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Terrestrial Trunked RadioFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Terrestrial Trunked Radio [1] (TETRA ; fo rmerly known a s Trans-European Trunked Radio ) is a
professional mo bile radio [2] and two-wa y transceiver specification. TETRA w as sp ecifically designed for use bygovernment agencies, emergency services, (police forces, fire departments, ambulance) for public safetynetworks, rail transport staff for train radios, transport services and the military.
TETRA is a European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standard, first version published 1995; it
is mentione d by the E uropean Radiocommunications Committee (ERC). [3]
Contents
1 Description2 Advantage s3 Disadvanta ges4 TETRA us age5 Techn ical details
5.1 Ra dio aspects5.2 Radio frequencies5.3 Air interface en cryption
5.3.1 Additional information5.4 Cell s election
5.4. 1 Cell re-selection (or hand-over) in images5.4.2 Initial cell selection5.4.3 Cell improvable5.4.4 Cell usable5.4.5 Cell relinquishable (abandonable)5.4.6 Radio down-link failure
6 Man-mac hine interface (MMI)6.1 Virtual MMI for TETRA radio term inals6.2 TETRA M MI
6.3 TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS)7 See also8 Refe rences9 External links
Description
TETRA uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with four user channels on one radio carrier and 25 kHz
spacing between carriers. Both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint transfer can be used. Digital datatransmission is also included in the standard though at a low data rate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Division_Multiple_Accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Division_Multiple_Accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Division_Multiple_Accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Committeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_safety_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train_radio&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_safety_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_mobile_radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunked_radio_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Division_Multiple_Accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Committeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train_radio&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_safety_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_departmentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_mobile_radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunked_radio_system
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TETRA Mobile Stations (MS) can communicate direct-mode operation (DMO) or using trunked-modeoperation (TMO) using switching and management infrastructure (SwMI) made of TETRA base stations (TBS).As well as allowing direct communications in situations where network coverage is not available, DMO alsoincludes the possibility of using a sequence of one or more TETRA terminals as relays. This functionality is calledDMO gateway (from DMO to TMO) or DMO repeater (from DMO to DMO). In emergency situations thisfeature allows direct communications underground or in areas of bad coverage.
In addition to voice and dispatch services, the TETRA system supports several types of data communication.Status messages and short data services (SDS) are provided over the system's main control channel, while
packet-switched data or circuit-switched data communication uses specifically assigned channels.
TETRA provides for authentication of terminals towards infrastructure and vice versa. For protection againsteavesdropping, air interface encryption and end-to-end encryption is available.
The common mode of operation is in a group calling mode in which a single button push will connect the user tothe users in a selected call group and/or a dispatcher. It is also possible for the terminal to act as a one-to-onewalkie talkie but without the normal range limitation since the call still uses the network. TETRA terminals canact as mobile phones (cell phones), with a full-duplex direct connection to other TETRA Users or the PSTN.Emergency buttons, provided on the terminals, enable the users to transmit emergency signals, to the dispatcher,overriding any other activity taking place at the same time.
Advantages
The main advantages of TETRA over other technologies (such as GSM) are:
The much lower frequency used gives longer range, which in turn permits very high levels of geographiccoverage with a smaller number of transmitters, thus cutting infrastructure costs.
During a voice call, the communications are not interrupted when moving to another network site. This isa unique feature, which dPMR networks typically provide, that allows a number of fall-back modes suchas the ability for a base station to process local calls. So called 'mission critical' networks can be built withTETRA where all aspects are fail-safe/multiple-redundant.In the absence of a network, mobiles/portables can use 'direct mode' whereby they share channelsdirectly (walkie-talkie mode).Gateway mode - where a single mobile with connection to the network can act as a relay for other nearby mobiles that are out of range of the infrastructure.TETRA also provides a point-to-point function that traditional analogue emergency services radio
systems did not provide. This enables users to have a one-to-one trunked 'radio' link between setswithout the need for the direct involvement of a control room operator/dispatcher.Unlike cellular technologies, which connect one subscriber to one other subscriber (one-to-one), TETRAis built to do one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many. These operational modes are directly relevantto the public safety and professional users.Security TETRA supports terminal registration, authentication, air-interface encryption and end-to-endencryption.Rapid deployment (transportable) network solutions are available for disaster relief and temporarycapacity provision.Equipment is available from many suppliers around the world, thus providing the benefits of interoperablecompetition.
Network solutions are available in both reliable circuit-switched (telephone like) architectures and flat, IParchitectures with soft (software) switches.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_encryptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-to-manyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatcherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-duplex#Full-duplexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatcherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_callhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunked_radio_system
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Further information is available from the TETRA Association (http://www.tetra-association.com/) (formerlyTETRA MoU) and the standards can be downloaded for free from ETSI.
Disadvantages
Its main disadvantages are:
Requires a linear amplifier to meet the stringent RF specifications that allow it to exist alongside other radio services.Data transfer is efficient and long range (many km), but slow by modern standards.
Up to 7.2 kbit/s per timeslot, in the case of point-to-point connections, and 3.5 kbit/s per timeslot in case of IPencapsulation. Both options permit the use of between one and four timeslots. Different implementations includeone of the previous connectivity capabilities, both, or none, and one timeslot or more. These rates are ostensiblyfaster than the competing technologies DMR, dPMR, and P25 are capable of). Latest version of standardsupports 115.2 kbit/s in 25 kHz or up to 691.2 kbit/s in an expanded 150 kHz channel. To overcome thelimitations many software vendors have begun to consider hybrid solutions where TETRA is used for critical
signalling while large data synchronization and transfer of images and video is done over 3G / LTE. [4]
TETRA usage
At the end of 2009 there were 114 countries using TETRA systems in Western Europe, Eastern Europe,
Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific, Caribbean and Latin America. [5]
The TETRA-system is in use by the public sector in the following countries. Only TETRA network infrastructureinstallations are listed. TETRA being an open standard, each of these networks can use any mix of TETRAmobile terminals from a wide range of suppliers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_amplifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETSIhttp://www.tetra-association.com/
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Continent Country Supplier Name Agency Status
Asia Chinamainland EADS / Cassidian Shenyang Metro Transport
In use: Line 1Rolling out: Line2[6]
DAMM TetraFlexGuangzhou Electric
Power
Utility - GuangZhouElectric Power
EmergencyCommunication
In Use 2010
EADS / Cassidian Shenzhen Metro TransportOrdered5/2010 [7]
EADS / Cassidian Guangzhou16th Asian Games in2010 Ordered 2010
[7]
Hong KongEADS /
Cassidian [8]
Hong KongInternationalAirport (HKIA)
2008 Beijing Olympicsand Paralympic Games
(Hong KongEquestrian Event)
Used from July2008 to October 2008
EADS / CassidianHong Kong FireServicesDepartment
Fire service andambulance
In use
Motorola / DimetraHong Kong PoliceForce
Police In use
ArteveaMass Transit
Railway (MTR)[9] Transport In use
Motorola / DimetraHong KongInternationalAirport (HKIA)
TransportIn use since Feb2009 [10]
India
Artevea
Military College of TelecommunicationEngineering(MCTE)
Indian ArmyIn use since 2004at Mhow, Indore,Madhya Pradesh
Motorola / Dimetra Delhi Metro RailCorporation Ltd.
Transport The First TETRAin India, in usesince 2002
DAMM TetraFlex /Consort Digital PvtLtd
Mumbai MonoRail, MumbaiMetropolitanRegionDevelopmentAuthority
(MMRDA)
Mass Transport -Indias first MonorailProject - Mumbai
Awarded2010 [11]
C-DACTETRA withAutomatic Dial 100(AD100)
Kerala policeIn use by police,Trivandrum city,since 2008
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consort_Digital_Pvt_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteveahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKIAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteveahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKIAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Metrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_Metro
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DAMM TetraFlex /Consort Digital PvtLtd
Tamil Nadu policePolice and internalsecurity and safety
Awarded2011 [12]
HCL & MotorolaSecureCommunication
Network Delhi government
IntegratedCommunicationSystem used byvariousdepartmentsunder government of Delhi and Delhi
police since2010.
DAMM TetraFlex /Consort Digital PvtLtd
Gas Authority of India Limited(GAIL)
Gas Pipeline - Safety,Telemetry and Security
Awarded2011 [13]
THALES PortugalS A & Motorola
With PSTN callintegration designed
by Thales Groupfor BMRCL
BMRCL BangaloreMetro CorporationLimited
Transport, in usesince March2011
Sepura & Rohdeand Schwarz
TETRA withAutomatic Dial 100(AD100)
Gurgaon police
In use by police,Gurgaon city [14]
Since 2009. InSalem from
August 2011.
Sepura & Rohdeand Schwarz
TETRA withAutomatic Dial 100(AD100)
Faridabad police
In use by police,Faridabad city,since 2012
Indonesia Motorola / Dimetra,installed &maintained by PT.MobilkomTelekomindo
SCADA PT.Chevron PacificIndonesia
HOOUIn use since 2009at Duri, Riau,Indonesia.
Rohde & Schwarz /Accessnet-T
Jakarta StateGovernment
Network
Jakarta Capital CityJakarta
Operational,Installed since2007
Macao
ArteveaMelco-CrownEntertainment
Casino-Hotels: Altira(formerly CrownMacau), [15] and Cityof Dreams
In use since 2007
Forças deSegurança deMacau
All emergency services In use
Malaysia EADS Segi Maju (SEGI) Public operator In use [16]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteveahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohde_%26_Schwarzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PT._Mobilkom_Telekomindo&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMRCLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMRCLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consort_Digital_Pvt_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consort_Digital_Pvt_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1
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Maldives Motorola / DimetraMaldives PoliceService (MPS)
Police In use
Pakistan Motorola / Dimetra
NITRS NationwideIntegrated Trunk Radio SystemProject for Police
under Ministry of Interior,Government of Pakistan
PoliceIn use Since
2009
PhilippinesMotorolaDimetra/GATechnology andSystems Inc.
Shell Exploration Oil and Gas
In use October 2013, Phase 2On Shore GasPlant for Implementation
MotorolaDimetra/GATechnology andSystems Inc.
Globe Telecom TelecommunicationsCarrier
Implementationon Going ProjectFinish Dec 2013
Rohill (TetraNode)SynTech SystemsInc.
Meralco Electric CompanyImplemented
Nov 2014
Rohill (TetraNode)
SynTech SystemsInc.
LRT-2
Transport (Manila
Light Rail TransitSystem Line 2)
Implemented Oct2015
SouthKorea
EADSKorea ElectricPower Corporation(KEPCO)
Electricity In use [17]
Taiwan
[], Taiwan
RailwaysAdministration,Railway PoliceBureau
In use
AfricaAlgeria Rohde & Schwarz Sonatrach Oil & Gas company
In use since2003.
Sepura Sonelgaz Power utility In use.
Morocco Rohill ADM Highway authorityRolling out /Almostcompleted.
Nigeria Dizengoff/MotorolaIL (Dimetra IP)
Nigeria LNG Oil & Gas Since 2006
Cisan International
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_des_Autoroutes_du_Marochttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E4%B8%AD%E7%B9%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BBhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetra
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Limited/Rohill(TetraNode)
Mobil Ng Oil Since 2014
Dizengoff/MotorolaIL (Compact-TetraIP)
Shell Ng Oil Since 2010
Satcomm Integrated
Resources LLCSatCom IRL/EADS
[18] Nigerian Ports
Authority, Nigeria(Rolling Out) Rolling out
Rohill (TetraNode) Bayelsa State Government Since June 2012
BriscoeTechnologies [19] /Artevea [20]
Lagos / Abuja /Port Harcourt
Oil industry / Airports /security companies
In use Since2006
Namibia Artevea Namibian PoliceForce [21]
PoliceIn use,nationwide
South Africa Police, traffic police SAPS Gauteng Gauteng province
Municipality, fire,and ambulance.
City of Cape Town Cape Peninsula
Rohill (TetraNode)Mbombela LocalMunicipality
Nelspruit,Mpumalanga
Complete
Rohill (TetraNode) City Power Johannesburg,Gauteng
Complete
Rohill (TetraNode)City of TshwaneMunicipality Pretoria, Gauteng Complete
Rohill (TetraNode)RustenburgPlatinum Mine
Potgietersrus,Limpopo
Complete
Sudan Artevea Ministry of Interior Police In use, nationwide
Europe
Austria Motorola / Dimetra TETRONPolice, fire,ambulance, and localtrain company.
In use, in allstates exceptTyrol andVorarlberg (stillrolling out).
Belgium
EADS/Since 1998 A.S.T.R.I.D.
Police, fire,ambulance, customs,coast guard, hospitals,Red Cross,department of Justice,utility companies,airports, ports,lifeguard service,military.
Nationwidenetwork
Motorola 2010/ ENTROPIA Commercial & Private
Antwerp,Belgium /Roaming with
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.S.T.R.I.D.&action=edit&redlink=1https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TETRONhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteveahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artevea
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DIMETRA DIGITAL Security users. [22] Entropia Digital inThe Netherlands
Rohde & Schwarzsince 2011/ACCESSNET-T
ENTROPIADIGITAL
Commercial & PrivateSecurity users. [22]
Flanders &Brussels/Roamingwith NationwideThe Netherlands
CroatiaMotorola / Dimetra MUPNet
Police, Fire Brigades,Ambulance Service
Nationwidecoverage(99,5%) in use
Denmark
DAMM TetraFlex
DONG EnergyPower Plants - 11Power Plantsacross Denmark
Utilities - Safety,Security, Telemetry
Awarded2009 [23]
Motorola / Dimetra SINE[24]
All emergency
authorities, incl. police,fire, and ambulance.
Nationwide
coverage(99,5%) in use
EstoniaPolice, fire,ambulance, andcustoms
Rolling out
Russia
DAMM TetraFlex
Moscow Metro(second mostheavily used rapidtransport system inthe world)
Transport - Rail -Telemetry, Safety,Security, Police,
Ambulance, Fire
Awarded2011 [25]
Sepura
Unified system of operational trunkingradio (ЕдинаяСистемаОперативнойТранкинговойРадиосвязи)
Fire, ambulance and partially, police
Launched in2008
DAMM TetraFlexRussias KaliningradPower Plant.
Utility Power Plant -Safety and Security -Telemetry andCommercial agents
Awarded2009 [26]
DAMM TetraFlexSt Petersburg and
North West Russia.
Government -Ambulance andEmergency services,Police, Healthcarefacilities, Utility
services, St.Petersburg Authoritiesand the regional CivilDefence
Awarded2011 [27]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetra
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Finland Nokia; now EADS VIRVE
Police, fire,ambulance, customs,defence forces, and
border guard
Nationwidenetwork
HelenNet
Energy companyHelsingin Energia, tramoperator HKL-Raitioliikenne, andseveral bus operatorson HRTA's lines. Alsoused by some securityguard companies,mostly securingHRTA's transport.Available for lease for various short-term
uses.
In use, coversgreater Helsinkiregion
Germany
EADS BOSNET
Police, fire,ambulance, customs,and coast guard.
Nationwide
DAMM TetraFlexGlobal Tech 1Offshore WindGmbH.
Utility Windfarm -Telemetry, Securityand Safety Criticalcommunications
Awarded2012 [28]
Greece Motorola / Dimetra
OTE TETRAServicesFormerly brandedOTElink (2009).
Business Critical andPPDR communications,
public utility and oil-gas companies,seaports, airports,
public and privatetransportationcompanies, public and
private sector security personnel, other. Dataapplicationsnationwide includingSCADA, AVL, M2M.
Extensivenationwidefootprint,70% populationcoverage in
2014, in usesince 2002
Hungary Pro-M Ltd.EDR (acronym for Unified DigitalRadiosystem)
Ambulance, army,Central Office for Administrative andElectronic PublicServices, CivilDefence, HungarianPrison Service,Hungarian Customs
In-use
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTEhttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOSNEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_seudun_liikennehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_City_Transporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_energiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIRVE
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and Finance Guard,Disaster Management,fire, Hungarian SecretServices, Ministry of Environment andWater, and police
Iceland TETRA Iceland
All emergencyservices, most utilitycompanies, and privateusers
In-use
Ireland Motorola / Dimetra TETRA Ireland
An Garda Siochana,HSE NationalAmbulance Service,Irish Prison Service,Irish Naval Service,Customs & Excise,Civil Defence (Only AFew Units), IrishCoast Guard,Mountain Rescue(Only A Few Units),Order of MaltaAmbulance Corps(Major Events),
National EmergencyOffice, Port of Cork,RevenueCommissioners andOffice of PublicWorks.
Nationwide roll-out network complete. Thefire services are
planning toimplement in thecoming years. Asof July 2011,TETRA Irelandnow operates thenational PagingSystem.
Malta MarconiCivil ProtectionForce [29]
July 2001
Italy
DAMM TetraFlex
Lombardi
AmbulanceEmergencyServices
Ambulance - Security,Safety, Communication Awarded2010 [30]
SELEX ELSAG Rete Interpolizie
Polizia di Stato (Italianstate police),Carabinieri (military
police), Guardia diFinanza (financial
police), Polizia
Penitenziaria (prison police), and CorpoForestale Italiano(Italian forest brigades)
Rolling out
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetra
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DAMM TetraFlex Rome InternationalAirport
Airport - Security,Safety, Commercial,Fire, Customs, Police
Awarded2009 [31]
Latvia ArteveaVentamonjaksServiss Ltd,Ventspils [32]
Oil and gas In use since 2007
LuxembourgMotorola / Dimetra Renita [33]
Government; Police,Fire Brigade,Ambulance servicesand others
Start building2014,Operational 2015(planned)
Motorola / Dimetra ConnectCom [34] Commercial network Operational
Motorola / Dimetra ConnectCom [34]Public Transport, cityof Luxembourg
Operational
Motorola / Dimetra ConnectCom [34] European Union Operational
Montenegro Motorola / DimetraWirelessMontenegro d.o.o.
Police, Military,Firebrigade,Ambulance
In use since November 2012Podgorica areaonly. Rolling outelsewhere.
NetherlandsMotorola / Dimetra C2000 [35]
Police, fire, andambulance
Nationwidenetwork
Motorola since2007/ Dimetra
ENTROPIADIGITAL Commercial users.
[22]
Nationwide
network /Roaming withEntropia Digital inBelgium
Rohde & Schwarzsince 2010/ACCESSNET-T
ENTROPIADIGITAL
Cityguards andcommercial use [22]
Rotterdam areanetwork /Roaming withEntropia Digital inBelgium
Motorola/ Dimetra HTM [36] Public transport TheHagueRegional network
Norway Motorola / Dimetra Norwegian PublicSafety Radio
Police, fire,ambulance, civildefense and searchand rescue
Roll-out to becompleted byend of 2015
Portugal Motorola SIRESPPolice, fire, andambulance
Nationwide roll-out, in use since2007
Poland MotorolaMinistry of Interior,Polish army, and
Police, fire, publictransport, airports, and
Local TETRA Networks in usesince 2000;national roll-out
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SIRESP&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Public_Safety_Radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artevea
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Warsaw police army. [37] expected to startin 2011.
Rohill (TetraNode)Szczecin, Warsawand Kraków police
Roll-out ongoing.Modern IP basedTETRA solutionfor 3 cities
RomaniaMotorola / Dimetra
SpecialTelecommunicationsService (STS)
Police, fire, and searchand rescue
Nationwide
Motorola Dimetra
Ministry of Administration andInterior (MAI) /Romanian Border Police (RBP)
In use since 2008for police,emergency andsearch andrescue agenciesfrom Romanian
border counties-wide
Cassidian TETRA EADS
Ministry of Administration andInterior (MAI) /Romanian Border Police (RBP)
In use since 2010for police,emergency andsearch andrescue agenciesfrom Romanian
border counties-wide
Serbia Motorola / Dimetra Ministry of Interior Police, Fire Brigades,Ambulance
Fully rolled out asof 2009
Slovenia Selex/OTE/Marconi Ministry of Interior PoliceIn centralSlovenia
Spain Motorola Basque Country Mainly police In use since 2006
Teltronic Basque CountryMainly municipalitiesand public services
In use since 2009
EADS Catalonia Mainly police In use since 2006Sweden
SAAB, Cassidian,Eltel Networks
RAKEL
Managed by the CivilContingencies Agencyfor use by theemergency servicesand others in the fieldsof civil protection,
public safety andsecurity, emergency
medical services andhealthcare.
In operation,covering 99.8%of Sweden's
population and95% of itsterritory
Stockholm PublicTransport: Used by
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataloniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetra
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Motorola Tetra
Transport SecurityOfficers for dispatchinternalcommunications,Transport Police("Tunnelbanepolisen")and other police forces
for liaison withtransport officials.Roll-out stage for trainoperations onunderground.
In operation /roll-out
Swedish RadioSupply
Got1
Got1 is a modern IP based Tetra network used in the west partsof Sweden.
In operation /roll-out
UnitedKingdom
Motorola / Dimetra/ Sepura
Airwave
Police, fire, NHSambulance services,Border Force,ImmigrationEnforcement, somearmed forces,Highways AgencyTraffic Officers, CivilContingency Services,HM Coastguard,British Red Cross,Highland Council, andmisc. emergencyservices.
Full emergencyservice roll outcomplete
Motorola / Dimetra CONNECTTransport for London(LondonUnderground)
Used by all Tubestaff and relayingAirwave for BTPwhenunderground
AirRadio AR-en
Use by someservices at somemajor airports
(Heathrow,Birmingham,Manchester, Glasgow,Aberdeen)
MiddleEast
Israel Motorola [38] Mountain RoseIsrael Defense Forces(IDF)
In use by IDF,country-wide
United ArabEmirates
EADS/Cassidian Nedaa
Police, emergencyservices, and
professionalcommunications
Dubai, Sharjah,Ajman, Umm Al-Qaiwain, Ras Al-Khaimah, andFujairah
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujairahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Al-Khaimahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Al-Qaiwainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah_(emirate)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nedaa&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Transport_Policehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwave_(communications_network)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Undergroundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Undergroundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connect_Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Red_Crosshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Coastguardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agency_Traffic_Officershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Servicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwave_(communications_network)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepurahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Got1&action=edit&redlink=1
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Damm TetraFlexOrigin Energy(APLNG) [41]
Kordia SolutionsAustralian PacificProject
DAMM TetraFlexFortescue Metalsgroup
Open Cut MiningAwarded2011 [42]
DAMM TetraFlexGorgon LNGProject, Chevron,Australia
Gas and PipelinesAwarded
2011[43]
Motorola Zeon Local government
Operationalacross BrisbaneCity Council,including theBrisbane StateEmergencyService Unit
DAMM TetraFlex AustralianSubmarine Co
Military, Defence,Comms, Safety,Security
Awarded 2012
Motorola Zeon Tertiary education
Used byQueenslandUniversity of Technologysecurity staff.
Sepura
Being used byseveral MiningOperationsthroughoutWestern Australiaand Queensland -Terminals only -
NoInfrastructure.
NewZealand DAMM TetraFlex BHP One Steel
Aluminium Smelter -Ore production -Safety, Security,Operations
Awarded 2012
Kordia KorKor Airports
Used byWellingtonInternationalAirport, Air NewZealand
Kordia KorKor Councils Used by HuttCity, AucklandTransport
Used by
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Transporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_New_Zealandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepurahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_City_Councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola
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Teltronic Widarcom Commercial Network launched 2008
University of Auckland,Westpac
Technical details
Radio aspects
For its modulation TETRA, uses π ⁄ 4 differential quadrature phase-shift keying. The symbol (baud) rate is 18,000
symbols per second, and each symbol maps to 2 bits, thus resulting in 36,000 bit/s gross.
As a form of phase shift keying is used to transmit data during each burst, it would seem reasonable to expectthe transmit power to be constant. However it is not. This is because the sidebands, which are essentially arepetition of the data in the main carrier's modulation, are filtered off with a sharp filter so that unnecessaryspectrum is not used up. This results in an amplitude modulation and is why TETRA requires linear amplifiers.The resulting ratio of peak to mean (RMS) power is 3.65 dB. If non-linear (or not-linear enough) amplifiers areused, the sidebands re-appear and cause interference on adjacent channels. Commonly used techniques for achieving the necessary linearity include Cartesian loops, and adaptive predistortion.
The base stations normally transmit continuously and (simultaneously) receive continuously from various mobileson different carrier frequencies; hence the TETRA system is a frequency-division duplex (FDD) system. TETRAalso uses FDMA/TDMA (see above) like GSM. The mobiles normally only transmit on 1 slot/4 and receive on1 slot/4 (instead of 1 slot/8 for GSM).
Speech signals in TETRA are sampled at 8 kHz and then compressed with a vocoder using algebraic code-excited linear prediction (ACELP). This creates a data stream of 4.567 kbit/s. This data stream is error-
protection encoded before transmission to allow correct decoding even in noisy (erroneous) channels. The datarate after coding is 7.2 kbit/s. The capacity of a single traffic slot when used 17/18 frames.
A single slot consists of 255 usable symbols, the remaining time is used up with synchronisation sequences andturning on/off, etc. A single frame consists of 4 slots, and a multiframe (whose duration is 1.02 seconds)consists of 18 frames. Hyperframes also exist, but are mostly used for providing synchronisation to encryptionalgorithms.
The downlink (i.e., the output of the base station) is normally a continuous transmission consisting of either specific communications with mobile(s), synchronisation or other general broadcasts. All slots are usually filledwith a burst even if idle (continuous mode). Although the system uses 18 frames per second only 17 of these areused for traffic channels, with the 18th frame reserved for signalling, Short Data Service messages (like SMS inGSM) or synchronisation. The frame structure in TETRA (17.65 frames per second), consists of 18,000symbols/s; 255 symbols/slot; 4 slots/frame, and is the cause of the perceived "amplitude modulation" at 17 Hzand is especially apparent in mobiles/portables which only transmit on one slot/4. They use the remaining threeslots to switch frequency to receive a burst from the base station two slots later and then return to their transmitfrequency (TDMA).
Radio frequencies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACELPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier#Linearityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidebandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying
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TETRA frequencies in SouthAmerica
NumberFrequency pair (MHz)
Band 1 Band 2
Emergency systems
1 380–383 390–393
2 383–385 393–395
Civil systems
1 410–420 420–430
2 870–876 915–921
3 450–460 460–470
4 385–390 395–399.9
TETRA frequencies in other countriesCountry Allocation Frequency pairs (MHz)
France Civilian/private 410–430
Emergency services 380–400
Germany Emergency services 380–385, 390–395
Ireland [44] Civilian/private 385–389.9, 395–399.9
Emergency services 380–385, 390–395
Italy Emergency services / armedforces
380–390
Civilian/private 462
Norway [45] Emergency services 380–385, 390–395, 406.1–426, 870–876
SouthAfrica
TBD TBD
UK Airwave 390.0125–394.9875, 380.0125–384.9875
AirRadio 454, 464 or 460SaudiArabia
350–370, 380–395, 385–399.99, 410–430, 450–470, 870– 921
Air interface encryption
To provide confidentiality the TETRA air interface is encrypted using one of the TETRA Encryption Algorithm(TEA) ciphers. The encryption provides confidentiality (protect against eavesdropping) as well as protection of signalling.
Currently 4 different ciphers are defined. These TEA ciphers should not be confused with the block cipher TinyEncryption Algorithm. The TEA ciphers have different availability due to export and use restrictions. Few details
are published concerning these proprietary ciphers. Riess [46] mentions in early TETRA design documents thatencryption should be done with a stream cipher, due to the property of not propagating transmission errors.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm
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RSSI SRT FRT Cell Limit(Propagation Delay Exceed)
Cell initial selection
Parkinson [47] later confirms this and explains that TEA is a stream cipher with 80-bit keys. TEA1 and TEA4
provide basic level security, and are meant for commercial use. [48] The TEA2 cipher is restricted to European
public safety organisations. The TEA3 cipher is for situations where TEA2 is suitable but not available. [49]
Additional information
Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Voice plus Data (V+D); Part 7: Security [50]
Cell selection
Cell re-selection (or hand-over) in images
This first representation demonstrates where the slow reselectthreshold (SRT), the fast reselect threshold (FRT), and propagationdelay exceed parameters are most likely to be. These are represented
in association with the decaying radio carrier as the distance increasesfrom the TETRA Base Station.
From this illustration, these SRT and FRT triggering points areassociated to the decaying radio signal strength of the respective cellcarriers. The thresholds are situated so that the cell reselection
procedures occur on time and assure communication continuity for on-going communication calls.
Initial cell selection
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell initialselection. The initial cell selection is performed by procedures locatedin the MLE and in the MAC. When the cell selection is made, and
possible registration is performed, the mobile station (MS) is said to be attached to the cell. The mobile is allowed to initially select anysuitable cell that has a positive C1 value; i.e., the received signal levelis greater than the minimum receive level for access parameter.
The initial cell selection procedure shall ensure that the MS selects a
cell in which it can reliably decode downlink data (i.e., on a maincontrol channel/MCCH), and which has a high probability of uplink communication. The minimum conditions that shall have to be met are that C1 > 0. Access to the network shall
be conditional on the successful selection of a cell.
At mobile switch on, the mobile makes its initial cell selection of one of the base stations, which indicates theinitial exchanges at activation.
Refer to EN 300 392 2 16.3.1 Activation and control of underlying MLE Service Note 18.5.12 Minimum RX access level
The minimum receive access level information element shall indicate the minimum received signal level requiredat the SwMI in a cell, either the serving cell or a neighbour cell as defined in table 18.24.
Cell improvable
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_initial_selection.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_neighbours_01.svg
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Cell improvable
Cell Usable
Cell relinquishable
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomes improvable . The serving cell becomesimprovable when the following occurs: the C1 of the serving cell is
below the value defined in the radio network parameter cellreselection parameters, slow reselect threshold for a period of 5seconds, and the C1 or C2 of a neighbour cell exceeds the C1 of theserving cell by the value defined in the radio network parameter cellreselection parameters, slow reselect hysteresis for a period of 5
seconds.
Cell usable
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomesusable . A neighbour cell becomes radio usable when the cell has adownlink radio connection of sufficient quality.
The following conditions must be met in order to declare a neighbour cell radio usable: The neighbour cell has a path loss parameter C1 or C2 that is, for a period of 5 seconds, greater than the fast reselectthreshold plus the fast reselect threshold, and the service level
provided by the neighbour cell is higher than that of the serving cell. No successful cell reselection shall have taken place within the previous 15 seconds unless MM requests a cell reselection. The MS-MLE shall check the criterion for serving cell relinquishment as often as one neighbour cell is scanned or monitored.
The following conditions will cause the MS to rate the neighbour cell to have higher service level than the currentserving cell:
The MS subscriber class is supported on the neighbour cell but not on the serving cell.The neighbour cell is a priority cell and the serving cell is not.The neighbour cell supports a service (that is, TETRA standard speech, packet data, or encryption) thatis not supported by the serving cell and the MS requires that service to be available.The cell service level indicates that the neighbour cell is less loaded than the serving cell.
Cell relinquishable (abandonable)
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomesrelinquishable (abandonable ). The serving cell becomesrelinquishable when the following occurs: the C1 of the serving cell is
below the value defined in the radio network parameter cellreselection parameters, fast reselect threshold, for a period of 5seconds, and the C1 or C2 of a neighbour cell exceeds the C1 of theserving cell by the value defined in the radio network parameter cellreselection parameters, fast reselect hysteresis, for a period of 5seconds.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_relinquishable_01.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_usable_01.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_improvable.JPG
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Radio down-link failure
No successful cell reselection shall have taken place within the previous 15 seconds unless MobilityManagement (MM) requests a cell reselection. The MS-MLE shall check the criterion for serving cellrelinquishment as often as one neighbour cell is scanned or monitored.
Radio down-link failure
When the FRT threshold is breached, the MS is in a situation where it
is essential to relinquish (or abandon) the serving cell and obtainanother of at least usable quality. That is to say, the mobile station isaware that the radio signal is decaying rapidly, and must cell reselectrapidly, before communications are terminated because of radio link failure. When the mobile station radio-signal breaches the minimumreceive level, the radio is no longer in a position to maintainacceptable communications for the user, and the radio link is broken.
Radio link failure: (C1 < 0). Using the suggested values, this would besatisfied with the serving cell level below −105 dBm. Cell
reselection procedures are then activated in order to find a suitable radio base station.
Infrastructure TETRA parameters guide [a]
Coverage Parameter Distance (km) Type of communication
City < 4 < 8 Pedestrian/metro
Sub-urban 10–18 20–36 Bus/train
Countryside 18–31 36–62 Inter-regional train
In Air > 32 > 64 In flight
a. Data to be verified
Man-machine interface (MMI)
Virtual MMI for TETRA radio terminals
Any given TETRA radio terminal using Java (Java ME/CLDC) based technology, provides the end user with the
communication rights necessary to fulfil his or her work role on any short duration assignment.
For dexterity, flexibility, and evolution ability, the public transportation radio engineering department, havechosen to use the open sources, Java language specification administered by Sun and the associated work groups in order to produce a transport application tool kit .
TETRA MMI
Service acquisition admits different authorised agents to establish communication channels between differentservices by calling the service identity, and without possessing the complete knowledge of the ISSI, GSSI, or
any other TETRA related communication establishment numbering plan. Service acquisition is administeredthrough a communication rights centralised service or roll allocation server , interfaced into the TETRAcore network.
In summary, the TETRA MMI aims are to:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_MEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio_RDF_diagram.jpg
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Advances in DSP technology have led to the introduction of multi-carrier transmission standards employingQAM modulation. WiMAX, Wi-Fi and TEDS standards are part of this family.
Refer also to:
JSR-118;Mobile Information Device Profile, JSR-37;Wireless Messaging API, JSR120;Connected Limited Device Configuration, JSR-139; andTechnology for the Wireless Industry, JTWI-185.
See also
Digital mobile radio, an TDMA digital radio standard from ETSIDigital private mobile radio, an FDMA digital radio standard from ETSI
NXDN, a two-way FDMA digital radio protocol from Icom and JVC KenwoodP25, a TIA APCO standardTETRAPOL, (previously MATRA)
References
1. ETSI EN 300 392-2 v3.2.12. "TETRA Association". TETRA Association. 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-03-28.3. "Guide to the R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC (April 20, 2009)". pp. 9–10.4. Smartphone app/apps over TETRA - Crystal Code AB (http://www.crystalcode.co.uk/TETRA).
Crystalcode.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.5. "TETRA Industry Group - TETRA around the world - Countries". Tetrahealth.info. Retrieved 2012-03-28.6. "Shenyang Metro". Railway Technology. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2012-03-28.7. http://classic.eads.net/1024/de/investor/News_and_Events/news_ir/2010/2010/20100528_eads_defence_tetra_s8. "HOME". Cassidian.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.9. "TETRA : Artevea Digital Limited : Digital Radio Communication". Artevea.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
10. "Motorola Media Center - Press Releases - Motorola Completes Upgrade to TETRA Digital Radio System for Hong Kong International Airport". Mediacenter.motorola.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
11. 1'st Monorail Project in India awarded to DAMM (http://www.damm.dk/news/1'st-monorail-project-in-india-awarded-to-damm.aspx). Damm.dk (2010-08-11). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
12. Tamil Nadu Police (http://www.damm.dk/news/tamil-nadu-police-chooses-damm-for-modern-control-rooms.as
px). Damm.dk (2011-01-31). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.13. DAMM chosen to provide communication for GAIL pipeline in India (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm-chosen-to-provide-communication-for-gail-pipeline-in-india.aspx). Damm.dk (2011-07-12). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
14. "Gurgaon Police goes Hi-Tech". Retrieved 2013-01-14.15. "TETRA : Artevea Digital Limited : Digital Radio Communication". Artevea.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.16. Launch of digital trunked radio service in Malaysia (http://mis-asia.com/resource/networking/launch-of-digital-tr
unked-radio-service-in-malaysia/)17. TETRA Association (http://www.tetramou.com/tetramou.aspx?ID=6716) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20101130172334/http://www.tetramou.com/tetramou.aspx?ID=6716) November 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
18. http://www.satcomng.com/index.php#.UYo6j8omzdI
19. briscoetechnologies.com (http://www.briscoetechnologies.com)20. arteva.com (http://www.artevea.com)21. "TETRA : Artevea Digital Limited : Digital Radio Communication". Artevea.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.22. entropia.eu (http://www.entropia.eu)23. DAMM supplies safe TETRA communication for DONG Energy Power Plants (http://www.damm.dk/news/da
http://www.damm.dk/news/damm-supplies-safe-tetra-communication-for-dong-energy-power-plants.aspxhttp://www.entropia.eu/http://www.artevea.com/casestudies-detail.php?type=case&id=14http://www.artevea.com/http://www.briscoetechnologies.com/http://www.satcomng.com/index.php#.UYo6j8omzdIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://web.archive.org/web/20101130172334/http://www.tetramou.com/tetramou.aspx?ID=6716http://www.tetramou.com/tetramou.aspx?ID=6716http://mis-asia.com/resource/networking/launch-of-digital-trunked-radio-service-in-malaysia/http://www.artevea.com/casestudies-detail.php?type=case&id=12http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/telecommunications/2009022220184.htmhttp://www.damm.dk/news/damm-chosen-to-provide-communication-for-gail-pipeline-in-india.aspxhttp://www.damm.dk/news/tamil-nadu-police-chooses-damm-for-modern-control-rooms.aspxhttp://www.damm.dk/news/1'st-monorail-project-in-india-awarded-to-damm.aspxhttp://mediacenter.motorola.com/content/Detail.aspx?ReleaseID=10788&NewsAreaID=2http://www.artevea.com/casestudies-detail.php?type=case&id=10http://www.cassidian.com/cassidian/int/en/capabilities/security-solutions/mission-critical-networks-and-pmr/products/tetra-terminal.htmlhttp://classic.eads.net/1024/de/investor/News_and_Events/news_ir/2010/2010/20100528_eads_defence_tetra_shenzhen_metro.htmlhttp://www.railway-technology.com/projects/shenyang-metrohttp://www.tetrahealth.info/worldCountries.htmhttp://www.crystalcode.co.uk/TETRAhttp://www.ero.dk/B8FF1CC0-8C6C-4C8C-9019-7EB21FCABBD6?frames=no&http://www.tetra-association.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TETRAPOLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXDNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_private_mobile_radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_mobile_radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Community_Processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Community_Processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Community_Processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Community_Processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Community_Process
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External links
mm-supplies-safe-tetra-communication-for-dong-energy-power-plants.aspx). Damm.dk (2009-09-02).Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
24. http://www.sikkerhedsnet.dk/about+sine25. Moscow Metro (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm-provides-enhanced-safety-for-moscow-metro.aspx).
Damm.dk (2011-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.26. Kaliningrad biggest Power Plant chooses DAMM’s TetraFlex system for safety reasons (http://www.damm.dk/
news/kaliningrad-biggest-power-plant-chooses-damm%E2%80%99s-tetraflex%C2%AE-system-for-safety-reasons-.aspx). Damm.dk (2009-10-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
27. DAMM deployed for regional network in North West Russia (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm-deployed-for-r egional-network-in-north-west-russia.aspx). Damm.dk (2011-08-22). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.28. Global Tech 1 Offshore Wind farm relies on DAMM Infrastructure (http://www.damm.dk/news/global-tech-1-
offshore-wind-farm-relies-on-damm-infrastructure.aspx). Damm.dk (2012-08-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.29. http://www.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?
archive_id=0&page_id=95989222&page_url=//www.marconi.net/html/news/maltachoosesmarconitetra.htm&pa08-05T01:38:07&firstName=Peter&lastName=Cordina
30. TetraFlex for Public Safety in Lodi, Italy (http://www.damm.dk/news/public-safety-in-lodi,-italy.aspx).Damm.dk (2010-02-02). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
31. Rome International Airport chooses DAMM as supplier for Mission Critical Communication (http://www.damm.dk/news/rome-international-airport-chooses-damm-as-supplier-for-mission-critical-communication.aspx).
Damm.dk (2009-09-14). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.32. "TETRA : Artevea Digital Limited : Digital Radio Communication". Artevea.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.33. renita.lu (http://www.renita.lu)34. connectcom.lu (http://www.connectcom.lu)35. c2000.nl (http://www.c2000.nl)36. htm.nl (http://www.htm.nl)37. "TETRA Forum Poland". Tetraforum.pl. Retrieved 2012-03-28.38. "Wide Area Military Voice & Data Infrastructure Solutions based on COTS technology" (PDF) . Retrieved
2012-03-28.39. DAMM's TetraFlex® chosen for Alacer Gold Mining operation (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm's-tetraflex
(r)-chosen-for-alacer-gold-mining-operation.aspx). Damm.dk (2012-11-05). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
40. Rio Tinto Mining Group continues to deploy DAMM’s TetraFlex (http://www.damm.dk/news/rio-tinto-mining-group-continues-to-deploy-damm%E2%80%99s-tetraflex%C2%AE.aspx). Damm.dk (2009-08-03). Retrievedon 2013-07-16.
41. http://www.kordia.com.au/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=13044342. Fortescue Metals Group Ltd deploy DAMM (http://www.damm.dk/news/fortescue-metals-group-ltd-deploy-da
mm.aspx). Damm.dk (2011-03-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.43. World’s largest LNG project to roll-out DAMM’s TetraFlex® (http://www.damm.dk/news/world%E2%80%99s
-largest-lng-project-to-roll-out-damm%E2%80%99s-tetraflex%C2%AE.aspx). Damm.dk (2010-04-26).Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
44. National Table of Frequency Allocations (http://www.comreg.ie/radio_spectrum/table_of_frequency_allocations.496.410.html), Ireland.
45. National Table of Frequency Allocations (http://www.npt.no/pt_internet/ressursforvaltning/frekvenser/frekvens plan/uhf_frames.html), Norway.
46. Riess, H.P. (1994). "Cryptographic security for the new trans-European trunked radio (TETRA) standard".Security and Cryptography Applications to Radio Systems, IEE Colloquium on . pp. 3/1–3/5. Retrieved2010-03-25. (subs cription required)
47. DW Parkinson (2001-07-01). "TETRA Security". BT Technology Journal, Volume 19 . pp. 81–88.doi:10.1023/A:1011942300054. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
48. Doug Gray, An Overview of TETRA (http://portal.etsi.org/workshopps/Presentations/0103TETRA.pdf),etsi.org (http://portal.etsi.org).
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50. http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300300_300399/30039207/02.01.01_60/en_30039207v020101p.pdf 51. http://www.cmlmicro.com/Press/briefs/index.asp?/Press/briefs/teds_1.htm
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Report on the health effects of TETRA (http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1194947336937) by NRPBTETRA in use by radio amateurs (https://sites.google.com/site/digitalradiohacker/home)TETRA and Critical Communications Association (TCCA) (http://www.tandcca.com/)
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Categories: Trunked radio systems Mobile telecommunications standards Emergency communicationRail transport mobile telecommunications standards
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