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3,3 ′ ,4,4 ′ - Tetrachloroazobenzene Benzene Hydrazine N , N - Dimethylformamide Furfuryl alcohol Pentachlorophenol Styrene Styrene - 7,8 - oxide Diazinon Glyphosate Malathion 3 - Chloro - 2 - methylpropene, technical grade Benzene Hydrazine Pentachlorophenol Quinoline o - Phenylenediamine and o - phenylenediamine dihydrochloride Styrene Styrene - 7,8 - oxide Glycidyl methacrylate Benzene Diazinon Glyphosate Malathion 1 - Bromopropane 2,4 - Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Benzene DDT Hydrazine Lindane N , N - Dimethylformamide TBBPA Pentachlorophenol Malathion 1 - Bromopropane 1 - Bromopropane Ethyl acrylate Melamine Indium tin oxide Welding fumes Night shift work 1 - Bromopropane DDT Lindane TBBPA Welding fumes Malathion Benzene DDT TBBPA 3,3 ′ ,4,4 ′ - Tetrachloroazobenzene Pentachlorophenol Styrene Malathion Hydrazine N,N - Dimethylformamide 3,3 ′ ,4,4 ′ - Tetrachloroazobenzene Ethyl acrylate Pentachlorophenol Styrene Styrene - 7,8 - oxide I - Bromo - 3 - chloropropane 1 - Butyl glycidyl ether Glycidyl methacrylate Night shift work Night shift work Benzene Human carcinogens Electrophilic reactivity The 10 Key Characteristics of Human Carcinogens KZ Guyton, IARC, Lyon, France, and MT Smith, University of California, Berkeley (CA), USA Protein adducts DNA adducts Mutation/single nucleotide variants Structural chromosome alterations/DNA strand breaks (clastogenicity); aneugenicity Copy number variations (duplications, deletions, amplifications, insertions) Inter-/intrachromosomal translocations Microsatellite instability DNA repair capacity Increased expression of activation- induced cytidine deaminase (AID) Global and locus-specific DNA methylation Histone modifications Chromatin remodelling Changes in non-coding RNAs Oxidative damage to DNA Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation Nrf2-ARE-dependent gene expression response Inflammatory signalling Haematology Tissue inflammation Immunophenotyping of T-cells and NK-cells Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity Natural killer (NK) cell activity Systems immunology Generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells Activates or antagonizes receptors Alters receptor expression Interacts with receptors Receptor activation Alters ligand synthesis Alters ligand synthesis, clearance, distribution, or levels Alters in vitro transformation activity Alters cellular senescence markers Telomere length and telomerase activity Alterations in stem cell genes Proliferation/hyperplasia Cell proliferation Evasion or reduction of apoptosis Angiogenesis Glycolytic (Warburg) shift Financial support The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the US National Institutes of Health (U01 CA33193, KZG; NIEHS Superfund Research Program grant NIH P42ES004705, MTS), contract 17-E0023 from the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment of California EPA (MTS), and the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Innovation “EaSI” (2014–2020) (KZG). The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): MTS has served as a consultant and expert witness in US litigation involving chemical and pharmaceutical exposures and various disease outcomes, including neuropathies and cancer. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of their respective institutions or of the European Commission. Reference to commercial products or services does not constitute endorsement. monographs. iarc.fr Key characteristics 1. Is electrophilic or metabolically activated 2. Is genotoxic 3. Alters DNA repair or causes genomic instability 4. Induces epigenetic alterations 5. Induces oxidative stress 6. Induces chronic inflammation 7. Is immunosuppressive 8. Modulates receptor-mediated effects 9. Causes immortalization 10. Alters cell proliferation, cell death, or nutrient supply Agents recently classified by IARC, Vols 112-125 Yellow assays in experimental systems in vivo Orange assays in experimental systems in vivo and in humans in vitro Green assays in experimental systems in vivo and in vitro Purple assays in experimental systems in vivo, in vitro, and in humans in vitro Bold assays in humans in vivo Bold yellow assays in experimental systems and in humans in vivo Dr Kate Z. Guyton is Senior Toxicologist of the IARC Monographs Programme at the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. Dr Martyn T. Smith is a Professor of Toxicology at the University of Berkeley (CA), Director of the Superfund Research Program at Berkeley, and Deputy Director of the Koret Institute of Precision Prevention.
