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Martyrs Day: An Unforgetable
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
odkYvufeufrsm;xkwf,lNyD;aemuf 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 12 &ufaeYwGifvnf; ydGKifh 303 dkifz,fusnf wpfodef;? pwif;usnf 25600? vufypfAHk;tvHk; 200 wdkYudk ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf axmufvSrf;a&;wyf wm0efxrf;aqmifvQuf&Sdaom AdkvfrSL;yDwm tm;euf vefYpfavmh'def; (Major PeterErnet Lancelot Daine) tultnDjzifh r*Fvm'Hkajrmufbuf&Sd yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufvufeufwkdufrS xyfrHxkwf,lEkdifcJhonf/ AdkvfrSL;'def;onf tdEd,tcsufjyqufoG,fa&;wyft&m&SdwpfOD;jzpfNyD; 1947 ckESpf ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf axmufvSrf;a&;wyf ajymif;a&TUwm0efxrf;aqmifcJholjzpfonf/OD;apmwynfhrsm; xkwf,loGm;aom vufeufrsm;ESifhywfouf aemifwGif*VKefOD;apmESifh ol\wynfhrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIjzifh w&m;pGJcH&csdeftxdolYtm; ar;jref;pHkprf;jcif;? zrf;qD;cH&jcif;r&SdcJhacs/
ADAD,ef; *VKefOD;apmwdkYtm; vufeuf (8) rsdK;xkwfay;vkdufonfhvufeufrsm;teuf awmfrDqyfr&Sif;*ef;ESpfvufrSm AdkvfcsKyfwdkYtm; vkyfBuHowfjzwf&ef toHk;jyKcJhaom vufeufrsm;jzpfonfudk aemifwGif ppfaq;awGU&SdcJhonf/
rQ rsm;jym;aom vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;onf xdkpOfu Armhwyf&if; (6) &if;&Sd&m wyf&if; (3) &if;pmrQ&Sdaom ta&twGufyifjzpfonf/tqdkyg vufeufcJ,rf;rD;acsmufwdkYudk OD;apmonf &efukefNrdKU r&rf;ukef;NrdKU
e,f (7) &yfuGuf at'Dvrf; (,ck arcvrf;) trSwf (4) &Sd ol\aetdrfNcH
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tmZmenfrsm; ywfcwfcJhaomaoewfrsm;
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
twGif; tif;vsm;uefa&pyfwGif oHpnfrsm;jzifhxnfh jrKyfESHodk0Sufxm;
onf/ rsm;jym;vSaom vufeufwdkYudk &&SdEdkif&ef t*FvdyfppfwyfrS uywdefADAD,ef;? ar*sm,ef;ESifh AdkvfrSL;'def;qdkolwdkYu ulnDcJhMuavonf/
(*)odkYvQif yk*dKvfwOD;u wdkif;jynftwGuf tpGrf;ukefBudK;yrf;
vkyfaqmifaepOf tjcm;yk*dKvfwpfOD;u rdrdtmPm&&Sda&;twGuf ==b,folaoao iawrmNyD;a&m++ pdwfxm;jzifh rD;ukef,rf;ukef ajcykef;ckwfvsuf
&Sdaeavonf/Zlvdkifv 19 &uf paeaeYeHeuf 10em&DwGif twGif;0efrsm;kH;usif;yrnfh 0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh 0efBuD;rsm;onf *VKefOD;apm\ vufeufrsm; cdk;xkwfaejcif;udpudkvnf; aqG;aEG;&eftpDtpOf&Sdonf[k qdk\/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rdrdtm; NydKifbuf&efolozG,f oabmxm;NyD; rD;ukef,rf;ukefwdkufcdkufNzdKcGJ&ef BudK;pm;aeaom OD;apm\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
*VKefOD;apm? 1900-1948
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
udkrodr[kwf/ oufqdkif&m axmufvSrf;a&;wm0ef,l&olrsm;u owif;
ay;xm;Muygonf/ &efukefNrdKUxJrSmyif xdktcsdefw0dkuf aumv[vawGysHUESHUaeavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk vkyfBuHzdkYBuHpnfaeMuowJh/ opmazmufrsm;udk EkdifiHjcm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u ulnDaeonf ponfh owif;pum;rsm; yvlysHaeonf/ odkYaomf AdkvfcsKyfonf yk*dKvfa&;t& tmCmwrxm; wwf/ olonf tajymtqdk wdkawmif;jywfom;aomfvnf; yifudk,foabmxm;BuD;rm;ol jzpfaomaMumifh ol\ vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm; olYtm;apmifha&SmufcGifh awmif;aomtcg olu jynfolYarwm\wefcdk;udk ,HkMunf
onf/ OD;apmvdkvlyifvQif onfavmuf rdkufvHk;BuD; vdrfhrnfr[kwf[k qdkcJhonf/jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;jzpfaom 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKuyifvQif Zlvdkifv 18
&ufaeYnaeydkif;wGif jrefrmhtvif;? [Hom0wD? &efukef e,l;bm;rm;owif;pmwkdufrsm;rS owif;pmq&mtcsdKUESifhawGUNyD; pum;pyf ajymcJhao;onf/ vufeufrsm;cdk;xkwfpkaqmif;aeolrSm *VKefOD;apmjzpfaMumif;od&aomtcg owif;pmq&mrsm;u tHhMooGm;NyD;-
=='Dudkodvsufom;eJYq&mwdkYu ta&;r,lMubl;vm;/ AdkvfcsKyfuaumbmrS tumtuG,frvkyfbl;vm;/++ [k ar;jref;Muonf/ q&mcsdKu -
==AdkvfcsKyfu olYudk udk,fa&;udk,fwmvHkNcKHrIudk b,fwkef;ursm; *kpdkufbl;vdkYvJAsm/ tckvnf; AdkvfcsKyfu usKyfwdkY[m wkdif;jynfaumif;pm;atmifonfavmufBudK;pm;aewmyJ/ tJ'g olwdkYu rauseyfvdkY owfcsifvnf;owfayghvdkYat;at;yJajymw,f/ 'DudpawGudk owif;pmxJrSmvnf; xnfhra&;MuygeJYOD;/ cifAsm;wdkYodxm;atmifom ajymwmyg++ [l ajymMum;cJhonf/
owif;pmq&m pmaytEkynm&Sifjzpf pdwfoabmxm; El;nHhodrfarGUaom OD;bcsdKonfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfESifhbmrSrjcm; udk,fhtvkyfwm0efrsm;taMumif;om xm0pOf awG; udk,fhudk xdcdkufvmrnfh ab;&efudk wm;qD;umuG,f&ef pdwfrul;tm;&Smay/
AdkvfcsKyfwdkYvkyfaqmifp&m wkdif;a&;jynfa&;udpu rsm;vSayonf/AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom bk&ifcH\ trIaqmifaumifpD (0efBuD;tzGJU) onf &ufowywfvQifwpfBudrf tpnf;ta0;usif;yonf/ txl;udp
&SdvQif vdktyfovdk tcsdefra&G; usif;yMuonf/ wpfywfwpfBudrf tpnf;
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
ta0;udkvnf; Ak'[l;aeYwdkif; eHeuf10em&DtcsdefwGif usif;yonf/ ,cif
umvu tpnf;ta0;udk trIaqmifaumifpDOu|jzpfaom bk&ifcHaexdkif&m tpdk;&tdrfawmfwGif usif;yNrJjzpfcJhonf/ odkYaomf =atmifqef;-tufwvD+ pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkNyD;aemufydkif;rSp jrefrmEdkifiHa&;wGif bk&ifcHu0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rjyKawmh[laom oabmxm;aMumifh trIaqmifaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk 'kwd,Ou|jzpfaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uomobmywdtjzpf OD;aqmifusif;yawmhonf/ tpnf;ta0;usif;y&ef ae&mudkvnf; tpdk;&tdrfawmfrS twGif;0efrsm;kH; (aemif0efBuD;rsm;kH;) odkYa&TU
ajymif;um AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ kH;cef;rSmyif usif;ycJhMuavonf/jrefrmhordkif; aoG;pGef;aom rSwfwrf;wifusef&pfrnfh 0efBuD;tpnf;ta0;udk pifppftm;jzifh 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 16 &uf Ak'[l;aeYeHeuf 10 em&DwGif usif;y&rnfjzpfonf/ xdktwdkif;usif;y&efpDpOfxm;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf xdkaeYwGif vTwfawmfaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;ESifh &ufcsif;?tcsdefcsif; wkdufqdkifaeav&m 0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;udk Zlvkdifv 19&uf paeaeYeHeuf 10em&DodkYa&TUajymif;ay;vkdufjcif; jzpfavonf/
vHkUv 0D&d, ZGJBuD;rm; avmb&rufBuD;um tcGifhta&;udk uGufausmfjrifwwfaom *VKefOD;apmonf AdkvfcsKyfwdkYtpnf;ta0;usif;yrnfhae&mXmeESifh aeY&uftcsdefrsm;udkvnf;aumif; taocsmpHkprf;od&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ jynfolwdkY\ apwem? arwmwdkYudk t
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
vSefa&;wavQmuf ppf0wfpHkwpfxnfESpfxnfESifhaecJhaomAdkvfcsKyf/ zqyv
wGifvnf; umuDtus abmif;bD0wf azmhOD;xkyfaqmif;cJhaom AdkvfcsKyfonf a&Tzvm;a&mif befaumufvHkjcnf? rEav;ydk;wdkufyHk tjzLa&mifudk0wfqifxm;onf/ qHyifrSmvnf; cgwdkif;uJhodkY pkwfzGm;zGm;BuD;r[kwfbJnyfNyD;pjzpf olYtoGifrSm ,Ofpp&Sdaeonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf jzpfovdk uydkudk 0wfpm;wwfaomfvnf; vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;?0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0; ponfwdkYwGifrl tvkyfwm0efudk av;pm;aomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? rdwfaqGrsm;u wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfvGef;vS vnf;
aumif; rdrd\0oDudkazsmufum odkYoyf&yfpGm 0wfpm;qif,ifvmjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif ,cifuvdk rIefukyfukyfr[kwfbJ oGufvufaom tNyHK;jzifh apmifhBudKolrsm;udkEIwfquf&if; twGif;0efkH;taemufbuf A[dkavScg;BuD;twdkif;wufum ol\umuG,fa&;0efBuD;kH;cef;ESifh wqufwnf;jzpfaom tpnf;ta0;aqmiftwGif;odkY0ifcJh\/ tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJwGifvkyfazmfudkifzuf 0efBuD;rsm; toifhapmifhBudK a&muf&SdaeMuonf/
(*i,f) yHkpHcif;usif;xm;aom tpnf;ta0;pm;yGJBuD;rsm;\ xdyfpm;yGJtv,f AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xdkif AdkvfcsKyf\pm;yGJ vuf0Jbuf0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUtwGif;0ef OD;a&Tabmfxdkifonf/ xdkYaemuf (*i,f) yHkpHvuf0Jbufpm;yGJ&SnfBuD; 0efBuD;tzGJU0ifrsm; jzpfMuaom OD;b*srf; (yk*H)?OD;atmifZHa0? aysmfbG,fOD;jr? rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;p0fpHxGef;wdkYtpnftwdkif;xdkifMuonf/ vuf,mbuf pm;yGJ&SnfBuD;wGif 0efBuD;ocifjr? OD;&mZwf?'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK? OD;b0if;ESifh ref;bcdkifwdkY tpOftwkdif; xkdifcJhMuonf/AdkvfcsKyftygt0if tm;vHk; 0efBuD; 10 OD;jzpf\/ o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;ESifhvrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;0efBuD; OD;ausmfNidrf;rSm jynfyodkYc&D;xGufae vnf;
aumif;? b@ma&;ESifh tcGefawmfXme0efBuD; OD;wifxG#frSm 1947 ckESpfZlvdkifv 7 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynfqkdif&m aumfr&Sifemrif;BuD;tjzpfcefYtyfcH& vef'efNrdKUodkYxGufcGmoGm;NyD;jzpf vnf;aumif; tpnf;ta0;rwufEdkifMuawmhacs/
tpnf;ta0;qdkif&m rSwfwrf;? pm&Gufpmwrf;? zdkifwGJ ponfrsm;udkvufaxmuftwGif;0ef OD;wiftkef;? kH;tkyfBuD; OD;cESifh AdkvfxGef;vSwdkYuAdkvfcsKyfESifh 0efBuD;rsm;a&SUwGif toD;oD;ae&mcsxm;NyD;aemuf tpnf;
ta0;cef;rxJrS xGufoGm;Muonf/ eHeuf 10 em&D 10 rdepfcefYwGif 0efBuD;
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
tpnf;ta0; pwifcJhavonf/
(C)xdkaeYeHeuf 9 em&DomomcefYuyif tif;vsm;uefteD; r&rf;ukef;NrdKU
e,f at'D (arc) vrf; trSwf (4) &Sd OD;apm\ aetdrfwGif olYwynfhrsm;jzpfMuaom bGefY? cifarmif&if? armifeD? rIHBuD;wdkYu zdkY'fqefx&yfum;wpfpD;jzifhvnf;aumif;? okc? armifpdk;? oufESif;? pdefBuD;ESifh &efBuD;atmifwdkYu *spfum;eHygwfwk tm&fpD (R.C) 1814 jzifhvnf;aumif;? wpfokwfpDcGJ OD;apm
tdrfrS &efukefNrdKUxJodkYxGufvmcJhMuonf/*spfum;ay:&Sdvlrsm;rSm tpdrf;&ifha&mif ppfwyf,leDazmif;rsm; 0wfqifxm;NyD; ykcHk;ESpfzufwGif 12 eHygwfppfwyfjcaoFhwHqdyfrsm; wyfqifxm;onf/ ppfOD;xkyfudkvnf; udk,fpD aqmif;xm;Muonf/ xdkYaemuf ppfrdk;umrsm;jzifh udk,fudk vTrf;NcHKxm;Muonf/ *spfum;ay:ygol ig;a,mufwGifokcu um;udk armif;ESifonf/ armifpdk;? oufESif;? pdefBuD;? &efBuD;atmifwdkYu awmfrDaoewfwpfvufpD udkifxm;Muonf/ um;xJwGif bGefYtwGuf pufaoewfwpfvuf tydk,laqmifvmcJhMuonf/
vlowform;tm;vHk; vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0eftoD;oD;udk *VKefOD;apmu atmufygtwdkif; tpDtpOfa&;qGJay;vkdufonf/ okcwdkYtzGJUonf*spfum;jzifh twGif;0efkH;xJtxd 0if&rnf/ ,mOfarmif;okcu *spfum;udkpufvHk;0r&yfbJ kH;atmufrS toifhapmifhae&rnf/ usefav;OD;u kH;ay:odkYwuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG 0efBuD;rsm;tm;vHk; tNyD;tydkifvkyfBuHowfjzwf&rnf/
bGefYwdkYtzGJUu x&yfum;udk twGif;0efkH;tjyifbuf vrf; 41
ESifh r[mAEKvvrf;axmifh ae&m,lxm;&rnf/ usefoHk;OD;u tajctaeudk apmifhMunfhay;NyD; bGefYu twGif;0efkH;xJodkY0if&rnf/ ol\wm0efrSmokcwdkY*spfum;ay:wif tydk,lvmaom pwif;wpfvufudk,lNyD; twGif;0efkH; y&0PftwGif;&Sd vTwfawmftaqmuftODkH;cef;odkYoGm; ocifEktm;vkyfBuH&rnf/ NyD;vQif *spfum;&Sd&modkYjyefvmNyD; tay:xyf0efBuD;rsm;udkvkyfBuH qif;vmaom armifpdk;? oufESif;wdkYtzGJUESifhtwl tdrfjyefcJh&rnf/kH;jyifbufwGif apmifhaeaom x&yfum;udk usefvlrsm;u *spfum;xGufoGm;
onfESifh aErysuf tdrfokdYjyefarmif;vmcJh&rnf[l jzpfonf/ OD;apm
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
onf tpDtpOfudk tao;pdwfa&;qGJ olYvlrsm;udk ==yGJr0ifcif tjyifu
usif;y++qdkovdk txyfxyftcgcg oifMum;xm;NyD; jzpf\/ vkyfBuHrIBuD;twGuf olYtdrfwGif olYvlrsm;onf aoewfypfavhusifhaecJhMuonfrSmumvtwefMumcJhNyDjzpfonf/
(i)AdkvfcsKyfwdkYtpnf;ta0;um; 10 em&DcGJcefYwGif t&Sdef&pjyKvmayNyD/
0efBuD;XmewpfckNyD;wpfck vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;pkaygif;qHk;
jzwfay;vsuf&Sdonf/ xdktcsdefwGif rdrd\ Xmevkyfief;rsm;udk 0efBuD;tzGJUodkYwifjy&ef tpnf;ta0;cef;twGif; a&muf&Sdaeolum; 'kwd,twGif;0efOD;tkef;armifjzpfonf/ olonf o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;0efBuD; apmpHzdk;oif\ twGif;0efjzpfonf/ OD;tkef;armifonf o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;pDrHudef;taMumif; &Sif;vif;wifjy&ef pm&Gufpmwrf;zdkifwGJrsm;ESifhtwl (AdkvfcsKyfESifhocifjrwdkYtMum;) vufsmbuf&Sd pm;yGJ&SnfBuD;xdyfukvm;xdkif xdkifvsuf&Sdonf/ pifppf ueOD; tpnf;ta0; tpDtpOft& qdkvQifxdktcsdefu OD;tkef;armif\ tvSnfhrusao;ay/ twGif;0efOD;Muif (aemifoHtrwfBuD;) \ tvSnfhjzpfonf/ odkYaomf OD;tkef;armifonf olYwGiftjcm;ta&;wBuD; aqmif&Guf&rnfh udpwpfck &SdaeaomaMumifh OD;MuifESifhem;vnfrI,lNyD; tpnf;ta0;odkYOD;pGm a&muf&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
xdktcdkuftwGif;rSmyif vlowform;wdkY\ um;eHygwf tm&fpD 1814wyfxm;aom *spfum;wpfpD;onf twGif;0efkH;odkY odrfjzLvrf;rS 0ifkH;BuD;\ taemufawmifbuf axmifh &yfvdkufonf/ um;eHygwf tm&fpD1814 onf twkjzpfNyD; eHygwftppfrSm 9831 jzpfonf/ um;ay:rS armif
pdk;? oufESif;? pdefBuD;? &efBuD;atmifwdkY(4) OD;onf vufeufrsm;udkifaqmifavSum;rS wufoGm;Muonf/ um;ay:wGif ,mOfarmif;okconf um;udkpufr&yfbJapmifhaeonf/ &nf&G,fcsufrSm vlowform;rsm; qif;vmvQifwcgwnf; wifoGm;&efjzpfonf/ armifpdk;onf a&SUrSOD;aqmif cyfoGufoGuf avQmufvmonf/ armifpdk;? oufESif;? pdefBuD;wdkYonf awmfrD*ef;aoewfrsm;udkifaqmifxm;NyD; &efBuD;atmifwOD;omvQif qyfr&Sif;*ef;(pufaoewf) udkifxm;onf/ tay:xyftjyifbuf =aumf&pf'g+ (vlvrf;
pMu) wGif &Sdaeaom 0efxrf;ESpfOD;oHk;OD;ESifh kH;cef;xJrS 0efxrf;tcsdKUu
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
olwdkYudk vSrf;jrifvdkuf&onf/ vufeufudkifppfom;rsm;jzpf ,if;wdkYudk
xl;qef;ovdk wcsuf MunfhNyD; udk,fhtvkyfudk jyefvkyfaeMuonf/olwdkYonf [efrysufavQmufvmNyD; 0efBuD;tzGJUtpnf;ta0;cef;a&SU
wGif pkNyHK&yfvkdufMuavonf/ tcef;wHcg;aygufudk rif;ap armifaomif;pdefu apmifhvsuf&Sdonf/ oufESif;u armifaomif;pdefudk wHcg;twGif;zGifhcdkif;onf/ armifaomif;pdefu 0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;vkyfae r0if&efwm;&m oufESif;u aoewfESifhcsdef twif;wGef;z,fypfNyD; ypfowfvkduf&rvm;[k ajymaomaMumifh aomif;pdefonf tvdrmESifh a&Smifay;vkduf&
onf/ ra&SmifvQifvnf; xdkpOfuyif armifaomif;pdefonf toufESifhtdk;pm;uGJoGm;rnfjzpfonf/xdkYaemuf aoewform;av;a,mufpvHk; tcef;xJodkYvQifjrefpGm0if
oGm;Muavonf/ tjzpftysufum; vGefpGmvQifjrefvSayonf/ a&SUqHk;rSa&mufvmaom aoewform;u =ypf+[k trdefYay;vkdufvQif av;OD;pvHk;aoewfudk,fpDjzifh AdkvfcsKyftm; pwifypfcwfMuawmh onf/ AdkvfcsKyfonfxdkif&mrS xvufumjyNyD;vQif wckckatmfajymao;onf/ odkYaomfaoewfoHrsm;yGufyGufnHae AdkvfcsKyf\pum;udk rnfolrQrMum;&ay/aoewform;rsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfESifhwuG vufsmbuf&Sd ocifjrwdkYpm;yGJ&SnfrS0efBuD;rsm;udk a&S;OD;pGm oJoJrJrJ pkNyHKypfcwfvkdufMuonf/ xdkodkYypfcwfvdkufonfhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfESifh ocifjr? ref;bcdkif? OD;b0if;? OD;&mZwf? OD;tkef;armifwdkY(6) OD;rSm ae&myif yGJcsif;NyD;aoqHk;oGm;Muonf/ 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKrSmvlowform;rsm; tcef;xJrSxGufcGmoGm;onftxd toufraoao;bJtouf&SLvQuf&Sdao;onf/ rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;rSmvnf; raoao;acs/uHaumif;axmufrojzifh vGwfajrmufoGm;olav;OD;rSm twGif;0ef OD;a&T
abmf? aysmfbG,fOD;jr (ab;aygufuxGufajy;oGm;ol)? OD;atmifZHa0ESifh OD;b*srf; (Murf;jyifay:odkYvSJcs aocsifa,mifaqmifcJholESpfOD;) wdkYjzpfonf/aoewform;wdkYonf rwfwyf&yf vSnfhumywfum tm;&yg;& ypfcwfNyD;aemuf 'l;axmufNyD;vQif pm;yGJrsm;atmufMurf;jyifay:rS vlrsm;udk wpfcsufESpfcsuf a0SU,rf;ypfcwfvkdufao;onf/ wGif usnfqHwpfckonf OD;b*srf;\ vufol
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
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rsm;u ==a[h rajy;eJY++ [k vSrf;atmfvdkuf&m udkoef;onf Murf;jyifay:odkYtvQiftjref arSmuf 0yfaevkduf&onf/ xdktcdkufrSmyif armifaxG;onfaoewfoHMum;&modkYol\ tcef;xJrS ajy;xGufvmcdkuf &efBuD;atmifupwif;*ef;ESifhypfvkduf&m wcPtwGif;rSmyif usnfqH (4) csufxdum yHkusoGm;onf/ armifaxG;onf rGef;vGJ 2 em&D 15 rdepfwGif aq;kH usqHk;oGm;avonf/
xdkYaemuf aoewform;rsm;onf avSum;rSqif;um toifhapmifhae
aom *spfum;ay:odkYwuf twGif;0efkH;xJrS tjrefarmif;xGufvm&mpywfvrf; (,ckAdkvfatmifausmfvrf;) *dwf0 armifeDudkawGUvkduf&onf/armifeDonf ueOD;tpDtpOfudk csdK;azmuf 4if;wdkYum;ESifhtwl vkduf&eftwif;ckefwuf&efBudK;pm;aomfvnf; *spfum;onfr&yfbJ t&Sdefjzifharmif;xGufoGm;ojzifh armifeDonf usef&pfcJhavonf/ armifeDonf ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfudkifaqmif twGif;0efkH; pywfvrf;bufxGufaygufudk rnfolrQydwfrxm;&efESifh ydwfxm;ol&Sdygu ypfowf&efwm0efay;cH&oljzpfonf/
xdkpOfu bGefYacgif;aqmifaom x&yfum;tzGJUonf bmrQ tvkyfrjzpfcJhMuacs/ bGefYonf tpDtpOftwkdif; x&yfum;udk twGif;0efkH;tjyifbuf&yfxm;cJhNyD; kH;BuD;twGif;0if vTwfawmftaqmuftOD kH;cef;wGif vTwfawmfOu| ocifEkudk&SmcJhonf/ odkYaomf xdkaeYu ocifEk kH;rwufaomaMumifh rvkyfBuHjzpfcJhacs/ okcwdkY*spfum;xGufoGm;NyD; rMumrDrSmyif bGefYwdkYtzGJUonf armifrIefudkxm;um? x&yfum;udk [efrysufarmif;um OD;apmtdrfodkYjyefvmcJhMuonf/
xdkYaemuf okcwdkY*spfum;onf pywfvrf;rSwqifh 'gv[dkZDvrf;
axmifhtwGif;odkYt&Sdefjzifh xkd;0ifvkduf&m tqdkygtcsif;t&mudk pywfvrf;(Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;) &Sd orm"dyHkESdyfwdkufrS pm&if;udkifarmifpdefonf bPfaiGoGif;pmtkyfausmbuf vQyfwjyuf BuHKawGUvkduf&onfhtjzpftysufESifhum;eHygwfudk csufcsif;yif a&;rSwfxm;vkdufavonf/ rIefBuD;onfvkyfBuHrIjzpfNyD; 1 em&DavmufMumrS bwfpfum;jzifh OD;apmtdrfodkYjyefvmaMumif; od&onf/ okcwdkYum;onf 'gv[dkZDvrf;rSwqifh ta&SUbufodkYqufvufarmif;ESifoGm;cJhonf/ odkYaomf armifpdefonf okcarmif;aeonf
udk aES;auG;vGef;onf[k pdwfr&Snfum um;udk oludk,fwkdifvTJajymif; armif;
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
ESifawmhonf/
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tdrf\ t0ifta&SUwGif tjzLa&mif&Syftus? rdk;jyma&mifabmif;bDwdkudk 0wf toifhapmifhBudKaeonfh OD;apmtm; tcefYoifh awGUvkduf&onf/vlowform;rsm; *spfum;ay:rS qif;onfhtcg OD;apmu ==igBuHvQif cHEdkifkd;vm;++ [efjzifh ig;clNyHK;NyHK;aeavonf/ 4if;\ wynfhaoewform;rsm;uvnf; vufoD;vufarmif;wef;vsuf ==atmifNyD? atmifNyD++ [k a
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
avhusifhcJhMuonf/ vufeufrsm;udk um;BuD;? um;i,ftzkHzHkjzifh o,faqmif
Mu? odk0SufMuESifh tvkyfIyfcJhMuonf/ x&yfum;? *spfum; wdkYjzifh teD;tem;0ef;usifrsufaphpyg;arT; pl;csifp&m 0ifMuxGufMu? wGGtvkyfrsm;cJhonfhOD;apm\tdrfESifh 0if;NcHum; trdefY& t&ufqdkifyrm pnfum;aeonf/ xdkvkyfBuHrI\ A[dkXmeodkYxifxif&Sm;&Sm; oufaojyaeonfh ajc&mrsm;um;==acG;avS;ysm;awmtESHUjyefY++ qdkovdk ae&mwdkif; usef&pfcJhavonf/xdkYaMumifh zHk;uG,fvnf; rxl;awmhNyD/ jzpfcsifwmjzpf vmrnfhab;udkwnfwnfNidrfNidrf &ifqdkifawmhrnf[k OD;apmqHk;jzwfcJhavoavm/ xkdpOfu
OD;apm\ pdwful;BuHpnfxm;rIudk OD;apmom todqHk;yifjzpfayvdrfhrnf/tBuHyufpufvSaom vkyfBuHrIBuD;udk *VKefeDOD;apmonf e,fcsJYorm;wdkY\ tultnDjzifh tuGufusus axmifhaphaph vkyfudkif EdkifcJhaomfvnf;wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmif vkyfvkdaom ol\ tmomqErSmrlum;rjynfh0cJhacs/AdkvfcsKyfwdkYtm; vkyfBuHNyD;aemuf xdkaeYaeYvnf 3 em&DwGif pHkaxmufbuf&mZ0wf0ef rpwm*syf? pHkaxmuf&mZ0wf0efaxmuf OD;pdk;&ifESifh aomif;usef;rI ESdrfeif;a&;wyf&if; (1) rS &Jabmfrsm;jzifhzGJUpnf;xm;aom ==jrefrmjynfvufeufudkifwkdufcdkufa&;&JwyfzGJU++ (Burma Army Police Force) wdkYu*VKefOD;apm\ tdrfESifhNcHudk0dkif; *VKefOD;apmESifh vkyfBuHrIw&m;cHrsm;jzpfMuonfh okc? cifarmif&if? armifpdef ac: pdefBuD; ac: vSatmif? armifeDac:bdkeD ac: *eD? armifpdk;? oufESif;? &efBuD;atmif ac: vSxGef;? rIefBuD;ac: armifrIefwdkYtygt0if NcH0if;twGif;aevl 30 udk zrf;qD;cJhavonf/odkYaomf *VKefOD;apmtdrfudk 0ifa&mufpD;eifpOf jrefrmjynfvufeufudkifwkdufcd kufa&;wyfzG JUrS acgif;aqmif&JwyfMuyfrif;Ek difudk rIefBuD;uaoewfESifhcsdef&G,fypfcwf&ef BudK;yrf;cJhonfhtwGuf rif;Edkifu rIefBuD;tm;
jyefvnfypfcwfrIaMumifh rIefBuD;onf vufsmbuf vufwzuf jzwfypfvkduf&onf/
OD;apmonf Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeYnaeydkif;rSmyif tif;pdefA[dkpHjytusOf;axmifodkYa&muf&SdcJhNyD; OD;apm;tm; vufeufrsm; xkwfay;cJhaomuywdefADAD,ef;onf Zlvdkifv 20 &ufaeYwGif bm;vrf;tcsKyfrS tif;pdefaxmifodkYa&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ vkyfBuHrIrjzpfrD wpfvavmufuyif AdkvfwaxmifvufeufwkdufrS b&if;aoewf 200 xkwfoGm;rIESifhywfouf
tif;pdefrIcif;wyfzGJU (C.I.D) ESifh &efukef &JwyfzGJUrS pHkprf;cJhMuonf/ xdktcg
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
&Jrif;BuD;OD;atmifcsdefu rIcif;&J0efaxmuf OD;odef;tkef;udk oJvGefp&&ef
pHkprf;cdkif;&m OD;apmtm; aoewfESifhusnfqHrsm; xkwfay;cJhonfh uywdefADAD,ef;udk rouFmojzifh ADAD,ef;aexdkifonfh tcef;udk 0ifa&muf&SmazGcJhMuonf/ xdkpOfu ADAD,ef;onf orwtdrfawmf0if;udk rsufESmjyKxm;onfhzdkufcsfvrf; (,ck&Srf;vrf;) &SdFytche Flats wdkufcef;wGJwpfckwGif aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf/ uywdefADAD,ef;tcef;odkYtjcm;tcef;rS t*FvdyfvlrsdK;ESpfOD;tm; oufaotjzpf ac:,lNyD;&SmazG&m vkdifpif&SdESifh vkdifpifrJh aoewfrsdK;pHk*spfum;wpfpD;wkdufpmawGU&Sd&onf/ usnfqefrsm;udk wdkufcef;Murf;jyifay:
wGif awGU&aom bGwfzdeyft&SnfBuD;rsm;xJwGif aocsmpGm odk0Sufxm;onf/xdkYtjyif acsmfwGif;ukef;wGif wkdufwpfvHk;iSm;&rf;xm;NyD; 4if;\ r,m;i,f&Srf;trsdK;orD;wpfOD;ESifh aexdkifaom taxmuftxm;"mwfyHkrsm;? pmrsm;awGU&Sd&onf/ xdkYtjyif tjcm;yk*dKvfrsm;ESifhqufoG,fonfh pmrsm;? q,fwef?ig;usyfwefaiGpuLtxkyfvkdufESifh pdefvHk;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk awGU&Sdodrf;qnf;NyD; ADAD,ef;udkyg zrf;qD; bm;vrf;tcsKyf csKyfaESmifum vdkifpifrJhvufeufrsm;odk0Sufxm;rIjzifh kH;wifcJhonf/ ,if;aemuf bm;vrf;tcsKyfrSwqifhtif;pdefaxmifodkYydkYcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
OD;apmonf ADAD,ef;tif;pdefaxmifwGif;odkY a&muf&SdaeonfudkvHk;0rodcJhacs/ xdkYaMumifh ADAD,ef;qD pma&;qufoG,fcJhonf/
odkYqufoG,fEdkif&efvnf; jynfxJa&;0efBuD; OD;ausmfNidrf;\ vSnfhuGufjzpfonf/ AdkvfcsKyfwdkYvkyfBuHcH&pOfu OD;ausmfNidrf; (1915-1985)onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGifr&Sd/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;odkYa&mufaeonf/ vkyfBuHrIowif;Mum; c&D;pOfzsufum &efukefodkYtjrefjyefcJhonf/ *sLAvDa[m&SdtmZmenfrsm;kyfuvmyfxm;&Sd&modkYjyefa&mufa&mufcsif; oGm;a&mufum
AdkvfcsKyf\kyfuvmyfteD;wGif rsuf&nfusNyD; ==usaemfom&Sd&if AdkvfcsKyf'DvdkjzpfrSmr[kwfbl;++[k 0rf;enf;aMuuGJoHjzifh ajymMum;cJhonf/ jynfxJa&;0efBuD;wm0efudk aysmfbG,fOD;jrxHrS jyef,lNyD; vkyfBuHrIw&m;cHrsm;udk udkifcJhonf/
OD;ausmfNidrf;onf uGufausmfjrifoljzpfonf/ ol\,HkMunfpdwfcs&aom &Jabmfrsm;udk tusOf;om;tjzpf ta,mifaqmifapum *VKefOD;apm?ar*sm,ef;? ADAD,ef;wdkYwkdufcef;teD;0ef;usifwGif tapmifhcsxm;cJhonf/
olonfawmfkHwefkHvludk r,HkMunfay/ vufa&G;pif&Jabmfrsm;udkom csxm;
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
cJhonf/ OD;ausmfNidrf;\ vufa&G;pif&Jabmfrsm;u axmifustusOf;om;
tjzpf vnf;aumif;? ta&;BuD;tusOf;om;rsm;\ wdkufvHkNcHKa&;wm0efudkapmifha&Smuf&aom tusOf;0efxrf;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJh&onf/
OD;apmonf olYvGwf&mvGwfaMumif;twGuf uywdefADAD,ef;udkolYtm;ulnDEdkifrnfvm;[k tm;udkwBuD;jzifh tapmifhudk vmbfxdk;umuywdefADAD,ef;xH pmwpfapmifay;cJhonf/ OD;apm odkY uywdefADAD,ef;tm; qufoG,fvkdufonfhowif;tpteudk OD;ausmfNidrf;\
vufa&G;pif&Jabmf OD;pHwifu&&SdcJhNyD; pDtdkif'DtBuD;tuJu OD;xGef;vSatmifxH wifjycJhonf/ OD;pHwifonf OD;&mZwf\ wljzpfonf/ axmifrSL;BuD;uOD;pHwifhtm; owif;ydkrdkEIdufxkwf&ef owif;o,fydkYoltjzpf OD;pHwiftm;aqmif&Gufaponf/ OD;pHwifonf OD;apmxHjyefoGm;NyD; ADAD,ef; b,frSmaeonfudk olodaMumif;ajymvkdufonf/ OD;apmudk,fwdkif a&;om;xm;aompmudk ADAD,ef;xH ta&mufydkYay;rnfjzpfaMumif; uwday;vkdufonf/ OD;apmpm-
==ajcqGHUaewJh raumif;qdk;0g;BuD;? iSufaysmfoD;pdrf;eJY{nfhcH? oHyk&m&nfrSm a';Apf\ tcspfqHk;++ [ljzpfonf/ xdkpum;0Suf pmuav;udk OD;pHwifhonf ADAD,ef;&Sd&modkYoGm;a&mufydkYay;cJhonf/ ADAD,ef;u OD;apmxHodkY-
==uRefawmf 'DvlBuD;vlaumif;udk rSwfrdw,f++ [l pmjyefvkdufonf/OD;apmonf pm&NyD;aemuf 'kwd,pmudk jyefay;&m ydkrdk ya[Vdqefvmonf/OD;apmpm ==uRefawmfuawmh yefcsmyD++ [k a&;xm;onf/
xdkpum;0Sufpmwdkuav;rsm;udk pHkaxmufrsm;u oufqdkif&modkYrydkYrDrdwLul;,lxm; t"dyg,fazmfMunfh&m wjznf;jznf; oabmaygufvmcJhMu
onf/ OD;apmonf olwdkYESpfa,mufvHk; wufa&mufcJhonfh {nfhcHyGJwckudk&nfTef;jcif;jzpfNyD; olESifhtquftoG,f vkyfaeolrSm ADAD,ef;jzpfaMumif;vHk;0aocsmap&ef jyKvkyfaejcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf pHkaxmufrsm;onfOD;apmxHodkY ADAD,ef;u jyefMum;av[ef pmtwkudk a&; ay;ydkYcJhonf/pm ==t&yfjrifhjrifheJYvlBuD;vlaumif;udk wkdufdkufqufoG,f&ef++ a&;om;xm;avonf/ t&yfjrifhjrifhyk*dKvfrSm &efukef NAdwdoQaumifpDrS =rpwm*RefpwsL;0yfbif*av+ (John Stewart Bingley) qdkoljzpfonf/ pm&NyD;
aemuf em&Dydkif;twGif;rSmyif OD;apmonf bif*avxH pmESpfapmifa&;ay;
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
vkdufonf/ OD;apm\ axmifwGif;rSay;pmonf bif*avvufxJodkYa&muf
oGm;aomfvnf; bif*avonf tifrwefyg;eyfolyDyD pma&muf&SdvmonfhtajctaeESifh pmygta&;tom;udk rouFm pmrjyefcJhay/ tm;udkwBuD;jzifh bif*avxHa&;cJhaom OD;apmonf jyefpmr&ojzifh pdwf"mwfusqif;oGm;avonf/ NAdwdoQwdkYu olYudk ypfxm;MuNyD[k olcHpm;oGm;onf/
xdkpOftwGif;rSmyif OD;xGef;vSatmifonf NAdwdoQt&m&Sd ESpfOD;jzpfonfh tdEd,Munf;wyf\ar*sma*satrdk; (Major J.A.Moore) ESifh tdEd,Munf;wyf\ vQyfppfESifh pufrItif*sifeD,mtvkyfkHwyfcGJ\ wyfrSL;tjzpf
xrf;aqmifaeol ar*smpD[ife&D,ef; (Major C.Henery Young
) udkvdrmyg;eyfpGm yd&dpGmzrf;qD;vdkufavonf/xdktcsdeftxd OD;apmonf jyifywGif jzpfysufaeonfudk vHk;0rod&SdcJh
acs/ tif;pdefaxmiftwGif;&Sd olYtcef;av;ESifh teD;&Sd w&m;kH;tcef;wdkYonfom olYurm olYavmuav;jzpfaeavonf/ zrf;qD;cHae&pOfumvrSmyif OD;apm\ pdwf"mwftiftm;onf ododomom qkwf,kwfvmonf/odkYaomf OD;apmonf axmifESifhpdrf;olawmhr[kwfay/ jrefrmEdkifiHudk *syef0ifa&mufodrf;xm;pOfumvwckvHk; ,l*ef'gwGif (4) ESpfwmrQ tusOf;uscHcJh&onf/ urmppfBuD; NyD;oGm;NyD;aemufwGifvnf; wkdif;jynfqlyltHk
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
olYtaejzifh jynfywGif rnfonfhae&mwGif cdkvIHEkdifrnfenf;[k ar;jref;xm;
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vkyfBuHrIrjzpfyGm;pOfumvrS OD;apmtif;pdefaxmifwGif; &Sdonftxd
pHkaxmufbufu pm&Gufpmwrf;aygif; 288 ckudk ppfaq;um OD;apmESifhADAD,ef;? bif*avwdkY qufET,frIudk ajc&mcHEkdifcJhonf/vkyfBuHrIw&m;cHrsm;udk ykvdyfrsm;u ppfaq; &&Sdaom taxmuf
txm;rsm;? ADAD,ef;? bif*av? OD;apmwdkYoHk;yGifhqdkif Zmwfvrf;udk pGJudkifNyD;jynfxJa&;0efBuD; OD;ausmfNidrf;onf pDtdkif'D'k&JcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmifudkac:bk&ifcH&efYpfudk oGm;a&mufawGUqHkcJhonf/ &&Sdxm;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;wifjy bif*avudk zrf;qD;cGifh bk&ifcHxH awmif;qdkcJhonf/ bk&ifcHubif*avudk zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifjcif;rjyKbJ ola&mufwdkif;wnf;cdkavh&Sdonfh&efukefNrdKU urf;em;vrf;&Sd px&if;[dkw,fyif ppfaq;ar;jref;cGifh ay;cJhonf/
OD;ausmfNidrf;ESifh OD;xGef;vSatmifwdkYu bif*avudk px&if;[dkw,ftcef;yif ppfaq;cJh&onf/ odkYaomf bk&ifcH\pnf;urf;csuftwkdif;omaqmif&GufcJh&ojzifh OD;xGef;vSatmif\ ppfaq;ar;jref;csufrsm;onf bif*avudk ta&;,l&ef cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;opfrsm;r&&SdcJhacs/bk&ifcHuvnf; bif*avudk ac:,lar;jref;cJhao;onf/ bif*avu olYudk
ADAD,ef;u OD;apm\aetdrf odkYac:aqmifoGm;yHk/ rouFmp&mrsm;rygbJOD;apmESifh tvmyovmypum;ajymqdkMuyHk? tjcm;taMumif; ajymcJhaomtaMumif;tcsufrsm;udk rrSwfrdawmhyHkrsm;udk ajymjycJhonf[kqdkonf/ bif*avu OD;apm\ ay;pmESifhywfouf 4if;pmudk naeydkif;wGif zwfMunfhrdcJh onf/ t*Fvdyfpmta&;tom;nHhzsif;vSojzifh ouFmruif;jzpfumpmudk qGJqkwfypfcJhonf[kvnf;qdkonf/ ppfaq;ar;jref;NyD;aom tcgbif*avudk vef'efodkYjyefcGifhjyK&ef OD;ausmfNidrf;tm; bk&ifcHu ajymcJhonf/
OD;ausmfNidrf;onf bif*avudk jyefrvTwfvdkaomfvnf; aemufqHk; zqyv
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf &efrD;qufrarT;vdkawmhjcif;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;udk
tqifajyacsmarGUpGm aqmvsifpGm&,lvkdjcif;wdkYaMumifh bif*avudkjyefcGifhjyKcJh&onf/
xdkYaemuf 1947 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 30 &ufaeYwGif bk&ifcH AdkvfcsKyfqm[l;bwf&efYcf (Major General Sir Hubert Rance) vkyfBuHrIudkppfaq;&ef txl;cHkkH;udk zGJUpnf;onfh Oya'udk xkwfjyefcJhonf/ 1947ckESpf pufwifbmv20&ufaeYwGif txl;cHkkH;udk zGJYpnf; w&m;vTwfawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf qma'gufwmbOD;u txl;cHkkH;twGuf em,utjzpf
OD;ausmfjrifh? tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf OD;atmifausmfESifh OD;pDbl;wdkYudk a&G;cs,fay;cJhonf/ txl;cHkkH;Ou| (em,u) OD;ausmfjrifh (1898-1988) onf xif&Sm;aom 0wfvHkawmfbGJU& w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf w&m;olBuD;jzpfonf/ xif&Sm;onfh nDtpfudkav;OD;jzpfonfh AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifxG#f w&m;olBuD;OD;jrifhodef;?a'gufwmxifatmifwdkYteuf 'kwd,ajrmufjzpfonf/
txl;cHkkH;udk vHkNcHKa&;twGuf tif;pdeftusOf;axmiftwGif;yifzGifhvSpfppfaq;cJhonf/ txl;cHkkH;onf 1947 ckESpf pufwifbmv 24&ufaeYwGif pwifkH;xdkifppfaq;cJhonf/ trItwGuf w&m;vdkjyoufao71 a,mufESifh w&m;cHjyoufao 30 wdkYudk ppfaq;cJhonf/ cHkkH;w&m;olBuD; OD;ausmfjrifh? OD;atmifomausmfESifh OD;pDbl;wdkYonf aeY&ufrjywf&ufysufr&Sd 37 BudrfrQ kH;xdkkifppfaq;cJhMuonf/ w&m;vdktpdk;&a&SUaetjzpfa&SUaecsKyf OD;xGef;jzL? tpdk;&a&SUaeBuD; rpwmcGefazmif? txl;0w&m;ESifhulnDol 0wfvHkOD;jrodef; wdkYonfvnf; &ufysufr&Sd kH;wufcJhMuonf/
cHkkH;wGif w&m;cHrsm;tm; (3) veD;yg; ppfaq; a&SUaecsKyf OD;xGef;jzLu 1947 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 23 &ufaeYwGif tNyD;owf avQmufvJcJhonf/
xdkYaemuf vkyfBuHrIw&m;cHrsm;tm; 'DZifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif (pmrsufESm84 rsufESm&Sd) pD&ifcsufBuD;udk eHeuf 10 em&D rdepf 40 wGif pwifzwfMum;cJh&m aevnf 12 em&D 55 rdepfwGifrS NyD;pD;awmhonf/
pD&ifcsuftpyxrydkif;wGif vkyfBuHrIBuD;\ w&m;vdkESifhw&m;cHtm;vHk;\ xGufqdkcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfZmwfaMumif;jyefjcif;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ pD&ifcsufudk w&m;olBuD;OD;ausmfjrifhu zwfMum;&m jref jywfom;\/ toHrSmyHkrSefjzpfonf/ pD&ifcsufzwfaepOf twGif; OD;apmonf txl;yif tdaEysuf
avmufatmif rsufESmromr,mjzpfaeaomfvnf; rMumcPyif olonf
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
bmyJjzpfjzpf igvHk;0*krpdkufygbl;[laom [efyefrsdK;jzifh okyfaqmifvsuf&Sd
onf/ olonf olYvnfyif;udk rMumcP prf;prf;NyD; Munfhaewwfonf/wpfBudrfwGif olYvnfyif;udk vufjzifhudkifNyD;rS zspfnpfum a&SUodkYqGJvkduf&mtouft&G,faxmufvmNyDjzpfojzifh aysmhtdNyD; GUHwGpjyKaeaom vnfyif;ay: ta&jym;BuD;rSm wGefYvdrfaeaMumif; txif;om;ay:aeonf/ uJhodkYoljyKrlaeonfrSm trSwfwrJhyifvkyfrdavovm;/ odkYr[kwf BudK;ay;vkdufvQif 'Dvdkrsm;aersm;aervm;[k awG;awmpOf;pm;&if; prf;oyfMunfhavovm;rodEdkifay/ olonf rsufrSefpdrf;BuD;udk wyfxm;aomfvnf; tvGef
pdwfrcsrf;romonfh t&dyfta,mifrsm;oef;ae\/ pD&ifcsufed*Hk;ydkif;odkYa&mufaomtcg OD;apm\rsufESmrSm ndK&mrSeD? eD&mrS rIdif;vmum &Gmawmhrdk;uJhodkY jzpfaeayonf/
,if;aemuf cHkkH;w&m;olBuD;Ou|OD;ausmfjrifhonf armifpdk; yk'fr302-34 t& jypfrIxif&Sm;ojzifh vnfyif;wGif BudK;uGif;wyfcg raorcsif;owfap/
oufESif;... yk'fr 302 - 120 (c)? 4if;tjyif 302-34 t&jypfrIxif&Sm;ojzifh vnfyif;wGif BudK;uGif;wyfcg raorcsif; owfap/
armifpdefESifh &efBuD;atmifwdkYudkvnf; yk'fr 302-34 t& txufygtwdkif;yif owfap/
OD;apm... [kkqdkonfESifh wNydKifeuf *VKefOD;apmonf aoG;rsm;yGufxvmouJhodkY&JueJ tom;rsm;eDjref;vmavonf/ rnfokdYyifjzpfap *VKefOD;apmonf rrIygbl;[laom tNyKH;udk twif;NyHK;vkdufao;onf/ OD;apmonf yk'fr 302-109t& jypfrIxif&Sm;ojzifh BudK;uGif;wyfvQuf raorcsif;owfap/
,if;aemuf okc? cifarmif&if? armifeD? rIefBuD; w&m;cHtm;vHk;wdkYonfvnf; yk'fr 302-209t& jypfrIxif&Sm;ojzifh raorcsif; owfap[ktrdefYcsrSwfvsuf pD&ifcsufonf NyD;qHk;oGm;avonf/ azmfaumifbnGefYrSmtpdk;&oufaojzpfoGm;ojzifh trIrS vGwfajrmufoGm;avonf/pD&ifcsufzwfNyD;aemuf armifpdk;u ==aumif;w,fuG? tukefBudK;csnf;yJ++ [k qdkvkdufavonf/
txl;cHkkH;u jypf'Pfrsm;pD&ifcsufcsrSwfNyD;aemuf jypfrIxif&Sm;pD&if
jcif;cH&olrsm;onf 1947 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 30 &ufaeYrSp ckepf&uf
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
twGif; t,lcH0ifEkdifaMumif; trdefYxkwfjyefcJhonf/
OD;apmtwGuf t,lcHvTmudk 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 3 &uf paeaeYaeYvnf 12 em&Dtcsdefru &efukefNrdKU a&SUaersm;tzGJUrS 0wfvHk wpfOD;jzpfaom puf&Sifrif;BuD;a[mif; rpwmtufa*sqmvpfbm&D[m;azmufu[dkufukwft,lcHXmeodkYrpwmAmwmepfESifh twl vma&mufwifoGif;avonf/
armifpdk;? oufESif;? &efBuD;atmifESifh rIefBuD;wdkY\ t,lcHvTmrsm;rSmZefe0g&Dv (6) &ufaeYeHeufu tif;pdefaxmiftwGif;rS qdkif&m vTwf
awmfodkYwifydkYvkdufonf/ vTwfawmfwGif EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIBuD;ESifh ywfouf ao'PftrdefYcsrSwfjcif;cH&aom OD;apmESifh taygif;ygw&m;cH 8 OD;wdkY\t,lcHvTmtoD;oD;wifoGif;a&muf&SdNyD;jzpf 4if;wdkYt,lcHvTmudk vTwfawmfw&m;0efBuD;tzGJUu vufcHMum;em qHk;jzwf&efom &Sdawmhojzifh OD;apm?armifpdk;? oufESif;? &efBuD;atmifESifh rIefBuD;wdkYudk tif;pdefaxmif BudK;wkduftwGif; xm;&SdNyD; cifarmif&if? okc? armifeDESifh armifpdef ac: pdefBuD;wdkYudk&efukefA[dkaxmif (,ckolemjyKwuodkvf) BudK;wdkuftwGif; wpfa,mufpDoD;jcm;xm;cJhonf/
tif;pdefaxmifBudK;wkduftwGif;odkYa&muf&Sdaeaom yxrw&m;cHOD;apmu Zefe0g&Dv 9 &uf aomMumaeYpGJjzifh jrefrmjynf tpdk;&qdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;rSwqifh bdvyf&Sd 4if;\ nDawmfol OD;armifarmifBuD;xHodkYaMu;eef;pm wpfapmifydkYvkdufonf/ aMu;eef;pmwGif EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIESifhywfouf 4if;rSm qdkif&mtmPmydkif cHkw&m;olBuD;\ ao'PftrdefYcsrSwfxm;jcif;udkcH&NyD;jzpf xdktrdefYESifh pyfvsOf; rdrdpdwfwGif aemufxyfrnfodkYrQ qufvufBudK;yrf;tm;xkwf&ef rvdkawmh[k ,wdjywfqHk;jzwf
xm;NyD;jzpfaMumif;? bdvyfrS rdrdtwGufrSmMum;xm;aom t0wfwpfpHkESifh&SL;zdeyf 2 &Hudk nDjzpfol armifarmifBuD;yif toHk;jyK&ef ay;tyfvkdufaMumif;/ ,ckjrefrmEkdifiHawmf w&m;vTwfawmfwGif rdrdtwGuf ao'PftrdefYt,lcH0ifxm;jcif;rSmvnf; rdrd\ qEt&r[kwfbJ ZeD;ESifh orD;wdkY\qEudkvkdufavsmonfhtaejzifhom BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufjcif;rQomjzpfaMumif;yg&Sdavonf/
,if;aemuf vkyfBuHrI w&m;cH OD;apmESifh taygif;ygwdkY\ t,lcHvTm
rsm;udk w&m;vTwfawmfu 1948 ckESpf rwfv 8 &ufaeYwGif pmrsufESm
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
57 rsufESm&Sdaom pD&ifcsufjzifh t,lcHrsm; y,fcsvkdufavonf/
OD;apm? armifpdk;? oufESif;? &efBuD;atmif? rIefBuD;wdkYu tcGifhxl;t,lcH0if&ef avQmufxm;Mujyefonf/ OD;apmtwGuf rpwm [ufaAmhESifhusefavQmufxm;olwdkYtwGuf OD;Mumcdkifuyif vkdufygaqmif&GufMuonf/a&SUaecsKyf OD;csefxGef;u tpdk;&twGuf aqmif&Gufonf/ w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf? w&m;0efBuD;csKyfqma'gufwmbOD; (aemiforw)? w&m;0efBuD;OD;at;armifESifh w&m;vTwfawmf w&m;0efBuD;csKyf OD;odef;armifwdkYuavQmufvJcsufrsm;udk Mum;emMuonf/
xkdYaemuf 1948 ckESpf {NyDv 27 &ufaeYwGif w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfuOD;apmwdkY\ avQmufvTmrsm;udk y,fcJhavonf/ tjcm;w&m;cHrsm; w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfodkYavQmufxm;jcif; rjyKawmhbJ EkdifiHawmforwxH toem;cHMuonf/
orwwGif jypf'PfavQmhayghEdkifonfh tmPm? vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhay;Edkifonfh tmPm&Sdavonf/ ao'Pfudk w&m;kH;u owfrSwf aemufqHk; t,lcHkH;rsm;u twnfjyKNyD;vQif trIrsm;udk orwxH toem;cHwifjy trdefYcH,laom vkyfxHk;&Sdonf/ xdkvkyfxHk;t& OD;apmESifh 4 OD;wdkY\trIrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? toem;cHpmwifMuaom w&m;cHrsm;\ trIrsm;udkvnf;aumif; w&m;a&;Xmeu pDppf orxHwifjycJhavonf/
odkYjzifh arv 5 &ufaeYpGJyg w&m;a&;XmetwGif;0ef OD;pHGefYucifarmif&iftay: csrSwfxm;aom ao'Pfudk woufwuRef; odkYorwBuD;u avQmhayghay;aomtrdefYwpf&yfudk xkwfjyefvdkufonf/ arv 6&ufaeYwGifvnf; okcESifh armifeDwdkYonfvnf; ao'PfrS vGwf wpfoufwpfuRef;'Pfudkom uscHap&rnf[k orwu qHk;jzwfvkdufavonf/
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
OD;apmESifh taygif;ygwdkY\ aemufqHk;aeY1948 ckESpf {NyDv 28 &ufaeYrGef;vGJydkif;wGif tif;pdeftusOf;axmif
wGif; OD;apmonf ZeD;a':oef;cif? orD;abbDapmwdkYESifh twl rdk;nif;od*ausmif;wkduf? a&vJOD;y@dpq&mawmfxHrS vuPma&;oHk;yg; w&m;emcJhonf/
BudK;ay;&ef eD;uyfvmNyDjzpf &efukefA[dktusOf;axmifBudK;wkduftwGif;&Sd pdefBuD;ESifh&efBuD;atmifwdkYtwGuf bkef;BuD;rsm;yifhzdwf w&m;emaponf/ o&P*Hkwifay;onf/ pdefBuD; ac: armifpdefu rxl;NyD[kqdk
o&P*HktwifrcH[k okcu aemifwGif jyefajymjyonf/ okcESifharmifeDwdkYonf ao'PfrS vGwfajrmuf wpfuRef;jypf'PfuscHap&ef pma&mufvmNyD;aemuf ,if;wdkYudk BudK;wkdufrS tjcm;taqmifodkYajymif;ay;vkdufMuavonf/
*VKefOD;apmtm; BudK;'PftwnfjyKNyD;aemuf OD;apm\ZeD;a':oef;cifu 1948 ckESpf {NyDv 27 &ufaeY&ufpGJjzifh jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&tzGJUESifh0efBuD;rsm;xHodkY OD;apmtm; BudK;'Pfay;NyD;aemuf 4if;\kyfuvmyfudk
aetdrfokdYo,ff,loN*K[fvdkaMumif; cGifhjyK&ef avQmufxm;cJhonf/odkYaomf tpdk;&u OD;apm\kyfuvmyfudk axmifocsKif;rSvGJ tjcm;rnfonfh ocsKif;wGifrS jrKyfESHcGifhr&Sd[kqdkonf/ o&P*HkwifcGifhudkum; tpdk;&
OD;apm 4if;\a&SYae OD;odef;ausmfESifh wD;wdk;wdkifyifaepOf? 23-10-1947
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
cGifhjyKay;cJhonf/
BudK;wkduf BudK;ay;rnfhaeY&ufudk apmifharQmfaeaom OD;apmuvnf;ZeD;a':oef;ciftm; y&da'0rD; rawmufavmifap&ef atmufygtwdkif;pmwpfapmifudk {NyDv 30 &ufaeYay;ydkYvkdufonf/ pmygtaMumif;t&mrSm-
rmrDcif-uRefawmfhtavmif;udk tdrfudkr,lygESifh/ b,fudkrSvnf; r,lygESifh/
aoNyD;aom tykyfaumifBuD;[lom w&m;ESifhajzyg/ owdoHa0*&yg/
tedpw&m;ESifhteww&m;rsm;udkom yGm;rsm;yg/ avmurSm b,ft&mrSrNrJyg/ rNrJaom w&m;omvQif NrJonfudk owd&yg/ aoNyD;jzpf rxl;yg/xkdYaMumifh rmrDcif (a':oef;cif) wdkY'ku r&SmygESifhawmh/ aooludk &nf&G,f yif;cHjcif;? &SifjyKjcif;? qGrf;auR;jcif;paom ukodkvfaumif;rIrsm;udkjyKvkyfygu rmrDwdkYrSm ukodkvf &Edkifygonf/ trQtwef;a0ygu ukodkvf&Edkifygonf/ odkYaom ukodkvfa&;rsm;udkom *kpdkufyg rmrDcif/
(yHk) armifapm
EdkifiHawmfvkyfMuHrIw&m;cHrsm;jzpfMuaom cifarmif&if? okc? pdefBuD;? &efBuD;atmif
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
OD;apmtm; ao'Pfay;
vkdufonfhudpESifhywfoufjrefrmjynf bk&ifcHa[mif; qma':refprpf (Sir ReginaldHugh Dorman Smith
[1899-1977]) u jrefrmEdkifiHEdkifiHawmforwBuD; p0fa&TodkufodkYOD;apmtm; ao'Pfay;xm;onfhudpudk oufnmEdkiforQ oufnmpOf;pm;y,fzsufyg&ef oHBudK;pmwpfapmif ay;ydkYvkdufonf[k Mum;od&onf/
xdkuJhodk Yyif OD;apm\toufc sr f ;om&m&a&;twGuf vef'efNrdKU&Sd Ak'bm
om toif;BuD;ESpfoif;rSvnf;EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf ocifEkxHtaMumif;jycsufoHk;&yfjzifh arwm&yfcHaom aMu;eef;pmESpfapmif ay;ydkYcJhavonf/
taMumif;jycsuf (3)ckwGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm-(1) OD;apmuJhodkY ,cifu jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIorkdif;
BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhaom acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tm; toufcsrf;omrIay;Edkif
cJhvQif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;orkdif;wGif 0efBuD;csKyfocifEk\ jrifhjrwfaomapwemrSm &mZ0ifwGif urnf;wif&pfvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;/
(2) t*FvdyfjynfwGif xdkao'PfpD&ifjcif;udk y,fzsuf&ef&Sdae&mt*Fvdyf - jrefrm cspfMunfa&;udk vHk;yrf;vsuf&Sdaom Ak'bmom toif;BuD;\ arwm&yfcHcsufudk vufcHrnfqdkygu cspfMunfa&;ajzmifhjzL;&ef vrf;&Sdygonf/ xdkuJhodkYrjzpfajrmufygu t*Fvdyf-jrefrm cspfMunfa&;rSm ysufjym;zG,f&SdygaMumif;/
(3) ao'Pfay;onfudprSm Ak'bmomw&m;a[mESifh qefYusifonf
okctm;kH;xkwfvmpOf
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
jzpfaMumif;/
ponfjzifh arwm&yfcHcsufwGif yg0ifcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf EkdifiHawmforwBuD;onf EkdifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJUESifhwkdifyifaqG;aEG; arwm&yfcHcsufudk y,fcsvdkufavonf/
xdkYaemuf ao'Pfrsm;udk twnfjyKNyD;aemuf 1948 ckESpf arv 8&uf paeaeYeHeuf tkPfwuf 5 em&D 30 rdepfwGif *VKefOD;apm? armifpdk;?oufESif;ESifh rIefBuD;wdkYudk tif;pdeftusOf;axmiftwGif;&Sd (1) aqmiftaemufbufteD;wGif&Sdaom BudK;pif BudK;ay;cJhonf/ xdkaeYu OD;apm
onf olYtm;aomuf&efay;xm;aom eHeufvufzuf&nfudk tcef; bk&m;qGrf;uyfcJhonf/ za,mif;wkdifoHk;wkdifudkvnf; tcef;xGef;nd ylaZmfcJhao;onf/ NyD;rS tjyifwGifapmifhaeMuaom tusOf;Xmerif;BuD; OD;barmif?OD;oef;EGJU (OD;barmif\ om;? ,cktNidrf;pm;tusOf;Xmerif;BuD;)? axmifq&m0ef? w&m;olBuD;ponfwdkYudk NyHK;TifpGmEIwfqufcJhonf/ xdkaeYu OD;apmonf rmrDBuD;tBudKuf &Srf;abmifbDt0ga&mifudk oyfoyf&yf&yf 0wfpm;xm;onf/ BudK;pif&Sd&modkYxGufcGmvmMu&m bk&m;kyfyGm;awmfwpfql wnfxm;udk;uG,f&mudkvGefvmojzifh jyefvSnfh 'l;wkyf0yfcsuefawmhcJhonf/,if;aemuf BudK;pifbufodkYqufvufxGufcGmvm&mwGif jriforQvludk EIwfqufoGm;cJhonf/ rjrif&oludk ar; EIwfqufcJhaMumif; rSmMum;oGm;onf/tcsdKUu OD;apmtm; jyefvnfEIwfqufpum; qdkae&aomfvnf; pdwfxJuraumif;Muacs/ txl;cHkkH;em,u OD;ausmfjrifhESifhwuG olYtay:wm0eft&aqmif&Guf&onfh olrsm;tm; rkef;xm;rIr&Sdyg[k rSmMum;cJhonf/ xdkYaemufwnfwnfNidrfNidrfyif BudK;pifay:odkYwufoGm;avonf/
BudK;pifay:wGif OD;apmonf ol\vnfyif;udk oludk,fwdkif BudK;uGif;
pGyfvkdaMumif; ajymqdkcJhao;onf/ odkY&mwGif BudK;pifrS wm0efus0efxrf;wdkYu olwdkYwGifom wm0ef&Sdygonf[l jyefajymcJhaomaMumifh OD;apmonfapm'u rwufawmhacs/
OD;apm\aemufqHk;tcsdefudk om,m0wDOD;oef;jrifhu 1971 ckESpfZlvdkifv 15 &ufaeYxkwf tdk;a0*sme,fwGif ==*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;aeY++acgif;pOfjzifh atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;avonf-
==xdkaeYum; 1948 ckESpf arv 8 &ufaeYtkPfOD;yifjzpfonf/
eHeufcif;\ ylaEG;aom tkPfOD;\a&mifjcnfonf cyfqdkif;qdkif; cyfrIdif;rIdif;
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
jzpfaeonf/ tif;pdefaxmifBuD;\ Al;0wGif w&m;a&;XmetwGif;0ef OD;pH
GefY? tusOf;rif;BuD; OD;barmif? &JcsKyf? &Jrif;BuD;rsm;? w&m;olBuD;rsm;?q&m0efrsm;ESifh cGifhjyKcsufjzifh a&muf&SdvmMuaom ppfbufe,fbufrSt&m&Sdrsm;onf pka0;a&muf&SdaeMuavNyD/
tif;pdefaxmifBuD;rs axmifydkifBuD;OD;wifarmifonf a&muf&SdvmMuaom Xmeqdkif&mrsm;tm; c&D;OD;BudKjyKvsuf axmifBuD;twGif;odkY4if;uyifa&SUaqmifac:,loGm;NyD; ,aeYeHeufaerxGufrD tNyD; aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfaom vkyfief;wpfcktwGuf ydyd&d&d trSm;t,Gif;twdrf;tapmif;r&Sdatmif
aqmif&Gufxm;NyD;om;udprsm;udk xyfavmif;ppfaq;Ekdif&ef &Sif;vif;wifjyaeonf/ ,if;udpum; tjcm;r[kwf/ vkyfBuHrIw&m;cH OD;apmwdkYtm;tcsdefrD BudK;rdefYjypf'Pfay;&ef tpDtpOfyifjzpfayonf/
OD;apmonf 4if;\vGwfajrmufa&;udk enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh BudK;pm;cJhao;onf/ odkYaomf ol\BudK;yrf;rIrSeforQ t&mrxifcJh/ txrajrmufcJhay/arQmfvifhcsufukefqHk;onfESifh OD;apmonf olvdkcsifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udkwef;pDum wpfckNyD;wpfck awmif;awmhonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm olYtwGufao'PftwnfjzpfvQif vufxdyfrcwfbJ BudK;pifodkYac:&ef? olwpfOD;wnf;udk OD;qHk;BudK;'Pfay;&ef? 4if;\ b0 ul;aumif;&ef olYtm;bmrQrajymMuawmhbJqdwfNidrfpGmaecGifhjyK&efESifh v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; a&;om;jyKpkxm;aom w&m; pmtkyfrsm;? 'DyeDrsm;udk 0,f,lzwfIcGifhay;&ef arwm&yfcHawmif;qdkcJhonf/
wpfaeYOD;apmESifh 4if;twGuf txl;wm0efcsxm;ol axmift&m&Sdi,f ('kaxmifrSL;) wpfOD;wdkYpum;pyfrdMuonf/ OD;apmu w&m;oHa0*oHygygESifh oG,f0dkufajzmifhcsufay;ouJhodkYajymcJhonfrSm-
==usKyf[m wpfoufvHk;Ak'bmomvdkYajymcJhwmyJ/ 'gayr,fh wu,fawmh rnfumrwAk'bmom0ifrQom jzpfcJhwmudk ckvdk w&m;pmtkyfawGavhvmrdrS ydkNyD;od&w,f/ usKyf[m avmurSm&SdwJh raumif;rIrSeforQrvkyfcJhbl;wmvnf;r&Sdbl;/ avmu&JU cHpm;&r,fh taumif;qHk;awGudkvnf;usKyfrawGYcJhbl;wmvnf; r&Sdbl;/ 'gayr,fh.... ckawGYcJh odcJhwJh w&m;awmf&JU tqDtESpfawGudk usKyfwpfcgrS rawGUcJhzl;bl;++ [k zGifh[0efcHvsuf-
==usKyfrSm tmPm&SdwJh tcsdefwkef;uvnf; bmoma&;udk tav;
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
wpfckavmufom &SdcJhw,f/ usKyfqErSm&Sdwmu usKyftmPmwnfNrJa&;?
BuD;yGm;a&;eJU wkdif;jynfudk usKyfBudKufwJhyHkpHoGif;csifwmyJ usKyfrSm t"dujzpfcJhw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefuom ckawGU&wJh w&m;awmfudkawGUvQif ckvdkvnf;jzpfr,frxifrdbl;++ [k zGifhtHcJhonf/
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OD;atmifaZ,sudk;uG,fcJhwJh ouFef;eufom;eJYxkxm;wJh bk&m;rwf&yfqif;wkawmf[m wefcdk;BuD;w,f/ qkawmif;jynfhw,f/ vdkw&w,f/ &efudkatmifEdkifw,fqdkwJhowif;aMumifh 'Dbk&m;udk r&t& &wJhenf;eJYusKyf,lcJhrdw,f/ 'gayr,fh udk;uG,fvdkvdkY? MunfndKo'geJYyifhcJhwmr[kwfbl;/ usKyftusdK;twtwGufomMunfhNyD; ,lcJhwmyJ/ 'Dawmh qif;wkawmfudk omrefrQom udk;uG,frItqifhwGifr[kwfbJ usKyf&JU taqmifoabmrsdK;yJ xm;cJhrdw,f/ tJ'g usKyf&JU r[mtrSm;BuD;ygyJ/ aemufrSod&mwmu tJ'D qif;wkawmfBuD;[m wefcdk;BuD;oavmuf tvGefcdkufw,fqdkwmod&awmhaemufus oGm;NyD/ 'Dawmh usKyf[m t*FvdyftusO;fom;jzpfvkduf? aoewfajcmif;ajrmif;ypf cHvkduf&eJY aemufqHk; cktajctxd jzpfcJhwmyJ/ aemufusKyf'DxJa&mufrS tJ'Dqif;wkawmfBuD;udk a&Twd*HkapwDawmf paeaxmifhrSmausmif;aqmifwpfckeJYvSL'gef;vkduf&w,f++ [k 0rf;enf;pGm ajymjycJhavonf/ 4if;bk&m;tm; OD;apmudk o&P*HkwifpOfrS a&pufcsoGm;cJhonf/tqdkyg bk&m;qif;wkawmfonf xl;qef;pGmaysmufqHk;oGm;avonf/(pma&;ol)
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OD;apm\ BudK;wdkufuav;onf "mwfrD;a&mif? qDrD;a&mifrsm;aMumifhvif;oa,mif&Sdaeavonf/ BudK;wkdufa&SUodkYuRefawmfta&mufwGif OD;
apmonf tNyHK;jzifh qD;BudKEIwfqufonf/ BudK;wkduftwGif;&SdOD;apm\
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
qif;wkawmfuav;wGif qDrD;ywfvnf? aumfzDqGrf;? rkefYqGrf;rsm;jzifh yef;?
a&csrf;rsm;yg a0a0qmqm uyfxm;onfudk awGU&onf/OD;apm\ tpm;taomufwm0efudk wm0ef,l&aom tusOf;om;
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onf/ usefcJhaom olydkifypnf;uav;rsm;udk olay;vdkolrsm;\ trnfjzifh,SOfvQuf olYckwifay:wGif wef;pDwifxm;cJhNyD; 4if;ESifh twl&Sdaeaomt&m&Sdi,f wpfOD;tm; vTJtyfcJhao;onf/
axmifrSL;BuD;OD;pHwifonf BudK;usw&m;cHrsm;0wfqif&pNrJjzpfonfhtustjzLausmuGJ (0wfkHjzL) udk vufwpfzufwGif wifvsuf usefvufwpfzufrS OD;apm\ BudK;wkdufoHwHcg;aomhudk zGifhrnfjyKpOf-
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
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wGJac:&m BudK;pifodkYom wef;wef;rwfrwf wufoGm;awmhonf/BudK;pifrSm (2) a,muf wpfNydKifwnf;ay;Ekdifaom ESpfckwGJjzpfaomf
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OD;apmudptNyD; axmifrSL;axmifMuyfwdkYNcH&HvQuf rIefBuD;tm; BudK;wkdufrS qGJxkwfvmMujyefonf/ olaecJhaom BudK;wdkufeH&H rIefBuD;onf==owf&J&if ao&J&rnf -1947++ [l urnf;xdk;xm;cJhonf/ onfrSm*VKefOD;apm\ aqmifyk'fjzpfonf/ olonf olYacgif;aqmifBuD;udk aemufqHk;tcsdeftxd av;pm;oGm;yHk&onf/ olYudkvnf; 0wfkHjzLausmuGJBuD;0wfvQuf',D;',dkif vufxdyfryg BudK;pifay:odkYa&muf&Sdvmonf/ vufxdyfrcwfonfhtaMumif;rSm OD;apmtdrfodkY0ifa&mufpD;eif;pOfu olu aoewfckcHypf
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
rIefBuD;onf acgif;pGyfxJrSmyif ol\rjywfao;aom ajymvufp
pum;udk usefb,fvufwpfudk ajrmuf&if; ==uRefawmfwdkYacgif;aqmifBuD;[m++ [l tpcsDaepOfrSmtyif oleif;xm;aom oHjym;BuD;rSm a'gufjzKwfvkdufaomaMumifh yGifhusoGm;NyD; *sdKif;[laom toHESifhtwl olYq&macgif;aqmifBuD;ESifhtwl ab;csif;,SOfvQuf 4if;\b0udk ed*Hk;csKyfvkduf&&Smavonf++ [l a&;om;xm;avonf/
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
axmif (,ckolemjyKwuodkvf) twGif;&Sd BudK;pifwGif wcsdefwnf;vdk BudK;
ay;cJhavonf/ pdefBuD;onf nuwnf;u ==aemufaeYus&if wdkYc&D;&SnfoGm;&awmhr,f++ [k aemufajymifaeonf/ xdkpOfu pdefBuD;onf touf 21ESpf&SdNyD; BudKUyifaumufNrdKUom;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf rif;wkdifyiftrwfa[mif;ESifh jrLeDpy,f pDtD;tdk (trIaqmift&m&Sd) vlBuD;vkyfcJhaom OD;armifBuD;\om;jzpfonf/ BudKUyifaumufNrdKU t*Fvdyfjrefrm pmoifausmif;rS 7 wef;atmifjrifcJhNyD; 1942 ckESpf *syefacwf ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (bD'Dat) wGif Adkvfuav;tjzpf ppfrIxrf;cJhonf/ ,if;aemuf usef;rma&;
raumif;ojzifh wyfrSEIwfxGufvkduf&onf/BudK;ray;rD tcsdefwGif pdefBuD;ac: armifpdefu rdrdESifh taygif;ygwdkYOD;apm\pum;udk em;axmifrd vkyfBuHrdMuaMumif;? 4if;taeESifh b0qufwkdif; OD;apmvdkvlrsdK;ESifh rawGUqHk&ygapESifh[k wkdifwnfoGm;NyD; ==vkyf&J&ifcHcJh&rnf++ rdrdwdkYAdkvfcsKyfwdkYtm; owfonfrSmrSefaMumif;ESifh xdkodkYowf&jcif;rSm OD;apmapcdkif;csuft& owf&aMumif;++ udk oufqdkif&m yk*dKvfrsm;udkajymjyNyD;aemuf ==toufa& igajymxm;wJhtwkdif; vkyfxm;a[h? igvmcJhNyD++[k atmf[pfoGm;avonf/
pdefBuD;ac: armifpdef\ vkyfBuHrItaMumif;ajymoGm;onfhudpudk vlwkdif;em;vnfEkdifMuaomfvnf; ==toufa& igajymxm;wJhtwkdif; vkyf
xm;a[h? igvmcJhNyD++ [laompum;\ t"dyg,fwdkYudk vltrsm; em;vnfcsifem;vnfayvdrfhrnf/ vdyfywfvnfatmif&Sif;jy&tHk;rnf/ odkYrS
om Zmwf&nfvnfayvdrfhrnf/
armifpdefac: pdefBuD;ac: vSatmif\zcifrSm yJcl;wkdif; BudKUyifaumufNrdKUwGif vlodxif&Sm;aom OD;armifBuD;\
pdefBuD;ac: armifpdef
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
wpfOD;wnf;aomom;jzpfonf/ OD;armifBuD;ESifhOD;apmonf tvGef&if;ESD;
onfh rdwfaqGrsm;jzpfMuonf/ OD;armifBuD; towfcH&NyD;aemuf rdcifjzpfola':ESif;onf om;jzpfolpdefBuD;udk wcsdefuaus;Zl;&SdcJhzl;aomaMumifh om;jzpfoltm; tppt&m&m vdrma&;jcm;&Sdap&efESifh vdktyfovkd cdkif;ap&efOD;apmxHtyfESHcJhonf/ OD;apmtdrfodkYa&mufvQifa&mufcsif; OD;apmu pdefBuD;tm; opma&aomufcdkif;onf/ odkYjzifh pdefBuD;onf OD;apmapcdkif;csuft&vkyfBuHrIwGifyg0ifvmjcif;jzpfonf/
vli,fb0 pdefBuD;rSm rdrdZmwdBudKUyifaumufNrdKU i,f&nf;pm;&Sdonf/
pdefBuD;onf t,lcHy,fcscH&NyD;aemuf BudK;ay;&ef&ufeD;vmcgeD; oufqdkif&m tusOf;OD;pD;0efxrf;rsm;udk 4if;\ i,f&nf;pm;ESifh awGUvdkaMumif; tcGifhta&;awmif;qdkcJhonf/ xdktcg oufqdkif&mu txuftmPmydkifrsm;xHcGifhyef 4if;&nf;pm;udk &efukefaxmiftwGif;odkYac:,lum axmifydkifBuD;ESifh tusOf;0efxrf;rsm; a&SUwGif 4if;wdkYESpfOD;tm; arv 7 &uf aomMumaeYwGif awGUqHkcGifhay;cJhonf/ xdkpOfu axmifydkifBuD;ESifh 0efxrf;rsm; a&SUwGifpdefBuD;u 4if;\ i,f&nf;pm;tm; vifa,mufsm;r&SdvQif vlapmfum;cH&vdrfhrnf/ 4if;BudK;ay;cH&NyD;aemuf oifhawmfonfh a,mufsm;wpfa,mufudktjrefqHk; vufxyf,l&efajym&m 4if;&nf;pm;u 4if;\wpfoufwmwGifa,mufsm;r,lvdkawmhaMumif; pdefBuD;uvnf; 4if;\ pum;udk em;axmif&efwGifwGifrSmMum;aeavonf/
xdkYaemuf pdefBuD;u rdrd&nf;pm;udk orD;&nf;pm;jzpfcJhcsdefrS ,aeYwdkifwpfcgrQrerf;zl;aMumif;ESifh ao&cgeD; wpfBudrfwpfcg yg;udk erf;oGm;vdkaMumif;ajym&m oufqkdif&myk*dKvfwdkYu rdef;uav;u cGifhjyKvQif erf;EdkifaMumif; ajymjyonf/ cGifhjyKvQif pdefBuD;u yg;ESpfzufpvHk;udk rerf;bJ opm
&SdpGm 1500 arwmjzifh wzufomerf;NyD; usefyg;wpfzufudk 4if;udk,lrnfhcifyGef;avmif;twGuf oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;xm;cJhaMumif; tm;vHk;a&SUwGifoufaoxloGm;cJhavonf/ 4if;aemuf BudK;pifwufonfhaeY BudK;ay;onfhtcsdefavmufwGif 4if;\&nf;pm;jzpfolonf tif;pdefaxmiftwGif;&Sd 0efxrf;tdrfwpfae&m t&ufwpfcGufESifh rD;ndNyD;aom pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudkpdefBuD;rSmxm;onfhtwkdif; jyKvkyfxm;&m BudK;pifay: a'gufrjzKwfciftwGif;rSmyif pdefBuD;u -
==toufa& igajymxm;wJhtwkdif; vkyfxm;a[h? igvmcJhNyD++ [laom
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
atmf[pfoHESifhtwl 5 em&DwdwdwGif toufaysmufoGm;csdefyif pdefBuD;
twGuf iSJUxm;aomt&ufcGufxJrS t&ufrsm; vIdif;xouJhodkU ododomomvIyfvmNyD; pD;u&ufrSmvnf; vlwpfa,muf aomufaeonfhtvm; rD;cdk;rsm; waxmif;axmif;xaeonfudk awGU&onf/ pdefBuD;udk,fwkdif t&ufESifhpD;u&ufudk aomufaeouJhodkYxl;qef;pGm jrifawGU&avonf/
pdefBuD;ac: armifpdefonf t&ufudkvnf;BudKuf? pD;u&ufudkvufxJurcs wvdyfNyD;wvdyf rD;cdk;rjywfatmif aomufwwfaom ChainSmoker wpfOD;jzpfavonf/ pdefBuD;\ tqdkyg i,f&nf;pm;qdkolrSm
aemifwGif e0w? etztpdk;&acwfrS ,aeYwkdif bDvD,sHESifhcsD csrf;om
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
1947 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 29 &ufaeY aeYvnf 1 em&D 25
rdepfwGif txl;cHkkH; &efBuD;atmifu atmufygtwdkif; ajzmifhcsufay;cJhonf-
==rdrdonf OD;apmESifh wlt&D;awmfaMumif;? tkwfzdkNrdKUodkYOD;apmvmpOfrdrdonf OD;apmtdrf tjcm;vlrsm;awGU& twlae&onf/ &efBuD;Edkifudkrdrdac:vm OD;apmtdrf0if;xJrSmyif aexdkifygonf/ uRefawmfwdkYtm;okcuwkdifay;aomopmudk vkdufqdk&ygonf/ uRefawmfhtm; OD;apmudk,fwkdif aoewfypfoifay;ygonf/ udkbGefYumuD ykvdyft0wftpm;ESifh
avmf&Dum;wpfpD;pm pwif;*ef;rsm;,lvmygonf/ uRefawmfu trJqDokwfNyD; aowmwGifxnfhNyD; tdrfrSmxm;&ygonf/ aemuf ,rf;awmifhaowm 18 vHk; udkbGefYwdkY,lvm OD;apmtdrf0if;xJu a&uefxJodkYcsxm;vkduf&ygonf/
Zlvdkif 19 &uf eHeufapmapm OD;apmu uRefawmfhudk vmEId;NyD; ppf0wfppfpm;ay;ygonf/ udkpdk;u uRefawmf\tusykcHk;rSm jcaoFh wHqdyfwyfay;ygonf/ udkpdk;? udkoufESif;? udkrIef? udkokcwkdYvnf; ppf0wfppfpm;eJYawGU&ygonf/ udkpdk;? udkoufESif;? udkrIefwdkYrSm awmfrD*ef;wpfvufpDeJYawGUygonf/ uRefawmfhudkac: igypfckdif;&if ypf&rnf[kajymNyD; *spfum;ESifh Zlvkdifv 19 &uf eHeuf 10 em&DwGif OD;apm\tdrfrS xGufvmcJhygonf/OD;apmu t*Fvdyf Good LuckvdkYajymygonf/ twGif;0efkH;a&mufawmhAdkvfcsKyftcef;twGif;odkYudkpdk;ESifh udkpdefwdkYu t&if0ifNyD; 0efBuD;rsm;udk'l;axmufNyD; ypfygonf/ tcef;xJrS xGufvmaomtcg avSum;BuD;em;wGifajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifh vlwpfa,mufudkawGU aoewfwpfcsufqGJvkduf&m 2csuf 3 csuf xGufoGm;ygonf/ xdrSefrrSef *krxm;awmhbJ qif;vmMuNyD;
*spfum;ESifh tdrfodkY jyefygonf/ vrf;rSm tusrsm;cRwfMuygonf/ tdrfa&mufawmh OD;apmu ae&mus&JUvm;[k ar;? udkpdk;u tm;vHk;tdkau[kjyefajymygonf++
odkYaomf &efBuD;atmifrSm vkyfBuHrIBuD;ESifh ywfouf yxrwGif txufygtwkdif; [kwfwdkif;rSef&mrsm;udk ajzmifhcsufay;NyD;rS aemufydkif; bl;uG,fypfcJhavonf/
4if;wdkYBudK;ray;rD &efukefaxmifBuD; BudK;wkduf armifpdef (c) pdefBuD;
ESifhtwl tcef;csif;uyf xm;cJhonf/ pdefBuD;rSm BudK;ay;rcHrD r*Zif;
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
pmtkyfrsm;awmif;? pD;u&ufrsm;awmif;? aemufqHk; 4if;&nf;pm;a[mif;ESifh
awGUoGm;vkdaMumif; tcGifhta&;rsdK;pHk awmif;qdkoGm;aomfvnf; &efBuD;atmifrSm bmrQrawmif;onfhtjyif at;aq;pGm bk&m;tmkHjyKum ykwD;pdyfbm0emyGm;rsm;aecJhonf/ aemufqHk; BudK;ay;rnfh eHeufa0vDa0vif; 5em&Dtcsdefyif 4if;tdyfaom oHukwifxdyfabmifay:wGif bk&m;qDrD;rsm;ylaZmfxGef;nd BuHKUBuHKUuav; bk&m;0wfjyKaeonfudk 0efxrf;rsm;awGU&Sd&onf/ BudK;ay;&efeD;vm 4if;tm;ac:xkwfonfhtcgvnf; Nidrfoufat;aq;pGm vkdufygoGm;cJhonf/ axmif0efxrf;ESifh axmifrSL;wdkYtm; 4if;
pdyfcJhaom pdyfykwD;ESifh pmuav;wpfapmifudk ay;tyfum 4if;aemufqHk;0wfxm;onfh &SyftusESifhvkHcsnfuav;udk zcifjzpfolxH qufqufydkYay;&efrSmMum;oGm;avonf/
4if;onf vkyfBuHrIBuD;wGif yg0ifusL;vGefaMumif; aemufqHk;aeYrS 0efcHoGm;avonf/ BudK;ay;NyD;aemuf 0efxrf;rsm;u 4if;aexdkifcJhaom BudK;wkdufteD;rS jzwfoGm;pOf 4if;tcef; xGef;ndxm;aom bk&m;qDrD;rsm;rSm tcsdKUNidrf; tcsdKUNidrf;vkNidrf;cif rSdwfwkwf rSdwfwkwf jzpfaeonfudk awGU&avonf/ qDrD;rsm;tm;vHk; rNidrf;ciftcsdefuav;rSm &efBuD;atmif\ ZD0defum;csKyfNidrf;oGm;onfrSm ocFg&w&m;oabmt& avmujzpfpOf[lorQonfrsOf;ajzmifhtoGifjzpfMuonfr[kwf puf0ef;toGifjzifh jzpfMujcif; jzpf\/xdkYaMumifh ==udk,fjyKaomuHyJhwifoHudk,fhxHjyefvmrnf++ [laom ed,mrtwkdif; &efBuD;atmifonf oljyKaomuHtwkdif; oljyefcH oGm;cJh&avonf/
&efBuD;atmif olYzcifxH ay;cJhaompmrSm-==taza&.... tazhtaeeJYawmh om;twGuf rcsdrqefYy#da'0rD;
awG awmufavmifaerSmtrSefyJ/ uRefawmfBudK;rdefUcscH& NyD; t,lcHy,fvkduf
NyDqdkwJh owif;Mum;&uwnf;u aeYpOf ykwD;pdyf w&m;xdkifcJh&m ,ckw&m;&cJhygNyDtaz/ aojcif;w&m;udk vlwdkif;BuHK&r,fqdkayr,fh 'DvdktjzpfrsdK;eJYawmh om;raocsifwmuawmh trSefygyJtaz/ 'gayr,fh udk,fjyKcJhwJhtrItwGuf wpfaeYudk,fjyefcH&r,fqdkwmudk om;... w&m;&cJhygNyD/ om;udk,fhtjypfaMumifh ao&rSmudk wpufrSraMumufygbl;/ usaemfaeYwkdif;pdyfcJhwJh ykwD;av;? raocif0wfxm;wJh tuseJYvHkcsnfav;awGudk ,ckpmeJYtwl tazhxH om;tyfESHcJhygw,f/ nDav;awGBuD;vmwJhwpfaeYusaemfay;
cJhwJh ykwD;? t0wftpm;eJYpmudkjyNyD; usaemfhvdk rrdkuf&ef qHk;ray;ygvdkY
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
om;dkaoav;jrwfpGm uefawmhcJhygw,ftaz/om;&efBuD;atmif
&efBuD;atmif\pmudk aoaocsmcsmzwfMunfhygu aphaphawG;vQifa&;a&;ay:qdkovdk oHa0*w&m;rsm;&NyD;&if;&cJhMurnf xifygonf/avmu vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufonfhudprsm;udk rvkyfcJhaomf odkYr[kwf rvkyfoifhrvkyfxkdufonfudk jyKvkyfcJhrdygu aemufwcsdefwGif ylyefae&rnfrSmrvGJyif/ ,if;udkyif =aemifw w&m;+ [k ac:a0:cJhMuonf/ aemifrS =w+&aom aemifwonfum; awmifhwoltzdkYtcgaESmif;cJhNyDr[kwfygavm/
rnfodkYqdkap... 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &uf paeaeYwGifvkyfBuHowf jzwfcJhaom vkyfBuHrIw&m;cHrsm;onf 1948 ckESpf arv 8&uf paeaeYwGifyif Zmwfodrf;oGm;cJh&onf/ paeom; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfvnf; paeaeYrSmyif usqHk;cJh&ojzifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;uHMurmwpfckvHk;
onf paeN*dK[farT oGm;cJhavoavm[k awG;xifaerdygawmhonf/
*VKefOD;apmtm; 1948 arv (8) &ufeHeuf5 em&D35 rdepfwGiftif;pdefA[dktusOf;axmifBuD;twGif;&Sd(1) aqmifteD;&SdBudK;pif BudK;ay;&ef
jyifqifaepOf
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tavmif;tm; aetdrfwGif
awGY&Sd&pOf
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;cJhpOfu1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &uf paeaeYeHeuf 10 em&D 35 rdepftcsdef
wGif vlowform;wdkY\vufcsufjzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; usqHk;cJh&onf/ usqHk;onfrS 2012 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeYqdkvQif 65 ESpfwkdifcJhNyDjzpfonf/ usqHk;pOfu AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;\toufonf 32 ESpfausmfom &Sdao;onf/ tu,f toufxif&Sm;&SdaevQif,cktcsdefwGif 97 ESpft&G,fcefY&Sdayrnf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;b0odkYa&mufrvmrD ocifatmifqef;b0&SdpOf
ewfarmufNrdKU w&m;yGJwpfck AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u -==usKyft&m&SdBuD;vnf;rvkyfcsif? armfawmfum;BuD;vnf;rpD;csif? usKyf
vdkcsifwmu Armhajrudk ArmawGjyef&a&;eJYvlwdkif;vlwdkif; vlwef;aph aeEdkifxdkifEdkifa&;yJvdkcsifw,f++
[l zGifh[ajymqdkcJhonf/ ,if;odkYajymonfhtwkdif;yif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf udk,fusdK;pGefYvQuf wdkif;jynftwGuf tepftemcHum tpOfwpdkuf BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufvmcJhonfudk jynfolvlxku aumif;pGmcHpm;
od&SdMuonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudk av;pm;cspfcifMuonf/ ,HkMunfudk;pm;Muonf/ jrwfEkd;Muonf/ ,if;odkY&SdqJwGif AdkvfcsKyfwdkYusqHk;oGm;cJh&mawma&mNrdKUygrusef jynfrawmifwef;tESHUtm;vHk;aomjynfolvlxkBuD;rSmBudrfrD;tHk;yrm 0rf;enf;aMuuGJrqHk; &SdcJhMuonf/ ESajrmowrqHk; &SdMuonf/,lusHK;r&jzpfcJh&onf/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyif e,fcsJUvufyg;ap *VKefOD;apmESifholYwynfhvlowform;tay: trsufa'go aygufuGJcJhMuonf/
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
1945 rwf27&ufaeYu awmfvSefa&;wyfrsm;tm; a&SYwef;ppfrsufESmodkYrydkYrD
vdkufvHppfaq;MunfhIaepOf
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;ESifhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU vef'efNrdKUrS &efukefodkYjyefa&mufvmaomtcgwGif ==atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf++udk twnfjyK&ef cufcufcJcJBudK;pm;&avonf/ NAdwdef\vdkufavsmfcsufrSm
zqyv tzGJUcsKyf\ rlvawmif;qdkcsuf rsm;xuf rsm;pGJavsmhenf;aeav
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
onf/ tcsdefwGif uGefjrLepfygwDESifh jynfolY&JabmfwdkYrSm tBuD;tus,f
tHk
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
oGm;NyD;aemuf vydkif;twGif; 1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeYpaeaeYn7 em&D 15 rdepftcsdefwGif jrefrmjynfbk&ifcHudk,fwdkif jrefrmEdkifiHtoHvTifhXmerS txl;owif;wpf&yfaMunmvdkufavawmhonf/
==1947 Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeYeHeuf 10 em&D 30 rdepf trIaqmifaumifpDtzGJU0if 0efBuD;tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf 0efBuD;rsm;tm; owfjzwfvkyfMuHMu onfhtaMumif;udk jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdkYtm; uREfkyfu txl;0rf;enf;pGmjzifh ajymMum;&ygaMumif;? eHeuf 10 em&DcGJomomavmufwGifpufaoewfrsm;udk udkifaqmifolwdkYonf tpnf;ta0;tcef;xJodkY 0if
a&mufvm twGif;&Sdvlrsm;udkypfcwfaMumif;? 'kwd,OuX OD;atmifqef;ESifhwuG ocifjr? ref;bcdkif? OD;bcsdK? ty'l&mZwf? OD;b0if;? p0fpHxGef;?twGif;0if OD;tkef;armifESifh oufawmfapmifh udkaxG;wdkYaoqHk;MuaMumif;++
AdkvfcsKyfwdkYvkyfMuHcH&NyD[laom owif;qdk;BuD;onf wpfjynfvHk;odkYwifr[kwf csif;yHsUESHYoGm;avawmhonf/ &efukefwGif vkyfMuHrIBuD;ay:aygufNyD;em&Dydkif;twGif; odMu&avonf/
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;rSmvnf; owif;udk Mum;&aomtcg
tvGefpdwfxdcdkufoGm;avonf/ atmif;qef; raeYwpfaeYuyJ tdrfvmoGm;
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
ao; onf[kvnf; q&mBuD;u atmufarhrdavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfwdkYusqHk;NyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyf\tdkuft&mudkqufcHaom ocifEkonf wpfaeYwGif ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;xHvma&muf tusdK;taMumif;ajymjy avonf/ xdktcg q&mBuD;u ...
==atmifqef;romtwGuf igaiGawmhrwwfEdkifbl;uGm/ 'DuAsmwpfyk'feJY pmtkyfom,loGm;ayawmh++ [k qdkum rdrda&;om;xm;aom==tmZmenfAdrmefuAsm++ ESifh pmtkyfudk ocifEkvufodkYay;tyfvdkufavonf/
tmZmenfAdrmeft"dXmefukodkvfawmfBuD;[k q&mBuD;u trnfwyfxm;aom ,if;pmtkyfa&mif;&aomtjrwfaiGudk tmZmenfAdrmeftwGufq&mBuD;u vSL'gef;ygonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ tqdkygpmtkyfudk jrefrmhtvif;yHkESdyfwdkufdkufESdyfNyD; wpftkyfvQif 1 usyfEIef;jzifh jzefYcsdcJhavonf/
tmZmenfAdrmefav;csdK;uAsmwGif wwd,tcsdK;rygjzpfaeojzifhaemiftcgwGif q&maZmf*sDu q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;tm;jyefar;&mq&mBuD;u ==a[.. [kwfvm;/ q&mvJ tJ'Dtcgu a&;oma&;& pdwfuw,fraumif;ygbl;uGm++ [kajym wwd,tcsdK;udk jyefvnfa&;ay;vdkufygonf/
odkYuvdkY 1947 Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeYwGif *VKefOD;apm\ aemufvdkufwynfhrsm;\vufcsufjzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;usqHk;cJhav&m q&mBuD;onf tvGefaMuuGJ0rf;enf;onfhtavsmuf==tmZmenfAdrmef#Dum++ udka&; atmufygtwdkif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhavonf/
(1)
aMomf ... taqmifaqmifeef;awGMuiSmef;awGESifhaESmtacgifrjref;cifu
atmifpmwrf;csdKUapzdkY? atmifyef;ndKU&&SmwJhawmifwref;wdkYArmrSm ta[mif;oHo&m
tikwfawGESifhatmifqef;wdkYromr,m[m4if;uHMurmtvkyfayxifh
aomif;jref;r&PprkwfrSmawmh
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
csKyfoeJY,if;tvdkwGif
a'gif;tvHy0gtkyfygvdkYusKyfjzifhoN*K[fcsif/ /
(2)aMomf ... wynfht&if;awGrdkY
u0drwif;EdkifbkuJGUowduif;um rsuf&nfususNyD;cufuNyDvufqnfvdkYr&Edkifbk
aomubavmifqlawmhawmifZrLyk*HacwfqDu,acgifrl,refoepfawGaygh
&eftjzpfruGJYraES;oaemf waomif;'DZrL&rf;aeMuusef&pfwJhajr;awmftavmif;pnfol&Jheef;udkjzifhvlMurf;"g;jyawGMurf;vm&rf;vmwJhta&;wGifrS
ab;taygif;BuD;pGJa0'emtpHkeJYaoG;acsmif;pD;um ao&SmyHk&Jhjyif
a&TjrefrmbHkrSm trif;rif;orwawGeJYowif;vScJhwJhtif;0&mZm trGefomvGefrif;udkrS
om;&if;&Sifwkwfu,fu&Sifbk&ifvkyfr,ftus,fZ,m;wGifjzifh
'0,fom;awGAdkvf0ifcHvdkYrdkY[dkt&if,refeef;awmfpD;pOfu
tysufBuD;ysufum toufcEmawGqHk;yHkeJY
wxHk;aemufweJrSmawmhrif;&JeErdwfcrsmrSm nDoeif;ayayhg
jynfrif;*kPfcHvdkYrIefrIefqefqefykefuefwJhtwdkif;&Jhjyif
wvdkif;e,fa&TjynfwcGifrawmh"rapwDbk&ifvufxufwkef;qDuvufkef;&nfwodef;vQrf;aywJh
ordefA&rf;qdkolppfAdkvfcsKyfudkjzifh
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
r[kwfwkwfaumifawavwap?udkufwmeJY
aMomf.. azGazG&Sm&Sm rausp&mayayghaESmra&r&mao&Gmqdkufovdkygh
tcdkuftcgwlvdkYrdkYq&mwrlrMumrMumvGrf;&ygwJhbr&mtqlqlMumMuiSmef;awGESifh
jrefrmZrLtnmref;awGjzifh
igwvligo&rf;a&mhr[JhvdkYomcef;yvifnGef;NyD;jrifuGef;ydkifolykefxpOfuMuHK&olromawmfESifh
yrmaomfwlw,fvdkYEdIif;rdw,fdkif;oeJYtwdwf,cifvdkaemfuG,f
pudkif;wyJh*dkPf;tzGJUawGeJYrIdif;&Jhpdwfxif/
(3)rif;pdwfrif;rmeftMuHtzefwif;vdkufyHku
t*Fvdyf,if;*syefESpfwef&Sif;ygvdkY&efcyif;udkwJharmif;umESif
a'gif;jrefrmwpfcGifrSmjzifh txuf,cifoabm(tdk;uG,f) waumif;&mZ0ifudkwJh qufcsifoabm/
(4)eef;NrdKUwnf&ef
rSef;vdkY&nfumoefwJhnDvmcHAdkvfIyGJwGifrS
xdkxdkvlcyJudkrMunfndKwJ0oDtvdk wajz;ajz;l;r[JhvdkY
waEGaEGrl;rl;NyD; acG;bD;vl;vdktaumifrdkufawGu
aMomf ... tarSmifpdkufu,fESifh
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
ajymifajymifyJNrdKufrayghvdkY
ajAmifudkufo[mrSm ,m,D,MwmtcsdefeJYZmwmrSdefvdkYrdkY*PmrNidrfwm0wH d,Gef;MuayghajzrMunfae&DawmhvGrf;apbdkY
jrefrmhjynfay:udk "rpnfawmf&Grf;csdefrdkYtpGrf;ukefonfwpfcgjzifh
jynf&GmnDnmbdkYtvkyfayayghokefwHcGefapmif;&&SmwJh
kyftusefckESpfavmif;&,fESifhtvGefaumif;pGmurmwnfrnfhtmZmenfAdrmefykxdk;udkjzifhyg&rDt"d|mefwpfrsdK;&,fESifh&Spfcdk;umq&muefawmhcsif&Jh
jrefrmrawmhylp&mbdkYwAsL[matmifcref;wGifrSvlrormtarSmifoef;csdefrdkY
aomifurf;rdkYrdkYqDu.
azmifeef;ul;wdkYESifh taMu'*kefwnf;[laoma&pkefajrmav&Jh
aMomf ... awmifeef;ajrmufeef;taqmifaqmifMuiSmef;eJYtacgif;rjref;&cifu atmifyef;ndKh&&SmwJh
atmifqef;wdkYaoyHk ESajrm / /
ppfNyD;acwfwGif q&mBuD;onf touft&G,fvnf; 70 ausmfNyDjzpftdkrif;rpGrf;jzpfvmonfhtavsmuf pma&;rIuAsmzGJUrI enf;yg;vmonf/1950 jynfhESpfwGif ==tem*wfZmwfcHktdrfruf'd|H#Dum++ onf q&mBuD;a&;om;cJhaom aemufqHk;pmtkyfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif q&mBuD;onf jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGufvnf;aumif;? urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGufvnf;aumif;touft&G,fESifhrrQ tyifyef;cHum vSnfhvnfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ wpfzuf
rSvnf; zufqpf#Dumr[med'gef; urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uAsm? ocifudk,fawmf
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
rIdif;\ arwmywemuAsm ponfwdkYudkom BudKMum;BudKMum; zGJUqdka&;om;cJh
onf/xdkYaemuf 1955 rwfv 22 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUawmfcef;ra&SU
pwmvifNidrf;csrf;a&;qkay;yGJobifusif;y&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m pwmvifNidrf;csrf;a&;qkay;a&; aumfrwDOuXrpwmeDudkavwDcdkaemhAfuq&mBuD;tm; Nidrf;csrf;a&;qkvufrSwfESifh a&TwHqdyfqk tyfESifhcsD;jrSifhcJhonf/Nidrf;csrf;a&;qk wHqdyfESifhtwl q&mBuD;onf qkawmfaiGlbJvfaiGwpfodef;(jrefrmaiG wpfodef;ESpfaomif; ig;axmifusyfcefY) &&Sdonf/
xdkYjyif q&mBuD;tm; 1960 Mo*kwfv 10 &ufaeYwGif *smreD 'Drdku&ufwpforwEdkifiH (ta&SU*smreD) [rf;bdkY'f (Humboldt) *kPfxl;aqmif ynma&;yg&*l (a'gufwmbGJU) udk tyfESif;cJhjyefonf/
,if;aemuf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;zcifBuD;? rsdK;cspfpmqdkq&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf 1964 ckESpf Zlvdkif 23 &uf Mumoyaw;aeYeHeuf 1 em&DcGJwGif vlBuD;a&m*gjzihf uG,fvGefedpa&mufonf/uG,fvGefcsdef om;orD;ESpfa,muf? ajr; 15 a,muf? jrpf 61 a,mufusef&pfcJhonf/ q&mBuD;\
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tmZmenfaeY (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmhorkdif;rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
jyK vTwfawmf txl;t&m&Sd OD;odef;[ef (aZmf*sD)u paeaeYaeYvnfwGif
aqmif;yg;vm,l &efcsdef;xm;onf/ AdkvfcsKyftyg;awmfNrJ AdkvfxGef;vSxHrSvnf; c&D;oGm; aqmif;yg;udk vrf;BuHKvQif,loGm;yg[k rSmxm;vsuf&Sdonf/odkYjzpf AdkvfxGef;vS (wuodkvfae0if;) xH aqmif;yg;0if,l&ef cPwjzKwfpum; pjrnfajymNyD;aemuf q&maZmf*sDxHodkYoGm;rnf[k pdwful;xm;onf/
10 em&Davmufuwnf;u t0wftpm;vJNyD; rdk;twdwfudkapmifhvsuf&Sdonf/ rdk;um;rpJEkdifay/ odkYESifh pm;yGJwGifxkdifum tNyD; rowfao;aom uAsmwpfyk'fudk pyf&if; 11 em&Dxdk;oGm;avNyD/ rdk;um; rwdwfao;ay/
aemufqHk;wGif rdk;pJvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k pdwfcsvdkufNyD; tay:tus xyf0wfum vrf;rBuD;odkYxGufcJhonf/ tqifoifhawGUaom a'gif;wHqdyf wmarGbwfpfum;udk wufpD;onf/ um;xJwGif MunfhjrifwkdifrS vkdufygvmonfxif&aom awmom;oHk;a,mufESifh wkwfrESpfa,mufudkawGU&onf/ um;jywif;wHcg;rsm;rSm ydwfxm;onf/ c&D;onfwdkYum; wdwfqdwfpGmvkdufygvmMuonf/ tjyifbufwGifum; rdk;onf&Gmvsufyif/ THUAGufcsdKifh0Srf;wdkYjzifh >yrf;aom&efukefvrf;um; pdkpGwfvSonf/
um;onf odrfBuD;aps;wGifacw&yfNyD; qufv