
Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers)
Public access phones
A friends or relatives phone
A neighbours phone
Other household members personal phoneI use the household (common) phone
I use my own phone
More females using household phones and others' phones within household
21
Among BOP teleusers
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Male Female
Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers)
Public access phones (E.g. Public pay phone booths, telecomm
A friends or relatives phone (who is not a neighbour)
A neighbours phone (can include friend or relative)
Other household members personal phone
I use the household (common) phone
I use my own phone
More reliance on other peoples' phones in rural areas
22
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Urban Rural
Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers)
Public access phones
A friends or relatives phone
A neighbours phone
Other household members personal phoneI use the household (common) phone
I use my own phone
Among BOP teleusers
Fixed phones popular only in Sri Lanka
23
Among BOP teleusers’ households
2008 76%
2011 88%
Household phone ownership in Sri Lanka (% BOP teleusers’ households)
88%
49%64%
36%49%
65%85%
0%
1%
1%
24%2%
4%
0%
1%
1%
15%
2%
1%
51%34%
62%
12%30%
11%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Household phone ownership (%of BOP teleusers' households)
Own mobile Own mobile and fixed Own fixed Own nothing
Household access to phone compared with electricity, TV, radio in Sri Lanka
24
Among BOP (OUTER SAMPLE)
Elec
tric
ity
Elec
tric
ity
Elec
tric
ity
Elec
tric
ity
Elec
tric
ity
Elec
tric
ity
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
Tele
visi
on
Tele
visi
on
Tele
visi
on
Tele
visi
on
Tele
visi
on
Tele
visi
on
Radi
o
Radi
o
Radi
o
Radi
o
Radi
o
Radi
o
Com
pute
r
Com
pute
r
Com
pute
r
Com
pute
r
Com
pute
r
Com
pute
r
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Household access (%BOP outer sample)
Access to household phones greater than to personal transport in LK
25
Among BOP (OUTER SAMPLE)
(Motorbike/Three wheeler/Scooter)
Mot
oriz
ed tr
ansp
ort
Mot
oriz
ed tr
ansp
ort
Mot
oriz
ed tr
ansp
ort
Mot
oriz
ed tr
ansp
ort
Mot
oriz
ed tr
ansp
ort
Mot
oriz
ed tr
ansp
ort
Bicy
cle
Bicy
cle
Bicy
cle
Bicy
cle
Bicy
cle
Bicy
cle
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
Phon
e ( F
ixed
+ m
obile
)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Household access to phones vs transport(%BOP outer sample)
Motorized transport Bicycle Phone ( Fixed + mobile)
Computer usage low overall
5% 4% 2%17% 21% 22%
83%96%
81%
83% 74% 76%
12% 16%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Usage of computers (% of BOP teleusers)
Don't know what a computer is
No
Can't remember when, but I have used one beforeYes
Among BOP teleusers
Not used a computer in last 12 months
Used a computer in last 12 months
Internet use similarly low; awareness problems in BD and IN
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
Use the Internet (% of BOP teleusers)
2% 2% 1% 9% 21%
Among BOP teleusers
82%
98%
74%
89%78%
17%24%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
Internet use (% of BOP teleusers)
I haven't heard of the internet
No
Can't remember when, but i have used it before
Less than once a month
At least once a month
At least two to three times a month
At least once a week
At least two times a week
At least once a day
Non phone owners find phones too expensive or have no need for a phone (up from 40% in 2008)
28
51%60% 57%
40%
57%
11%
47% 24%40%
57%
32%
89%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Main reason for not owning a phone (% BOP who do not own phone)
Don't know to operator
Can't get a connection where I live (service not available)
I am restricted from purchasing a phone by a particular pers
I don't see a need to have my own phone
It is too expensive for me to afford
Among BOP who don’t own a phone
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2008 2011
Main reason for not owning a phone (% of BOP non-owners)
Others
Restrictions from others
Service not available locally
Handsets not available locally
No need for a phone
Too expensive
% who don’t want a phone is increasing as non-owner group becomes smaller
MOBILE OWNERSHIP AND USEFindings
30
23%9%
22%
76%
43% 38% 40% 36%
90%
49%
65%
37%
71% 68%
89%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Mobile phone ownership 2006-2011 - individual (% of BOP teleusers)
2006 2008 2011
Significant increases in mobile ownership in Sri Lanka and Pakistan
31
Among BOP teleusers
67%w/o NE
Gender gap in LK BOP mobile ownership is small
32
Among BOP teleusers
75%69%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Mobile ownership - individual (% BOP teleusers)
Male Female
More people in urban areas own mobiles
33
Among BOP teleusers
80%70%
0%10%
20%
30%40%
50%60%
70%80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Mobile ownership - individual (% BOP teleusers)
Urban Rural
Majority of BOP phones have radio; 24% have a browser (perceived)
Among BOP mobile owners98%
97%
97%
94%
86%
62%
58%
45%
40%
36%
35%
31%
30%
25%
24%
22%
6%
5%
SMS (text message)
Alarm clock
Calendar
Calculator
Games
Color Screen
FM Radio
Torch
Camera (photos/pictures)
MMS (picture message or color SMS)
Music player
Video recorder and player
Bluetooth /USB
Converter (for measurements, currency, etc)
Web/WAP Internet browser
Download feature (games, wallpapers, applications, etc)
Infa-red
Touch Screen
Features present on the mobile handset (% Sri Lankan BOP mobile owners)
Little change in multiple SIM ownership in Sri Lanka; Dramatic drop in Pakistan
35
Among BOP mobile owners
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Multiple SIM ownership (% of BOP mobile owners)
2006 2008 201125%w/o NE
• Multiple SIM ownership higher among males than females
Cheaper on-net calls the main reason for multiple SIM ownership
36
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
To get low local call charges within each
network
To get free services (e.g., calls, SMS, etc)
One for business, the other for personal
In case one runs out of credit
To get coverage everywhere
Reason for multiple SIM ownership in Sri Lanka (% BOP MSOs)
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Among BOP multiple SIM owners
37
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
To get low local call charges within each
network
To get free services (e.g., calls, SMS, etc)
One for business, the other for personal
In case one runs out of credit
To get coverage everywhere
Reason for multiple SIM ownership in Sri Lanka (% BOP MSOs)
Among BOP multiple SIM owners
Most BOP owners have one handset currently, but are on their second
38
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
No. of handsets owned currently (mean)
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0
No. owned until now (mean)
2.5 1.9 1.7 2.1 3.9 2.5
What they do with mobile phones
% of BOP mobile owners
B’deshPakista
n India S’Lanka Java ThailandMake phone calls 100 99 100 99 96 100
Receive phone calls 100 95 99 100 94 99
Send/receive missed calls 86 71 78 65 54 24
Send/receive SMS 19 38 23 55 89 37
Send/receiveMMS 1 2 3 5 14 8
Send/receive e-mail 1 3 2
Browse the Internet 3 1 1 10 5
Take photos/video 19 7 8 14 26 19
Play games 27 21 18 11 31 16
Listen to radio 13 15 12 17 26 18
Listen to music 25 5 15 8 26 30
Share that you have content created 1 1 3 2 8 3
Send/receive or download/upload other content 1 1 2 2 6 3
Use as an organizer 7 5 8 2 15 8
Check my bill/credit 13 20 11 18 16 3
Send/receive talk time/load 10 5 2 2 35 0
Access facebook 1 1 7 2
Access other social networking or blog applications 2 1
Among BOP mobile owners
Sri Lanka 2008 v 2011: Playing games and balance checking decreased; camera and radio use increased
40
Among BOP mobile owners
% of BOP mobile owners2008 2011
Make phone calls 100 99Receive phone calls 100 100Send/receive missed calls 73 65Send/receive SMS 52 55Send/receive MMS 6 5Send/receive e-mail 0 1Browse the Internet 2 1Take photos/video 8 14Play games 21 11Listen to radio 12 17Listen to music 7 8Share that you have content created 6 2Send/receive or download/upload other content 8 2Use as an organizer 4 2Check my bill/credit 50 18Send/receive talk time/load n/a 2Access facebook n/a 1
Sri Lanka male vs female: Slightly higher use for entertainment by males
41
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
What BOP owners use their mobiles for: male vs female (% of BOP mobile owners)
Male FemaleAmong BOP mobile owners
Sri Lanka male vs female: Males text more than women
42
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Male Female
SMS frequency (% mobile owners who use SMS)
Less frequently than once a week
Once or twice a week
Several times a week
Once or twice a day
Several times a day
Among mobile owners who use SMS
Main reason for not using SMS: it's too confusing
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
I don't know what it is 54 11 61 14 3
Using SMS is too confusing to me 41 50 42 50 20It is too difficult for me to go through menu and open it
6 20 25 17 8
It is too difficult for me to type 10 31 34 33 33
It is too expensive for me 3 5 8 4 13
It takes too much time to do it 12 27 19 21 27
I cannot read or write (my language) 8 33 12 5 0
SMS is not available in my own language 3 2 4 9 0
I don't see any benefits of using it 11 6 9 13 16
SMS does not fit into my lifestyle 5 5 4 28 17
I don't trust SMS in delivering what I want to say 4 2 2 10 2
I'm afraid if it fails to deliver my message 1 4 1 1 4
No one has sent me an SMS before 1 1 3 9 10
I don't know anyone I can send SMS to 4 1 1 25 50
People in my community don't like SMS 0 2 3 5 1043
Among BOP mobile owners who don’t use SMS
Sri Lanka male vs female: No big difference in reasons for not using SMS
44
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Reason or not using SMS (% BOP mobile owners who only use voice calls)
Male Female
Among BOP mobile owners who only use voice calls
Postpaid at BOP only in Sri Lanka and Thailand
45
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Pre paid 100 100 100 95 100 96
Post paid 0 0 0 5 0 4
Among BOP mobile owners
Primary mobile connection (% BOP mobile owners)
Top-up cards still most popular in Sri Lanka and India
46
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Top-up cards/scratch cards SMS top-up or reload from a shop/agent/dealer
SMS top-up or reload from others (family
members/friends)
I dont know how
Method of top-up (%BOP mobile owners with prepaid connections)
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
Among BOP mobile owners with prepaid connection
Majority don't use mobiles for financial, business or work related communication
47
Among BOP who own personal or household phones
46%
74%64% 62%
27%
68%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Use of phone for financial, business or work related communications (% of phone owners)
I do not use for these purposes
Less than once a month
Once a month
Two to three times a month
Once a week
Two times a week
Everyday
Entrepreneurs and petty traders are heaviest business users
48
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Unskilled worker
Skilled worker Petty trader Shop owner, businessman, self-employed
Clerk, supervisor,
office executive
Agriculture sector worker (incl. farmers)
Student Housewife Unemployed, retired
Other job expector
Use of the phone for financial, business or work-related purposes (% of BOP teleusers)
I do not use for these purposes
Less than once a month
Once a month
Two to three times a month
Once a week
Two times a week
Everyday
MORE-THAN-VOICE Findings
49
Awareness of entertainment and competition polls highest in Sri Lanka
27% 24%
12%
23%
49% 49%
26%
38%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Banking and financial services
Making or receiving payments
Governmental services
Health Services Competition polls or
participation
Entertainment related
information services
Livelihood related
information
Other general information
Awareness of MTV services that can be accessed through phone or computers (% of BOP teleusers)
Bangladesh
Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka
Java
Thailand
Among BOP teleusers
In Sri Lanka awareness of MTV services has declined
34%27% 29%
24%
35%
11%
37%
23%
59%
49%
21%26%
39% 38%
68% 67%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011
Banking and financial services
Payment services Government services
Health services Voting, competitions,
reality shows, etc
Livelihood information services
Other general information services
At least one MTV service
MTV Awareness 2008 vs 2011 (% of BOP teleusers)
Among BOP teleusers
BOP not taking up MTV services
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Banking and financial services
Payment services Government services
Health services Voting, competitions,
reality shows, etc
Entertainment information
services
Livelihood information
services
Other general information
services
MTV service usage through phone or computer (% BOP aware of services)
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Among BOP who are aware of MTV services)
Sri Lanka 2008 vs 2011: MTV usage at BOP in Sri Lanka has fallen
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011
Banking and financial services
Payment services
Government services
Health services Voting, competitions, reality shows,
etc
Livelihood information
services
Other general information
services
MTV usage (% BOP teleusers who are aware of those services)
Among BOP teleusers who are aware of MTV services
PERCEIVED BENEFITSFindings
54
Main perceived benefits of phone access in Sri Lanka are emergency communication, maintaining relationships and saving on travel
55 Among BOP teleusers1 2 3 4 5
Ability to make more money
Ability to save money
Ability to find out about employment/work opportunities
Access to information you need in your job
Ability to plan and make decisions relating to your …
Ability to reduce travel
Efficiency of your day to day work
Ability to contact people related to your work or job
Access to finance
Ability to act or contact others in an emergency
relationships with family and friends
Social status/ recognition in the community
Benefits of phones in Sri Lanka (mean rating)1=No change 5=Improved greatly
Main economic benefit of phone is reducing travel
56 Among BOP teleusers1 2 3 4 5
Ability to reduce travel
Efficiency of your day to day work
Ability to contact people related to your work or job
Access to finance
Benefits of phones (%BOP teleuser)1=No change 5=Improved greatly
Thailand
Sri Lanka
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
The phone mainly benefit personal life
57 Among BOP teleusers1 2 3 4 5
Ability to act or contact others in an emergency
relationships with family and friends
Social status/ recognition in the community
Benefits of phones (%BOP teleuser)1=No change 5=Improved greatly
Thailand
Sri Lanka
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
QUALITY OF SERVICEFindings
58
Sri Lankan BOP owners complain less than sub-continent BOP owners
59
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Often cant get signal, or signal strength is weak
Often cant get a call through (network is
busy)
Connection not clear Calls get dropped (cut off)
Mobile quality problems (% of BOP mobile owners that face the problem)
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
Sri Lanka performs best on perceptions of how frequent quality problems are faced by BOP
60
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Often cant get signal, or signal strength is weak
Often cant get a call through (network is
busy)
Connection not clear Calls get dropped (cut off)
Frequency of the problem faced (among mobile owners that face the problem) 1= Rarely, 4=Always
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
SUMMARYFindings
61
Summary
• Access is improving at both personal and household levels– Phones set to overtake TV and radio– Mostly mobile: 71% of BOP own a mobile; many on second handset– Multiple-SIM ownership high in NE; main reason is lower on-net rates– LK performs best on perceived quality of service
• Usage is still limited to voice (with some SMS, radio, games etc)– Little use of mobile for productive purposes; benefits mostly perceived
in emergency communication and maintaining relationships– Awareness and use of MTV services among BOP not progressed much
since 2008
62