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Network planni ng wi t h TEMS LinkPlanner 2

Est imat ing Data Rates and

Throughput in 1xEV-DO Networks

A N E R I C S S O N N E W S L E T T E R No.22222 Q2 2004A N E R I C S S O N N E W S L E T T E R No.22222 Q2 2004



2TEMS™ne ws No.2, Q2 2004 www.ericsson.com/tems

TEMS LinkPlanner is a powerful softwaretool for radio transmission network planning,point-to-multipoint planning, coverageanalysis, and network management. Thesystem features advanced map displaytechniques, powerful map-handling func-tionality, and network management capa-bilities. Knowledge and experience from 30years of work on radio wave propagationand network planning have gone into thedevelopment of TEMS LinkPlanner.

TEMS LinkPlanner is a multi-user program,allowing network planners to work as a teamby sharing their planning data.

POINT-TO-POINT PLANNING

With all the necessary functions, TEMSLinkPlanner is the right choice for plan-ning point-to-point systems. It can analyzethe line-of-sight condition, path quality and

Network Planning withTEMS™ LinkPlanneravailability, and near-end and far-end interfer-ence. The analysis is presented in detailedreports, which the user can modify.

The Path-chain quality calculation ensures thatthe quality and availability targets will befulfilled.

POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT PLANNINGTEMS LinkPlanner supports planning of LMDS systems such as MINI-LINK BAS andother point-to-multipoint systems. RadioTerminals can automatically be connected tothe “best” sector in a Multi- Sector. The connec-tions and the line-of-sight conditions will bepresented in the map display. Path quality andinterference situation can be analyzed and pre-sented in reports.

The planning functionality includes Line-of-sight Coverage, Radio Coverage predictions,and Traffic Calculation.

MAP PRESENTATION

The tool presents continuous maps, in fullcolor, and the scale is adjustable with full zoomfunctionality. Different map views includeelevation, land-usage (clutter), buildings,object area, text, vector, raster, contours andtraffic. The map data is stored in a geographi-cal database and is created from digitizedmaps, aerial photographs, scanned maps orsatellite images.

NETWORK MANAGEMENT

The network layout is presented on the screentogether with any combination of map data.

By using the mouse to pinpoint sites on themap background and then connecting radiolinks, one can rapidly define a network con-figuration. Data selected from the databasecan be displayed in label areas. In addition,by using the category concept, site and linkstatus can be shown in the map display.

PATH CALCULATION

The signal quality of a specific radio connec-tion is calculated from the automatically gen-erated path profile and the path’s radio equip-ment. The calculation includes attenuation



3 TEMS™ne ws No.2, Q2 2004 www.ericsson.com/tems

from terrain and/or building obstacles, as wellas atmospheric attenuation and various fad-ing mechanisms.

The path profile shows line-of-sight, FresnelZone, and reflection points.

INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS

TEMS LinkPlanner includes a near-endinterference calculation for co-located sets of

equipment.The far-end interference calculation deter-mines the total far-end interference level atthe receiver from co-channel and adjacentchannel sources.

COVERAGE CALCULATION

When analyzing coverage, the calculatedresults are displayed as a map overlay, usingcolored patterns. The analysis contains line-of-sight conditions, signal levels, signal-to-interference, etc. Different propagation algo-rithms can be used. TEMS LinkPlanner also

displays field survey data and can use thisreference data to adjust the coverage predic-tion algorithm.

TRAFFIC CALCULATION

Traffic capacity calculations are easily per-formed with TEMS LinkPlanner. Traffic datacan be defined for specified areas on the map.When a traffic calculation has been performed,the traffic load on the multi-sectors can beanalyzed. A sector or a multi-sector with toomuch traffic load will appear on the mapin red.

is defined as the sumof all received CDMA powerfromothersectors and the thermal noise.

FORWARD REQUESTED

Data Rate Each mobile “requests” a data rate in theforward link, based on the Pilot E

c/N

t. The system

then has to schedule packets to the user at therequested data rate. A mobile modeled in a toolshould allow this translation to be specified.

MOBILE TRANSMIT POWER

To calculate mobile transmit power, the reverse traf-fic channel Eb/No is specified for each data rate. Then the reverse traffic channel power is computedfor a given data rate. Next, overheads for reversepilot and reverse data rate control channels areadded. I f power is too high, the next lower datarate is computed.

HANDOFF CONSIDERATIONS

In 1xEV-DO, handoff is primarily a reverse link con-cern. I t is standard for default handoff thresholdsto be dynamic, but it is possible to turn this fea-ture off. Compared to 1xRTT, handoff is rather sparsein 1xEV-D0, particularly when using the defaultdynamic thresholds. This is due to the higher soft

handoff threshold, the stronger pilot Ec/Nt ,andthe dynamically stringent threshold for second andthird pilots to be added to the active set. In somecases, it might be preferable to turn off the dy-namic thresholds, for better handoff.

It should also be noted that regions in handoff can experience two kinds of gains. A soft handoff gain is the result of a reduction in mobile trans-mission power. A fading margin gain occurs whenthe fading margin is reduced.

Estimating Data Rates and Throughput inCDMA2000 1xEV-DO Networks

By Anujit Basu and Lisa Sigler

NATURE OF 1XEV-DO

1xEV-DO uses an exclusive CDMA channel. The for-ward link is time divided, and the forward linktransmission is always at full power. In 1xEV-DO,the pilot is transmitted at fixed time slots. A sched-uler assigns slots to different users. I n some re-spects, the reverse link is similar to CDMA2000 1xRTT. There is only one reverse traffic channel from9.6 to153.6 kbps.

EV-DO COVERAGE ANALYSIS

In order to performcoverage analysis in EV-DO, thefollowing steps must be taken.

1. Compute forward Pilot Ec/N

t

2. Translate pilot Ec/N

t into a requested forward

link data rate

3. Analyze the distribution of pilot Ec/N

t and data

rate in coverage area

4. Determine the active set for use in reverse linkanalysis

5. Compute reverse link power requirements fromthe specified reverse loading, traffic channelE

b/N

o, etc.

6. Apply soft handoff gains in areas of handoff

7. Threshold using mobile’s max power, fadingmargin and fading margin gains to determineextent of reverse link coverage

DETAILS OF A SAMPLE SYSTEM

To demonstrate how this works, a sample systemhas been used. In the sample system, RF Propaga-tion was analyzed using the standard Okumura-Hata suburban model. No correction for clutterwas used. Mobile power reduction (soft handoff gain) and a fading margin gain have been com-puted in regions of handoff, and a fading standarddeviation of 8 dB and contour reliability of 90%have been assumed.

FORWARD PILOT EC/NT ANALYSIS

Pilot Ec/N

t is the ratio of the received pilot power

to the total interference. Interference in this case

I n part t wo, we wil l discuss how to analyze Forward Pilot

Ec/Nt and Data Rate Distri butions, as well as Forward

Sector Throughput.

Sample system used for analysis Handoff plot Forward data rate plot

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1XEV-DO IS A NEWTECHNOLOGY THAT CAN BE DEPLOYED IN BROADBAND-ONLY NETWORKS,

OR USED TO ENHANCE CDMA2000 TO ADD OR INCREASE DATA CAPACITY. THIS ARTICLE, THE

FIRST IN A TWO-PART SERIES, DISCUSSES THE PROCESS OF ESTIMATING DATA RATES AND

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THROUGHPUT IN 1XEV-DO NETWORKS.




In the 3.0 version, scanning has been enhancedso that multiple (up to four) UMTS frequen-cies can be scanned simultaneously. This hasseveral important applications. First, it canbe used for benchmarking; read more aboutthis below. Second, multiple frequencies maybe used within a single WCDMA network.

While the 3G technology is designed to al-

low reuse of the same frequency throughout anetwork (with scrambling codes separatingsignals), it may nevertheless be advantageousto resort to a different frequency in certainsituations. Each operator usually has threeUMTS frequencies at his disposal. Often, adifferent frequency is used in hot spots, aswell as in micro networks within a macronetwork, such as in-building systems. Theengineer can then use TEMS InvestigationWCDMA to measure the coverage on bothfrequencies and, critically, to check theamount of overlap between the areas thatreceive each of them.

There is also another reason for strengtheningscanning capabilities in TEMS InvestigationWCDMA. Scanning facilities have beenprovided in the product from the very begin-ning, starting at a time when no user termi-nals (UEs) were yet commercially available.At this early stage, scanning of the base stationtransmissions was the chief means availablefor verifying network coverage.

Today, there is no shortage of user terminals,and the rollout of networks is well under way.The fact remains, however, that while massive

Stronger Scanningin TEMS™ Investigation WCDMA 3.0

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AMONG ALL THE NEW FEATURES IN TEMS INVESTIGATION

WCDMA3.0, BESIDES SUPPORT FOR THE SONY

ERICSSON Z1010, THE INTRODUCTION OF

MULTI-FREQUENCY SCANNING IS WHAT

DESERVES THE HEADLINES. IT IS EQUALLY USE-

FUL FOR CHECKING MULTI-FREQUENCY NETWORK PLANS AND

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FOR BENCHMARKING OPERATORS AGAINST EACH OTHER.

investments have been made in infrastructure,3G has not yet quite taken off on a grandscale, and far from all operators have put a 3Gnetwork into commercial operation. In somecountries, only one operator has done so.

One implication of this is that benchmarkingof WCDMA networks at present is notstraightforward. Access to competitors’ net-

works may be difficult; specifically, subscrip-tions and SIM cards are hard to come by andsometimes simply do not exist. This situationhas given rise to a demand for alternativebenchmarking methods not requiring UEs.Multi-frequency scanning is obviously anoption here. By introducing precisely thiscapability in the 3.0 version, we are adaptingTEMS Investigation WCDMA to the realitiesof the telecommunications world. It hardlyneeds saying that scanning cannot replace test-ing with UEs; however, in situations like thatoutlined above, it is the best substitute, andone that furnishes valuable data at a verymoderate cost.

TEMS Investigation WCDMA 3.0 adds sup-port for another WCDMA scanner, the Rohde& Schwarz TSMU. This high-performanceinstrument is especially well suited for multi-frequency scanning.

Other major new features in TEMS Investiga-tion WCDMA 3.0 include:

• Support for new UEs: Sony Ericsson Z1010,Qualcomm TM6200, Samsung SGH-Z105, Vodafone MCC

• Support for GSM mobiles (Sony EricssonT610, T616, T618) intended mainly forGSM frequency scanning

• Internal loops in command sequence,allowing each UE to repeat its own callpattern independently of other UEs

• HTTP 1.1 support in data service testing

• Enhancement of text-format logfile export:Layer 2 and Layer 3 messages and UE modereports exportable as unabridged plaintext.

By Peter Eriksson




By Lisa Sigler

ning devices, there is no need for a separatescanner. This is a very cost-effective solutionand an attractive alternative to the more ex-

pensive external scanners on the market.Usually, TEMS Automatic MTUs are placedin taxis, trucks, or other vehicles that movethrough the network. Because these are ve-hicles that are not being used specifically fordirected drive-test purposes, we’ve developedthe scanning functionality to be independentof the speed of the vehicle. It is yet anotherpowerful feature that delivers data with noinconvenience to the driver or passengers.

Another enhancement in this release has todo with the uploading of data from the MTUto the server. This process has been enhanced

so that the upload can take place without abreak in the collection of network data. Thisimprovement means that operators don’t miss

even a minute of the important measurements.TEMS Automatic is the premiere autonomousnetwork monitoring solution. Mobile TestUnits are placed in vehicles and hotspotsaround the network for comprehensive, hassle-free data collection day or night. With theaddition of PESQ, scanning features, and en-hanced upload capabilities, TEMS Automaticis more valuable than ever for operators tryingto maintain their Quality of Service.

Assess speech qualitywith PESQ, now inTEMS™ Automatic

PESQ is an objective algorithm used for end-to-end speech quality assessment. It is an in-credibly valuable tool for determining how

well the network is performing from a user’sperspective. After a rigorous trial, PESQ wasadopted as the ITU standard. Now that TEMSAutomatic includes PESQ, the around-the-clock, statistically useful speech quality dataoperators get from the network will be moredetailed and more useful than ever before.

In addition to PESQ, TEMS Automatic willnow feature scanning on the GSM 900/1800(T610) and GSM 850/1900 (T616) fre-quency bands. A software upgrade to theMobile Test Unit (MTU) is required. Usingthe T610 or T616 mobile handsets as scan-

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TEMS AUTOMATIC, THE AD-

VANCED SYSTEM FOR AU-TONOMOUS NETWORK MONI-

TORING, NOWINCLUDES THE

PESQ ALGORITHMFOR VOICE

TESTING, AND OTHER NEW

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FEATURES.

MTUs are placed in vehicles that move through t he network




Successful radio network design activities re-sult in either complete designs for new radionetworks or expansion plans, including thenetwork configuration, for existing networks.In CDMA radio networks, power is the com-mon resource. To maximize both coverage andcapacity, the operator should start by consid-ering a mixed service design (voice, circuit,and pocket data) according to the require-ments. Once the planning is done, potential

base station sites are evaluated from an RFperspective. In the next steps, code and powerplans and the cell design data are created. Thisis a very complex task and a very advancedtool is required. We recommend TEMS Cell-Planner Universal.

1 DEFINE SYSTEMREQUIREMENTS

In the initial step, the operator must defineand collect the requirements and designcriteria that will be used in the comingactivities. The operator’s market plans are usedas input to establish coverage and capacitydemands for voice, circuit, and packed dataservices. Additionally, information on in-door/outdoor coverage requirements, avail-

able spectrum existing sites, and grade of service are compiled. This step is very impor-tant, for it defines the operator’s expectationof the network, and is the basis of the follow-ing planning activities.

2 PERFORMMAP DATA HANDLING AND

PROPOGATION MODEL TUNING

The purpose of the map data handling andpropagation model tuning activities is tocreate digital map data and a calibrated propa-gation model that can be used to accuratelypredict radio wave propagation for thetopology in the proposed Service Area.

Using TEMS™ CellPlanner Universalfor CDMA network

planningby Feng Hao

TEMS CellPlanner Universal is a multi-tech-

nology tool for radio network design. It

supports GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA and

CDMA2000. It is the only network plan-

ning tool that has been specifically de-

veloped for planning network expansionsand transitions. Furthermore, Ericsson

was first to commercially offer a compre-

hensive CDMA analysis tool, and holds the

US patent for the IS-95 analysis algorithm

used by TEMS CellPlanner Universal.

Also, the CDMA2000 analysis algorithmis

patent pending. TEMS CellPlanner Univer-

sal has the functionality to assist the

operator in every stage of the cell plan-

ning activities required to create the nomi-

nal cell plan based on existing informa-

tion and data provided by the operator.

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TEMS PRODUCTS ARE USED AROUND THE

WORLD FOR PLANNING, OPTIMIZING, AND

EXPANDING WIRELESS NETWORKS. ONE OF

THE TEMS REPRESENTATIVES IN CHINA, FENG

HAO, TAKES US THROUGH THE PROCESS OF

USING TEMS CELLPLANNER UNIVERSAL FOR PLAN-

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NING SUCCESSFUL CDMA NETWORKS.

Through these activities, information ondemographics, land usage, highways, etc. iscollected and prepared for use by TEMS Cell-Planner Universal. These activities are dividedinto the following two sub-components:

• Map Data handling

A digital map database is required whenworking with TEMS CellPlanner Universalor any other computerized cell-planning tool.

The digital map database includes terrainheight contours, different kinds of land us-age codes (morphology), and background in-formation, such as roads and coastlines. It mayoptionally include a building database. Themap database is created, digitizing topo-graphical maps or converting digital map datainto TEMS CellPlanner Universal format.

• Propagation Model Tuning

To get reliable radio coverage and interfer-ence predictions, it is necessary to tune thepropagation model of TEMS CellPlanner

Universal to the land usage code as defined inthe digital map. This is done using drive testtools such as TEMS Investigation to performradio frequency (RF) measurements in thedifferent areas of the planned mobile com-munication system. Data is collected and storein logfiles that are imported into TEMS Cell-Planner Universal to tune the propagationmodel parameters. In TEMS CellPlannerUniversal, there are four propagation models,two of them are Ericsson patented models,Ericsson 9999 and Urban model. The othertwo are industry-standard Hata and Walfisch-Ikegami models.




Global Focus onNetwork Quality

3 CREATE NOMINAL CELL PLAN

The creation of the Nominal Cell Plan isestablished on information specifying theService Area and capacity requirements forspeech, circuit data, and packet data servicesof the radio network. This activity is dividedinto a number of sub-components:

• Equipment Definition

The equipment used in the network such asantennas, feeders, repeaters, etc. must be de-fined. It is particularly important to have cor-rect antenna, terminal, and RBS parametersfor a successful plan.

• Coverage prediction

In the CDMA radio network, coverage andcapacity are closely tied and power is theircommon resource. Power planning will en-sure optimal use of the flexibility betweencoverage and capacity to provide high qualityof service and fast network deployment. TEMS

CellPlanner Universal is used to perform radiocoverage calculations to ensure that appro-priate coverage is achieved for the definedservice area.

• Traffic Dimensioning

TEMS CellPlanner Universal is used to per-form traffic dimensioning to ensure that thenetwork has the required capacity. Based onthe planned end-user services to be providedby the operator, the total capacity needed willbe calculated according to the combinationof voice, circuit data, and packed data services.In addition, TEMS CellPlanner Universal can

analyze mixed traffic.

MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS

As mentioned, in CDMA networks the cover-age depends upon how heavily the networkis loaded. Monte Carlo analysis generates de-tailed information about the expected capac-ity of the planned area.

Using this information, the designer canevaluate the relationship between capacity,coverage, and power. Usually the designer willadjust this relationship by changing someparameter such as the pilot power, or by modi-

fying the base station. After these activities, anew Monte Carlo analysis can be started. Thenew analysis creates new plots, and accordingto these plots, the designer should modifythe parameters again and restart Monte Carloanalysis. This process should be performedagain and again until at last the designerachieves an acceptable result both for thecapacity and the coverage.

• Code planningTEMS CellPlanner Universal has functional-ity to assign PN-offsets according to user-defined criteria. These criteria include, amongothers, PN offset increment and reservedPN codes.

• Neighbor Analysis

TEMS CellPlanner Universal offers function-ality to perform automatic neighbor relationanalysis. It is also possible to add and deleteneighbors and mutual neighbors manually.

• Nominal Cell PlanSite locations, location areas, registration areas,neighbor relations, antenna configuration,and design philosophies are determined inthe Nominal Cell Plan. This plan takes intoconsideration existing sites, in order to re-duce costs and contribute to fast deployment.The Nominal Cell Plan, together with thetraffic dimensioning, the radio coveragecalculations, the power plan, and the codeplan, are summarized in a Nominal Cell Planreport. A coverage plot can also be generatedto view the coverage area in relation to theservice area.

This is a summary of the simplified process of CDMA radio network planning using TEMSCellPlanner Universal. When performing ex-pansions of the cellular network it is neces-sary to consider the latest status of the net-work. Therefore a traffic and coverage auditof the network is required as an input to thesystem requirement definition activity. Oncethe system requirements are defined, the pro-cess continues as described above. A nominalcell plan is produced considering new sitesand (when possible) expansions to existingsites.

Successful radio network design activities arevery important for a well-designed network.It is crucial to have the right tools to handleevery challenge that might occur. TEMS Cell-Planner Universal has been designed byEricsson to help operators meet thesechallenges.

New AFP module in TEMSCellPlanner Universal

The latest release of TEMS Cell-

Planner Universal, version 5.3, con-

tains a new Automatic Frequency

Planning component designed by

Ericsson.

This new AFP functionality uses

a special algorithm that works in

two stages: first, it generates an

initial set of frequency assign-

ments for all the cells. Next, this

initial frequency plan is optimized.

This is necessary because early as-

signments tend to block frequen-

cies that would give a lower total

cost (fewer TRXs and fewer co-site

and neighbor constraints) if they

were used for later assignments.

Thus the second stage consists of

attempts to decrease the cost by

changing the assignments. The AFPgenerates different iterations of

the frequency plan, indicating

which has the lowest cost, until the

user selects the one he or she

wants to use.

Also new in this release, the new

BSIC planning function can create

a BSIC plan when a valid frequency

plan exists.



Moscow, Russia

TEMS™ – Making Wireless Better

TEMS Optimization Solutions provides the largest and most comprehensiveproduct portfolio in the marketplace.

Autonomous Network

Monitoring

» TEMS Automatic

Network Planning

» TEMS CellPlanner Universal» TEMS LinkPlanner

Network Performance

Management

» TEMS CellSight

Realtime Diagnostics

» TEMS Investigation» TEMS Light» TEMS Indoor» TEMS Transmitter» TEMS Pocket

» TEMS DeskCat

» TEMS DriveTester

Benchmarking

» TEMS Benchmarker

The Most Complete Product Portfolio

TEMS™ News is a quarterlynewsletter coveringEricsson TEMS™ OptimizationSolutions.

Publisher: Lorraine LundqvistPhone: +1 (571)203-4675E-mail: [email protected]

Managing Editor: Lisa SiglerPhone: +1 (571)203-4862E-mail: [email protected]

Graphic Design: Monica GranlundPrint: Tryckeri City Skellefteå AB, Sweden

TEMS is a trademark of Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson.

©Ericsson TEMS AB 2004. All rights reserved.

For the most recent contact informationfor your region, please visit us atwww.ericsson.com/tems and clickon TEMS Worldwide.

To subscribe to TEMS News, visit our web site at www.ericsson.com/tems and click on the TEMS News banner!

Upcoming EventsEricsson’s TEMS portfolio will be represented at this event:

COMMUNICASIA

June 15-18, 2004• Singapore Expo• Singapore

TEMS Seminars around the world TEMS Seminars give Ericsson TEMS represen-tatives the chance to interact with operatorsand find out their needs and concerns, aswell as keeping themup-to-date on the latestin the Ericsson TEMS portfolio. Recent TEMSSeminars in Russia and Indonesia demon-

strate our interest in our customers aroundthe world.

The “road-show” style event in Indonesiatook place June 17 in J akarta. The seminarcovered WCDMA and GSM/GPRS/EDGE, giv-ing the attendees a wide range of topics inone information-packed day. A portfolioupdate started the agenda, followed by ses-sions in which network issues were discussedand the latest TEMS tools were demonstrated.

The seminar in Moscow,Russia, took place J une 9-10. This event was split intosessions that included dis-cussion and demonstrations of Ericsson TEMS solutions in our

Realtime, Autonomous, andNetwork Planning segments.Because of the two-dayagenda, there was also timefor a fun evening of bowling!

Both events brought us very positive feed-back fromthe attendees, who had a chanceto ask questions and experience the TEMSportfolio first-hand. We are very pleased withthe results, and with the strengthened

relationships we built with our customers.Additional TEMS Seminars are being plannedfor other regions as well. Ask your Ericsson TEMS sales representative if there will be onenear you.

Recent Releases!» TEMS CellPlanner Universal 5.3

» TEMS Investigation WCDMA 3.0

» TEMS LinkPlanner 6.3

By Lisa Sigl er

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