THE 7TH WORLD HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY CONVENTIONwhtcprague2017.cz/files/WHTC2017-Abstract_Book.pdf ·...

9 – 12 JULY 2017, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC PRAGUE CONGRESS CENTRE, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC

ABSTRACT BOOK

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THE 7 TH WORLD HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY

CONVENTIONTO G E T H E R W I T H

CZECH HYDROGEN DAYS 2017

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THE 7th WORLD HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY CONVENTION TOGETHER WITH CZECH HYDROGEN DAYS 2017, 9 – 12 JULY 2017

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Plenary Lectures 9

PL 1 – FCH-JU: Collaborating to make Fuel Cells and Hydrogen an everyday reality 9

PL 2 – Change in Japan’s energy policy and prospects of hydrogen energy in Japan 9

PL 3 – Advances and Progress in the US DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 9

PL 4 – Renewable hydrogen: Decarbonising solution for the transport and fuel sectors 10

PL 5 – Concentrated Solar Radiation – An option for large scale renewable hydrogen production 10

Keynote Lectures 11

TRS-K01 – Fuel cell buses in Europe: Latest developments and commercialisation pathway 11

TRS-K02 – Hydrogen PEM – Fuel cells for mobile and stationary applications 11

TRS-K03 – The Role of Infrastructure and possible Contribution of Hydrogen in the Energy Transition 12

ENS-K01 – Kinetics of the hydrogen evolution on modified nickel electrodes in alkaline solution 12

ENS-K02 – Innogy’s PtG project – a highly efficient system solution for storing electricity by utilizing hydrogen in the gas infrastructure 13

ENS-K03 – Hydrogen infrastructure: Path to the future 13

ENS-K04 – Smart energy solutions with hydrogen options 13

ENS-K05 – SchIBZ – the largest diesel fuelled fuel cell system for remote application 14

ENS-K06 – RD&D on Hydrogen and Energy Carriers in Japan 14

ENS-K07 – Research and development program of membrane IS process for hydrogen production using solar heat 14

ENS-K08 – Large-scale energy storage for renewables 15

ENS-K09 – Converting the UK gas distribution network from natural gas to 100 % hydrogen – H21 Leeds City Gate 15

CCI-K01 – Thermal conductivity in different PEMFC components and corresponding internal temperature gradients 16

CCI-K02 – Multi-scale modelling tools for fuel cell development 16

CHD-K01 – IEA hydrogen: Technology diplomacy in practice 16

CHD-K02 – Role of regional networking for market introduction of hydrogen and fuel cells 17

CHD-K03 – Use of Hydrogen Powered Vehicles in the Czech Republic – context and recommended measures 17

CHD-K04 – Fuel cell buses; a solution to meet zero emission regulations for transit agencies 17

CHD-K05 - Japan’s policy and activity to promote hydrogen energy 18

Oral presentations 19

Integration of hydrogen technologies in transportation sector in Czech Republic 19

Trade-offs in designing fuel cell systems for automotive application 19

FC REX: Fuel cell range extender with cold start capability for cargo pedelecs 19

Analyses of the holistic energy balance of different fuel cell powertrains under realistic boundary conditions and user behaviours 20

Fuel cell, super-capacitors and power-battery hybrid tram energy management strategy 21

Efficiency effects of two-stage charging for fuel cell systems on the electric drive train 22

The cryo-compressed hydrogen storage designed and built for automotive applications 23

Thermodynamic analysis of the cryo-compressed hydrogen storage technology and experimental validation under real operating conditions in a mobile application 24

Efficient use of hydrogen in a combustion engine 24

Recent developments on quality assurance of fuel cell hydrogen. Ensuring quality, accuracy and traceability 24

An advanced energy management strategy based on equivalent minimum hydrogen consumption for fuel cell/battery hybrid locomotive 25

H2 usage in collocated industrial/mobility applications to create synergetic impact on H2 economics. Focus on material handling vehicles 26

Viability analysis for use of hydrogen as fuel in logistics centers 27

Content


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Cost optimization of hydrogen infrastructure, example of transportation via compressed hydrogen trucks 27

Fuel cell powertrains for transportation – an overview 28

Batteries and hydrogen for heavy transport applications in an industrial park 29

Range analysis of the brazilian hybrid electric-hydrogen fuel cell bus: Simulation and actual performance 29

Well-to-tank analysis of greenhouse gas emissions of hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles 30

Multigas field analyzer directly measures pollutants at HRS for ISO 14687-2 31

A hydrogen corridor for the Pyrenees regions (Project H2PiyR) 32

Systems modeling for dynamic behavior analysis of large scale alkaline water electrolyzer 32

Activity of zirconia on zirconium for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline solution 33

Nickel-molybdenum oxide cathodes for hydrogen evolution in acidic medium 33

IrO2 nanopore MEA for highly efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalyst in SPE 34

Comparative study of cobalt and selenium doped molybdenum sulphide nanostructures, realizing enhanced catalytic activity for electrochemical hydrogen evolution 34

The influence of laser structured nickel meshes on electrochemical losses during oxygen evolution in alkaline water electrolysis 36

Storage of renewable energy in existing infrastructure with Power to Gas 37

Efficiency increase of the power to gas technology by thermally integrating high-temperature steam electrolysis with CO2-methanation – the HELMETH project 37

Analysis of renewable P2H2 energy system configurations using matlab 38

Pilot unit of carbon dioxide methanation using a nickel based catalysts 39

Analyzing the hydrogen production costs of power-to-gas plants in dependence of different power procurement options within the project “Energiepark Mainz” 40

Decarbonizing humanity’s total energy supply requires continental-scale gaseous hydrogen (GH2) and liquid anhydrous ammonia (NH3) Pipeline systems with low-cost storage 40

Synthetic fuels as a store of renewable energy enabled by co-production of H2 and CO in a SOEC system 41

Modified NiO/GDC cermets as possible cathode electrocatalysts for H2O electrolysis & H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis processes in SOECs 42

Efficient hydrogen production for industry and electricity storage via high-temperature electrolysis 42

Thin-film Ir-based supported catalysts for PEM water electrolysis deposited by magnetron sputtering 43

Long-term steam electrolysis with solid oxide cells with up to 23000 h operation 44

Reversible solid oxide cell systems with thermal stack control based on planar heat pipes 45

Small-scale stand-alone renewable hydrogen energy system 46

Building innovative green hydrogen systems in an isolated territory: A pilot for Europe (BIG HIT) 46

Systems analysis and techno-economic assessment of hydrogen energy storage via electrolysis from curtailed renewables: A WECC case study 47

Study on energy management method for photovoltaic/fuel cell/energy storage DC nanogrid 48

Coordinated dispatching of heating and electricity via micro turbine and P2G in active distribution network under high wind power penetration 49

Design of a polygeneration plant based on solar power and solid oxide cells 50

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on in-situ exsolved cathodes in solid oxide electrolysis cells 51

Mathematical simulation of a complex reaction process of H2O-CO2 co-electrolysis in solid oxides electrolysis cell at high temperatures 51

Bifunctional nickel boride films as highly active and robust electrocatalysts for both water reduction and oxidation in basic solutions 51

Membrane alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production from intermittent energy source 52

Dynamic hydrogen release from LOHC for flexible power supply 53

Industrial-scale hydrogen distribution via liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) 53

Chemical utilization of hydrogen from fluctuating energy sources – Catalytic transfer hydrogenation from charged liquid organic hydrogen carriers 54

Comparison of wind-hydrogen energy estimates in strong wind areas based on high precision wind condition observation data 54

A reduced order model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell: A proposal 55

Validation of 1 kWe FC-CHP performance under VDI 4655 reference load profile conditions 55

Real-time implementation of a extremum seeking and constrained GPC strategies for optimal temperature control in open-cathode PEM fuel cell


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system 56

Experimental studies of the effect of cathode diffusion layer properties on a passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) power output 57

Design and experimental study of a novel solar chemical reactor for hydrogen production from continuous solar-driven biomass gasification 57

Photocatalytic conversion of biogas into syngas 58

Production and purification of high purity hydrogen from biogas and water cofeeding by steam-iron process 59

Carbon dioxide reforming of methane over Ni/Mg0.4Al0.4-La0.1Zr0.1(O) catalyst prepared by recombination sol-gel method 59

Carburized Ni/ZrO2 doped with alkaline and alkaline earth metals for CO methanation during water-gas shift reaction 60

Hydrogen production from alcoholic wastes. Life-ECOELECTRICITY Project 61

Improvement in hydrogen storage properties of magnesium borohydride using first principles calculations 61

In-situ neutron imaging of metal hydride composites for hydrogen solid-state storage systems of the next generation 62

In-situ evaluation of the structural change on a metal hydride bed by X-ray computed tomography 62

Hydrogen desorption and mechanism of gamma-AlH3 63

Cooperative effects of Ti-Zr-Fe-Mn alloys to enhance the hydrogen sorption capacity of carbon black 64

Preheating fuel cells at -20°C with metal hydrides using the pressure difference between tank and stack 64

Influence of operational voltage on degradation rate of Pt catalyst in high temperature PEM fuel cell 65

Evaluation of HT-PEM MEAs under load cycling at high current densities 65

Reformed ethanol fuel cell system for backup and off-grid applications – validation of fuel conversion, purification and fuel cell subsystems 66

Hydrogen production kinetics by photooxidation of (NH4)2SO3 and Na2SO3 under pH control 67

Fabrication of mesoporous g-C3N4/TiO2 hollow fibers by atomic layer deposition as a photocatalyst for enhanced hydrogen evolution 67

Low Pt anode for PEMFC 67

SIP energy carriers – ammonia direct combustion 68

SIP energy carriers – research and development of ammonia-fueled solid oxide fuel cell systems 70

SIP energy carriers – basic technology for hydrogen station utilizing ammonia 70

SIP energy carriers – ammonia synthesis process from co2-free hydrogen 70

Effects of process, operational and environmental variables on biohydrogen production using palm oil mill effluent (POME) 71

Biohydrogen production from distillery wastewaters 71

Systematic analysis of different hydrogen production methods, their biomass feedstocks and SOFC applications 72

Improved process kinetics of thermotoga neapolitana hydrogen production through increase of cell concentration 72

Production of hydrogen by autothermal reforming of biogas 73

Energy balance and GHG emission improvements at wastewater treatment plants via novel thermochemical production of H2 73

Room-temperature hydrogen storage via two-dimensional potential well in mesoporous graphene oxide 74

Nitrogen based composite materials for hydrogen storage and effects of additives 74

Increasing H2 volumetric storage capacity in mesoporous MOFs 75

Metal organic framework as the hydrogen storage medium 76

Carbon dioxide as hydrogen carrier: Formic acid and methanol – key compounds in storage and delivery 76

Air heated metal hydride energy storage system design and experiments for microgrid applications 77

Fabrication of Ta3N5 – ZnO Z-scheme photocatalyst for hydrogen generation 78

Dye and Cu-CuO nanomaterials coupling sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays for enhanced optical absorption and photocatalytic H2 production activity 79

Facile fabrication of titania-ordered cubic mesoporous carbon composite: Effect of Ni doping on photocatalytic hydrogen generation 80

RGO-CdZnS-Pt as active photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution from water under solar energy 80

The IAEA HEEP: Description and benchmarking 81

High temperature electrolysis performance maps and extension to techno-economic analysis for hydrogen cost optimization 81

Nuclear hydrogen production through iodine sulfur process in China 81

Effective heat management of rectangular metal hydride tanks for green building applications 82


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FCEV as power plant: Techno-economic scenario analysis of renewable integrated transport and energy system for smart cities in two climates 82

A scenario design of technology implementation considering regional characteristics: A case study on hydrogen energy in Japan 85

Development of power management system for mobile UPS based on the PEM fuel cell stack 86

Influence of process conditions on gas purity in alkaline water electrolysis 86

PtNi/NiO clusters embedded in small sized hollow sillica shell as catalyst for hydrogen generation from ammonia borane 87

Solid state hydrogen storage and production for mobility applications 87

Experimental investigations of hydrogen purification by purging through metal hydride 88

Vanadium-based membranes for hydrogen purification: Scale-up and industrial validation 89

Low NOx hydrogen combustion technology for gas turbine 90

KPI and LCA evaluation of a domestic hydrogen fuel cell CHP 90

Harmonised cumulative energy demand of renewable hydrogen 90

A cost optimization model for residential energy supply systems – a case study in Japan 91

Large-scale storage and transportation technology -SPERA hydrogen system and its prospects for the future- 91

H2FUTURE, Hydrogen from electrolysis for low carbon steelmaking 92

Metrological hydrogen fuel research supporting standardisation needs 92

Development of fuel cell measurement methodology for unstable hydrogen fuel impurities in ISO 14687 93

Regulation of PEM fuel cell oxygen excess ratio via sliding-mode control based on nonlinear observer 93

ALKAMMONIA – Update on demonstration of integrated alkaline fuel cell units for remote locations using ammonia cracked hydrogen fuel 93

Practical hydrogen system integration – the levenmouth community energy project renewable energy storage and transport fuels 94

Life cycle assessment of hydrogen value chains for automotive energy 95

Three evidence based White Papers on the role of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in addressing the energy-trilemma in the UK 95

Identification of effective trends towards low-carbon hydrogen production based on harmonised carbon footprints 96

Implementation of hydrogen technologies in Slovenia: Identification of resistance to change factors by a comparative study 96

Recent advances in hydrogen technologies in the Czech Republic 97

Hydrogen in an international context, vulnerabilities of hydrogen in Middle and Eastern Europe 97

Polish hydrogen and fuel cell association – status report. Recent advances and achievements in hydrogen technologies in Poland 98

The smart specialisation platform on energy (S3PEnergy). supporting hydrogen technologies deployment in EU regions and member states 99

Poster presentations 100

Potential for high-temperature electrolysis SOEC in the Czech Republic 100

Active channel formation on yttria incorporated platinum nanoparticles for oxygen reduction reaction through rapid microwave assisted synthesis 100

Screening assessment of individual risk of hydrogen refueling station using organic hydride 101

Activities of jari for the safety and security of fuel cell vehicles 101

A comparative evaluation of gasoline and hydrogen energy systems in individual and social values: The case of Japan 102

Did risk and benefit information change acceptance on hydrogen fueling stations for Japanese general people? 103

The H2FC SUPERGEN Research Hub, UK 103

An appropriate Pd membrane support 104

Synthesis of activated ferrosilicon-based microcomposites for hydrogen generation 104

New bimetallic Pt-Ni catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: A plasma approach 105

Hierarchical nano-sized catalysts for efficient electrochemical water splitting 105

Hydrogen generation via gasoline catalytic dehydrogenation coupled with a fuel-cells system as a prototype of auxiliary power supply 106

Development of hydrogen production device from ammonia using pulsed plasma technique 107

Cu2O decorated ZnO nanorods heterostructure covered by rGO nanosheets: An innovative structure for effective solar water splitting 108

Green synthesis of Cu2O/TiO2 for photocatalytic hydrogen production from glycerol 109

Application of HIx solution‘s density-concentration model in EED process of iodine-sulfur cycle 110


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Methods to evaluate catalyst activity and stability for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline medium 110

Syngas production via plasma photocatalytic reforming of biogas 110

Effect of pre-oxidation on corrosion resistance of plasma sprayed and laser treated material for thermochemical water-splitting process 111

Performance investigation of hydrogen production from ammonia by plasma membrane reactor 112

Thin and dense gadolinia-doped ceria diffusion barriers are manufactured by a sol-gel process at reduced temperature (1,000 deg.) 112

Gold ion caused structure reconstruction of different shell thickness nanocrystal NiOcore@NiPtshell impacts on oxygen reduction reaction 113

Dry reforming of methane over Ni-Ce-Zr catalysts prepared by one-pot hydrothermal method 113

Hydrogenated Ta3N5 for solar water splitting 114

INSIDE – in-situ diagnostics in water electrolysers 114

Simple catalytic methods for on-demand hydrogen production from aluminium-water reactions 115

Hydrogen hybrid battery – the safe solution for energy storage and hydrogen production 116

Hydrogen, mobile coal gasification 117

High purity hydrogen from methane enriched biogas with steam-iron (ferrites) process. Co-feeding of water along reductions 117

Oxygen evolution reaction on nanocrystalline Ni-alloys at high current densities: The effect of Fe-impurities 118

Reformate purification by pressure swing adsorption using a copper modified activated carbon 119

Hydrophilization of polypropylene by atmospheric pressure plasma and its evaluation as separator in alkaline water electrolysis cell 119

Project presentation: The research project “AEL-MALFE” 120

The stability of Ir-based bimetallic catalysts and Hastelloy C-276 in HI decomposition of the iodine–sulfur hydrogen production process 120

Cation exchange membranes prepared by radiation-induced graft polymerization for the electrochemical Bunsen reaction 121

Preparation of Ni@MCM-41 core-shell structures and the performance on steam reforming of toluene 121

Development of sorption-enhanced water gas shift reaction process for production of high-purity hydrogen 122

5kW fuel processor for PEMFCs using metal structured catalyst 122

Production of high mass activity Pt/Co alloy for high performance PEMFC 122

Micro/CFD model development for solid oxide fuel cells based on electrochemical effectiveness model 123

Optimization of solar hydrogen production using highly stable nanostructured co-doped TiO2 photoelectrode 123

The technology of HTPR power stations with pebble fuel elements to generate electric power in combination with high temperature heat to producie hydrogen and drinking water 124

Reactor design and performance analysis of a metal hydride based cooling systems 125

3D mathematical model of an industrial scale HT PEM FC stack considering Pt catalyst degradation 125

An efficient zero-emission process for stationary conversion of hydrogen and oxygen in internal combustion engines 126

Study on diesel reformer using hydrogen peroxide for hydrogen production in subsea applications 127

Flame stability and emission characteristics of ammonia/air turbulent premixed flames in high speed swirling flows 127

Thermodynamic optimization of a fuel cells 129

Atomic layer deposition of platinum nanoparticles on macro/mesoporous titanium nitride structure for proton exchange membrane fuel cell 129

Gas turbine power generation system firing ammonia and natural gas 130

BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ (BCFZY): A triple (H+/O2-/e-) conducting material for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell 131

Preliminary characterization of a circular 80 mm anode supported solid oxide fuel cell (AS-SOFC) produced using high pressure injection molding 132

A flexible 3-in-1 microsensor embedded in vanadium redox flow battery for real-time measurement 133

Synthesized nanofibers by electrospinning as anode function layers applied to proton conducting solid oxide fuel cell 133

Performance of multifunctional solid oxide fuel cell anodes designed with ZrxCe1-xO2-δ phases for the direct utilization of ethanol 133

A new method of external humidification of gas streams 134

Promotion of oxygen evolution on LSM by incorporation of Pt into the electrode 134

H2 utilizations by methanation and reverse water gas shift of CO2 over Ni supported CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts 135

Carbon dioxide methanation in biogas 135


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Process optimization and experimental testing of electrodeposited α-Fe2O3 thin films for photoelectrochemical water splitting 136

Scenario study for CO2-free hydrogen dissemination focused on hydrogen combined power plants 136

Correlation between power of PEMFC and degradation analysis of carbon support in MEA by using image processing 138

Combustion process development for a SI engine with low pressure hydrogen direct injection 138

Microscale model development for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells considering H2/CO co-oxidation 140

Optimization of hydrogen flame burner for low NOx emissions 140

Modification of dry spraying catalyst powder by partial ionomer enveloping catalysts for PEM Fuel cell application 141

High-pressure thermo-chemical recuperation – benefits and challenges 141

Electric and hydrogen energy storage systems having emergency power source function to compensate fluctuating renewable energy in water purification plant 141

Novel I/O control method for suppressing fuel cell degradation in hydrogen and electric energy storage systems compensating renewable energy fluctuations 142

The effect of hydrogen on martensitic transformation in the NiTi alloy with ultrafine grain structure 143

Testing setup for automatic cycling of metal hydride composites 143

Activation of magnesium hydride decomposition by pressing 144

Influence of reaction conditions and catalyst structure on ammonia synthesis activity of Ru catalysts 145

Investigations of microstructure and porosity of activated metal hydride powders 146

Effect of co dopant on hydrogen properties in beryllium intermetallic compound 146

Potassium-intercalated graphene oxide for room temperature hydrogen storage 146

Investigation on the effect of CaB6 addition on the cycling performance of LiBH4/CaH2 for reversible hydrogen storage 147

Development of online tracking simulation system for liquid organic hydride production to analyze influence of time-variation of feed flow rate 147

Assessment set-up for solid-state hydrogen storages for small mobile applications 148

Hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride (NaBH4): Study of the hydrolysis reaction through observation of the reaction behavior 148

Improvement of complex metal hydride for application to solid-state hydrogen storage system 148

The effect of metal-organic framework porosity to hydrogen generation of ammonia borane via nanoconfinement 149

Porous nickel-and cobalt-based oxides nanorods catalytic effects on improving LiBH4 dehydrogenation properties 149

Enhanced catalytic effects of flower-like Ni/C additive on dehydrogenation properties of LiAlH4 150

Enhanced hydrogen storage properties of the 2LiNH2-MgH2 mixtures with addition of xMg(BH4)2 151

Hydrogen storage thermodynamics and dynamics of Ce-Mg-Ni-based CeMg12-type alloys synthesized by mechanical milling 152

Don Quichote: Demonstration of how to produce hydrogen using wind energy 152

Theoretical analysis of the steam reforming of bio-oil model compounds and bio-oil aqueous fractions 152

Development of CO2 free hydrogen energy system and application 153

Simulation analysis of large scale unified system for hydrogen energy carrier production 153

Lower-cost wind-source hydrogen from self-excited induction generator (SEIG) equipped turbines, close-coupled to electrolysis stacks, integrates controls with minimum power electronics 154

Silica based hydrogen permselective membranes for the thermochemical water splitting IS process 155

Biohydrogen production from starch in presence of mixed bacterial consortia immobilized on cellulose beads 156

Development of stationary fuel cell systems at HySA systems competence centre 156

Comparison of different commercially available filters for treatment of air for PEM fuel cells stack for mobile UPS 157

Current progress in the design and setup of a SOFC/GT hybrid power plant for generating electrical energy at DLR 157

Degradation of solid oxide cells during electrolysis and co-electrolysis operation 158

“Extrinsic” decoration against “instinct” segregation on perovskite oxides to enhance electrode activity and stability in solid oxide cells 158

Coupled particle and euler method for hydrogen leakage with crack propagation in pressure vessel 159

High temperature hydrogenation of dibenzyltoluene using alumina supported platinum catalysts – a key step for efficient hydrogen storage 159

Power management control based on state machine strategy for fuel cell stacks array 160

Degradation of PEMFC at low Pt loadings 160


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Growth of nanoparticles for fuel cells catalysts application by low pressure plasma treatment of a solid precursor 161

Using synchrotron radiation small angle X-ray scattering for quantitative characterization of MWNTs-supported Ru-Pt nanocatalysts for fuel cell applications 161

Study of liquid water onset condensation in gas diffusion layer of a PEM fuel cell 162

Morphology of the Nafion agglomerate affects the water uptake catalyst layer and fuel cell performance 162

Fault detection of PEMFC based on relevance vector machine 163

Synthesis and characterization of homogeneous-distributed platinum nanoparticles from block copolymer template for membrane electrode 165

Ti-support highly uniform Pt nanoparticle catalysts from self-assembled block copolymers templates 165

Increasing PEM fuel cell power with humidity and temperature control using fuzzy logic 165

IK4-CIDETEC – Unit of Materials for Energy: Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Platform 166

Coordinated energy management sSystem based on bus-signaling and droop control for fuel cell hybrid tramway 167

Demonstration of dual fuel technology with intake air-mixed hydrogen-CNG in diesel engine vehicle – fuel economy & emission benefits 167

NOx prediction by quasi-dimensional combustion model of HCNG engine 168

TCO-based differential cost comparison between FCEVs and BEVs with additional analysis on possible synergy effects by complementary system applications 168

Hydrogen purity – developing low-level sulphur speciation measurement capability 169

Dynamic simulation software for prediction of hydrogen temperature and pressure during refueling process 169

Hydrogen refuelling station network and route optimisation of trucked-in hydrogen in Germany 169

Freeze lock mechanism of nozzle after pre-cooled hydrogen filling 171

Research and development of temperature sensor for an ocean-going liquid hydrogen carrier 172

Index of Authors 173


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Plenary Lectures

PL 1 – FCH-JU: Collaborating to make Fuel Cells and Hydrogen an everyday realityBart Biebuyck1

1 Executive Director at FCH JU, Brussels, BelgiumThe Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) [1] was established by Council Regulation (EC) 521/2008 of the 30th May 2008. The FCH-JU is a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between the European Commission, the Industry “Hydrogen Europe” and the Research Grouping ”NERGHY”. The aim is to accelerate the development and deployment of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies. The FCH JU oper-ated its first phase under the EU FP7 research program (2008-2014) with a ring-fenced budget of €940 million. After the successful first phase of the program, it was agreed to continue the FCH JU under the EU Horizon 2020 framework program. This new phase (2014-20), has a total budget of €1.33 billion, provided on a matched basis by the EU, represented by the European Commission, by industry and by research. The share from industry and research partners is provided through their contribution to the projects and additional activities related to fuel cell and hydrogen technologies. Since 2008 the FCH JU has funded totally € 730 million for 203 projects in research, demonstration and deployment which leveraged a private contribution of € 782 million. This presentation will give an overview on the status of FCH technologies in Europe, its opportunities and challenges as well as the import role of the PPP instrument to successfully accelerate the market introduction for FCH technologies. [1] http://www.fch-ju.eu/

PL 2 – Change in Japan’s energy policy and prospects of hydrogen energy in JapanH. Uchida1

1 Tokai University / KSP Inc. / IAHE, School of Engineering- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hiratsuka, JapanIn this talk, changes in Japan’s energy policy will be presented by introducing historical social events as factors which changed our consciousness to energy. In the 50s to 70s, Japan was suffered from heavy air and water pollutions coming from huge consumption of crude oil for rapid industrial and economic development. In addition, remarkable rise of oil price was heavy burden to Japanese economy because over 90 % of the primary energy was dependent upon imported fossil fuel. In order to overcome the environmental problem and to compensate vulner-able Japan’s energy supply structure, development of new energy technologies were indispensable.Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, experienced the most terrible pollutions. Now, Kawasaki is one of the most advanced cities ap-proaching to the creation of a hydrogen society. Kanagawa Prefecture declared “Hydrogen revolution from Kanagawa” in 2013, and published its own hydrogen road map as a local government in March 2015 to realize hydrogen society. The second factor which changed our consciousness to energy was the event of the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, March 2011. That event accelerated the spread of renewable energy and hydrogen energy. Typical and interesting technological advancement moving towards hydrogen society will be demonstrated from local governmental and industrial view.

ReferencesGoogle search [Hirohisa Uchida Hydrogen].

PL 3 – Advances and Progress in the US DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells ProgramJ. Kopasz1

1 Argonne National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lemont, USAThis talk will provide an overview of the US DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program and discuss progress in its efforts to enable the widespread commercialization of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies across the nation. While commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are now on the road, projected costs to produce the fuel cell system at high volume and the cost of hydrogen are still high compared to IC engines and gasoline respectively. Additional work is needed to broaden the applicability and marketability of the technology. Recent efforts at the national laboratory led consortia addressing fuel cells (FC-PAD and ElectroCat), hydrogen production (HydroGen), and hydrogen storage materials (HyMark), as well as work supporting safety, codes and standards, technology validation, and systems analysis and integration will be discussed.


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PL 4 – Renewable hydrogen: Decarbonising solution for the transport and fuel sectorsF. Smeets1

1 Hydrogenics Europe NV, Onsite Generation, Oevel, BelgiumPower-to-gas provides a route for channelling substantial amounts of renewable energy to sectors that have been, until now, dependent on fossil energy sources - as required for meeting adopted climate goals. Power-to-gas also introduces a systemic flexibility resource which can significantly improves the operating conditions of needed dispatchable power generation by reducing the magnitude of load variations related to changing weather, while also decreasing curtailment of wind or solar power generation.Furthermore, Power-to-gas can help maintain local balance between power generation and consumption where distributed power generation is added to the distribution grid, hence allowing to avoid power grid expansion for absorbing excess production.The main condition for realising this potential is deployment ramp-up and continued scale-up. It is therefore essential to identify partic-ular applications and associated conditions of implementation where this deployment could be market-driven already in the short term, considering also the policy environment.Green hydrogen in refineries is a promising means to reduce the greenhouse gas emission intensity of established transportation fuels in the short term, and a potential option to meet the requirements of the EU Fuel Quality Directive. Refineries’ net hydrogen demand –today typically provided via steam methane reforming of natural gas – is to be supplied from green hydrogen from renewable electricity via water electrolysis by 2025.With this process, a typical French and German refinery can reduce greenhouse gas emissions ’gate-to-gate’ by 14.1% and 7.2% respec-tively compared to today. In absolute terms, this is equivalent to the reduction of 1.33 and 1.50 million tons of CO2eq per year with just 20 refineries, making this option highly effective. Indeed, this is a significant contribution to the ~10 Mt/yr CO2eq emissions reduction that needs to be achieved in 2020 versus today to comply with the EU Fuel Quality Directive both in France and in Germany.

PL 5 – Concentrated Solar Radiation – An option for large scale renewable hydrogen productionC. Sattler11 German Aerospace Center - DLR, Solar Chemical Engineering, Cologne, GermanyConverting solar energy efficiently into hydrogen is a key element to develop a sustainable and affordable hydrogen economy. The pre-sentation will give an insight in how concentrated solar radiation can be coupled into hydrogen production processes. It will discuss the benefits and challenges of using the sunlight directly instead of converting it into other energy vectors.The main focus will be on technologies with the perspective of large scale production at very high temperatures. Therefore solar tower systems for such production processes will be presented. Also the different components like concentrator, receiver, and reactor of the solar production plants will be described, possible locations will be discussed, and synergies with other R&D efforts on using high temperature heat will be shown. Hybrid solutions e.g. from the sulfur industry will demonstrate how concentrated solar radiation can contribute even today to actual industrial business models.As many of the addressed processes have to be operated continuously high temperature heat storage will also be introduced. Especially thermochemical heat storage has the potential for being the ideal technology for heat provision in high temperature production processes.The presented technologies will be put into a global picture to demonstrate the worldwide commitment in developing the technologies.


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Keynote LecturesTransportation Systems

TRS-K01 – Fuel cell buses in Europe: Latest developments and commercialisation pathwayM. Dolman1

1 Element Energy Limited, Cambridge, United KingdomMany cities across Europe and beyond face similar environmental challenges, in particular the need to address poor air quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Often these challenges are exacerbated by increasing populations in cities, which lead to higher demands for energy and services, including public transport.Hydrogen fuel cell buses offer much promise as a zero emission public transport solution, with performance comparable to diesel vehi-cles in terms of range and refuelling time. Various European demonstration projects have proved their suitability and technical readiness for larger scale deployment and a process to commercialise this technology is now underway based on aggregating demands to unlock economies of scale in the supply chain.This presentation will cover the latest developments in the fuel cell bus sector, key conclusions from the major demonstration projects undertaken across Europe, remaining challenges, and progress towards overcoming the obstacles to further roll-out of the technology. The audience will be given unique insights into the fuel cell bus commercialisation process from an expert working at the forefront of this evolving sector.

TRS-K02 – Hydrogen PEM – Fuel cells for mobile and stationary applicationsU. Halbmeier11 Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH, Stationary Business Unit, Puchheim, Germany„Electricity and Hydrogen are energy carriers that are particular applicable for electric-/fuel cell vehicles class L in city- respectively sub-urban congested areas and accordingly other high density areas where they can contribute in improving air quality and noise reduction. Electric mobility can provide significant support in order to achieve the Union’s 2020 ambitious climate protection - and energy targets. So stated in directive 2009/28/EG - which was implemented until December 5th 2010 by the member states – were mandatory targets for all member states for the energy share from renewable energy sources – whereas until 2020 a Union target of a minimum of 20% energy from renewable energy sources and of 10% share in renewable energy carriers especially in the sector of traffic shall be achieved.” (Preamble of directive 2014/94/EU).Especially in the field of duty vehicles, trucks and city buses exists great potential saving of pollutant emission. Nowadays the opera-tor’s requirements regarding range and mission time can be complied by combination of battery- and fuel cell technology. Proton Motor develops and produces PEM fuel cell stacks and the appropriate systems that are particularly designed for this purpose. For e.g. the HyRange® 25 fuel cell system is developed for this field of application. It fits into every already electrically propulsed duty vehicle or city bus. Thanks to energy stored in Hydrogen the user’s range requirements can be met without additional battery capacity. Due to higher power density compared to today’s batteries – users are enabled to transport higher payload compared to a sole battery solution. This of course is still emission free.Proton Motor (PM) develops and produces modular scalable fuel cell systems in mobile as well as stationary fields of application on base of PEM technology. The scope of solutions provided by PM covers a broad spectrum ranging from specially developed and produced stack to turnkey applications. Based on competence in integration of fuel cell technology into complete systems the performance of PM goes clearly far beyond the interfaces. PM supports the customers as a project partner in planning- as well as in implementation phase in design, testing and initial operation and maintenance and also approval and third party certification in order to safeguard optimized system integration. A result of many years of PM’s experience is the serviceability of the products which improves availability and reduces service cost.Hydrogen as the most important option to store energy in the future. If we want to be realistic with our targets to reach the clima control, it is essential to continue with the Energy Change. This means more use of Wind, Solar and Hydroelectric Power. But what does this mean? Especially Wind and Solar Power are very much volatile what leads to the consequence of the use of a good and efficient Energy Storage. This role can be taken over from Hydrogen at it´s best. With Hydrogen a very high amount of energy can be stored and it can be stored for a long period of time. The stored Hydrogen can be re-energized through Fuel Cells in electrical and thermal energy again, at any time at any place. This can happen in stationary applications like EPS systems like FC-Gen-Sets or Hydrogen Power Plants. We call it seasonal energy shifting to use produced hydrogen at another time, produce it during summer time with over production of solar panels and use it in the winter, when it is needed.Proton Motor had designed, together with a manufacturer of Electrolyzers an entire system of a compact energy storage in a container, based on hydrogen and Fuel Cells. This container contains an Electrolyzer which is producing hydrogen when energy is remaining and is stored in pressured gas, in Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) or a Metal Hydride storage. This hydrogen can be re-energized on demand with Proton Motor Fuel Cell systems in electrical and thermals energy. The efficiency can be higher than 80% then, if electrical and thermal will be used at the same time. The storage can be inside the container or located outside and can be scaled up to any order.


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PM offers with this system an optimal solution for Energy Park Operator, Energy Supplier and Municipal Energy Supplier. An intelligent energy management shows also solutions for Smart Grid applications. Especially for Public Utility Companies the benefit can be double. On the one hand it is electrical (and thermal) energy on the other hand it can be fuel (Hydrogen) for the city bus fleet.

TRS-K03 – The Role of Infrastructure and possible Contribution of Hydrogen in the Energy TransitionA. Ramm1, A. Gaul11 Innogy SE Grid & Infrastructure, Grid Development, Essen, GermanyHydrogen is an essential element that already determined life for millions of years. Moreover it's industrial usage has a long history. In the last decades hydrogen has been increasingly discussed in the light of energy transition scenarios. Adequate infrastructure is a prerequi-site for the energy transition and hydrogen should be closely considered in this context as it offers both opportunities and challenges. At any case the task to transform the energy system with regard to the ambitious overall targets requires joint efforts and cooperation.

Energy Systems

ENS-K01 – Kinetics of the hydrogen evolution on modified nickel electrodes in alkaline solutionH. Corti1, M. Gómez2, E. Franceschini2, G. Lacconi21 Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Physics of Condended Matter, San Martin, Argentina2 Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, INFIQC-CONICET, Córdoba, ArgentinaNickel electrolyzer´s cathodes, surface modified with transition metals, such as ruthenium, silver, cobalt, and copper, has been used for the activation of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media1-3. Two types of Ni catalysts are studied in this work: Ni electrodes modified by spontaneous deposition of Ru, Cu or Ag, and Ni/Co alloys obtained by electrodeposition. The first ones were synthesized by immersion of Ni electrodes in the corresponding metal ions solution. Freshly and aged catalysts were analyzed by CV and EIS, and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the HER were obtained. A Langmuir adsorption type was found for fresh and aged catalysts. This behavior is rather different from that found in pure nickel which, after ageing, exhibits a Temkin type adsorption, related to the formation of Ni hydrides. The second type of catalysts, Ni/Co electrodeposited on 316L steel, were analyzed using the same conditions. Ni-Co alloys show the highest current densities, even after aging, indicating that pure Ni electrodes tend to become inactivated with use, and the addition of cobalt would increase the catalyst durability. In summary, Ni modified with transition metals improves the catalytic activity for HER, but only the Ni/Ru and Ni/Cu electrodes exhibit a decrease of the onset potential. HER rate is almost the same on Cu and Ag. Of the catalysts studied here, Ni/Co alloys with low Co content have the highest catalytic activity.

Figure 1: comparison of the current densities measured at 4 hours in 1 M KOH at 25 ºC and -1.5 V (vs. SCE). Ni/Co compositions corre-spond to molar % in the deposition bath.

References:1) E.A. Franceschini, G.I. Lacconi, H.R. Corti, J. Energy Chem. 10.1016/j.jechem.2016.10.009.2) E.A. Franceschini, G.I. Lacconi, H.R. Corti, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 41 (2016) 3326.3) C. Lupi, A. Dell’Era, M. Pasquali, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34 (2009) 2101.


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ENS-K02 – Innogy’s PtG project – a highly efficient system solution for storing electricity by utilizing hydrogen in the gas infrastructureJ. Stürmer1, A. Gaul1, U. Bohn2, F. Lindner11 Innogy SE Grid & Infrastructure, Grid Strategy, Essen, Germany2 WESTNETZ GmbH, Asset Strategy, Dortmund, GermanyIn the north-western part of Germany in Ibbenbüren innogy realized a hydrogen based electricity storage making use of existing energy infrastructure. The project’s key asset is an innovative PEM electrolysis using green electricity offtaken from the public electricity grid and converting this into green hydrogen. The hydrogen is fed into the high pressure gas grid of innogy’s subsidiary WESTNETZ. The feed in point is a pressure metering and reduction station where also a part of the waste heat stemming from the electrolysis is utilized – this type of waste heat usage was the first of its kind in Germany. The hydrogen is mixed with conventional natural gas and distributed to the customers connected downstream to the injection point. Correct billing of all customers supplied with the slightly hydrogen-enriched natural gas is ensured by innovative gas chromatography. Balancing account wise, the energy injected into the gas grid is transported to a CHP in the town of Ibbenbüren, where innogy operates a district heating system. Converting hydrogen back to electricity in the CHP closes the electricity storage cycle and provides heat for the district heating system.innogy’s power to gas project mimicking electricity storage is unique from the point of heat usage and recovery in both conversion steps: first at the electrolysis unit, second at the CHP connected to the district heating system. This approach allows for a rate of energy utilization along the cycle chain with almost 75% considering electricity and heat.Additionally innogy shows with the project how prosperous interconnecting various energy systems can be, how efficiency rates can be raised and how sector coupling can be realised in the context of power to gas.

ENS-K03 – Hydrogen infrastructure: Path to the futureG. Tinkhauser1, S. Fritz1, T. Bielmeier1 Linde Gas AG, ATZ, Vienna, Austria

Linde GroupLinde has been one of the first companies to actively pursue and push the development of hydrogen refueling stations. The first station opened in 2001 in Germany as part of a testing facility for Daimler. However, soon it became clear that there was a much bigger demand for H2 stations than anticipated. Until now, Linde has built more than 150 hydrogen refueling stations worldwide and has become a market leader in this segment. The main application areas are cars, forklifts, busses and most recently trucks and trains.

Linde TechnologyFrom the beginning on the Linde R&D department focused the development of dedicated and economically efficient H2 infrastructure technologies. One example is the invention of the ionic compressor and the cryopump and the subsequent serial production of hydrogen refueling stations. Inventions like these are building the groundwork for the development of a reliable, affordable and energy efficient H2 infractructure.

Future of H2 mobilityWith Toyota, Hyundai and Honda pushing the serial production of H2 cars there will be a considerable amount of cars on the road by 2020. However, the focus market for H2 cars is California and Japan since they have made large investments in an H2 infrastructure over the past years and a suitable infrastructure is partially in place. In Europe rather than a massive spread of H2 cars over the next years we will see an increase of heavy duty vehicles such as busses, trucks and trains. Only after 2020 we expect a widespread use of H2 cars in Europe. It is up to us to lay the groundwork for a renewable, green future in Europe.

Presentation contentThe presentation will cover the key critical success factors for transition of H2 mobility from ‘R&D and pilot phase’ to ‘commercial phase’ and for which applications these success factors are already fulfilled.

ENS-K04 – Smart energy solutions with hydrogen optionsI. Dincer11 University of Ontario, Institute of Technology (UOIT), Oshawa, CanadaWe are in an era where everything is now requested to be smart. Here are some examples, such as, smart materials smart devices, smartphones, smart grid, and smart metering. In regards to energy portfolio, we need to make it in line with these under smart energy solutions. With the developed cutting-edge technologies and artificial intelligence applications, we need to change the course of action in dealing with energy matters by covering the entire energy spectrum under five categories, namely, energy fundamentals and con-cepts, energy materials, energy production, energy conversion, and energy management. It is important to highlight the importance of a recent event. On 17 January 2017 a total of thirteen leading energy, transport and industry companies in the World Economic Forum in Davos (Switzerland) have launched a global initiative, so-called: Hydrogen Council, to voice a united vision and long-term ambition for hydrogen to foster the energy transition. It has aimed to join the global efforts in promoting hydrogen to help meet climate goals. This is a clear indication that smart solutions is not possible without hydrogen options. This keynote presentation focuses on introducing and highlighting smart energy solutions under the portfolio pertaining to exergization, greenization, renewabilization, hydrogenization, integration, multigeneration, storagization and intelligization. Each one of these plays a critical role within the smart energy portfolio and becomes key for a more sustainable future. This presentation also focuses on the newly developed smart energy systems by combining


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both renewable energy sources and hydrogen energy systems to provide more efficient, more cost effective, more environmentally benign and more sustainable solutions for implementation. Furthermore, a wide range of integrated systems is presented to illustrate the feasibility and importance such a coupling to overcome several technical issues. Moreover, numerous case studies and project results are presented to highlight the importance of sustainable hydrogen production methods for carbon-free economy.

ENS-K05 – SchIBZ – the largest diesel fuelled fuel cell system for remote applicationK. Leites1, B. Wildrath2, C. Walter3, S. Büchner41 Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems, R&D, Hamburg, Germany2 Oel-Waerme-Institut gGmbH, Fuerl Cells, Herzogenrath, Germany3 Sunfire GmbH, Stack Development, Dresden, Germany4 Motion Control and Power Electronics GmbH, Software Development, Dresden, GermanyWith the project named SchIBZ thyssenkrupp Marine Systems (tkMS) and 6 partners from industry and research developed a fuel cell system, which is fuelled by standard road diesel oil.Goal of this development is a clean and silent energy supply for decentralized or remote applications, where the fuel logistics has a signifi-cant cost Impact. With a high electrical efficiency of about 50% it has an advantage of around 25% compared to diesel Generators in their optimum operation point. The emissions of CO2 are accordingly lowered and others like NOx, SOx or PAH are nearly zero. Further fuel efficiency can be gained by heat recuperation from the exhaust, which is free of soot and keeps heat exchangers clean.The System is modularized for easy adaption to different power demands. It consists of fuel cell modules of about 50kW power output, which can be stacked up to 400kW in one aggregate. They are connected to one fuel gas converter, which produces the fuel gas from diesel oil or natural gas. Other hydrocarbons will be possible with some adjustments.The components are designed for an installation in containers, to build up deployable power plants in variable sizes. For further operation optimization the fuel cells can be combined with an energy storage, connected on DC level.Actually tkMS is operating a 50kW hybrid plant which is containerized. The results will be used for a revision of the design for a better user experience.The proposed paper will present the results of the first phase of the demonstrator tests as well as an outlook for a beneficial application.

ENS-K06 – RD&D on Hydrogen and Energy Carriers in JapanS. Muraki11 Tokyo Gas Co.- Ltd., Program Director, Tokyo, JapanJapanese Government is taking strong leadership in actions toward hydrogen society.Strategic Energy Plan in 2014 specified realization of hydrogen society is one of key strategies of Energy Plan, and issued Strategic Roadmap for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell.Council for Science, Technology and Innovation launched Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP) in 2014, and one of 11 themes is Energy Carriers.Energy Carrier Program consists of R&D projects to develop CO2 free hydrogen value chain, which covers production of CO2 free hydrogen from renewable energies, 3 energy carriers (Liquid hydrogen, Organic Hydride, Ammonia), dehydrogenation of energy carriers, hydrogen turbine and engine, and direct use of ammonia for turbines, engines, industrial furnaces and fuel cells.Key results of program suggest high potentiality of ammonia in gas turbine, mix combustion in coal fired power plant, industrial furnace and solid oxide fuel cell which can contribute for CO2 reductions in power and industrial sectors. The program is now conducting feasibility study of energy carriers which will be finalized by the end of 2017.International projects are under discussions to produce Green Ammonia from CO2 free hydrogen overseas, and supply to Japan and utilize this ammonia by direct use technologies. We have a plan to demonstrate its outcomes in 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympics.We propose basic scheme of hydrogen Society and to start the showcase in 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympics.

ENS-K07 – Research and development program of membrane IS process for hydrogen production using solar heatN. Sakaba1, Y. Inagaki1, O. Myagmarjav1, H. Noguchi1, J. Iwatsuki1, N. Tanaka1, Y. Kamiji1, I. Ioka2, S. Kubo1

1 Japan Atomic Energy Agency, HTGR Hydrogen and Heat Application Research Center, Ibaraki- Oarai, Japan2 Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Ibaraki- Tokai, JapanThe thermochemical IS process is a hydrogen production method which thermally decomposes water in a cycle of chemical reaction using iodine and sulphur. It is expected to be a highly efficient hydrogen production technology with no carbon dioxide emission. The IS process is composed of three chemical processes of Bunsen reaction which is a production of hydrogen iodine (HI) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4), HI decomposition, and H2SO4 decompositions as shown in Fig. 1. The research and development program of the IS process using the membrane technology is now on progress aiming at improvement of the hydrogen production efficiency up to 40%. In the H2SO4 decomposition reaction process, oxygen production process, the de-composition rate of sulphur trioxide (SO3) is expected more than 80% at the reaction temperature of 800 - 900oC. On the other hand, the decomposition rate of SO3 decreases to around 30% in the reaction temperature of 600˚C which temperature will be provided


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by solar heat, ceramic oxygen permselective membrane and catalyst have been developing to promote SO3 decomposition in the reac-tion temperature of 600˚C. In addition, the ceramic hydrogen permselective membrane and catalyst to promote HI decomposition for hydrogen production, the cation-exchange membrane and catalyst to reduce amount of iodine in the HI circulation process. Also, the corrosion-resistance material to use metal components in the H2SO4 decomposition process is underway. In the FY2018, it is planned that the HI decomposition and hydrogen production will be demonstrated by using the membrane technology.This presentation shows the outline of the research and development program of the membrane IS process.This work was supported by Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI), Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP), “energy carrier” (Funding agency: JST).

ENS-K08 – Large-scale energy storage for renewablesM. Waidhas1

1 Siemens AG, Hydrogen Solutions, Erlangen, GermanyThe forced extension of renewable energies (RE) is mandatory if worldwide targets for CO2- reduction are seriously followed. However, due to the volatile character of its power generation there will be an increasing mismatch between generation and demand. The storage of excess production will become essential in the future in order to enable viable business cases. The estimated storage demand for many countries with related CO2 reduction plans will be in the TWh range.There are many concepts and technologies to store electric energy. The presentation will discuss the different options and illustrate the unique role of hydrogen. Among the three options for large-scale storage – pumped hydro, compressed air and hydrogen - hydrogen is the only viable option to address capacities >10 GWh. Moreover, it is a multifunctional chemical energy carrier. It provides the option to be re-electrified without CO2 emissions. But it is also a valuable raw material in chemical industry with a market volume of approx. 100 billion USD.Enabling component of the hydrogen storage concept is the electrolyzer system. It must – among a number of other features – be reli-able under industrial working conditions and its efficiency must be optimized for intermittent operation. With the intention to provide solutions for future energy grids Siemens developed the PEM system called “SILYZER”.The presentation will discuss the different options of energy storage and illustrate the unique role of hydrogen. In particular it will be reported on the Siemens development of electrolyzer technology and related projects.

ENS-K09 – Converting the UK gas distribution network from natural gas to 100 % hydrogen – H21 Leeds City GateD. Sadler11 Northern Gas Networks, Special Advisor to the CEO, Leeds, United KingdomThe H21 Leeds City Gate Project is a study with the aim of determining the feasibility, from both a technical and economic viewpoint, of converting the existing natural gas network in Leeds, one of the largest UK cities, to 100% hydrogen.The H21 Leeds City Gate Project has been designed to minimise disruption for existing customers, and to deliver heat at the same cost as current natural gas to customers. The H21 Leeds City Gate Project has shown that:• The gas network has the correct capacity for such a conversion• It can be converted incrementally with minimal disruption to customers• Minimal new energy infrastructure will be required compared to alternatives• The existing heat demand for Leeds can be met via steam methane reforming and salt cavern storage using technology in use around

the world todayThe Project has provided costs for the scheme and has modelled these costs in a regulatory finance model. In addition, the availability of low-cost bulk hydrogen in a gas network could revolutionise the potential for hydrogen vehicles and, via fuel cells, support a decentralised model of combined heat and power and localised power generation. The full report (400 pages) and film (17 minutes) can be found by logging onto the Northern Gas Networks website and typing ‘H21’ into the search bar.


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Cross-cuting Issues

CCI-K01 – Thermal conductivity in different PEMFC components and corresponding internal temperature gradientsO. Burheim1

1 NTNU, Energy and Process engineering, Trondheim, Norway10-15 years ago the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was by most researchers considered isothermal. This can be un-derstood in the light that many of the components are thinner than a hair fibre (30-500 micro meter) and hardly any information about component thermal conductivity was available. Over the last decade the knowledge about different PEMFC component through- and in-plane thermal conductivity has been established for different compaction pressures, PTFE content dependency, and levels of water content. Today, most fuel cell numerical models account for thermal gradients as well as other transport phenomena. The talk will summarise the last 10 years of published literature on thermal conductivity of PEMFC materials and give leads to the current boundary of knowledge in the field. In addition, some of the impacts on thermal gradients that these data impose in a thermal model of a PEMFC will be shown.

CCI-K02 – Multi-scale modelling tools for fuel cell developmentJ.G. Pharoah1

1 Queen’s University, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Kingston, CanadaFuel cells inherently involve phenomena occurring over a wide range of length scales, from the molecular scale on electro-catalyst surfaces through various scales of porous media including catalyst layers, micro-porous layers porous transport layers, to gas supply channels within a cell and finally to the manifolds at the stack scale. In total, length scales spanning about 10 orders of magnitude are of interest to the fuel cell developer. This talk will discuss various tools developed to represent phenomena occurring from the catalyst scale to the stack scale and methods for coupling information from the various scales. These tools include the ability to model arbitrary porous materials comprising multiple solid phases and to model transport phenomena and electrochemical reactions in these materials using both virtual porous media and exper-imentally determined geometries. At the next scale, full cell models are developed and are capable of modelling both beginning of life performance and selected degradation mechanisms. In particular, a new class of cell level models coupling traditional computational fluid dynamics with pore network models will be discussed. These models provide a more physically meaningful description of liquid water distributions in low temperature fuel cells. Finally, at the largest scale entire stack simulations are carried out and can be used to explore temperature composition and current distributions within a stack as well as stack manifold design. The talk will highlight and present the open source software developed for these analyse and discuss the application of the tools to the design of better fuel cells.

Czech Hydrogen Days 2017

CHD-K01 – IEA hydrogen: Technology diplomacy in practiceM.R. de Valladares1, S. Oberholzer21 IEA Hydrogen, Executive Office, Bethesda, USA2 Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Hydrogen & Fuel Cells, Bern, SwitzerlandThe International Energy Agency Hydrogen Implementing Agreement – now known as IEA Hydrogen – is an IEA technology collaboration programme (www.ieahia.org). IEA Hydrogen is the world’s largest and longest lived cooperation in hydrogen R,D&D, presently numbering 27 members with diverse legal and regulatory frameworks, cultures, missions and markets. Membership includes 21 countries (our most recent member is China), the regional European Union (27 countries) and a United Nations organization, as well as four non-government members. An energy major (Shell), a combined gas-electric utility (Southern Company), a leading public-private partnership (NOW) and a hydrogen safety association (HySafe) comprise the non-government members. With global membership covering five continents and engagement with countries on all seven continents, how does IEA Hydrogen manage its innovation-oriented planning and operations?The essence of science is discovery. Hence, scientists lean toward collaboration that enhances the discovery process in the service of their research. This feature of “scientific culture” generally tends to reduce barriers to cooperation and community development. From this basis, sensitivity to Members’ cultural constructs underpins all IEA Hydrogen efforts to plan and execute our portfolio of tasks and activities. From the perspective of our shared vision and mission, IEA Hydrogen’s strategic approach to planning and execution combines “process” with efforts to harmonize and optimize diverse regional, country and company circumstances, interests, priorities and policies.This presentation provides an overview of our current activities with a focus on our approach to strategic planning and implementation. Current activities include seven ongoing tasks and three concluding tasks organized in three themes: our core business of R,D&D; Analysis; and Awareness, Understanding and Acceptance (AUA). While most activities are organized in tasks, the AUA theme encompasses out-reach and information dissemination activities. This presentation is, finally, a case study about IEA Hydrogen as an exercise in technology diplomacy.


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CHD-K02 – Role of regional networking for market introduction of hydrogen and fuel cellsT. Kattenstein1

1 EnergieAgentur.NRW, Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Network NRW, Düsseldorf, GermanyThe aim of the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Network North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) is to establish hydrogen and fuel cell technology as a per-manent component of the future energy supply, and at the same time exploiting economic opportunities for NRW. With a view to the challenges presented by the energy turnaround and climate protection, hydrogen and fuel cell technology is seen as a key technology in all segments of the energy and transport system. More than 450 members from industry and science are already actively engaged in the network and use its numerous services.The general task of the Network is the initiation of co-operative projects. The focus has been shifting from research and development towards testing and market preparation. Due to the expansion of renewable power generation, hydrogen will play an ever growing role as a storage medium in the future energy supply. Projects including wind power based electrolysis, infrastructure of refueling stations and everyday testing of fuel cell vehicles are a current focus of the Network’s activity. Emission free public transport with fuel cell buses is here of major importance in NRW. First public transport companies started or will shortly start the deployment of these vehicles. Furthermore, the network is active in the field of the stationary usage of fuel cells.In order to intensify the exchange of information, the network uses experts groups. Currently the topics “H2-Systems” and “Power-to-Gas” as well as “Market Introduction” attract most interest. Major fuel cell companies such as Ballard, Hydrogenics, Plug Power, Solid Power have established bases in NRW. On an international NRW is actively involved in HyER – the Hydrogen, fuel cells and Electro-mobility in European Regions Partnership. In addition, NRW is a founding member of the recently introduced European (FCH JU) initiative on Hydrogen Region and Cities.

CHD-K03 – Use of Hydrogen Powered Vehicles in the Czech Republic – context and recommended measuresJ. Dvořák1

1 Grant Thornton Advisory, Manager, Praha 1, Czech RepublicGrant Thornton Advisory prepared a study “Utility of hydrogen propulsion in transport in the Czech Republic”, which will serve as a basis for the actualization of the National Action Plan of Clean Mobility, which focuses on valuating the potential of its utility based on the global context, all-European technological advancement context and trends in this area, and primarily based on the simulation of adopt-ing hydrogen mobility in the Czech Republic. The goal was to prepare a basic outline for hydrogen mobility in CR. The study contains a SWOT analysis, questionnaire research of public opinion, an analysis of in-depth interviews with the representatives of the transport sector, a modelled simulation of 4 possible future scenarios of the market development in CR regarding both supply and demand based on the selected form of support with the recommendation of locations where to construct filling stations and a pilot estimation of the appropriateness and effectiveness of the support for the expansion of hydrogen technology in the transport sector of CR. Everything was executed in the cooperation of Grant Thornton Advisory and the Ministry of Transport with the expertise of a newly establish expert group for hydrogen transportation.The study is comprised of fundamental strategic recommendations, on which should be put emphasis in the case if Czech Republic decides to head towards hydrogen mobility. It mainly concerns the preparation of clearly defined state concept of support for the con-struction of public filling stations and private filling stations for public transportation and purchase of hydrogen vehicles, which motivates both the private and public sector. Other recommendations are in regards to modifications of regional and state manifests, which could ease the initiation of hydrogen mobility just as an extensive and strong PR. Last but not least the study contains a recommendation regarding the actualization of current goals in NAP CM, which is the increase of the number of constructed filling stations by the year 2025 from 3-5 stations to at least 12 stations, so that at least the basic scenario is fulfilled. The continuity of the expert hydrogen group is also considered as suitable as it could gain a permanent character when actualizing NAP CM.

CHD-K04 – Fuel cell buses; a solution to meet zero emission regulations for transit agenciesO. Uluc1, Y. Laperche-Riteau1

1 Ballard Power Systems, Business Development Director, Burnaby, Canada

SummaryFC technology offers an attractive powertrain alternative for transit agencies to meet new emission regulations. With a decade of experi-ence and millions of kilometers in service, zero emission fuel cell electrical buses have proven their reliability and competitive operating costs.Many cities and bus operators are struggling today with the currently conflicting objectives of shifting to zero emission public transport while keeping operational flexibility and maintaining budgets under control.In terms of technology, there are several zero emission powertrain options from trolley buses to battery electric buses and fuel cell buses. We will review those different alternative powertrains along with their advantages and disadvantages.


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FC technology is now hitting the road and delivers new opportunities for mass transit applications. FC buses offers many advantages to transit agencies including long autonomy; route flexibility and fast refueling while meeting the objectives of funding authorities: reduce GHG, improve urban air quality, and contribute to economic development.FC bus technology is maturing rapidly while moving in-step along a descending cost curve. There will be more new FC buses on the road in next 18 months than ever built in the past 20 years with a very strong demand from China. We will present an overview of the current commercial fuel cell bus deployments in North America, Europe and China.The technology has accumulated significant operational, reliability, and durability data through, commercial operation in transit fleets. We will review recent operational performance data from fleet operations and will provide reliability data and comparison against targets set-up by government agencies.We will finally look at the current challenges faced by transit agencies in order to adopt FC bus technology including training of mainte-nance teams and refueling infrastructureA compelling value proposition, from economic, operational and environmental perspectives, supported by significant field data is emerging with the rapid evolution of Fuel Cell Power.

CHD-K05 - Japan’s policy and activity to promote hydrogen energyE. Ohira1

1 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, New Energy Technology Dept., Kanagawa, JapanThis presentation will provide an overview of Japan’s policy, market status and R&DD activities on hydrogen energy. In June 2014, Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) compiled the “Strategic Road Map for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells” toward the realization of a “hydrogen society” which stated how Japan would be able to make use of hydrogen, what are goals to be achieved in each step of production, transportation, storage and utilization of hydrogen, and what kind of collaborative efforts could be possible among indus-try, academia and government for achieving these goals. Regarding market status, Japan has success to market introduction of hydrogen technology. Fuel cell micro combined heat and power system for household has been on market since 2009 and over 200,000 units are installed. Fuel cell vehicle was launched in December 2014 and around 1,500 FCVs on road. About 90 hydrogen refueling stations have been operated now. The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)'s role is to conduct comprehensive technology development and demonstrative research programs on hydrogen energy under METI’s policy. The most recent result from NEDO’s program such as new materials for PEFC, analysis technology of morphology, electrochemical reaction and mass transfer in MEA, evaluation technology to improve its efficiency, durability will be addressed. NEDO’s future challenge to develop hydrogen energy demand will be presented. NEDO has been conducting demonstration program on SOFC for industrial / commercial use. NEDO also just started R&D program to develop hydrogen supply chain with long-distance transportation of hydrogen and hydrogen gas turbine technology. NEDO is now also conducting Power to Gas project which is a key technology to provide CO2 free hydrogen in the future.


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Oral presentationsTransportation Systems

TRS-O01

Integration of hydrogen technologies in transportation sector in Czech RepublicJ. Hájek1

1 Unipetrol výzkumně vzdělávací centrum- a.s., Development and Innovation, Ústí nad Labem, Czech RepublicCzech Republic already operates one hydrogen refuelling station (HRS), nevertheless the existing HRS operated in Neratovice by Linde mainly serves to promote the technology rather than demonstration of commercial application of hydrogen utilization for transportation purposes. The integration of hydrogen technology for transportation purpose must be driven as in other countries by interest from public and commercial sector. Above that an essential premise for successful integration of hydrogen in transportation sector is a willingness declared by private users to utilize costly and mostly less flexible alternative to conventional fuels. Unipetrol Group, the only crude oil processor in the Czech Republic, one of the most important producers of plastics and the owner of the largest network of filling stations Benzina, decided in 2016 to bear the responsibility at least within Czech Republic to develop a plan for integration of two HRS in locations targeting on premium private users willing to be promoter of fuel cell technologies as well as on public transport operators facing strategic decision about future bus fleet.As the project is in early stage of development, the paper presents preparation and obstacles associated with project development. The paper also aims to refer about actual ambitions of Unipetrol group in relation to hydrogen market development.

TRS-O02

Trade-offs in designing fuel cell systems for automotive applicationJ.P. Brinkmeier1, I. Drescher1, T. von Unwerth2

1 Volkswagen AG, Fuel Cell, Wolfsburg, Germany2 TU Chemnitz, Department of Advanced Powertrains, Chemnitz, GermanyThe abstract will be sent later due to the approval procedure at Volkswagen.

TRS-O03

FC REX: Fuel cell range extender with cold start capability for cargo pedelecsJ. Mitzel1, S. Helmly1, M. Schulze1, I. Bürger1, J.D. Weigl2, T. Maag2, B. Offermann1

1 German Aerospace Center DLR, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Stuttgart, Germany2 German Aerospace Center DLR, Institute of Vehicle Concepts, Stuttgart, GermanyMore than 75 % of the Europeans are living in cities and the amount of goods delivered to households is constantly increasing, mainly caused by the increasing market share of online shopping. The associated raise in traffic volume intensifies the urban problems of traffic jams and air pollution. To overcome these issues, new solutions especially for the last mile delivery have to be established providing low exhaust emissions, high transportation flexibility, high operating range and reliable functionality regardless of the weather.Electrically-operated Cargo Pedelecs (E-Pedelecs) have a high potential to cover the gap of cargo transport solutions in cities. Based on a European research study, 51 % of all motorized trips related to goods transport can be shifted to these bicycles in European cities. These E-Pedelecs provide a (locally) emission-free transport and they can use roads, bikeways, bus lanes and pedestrian areas. Beside this ecofriendly transport and their high flexibility, E-Pedelecs are still struggling to cover the required operating range for multiple-shift operation and to assure a sufficient lifetime under subzero conditions. A German research study identified the battery to be the bottle-neck of this problem.The presented FC REX is a fuel cell range extender system especially designed for E-Pedelecs under all climatic conditions in European cities. A cold start unit is developed to enable freeze start of the fuel cell system and provide full system power in short time and without loss of operating range. All components of the system, including the fuel cell stack, are specially designed with respect to fast and efficient heat transfer, high system efficiency and high power density. The latter is one of the key requirements for a successful integration of the FC REX into E-Pedelecs. The limited installation space was previously the main obstacle for fuel cell powered E-Pedelecs.Figure 1: FC REX system


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TRS-O04

Analyses of the holistic energy balance of different fuel cell powertrains under realistic boundary conditions and user behavioursB. Hollweck1, T. Korb2, G. Kolls2, T. Neuner2, M. Moullion2, J. Wind1

1 Daimler AG, Fuel Cell Advanced Development and Hydrogen Infrastructure, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany2 NuCellSys GmbH, Fuel Cell Advanced Development and Hydrogen Infrastructure, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany

IntroductionMany studies neglect the influence of the auxiliaries. Due to the higher efficiency of alternative drivetrains and consequently the lower thermal losses the possibility to use the heat losses is mostly undisclosed. To achieve holistic analyses of the energy balance it is essential to investigate the increasing influence of the auxiliaries’ energy consumption.

AimIn this study the influence of the auxiliary load on the efficiency of the drivetrains fuel cell-, fuel cell range extender and fuel cell plug-in electric vehicles is investigated. By regarding the driving behaviour, defined starting times and German environmental conditions the holistic energy consumption of each drivetrain is analysed.

Methodology to obtain realistic energy consumptionsTo analyse the influence of the auxiliaries the energy consumption is calculated using realistic boundary conditions. Therefor the user behaviour in Germany is analysed with the study “Mobilität in Deutschland”. The driving performance is clustered using the average velocity to apply the three Common Artemis Driving Cycles. For realistic boundary conditions five starting times are defined to match various situations of the everyday life and to analyse different user types. The starting times determine the corresponding weather conditions, which are obtained through a clustering, analysing the German climate regarding the ambient temperature, solar flux and humidity. With these input parameters realistic auxiliary consumptions are calculated using complete vehicle simulations. Figure 1 and figure 2 show the method and one exemplary drivetrain, respectively.

Figure 1: Methodology.


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Figure 2: Modular vehicle simulation.

Results and ConclusionWith the developed methodology and the simulation results the yearly and seasonal auxiliary loads’ impact as well as the dependency on the driving performance of specific users are analysed. A significant influence and the need to investigate solutions to reduce the auxiliary loads’ consumption in future works are demonstrated.• Yearly energy consumption• Seasonal energy consumption• Specific energy consumption

Figure 3: Specific users’ energy consumption.

TRS-O05

Fuel cell, super-capacitors and power-battery hybrid tram energy management strategyY. Yan1, Q. Li1, W. Chen1

1 Southwest Jiaotong University, The college of Electric Engineering, Chengdu City, ChinaIn this paper, based on proton exchange membrane(PEM) fuel cells, super-capacitors and power-battery hybrid system consisting of the tram, puts forward a practical and reliable energy management strategy. Considering the complex operation condition, the whole tram system is controlled by a finite-state machine(FSM)[1], which includes four main states: traction, brake, coasting and fault. According to different states, the strategy adjusts the corresponding parameters, such as, PI parameters and the current set point of every sub-system’s DC/DC Converter, which ensures output power stable and to meet demand. In further research, in order to reduce hydrogen consumption, the optimal interval efficiency control algorithm[2] is used in coasting state, which make auxiliary power optimized. Finally, aiming at the common AW2 conditions, the hydrogen consumption test and mileage test have also been done to verify the feasibility of this strategy.

KeywordsTram; proton exchange membrane(PEM) fuel cell; super-capacitors; finite-state machine(FSM); hydrogen consumption; optimal interval efficiency control[1] Feroldi, D., & Carignano, M. (2016). Sizing for fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid vehicles based on stochastic driving cycles. Applied Energy, 183, 645-658.


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[2] Vega, D. H., Marx, N., Boulon, L., & Hernandez, A. (2014). Maximum efficiency point tracking for hydrogen fuel cells. Electrical and Computer Engineering (pp.1-6). IEEE.

Figure 1: Appearance of the hybrid tram.

Figure 2: Electrical topology diagram of the hybrid tram.

Figure 3: The output power of every system during the acceleration and deceleration process.

TRS-O06

Efficiency effects of two-stage charging for fuel cell systems on the electric drive trainF. Uhrig1, V.U. Thomas2, T. Qi31 Continental / TU Chemnitz, Department of Advanced Powertrains, Regensburg, Germany2 Chemnitz University of Technology, Department of Advanced Powertrains, Chemnitz, Germany3 Continental Automotive GmbH, P TI, Regensburg, GermanyWithin the fuel cell system, the air supply consumes up to 25% of the stack power[1]. As a result, the air compressor is the largest parasitic load within the fuel cell system[2]. Its power consumption can be reduced by integrating a turbocharger as a pre-charging system before the compressor. The two-stage charging concept supports the system dynamic in reaching higher pressures[3]. Higher pressures influence the stoichiometry and lead to an increase in the fuel cell voltage[4].


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Voltage variation in the high-voltage drive train of an electric vehicle can also increase the efficiency[5]. The aim is to support high voltage variation in electric vehicles through a two-stage charging system. This can be realized by adapting the voltages of both the fuel cell and the electric drive train. Optimum fuel cell drive train efficiency needs to be found.

The described efficiency optimum shall be examined through simulation in Matlab/SIMULINK® and validated through measurements in automotive fuel cell system. The simulation computes particle flow, enthalpy and pressure for every time step for the air supply system. On the basis of electric components, a mean value model is created for the electric system to reduce the simulation time. This means that only the largest losses are calculated in the steady state.The result of this simulation should show the impact of a two-stage charging system and how it influences the efficiency of a fuel cell drive train. At the WHTC, I am going to show the current status and what needs to be done to find the above described efficiency optimum in fuel cell drive trains.[1] W.Yu, Air Compressors for Fuel Cell Vehicles: An Systematic Review(2015)[2] M.Venturi, Air Supply System for Automotive Fuel Cell Application(2015)[3] C.Schönfelder, Optimierung von Luftversorgungseinheiten für Brennstoffzellensysteme im Fahrzeugantrieb(2009)[4] M.Danzer, Dynamik und Effizienz von Polymer-Elektrolyt-Brennstoffzellen(2009)[5] D.Pohlenz, Wirkungsgradoptimale Regelung eines elektrischen Fahrantriebes mit variabler Zwischenkreisspannung(2012)

TRS-O07

The cryo-compressed hydrogen storage designed and built for automotive applicationsC. Schwartz1

1 BMW, Hydrogen Storage Systems, Munich, GermanyIn order to contribute to fulfilling the world´s greenhouse gas reduction targets, as set by our governments at COP21, BMW has devel-oped a zero emission vehicle strategy. As our customers want the same driving pleasure, while the vehicles must be easy to use and safe as nowadays, they are also willing to spend a little more for achieving zero emissions. As a result, BMW has to offers for zero emission vehicles, namely the battery electric vehicle (BEV) and the fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), while both complement each other. The FCEV will be a large vehicle for long distances and continuous driving. While the 70 MPa gaseous H2 storage is the mainstream technology for hydrogen storage, BMW has developed the 35 MPa cryo-compressed storage and associated refueling technology, as it could become an option for extended drive range applications. Durability in the field, customer day-to-day usability and range expectations have been confirmed through extensive drive testing in hot and cold climates.


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TRS-O08

Thermodynamic analysis of the cryo-compressed hydrogen storage technology and experimental validation under real operating conditions in a mobile applicationG. Movsisyan1, K. Kunze1, S. Schott1, P. Wilde2, T. von Unwerth3

1 BMW AG, Hydrogen & Alternative Fuel Tanks, Garching, Germany2 BMW AG, Technology Project Hydrogen Fuel Cell, Garching, Germany3 Chemnitz University of Technology, Department of Advanced Powertrains, Chemnitz, GermanyDue to the stringent environmental specifications and the limited availability of fossil fuels, the issue of emission-free engines in the automotive industry becomes increasingly important for future vehicle concepts. The BMW Group is currently developing the 700 bar high-pressure technology (CGH2) for hydrogen storage in passenger cars. The cryo-compressed storage technology (CcH2), a new devel-opment of BMW research and technology, is a future alternative for increased storage density. As a result, higher amounts of hydrogen can be stored in the same volume, whereby higher driving ranges can be achieved. Due to its complex thermodynamic behaviour the final storage mass after refueling the cryo-compressed system varies depending on the tank condition before refueling.The aim of this publication is the characterization of the thermodynamic processes of cryo-compressed storage technology under real operating conditions on the whole vehicle with regards to the main functions of refueling, storage and defueling. The results of the in-vestigation are used to identify optimization potentials. To simplify the variations of the system parameters a 1-D simulation model of the cryo-compressed storage system is designed. The parameterization of the model and validation of the proposed model is conducted on the basis of experiments on a test bench and on the whole vehicle. Using the validated model, the influencing variables in terms of the achieved storage density, consequently the mass stored in the tank, are investigated and quantified after a cryogenic refueling, without performing time-consuming and cost-intensive tests. On the basis of these findings, some directions for future optimizations of the cryo-compressed storage technology are identified and assessed.

TRS-O09

Efficient use of hydrogen in a combustion engineJ. Vávra1, M. Takáts1, Z. Syrovátka1

1 Czech Technical University in Prague, Josef Bozek Research Centre for Vehicles of Sustainable Mobility, Praha, Czech RepublicAn internal combustion engine is not the best energy converter for exploitation of hydrogen to produce mechanical power. However the combustion engines are still the most widespread transportation power units all over the world and it is reasonable to use them at least for the initial phase of introduction of hydrogen into the transportation fuel market. There was and still is a certain effort dedicated to es-tablish exploitation of hydrogen as an engine fuel either alone or blended with another gaseous fuel. Mixture of methane with approx. 20% of hydrogen (by volume) well known as “Hythane” is one example. With the conventional spark ignition the expected improvement of engine efficiency, derived from hydrogen high burning velocity was not confirmed.This work investigates the use of hydrogen in the combustion engine equipped with an advanced ignition system with a scavenged pre-chamber. The engine with the pre-chamber fueled with natural gas shows at low load significant improvement of indicated efficiency and at the same time very low content of nitrogen oxides in raw exhaust gas. Engine efficiency was improved additionally when the pre-chamber was scavenged and filled with hydrogen still maintaining low NOx content in raw exhaust gas.In the article experimental results are presented as they were obtained:• with the conventional gas engine fueled by natural gas• with the conventional gas engine fueled by hydrogen – natural gas blend• with the pre-chamber engine fed by lean mixture of natural gas and air through intake manifold with delivery of natural gas into the

scavenged pre-chamber• with the pre-chamber engine fed by lean mixture of natural gas and air through intake manifold with delivery of hydrogen into the

pre-chamber.

TRS-O10

Recent developments on quality assurance of fuel cell hydrogen. Ensuring quality, accuracy and traceabilityT. Bacquart1, B. Sam1, M. Abigail S.O.1, M. Arul11 National Physical Laboratory, Environment division, Teddington, United Kingdom

IntroductionHydrogen refueling stations are being installed across European cities and automotive manufacturers are rolling out their hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). A main concern of using hydrogen in FCEV is the detrimental effect that impurities, such as total sulphur compounds, can have to the vehicle performance. The international standard ISO 14687-2 set a limit for 13 parameters in hydrogen. It is a real analytical challenge to measure these 13 impurities accurately due to extremely low (nmol/mol) quantities or the nature of the compounds (i.e. total halogenated).

AimThe National Physical Laboratory, UK, has successfully developed a three way strategy to measure accurately the key impurities in hydrogen as specified in ISO 14687-2: (1) Traceability: production of gravimetric gas standards in hydrogen; (2) Accuracy: Analytical development using techniques including gas chromatography; (3) Quality: Accreditation of the hydrogen purity measurement to ISO 17025 standard.


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MethodsThe presentation will review the state-of-the-art of gas standard preparation including stability assessment in hydrogen. Method devel-opment of challenging compounds will be presented. Finally the strategy to ensure accreditation for hydrogen purity measurement will be explained (i.e. interlaboratory comparison).

ResultsProduction of formaldehyde, formic acid and halogenated gas standard will be presented with emphasis on stability issues. Method developments will be presented highlighting NPL recent accurate measurement at extremely low concentration (i.e. 4 nmol/mol of total sulphur) for formaldehyde, total sulphur or halogenated compounds analysis using dilution system and thermo-desorption.

ConclusionNPL demonstrate the possibility to measure impurities in hydrogen at extremely low amount fraction with accuracy and traceability and the availability of new reference gas standards in hydrogen. NPL hydrogen laboratory will present accredited testing scope in comparison of ISO 14687-2 requirements.

ReferencesISO 14687-2 Hydrogen Fuel - Product Specification - Part 2: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications for road vehicles, 2012

TRS-O11

An advanced energy management strategy based on equivalent minimum hydrogen consumption for fuel cell/battery hybrid locomotiveZ. Hong1, Y. Zhu1, Q. Li1, W. Chen1, Y. Yan1

1 Southwest Jiaotong University, School of Electrical Engineering, Chengdu, ChinaIn this paper, a scale-down locomotive system which consists of proton exchange membrane fuel cell system and battery system was developed, and it measured the efficiency of both fuel cell system and battery system in the scale-down locomotive system respectively. For the time of process of recycled regenerative braking power which appears in the actual driving cycle of locomotive is longer than common vehicle’s, and system could absorb more regenerative braking energy in the actual driving cycle locomotive under the situation that guarantees the safety of system. Hence, this paper proposed an advanced energy management strategy based on equivalent min-imum hydrogen consumption strategy(ECMS), and it aims to achieve the less consumption of hydrogen and higher efficiency of system in the actual driving cycle of locomotive. The proposed strategy has increased a control parameter on the framework of ECMS, and the control parameter along with different driving cycles of locomotive is disparate. This paper primarily does the theoretical calculation about the proposed strategy and ECMS through Matlab programming, then, it verifies the two strategies mentioned above on the scale-down fuel cell/battery hybrid locomotive system, the result of theoretical calculation and experiment is almost similar. Finally, the result of experiment demonstrated that the performance of strategy proposed in this paper about maintaining charge state of battery (SOC) is better than ECMS, and the hydrogen consumption of the proposed strategy is less than ECMS at the same driving cycle. Moreover, the power loss of proposed strategy is less than ECMS’s when the SOC of battery below 60%. Therefore, the proposed strategy could raise the holistic efficiency of system by reducing the energy conversion process.

Figure 1: The actual driving cycle of locomotive.


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Figure 2. Topological structure of the scaled down system.

Table 1. Parameters of the scaled down system.

TRS-O12

H2 usage in collocated industrial/mobility applications to create synergetic impact on H2 economics. Focus on material handling vehiclesI. Montinos1, D. Chatzikyriakou2, D. Diakoulaki31 National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering, Nikea, Greece2 Toyota Motor europe, Technology Trends Analysis, Brussels, Belgium3 National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering, Athens, GreeceThe increasing necessity for energy storage together with the successful introduction of FC vehicles such as the Toyota Mirai, has created a significant momentum for the hydrogen industry. In addition, technologies such as Power-to-Gas gain ground as a way to produce green hydrogen [a]. To improve the economics of hydrogen, its use as an energy vector connecting different sectors could be of key importance.A starting point could be regions populated by heavy industries that require hydrogen as feedstock, like oil refineries, chemicals plants, as well as logistics companies with large fleets of material handling equipment, like forklifts or towing trucks.This study focuses on the profitability of a Power-to-Hydrogen system at an industrial area. It takes into account the mobility needs of logistics companies, energy and H2 (as feedstock) needs of local businesses.A generic industrial complex is designed while several field studies with industry experts ensure the representativeness of the system energy needs and financial considerations.The authors focus on local companies’ fleets with fuel cell vehicles, including forklifts, heavy and light duty vehicles. Recent studies [1] highlight how this could prove a sensible choice for a logistics company, with several examples existing [b, c] since fuel cells could prove competitive vs. batteries (3 mins to refuel with H2 over few hours to recharge a battery).The hydrogen producer in such a system can achieve competitive prices due to the low transportation costs and the availability of multi-ple customers while logistics companies could minimise their upfront investment (only need for compressing/dispensing unit).In addition, local business in need of uninterrupted power supply, could combine FC forklifts with stationary FCs, thus making investing into hydrogen more appealing.[1] T. Ramsden, “An Evaluation of the Total Cost of Ownership of FC-Powered Material Handling Equipment,” NREL, 2013[a] http://www.certifhy.eu/[b] http://www.forkliftaction.com/news/newsdisplay.aspx?nwid=18238[c] http://gas2.org/2014/03/18/wal-mart-buys-50-million-worth-hydrogen-forklifts/


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TRS-O13

Viability analysis for use of hydrogen as fuel in logistics centersC. Funez Guerra1, B. Nieto1, M. Jaen2, L. Reyes3, A. Godoy4, V. Eduardo5

1 National Hydrogen Center, Consulting and Environmental, Puertollano, Spain2 National Hydrogen Center, Management, Puertollano, Spain3 Universidad Central de Chile, Vicerrectoría Académica, Santiago de Chile, Chile4 Centro de Investigación en Sustentabilidad y Gestión Estratégica de Recursos- Facultad de Ingeniería- Universidad del Desarrollo, Ingeniería,

Santiago de Chile, Chile5 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas- ESPE- extensión Latacunga, Departamento de Energía y Mecánica, Latacunga, EcuadorThe need for an energy transition is widely understood and shared; however, the implications and challenges that must be resolved call for a concerted effort. Hydrogen has the potential to be a powerful enabler of this transition.Fuel cell systems are a promising technology that can replace batteries in material handling equipment (MHE, or more typically “fork-lifts”) in warehouse applications where operations usually are extended for two or three shifts each day. Battery forklifts generally need to be charged and replaced one or more times each day, which adds complexity to logistics management and increases overall labor costs. Fuel cell forklifts produce zero emissions while operation and also can operate for more than 12 hours without performance degradation. On the other hand fuel cell MHE can be refueled in a couple of minutes compared to the charging requirements of batteries which may take several hours. These facts make fuel cells an attractive alternative to conventional battery-powered MHE.Another advantage of fuel cells over other technologies is their wide range of operating temperatures. In fact fuel cells can operate in freezing temperatures, which led Walmart for example, to choose fuel cell lift trucks for its sustainable refrigerated distribution center in Alberta, Canada. The fuel cell-powered forklift can operate in conditions as low as -40° F (-29° C).In this paper paper it will be analyzed the technical and economic viability of hydrogen as fuel in logistic centers. The technology analyzed will be polymeric electrolysis for generation of hydrogen and polymeric exchange membrane in fuel cells. Sensitivity analysis of parame-ters such as investment costs, plant operating hours, electricity price and sale price of hydrogen and oxygen are performed.

References[1] Hydrogen Council “THow the hydrogen empowers the energy transition”, January 2017. www.hydrogencouncil.com.[2] A Mayyasa et al “Fuel Cell Forklift Deployment in the U.S”, NREL Laboratory.

TRS-O14

Cost optimization of hydrogen infrastructure, example of transportation via compressed hydrogen trucksA. Lahnaoui1, J. Linssen1, C. Wulf1, D. Dalmazzone2

1 Juelich Forschungszentrum, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Systemforschung und Technologische Entwicklung, Jülich, Germany2 ENSTA ParisTech, Chemical and process engineering, Palaiseau, FranceThe study aims to provide the minimum cost for hydrogen infrastructure deployment. This is done by taking into account different hydrogen transportation modes including pipelines and trucks, and different hydrogen states as compressed gas, liquefied or chemically bound to a liquid carrier.As primary results, the minimum cost of transporting hydrogen via compressed gas trucks (CGT) is calculated. The levelized cost of trans-porting hydrogen (LCOTH) associated with, includes the transportation, the compression and storage as well.As the current market offers a variety of CGT at different compression rates, five different pressure levels are taken for the optimization problem to identify the corresponding capacities transported by each of them (at 165.5 bar, 250 bar, 350 bar, 500 bar and 540 bar).The capacities, associated with the five compression rates, giving the minimum cost are found out to not be unique and one example of the share of CGT at 540 bar is presented.About the minimum cost (figure 1), the minimum LCOTH is between 2 €/kg and 2.7 €/kg at low flow rates below 0.5 ton per day (TPD), and decreases till 0.5 €/kg at flow rates beyond 5 TPD. The cost is doubled when transported over a distance of 300 km. Moreover, because the driver working hours are taken limited, LCOHT is peaking with more than 0.6 €/kg around 400 km.


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For the share of the different compression rates capacities, low CGT are used at low flow rates below 2 TPD, and higher CGT are needed when the capacity increases.The distance over which the hydrogen is transported plays a key role on increasing the number of CGT at 540 bar (figure 2). In fact, the fuel truck cost becomes more important when the distance increases, so using more CGT at high compression level reduces the total number of CGT and LCOHT accordingly.

TRS-O15

Fuel cell powertrains for transportation – an overviewJ. Wind1

1 Daimler AG, RD/EFR, Kirchheim/Teck-Nabern, GermanyThe reduction of emissions caused by traffic needs a holistic approach comprising all modes of transport and vehicle segments. Electrification of the powertrain is one viable solution pursued by all car manufacturers as well as bus manufacturers. Fuel cell pow-ertrains fueled with hydrogen are considered as promising solution for sustainable transport in the future. Even truck companies are working on fuel cell electric vehicles. Mild hybrids and full hybrids without external charging, plug in hybrids, range extender vehicles and battery electric vehicles are other viable solutions. All those technologies are already available on the market, some with still low production numbers. Figure 1 shows two examples of FCEVs from Mercedes Benz. The Mercedes B-Class F-CELL is a FCEV with a 100kW electric motor and 370km electric range. The GLC F-CELL is FCEV which will be brought to the market in 2017.Figure 1: Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-C-CELL and GLC F-CELL.


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A very important and promising segment for FC powertrains are buses, especially city buses. Both, FC cars and buses are already deployed in relevant numbers in the whole world, mostly in funded demonstration projects. Some truck companies are already developing electric driven trucks, like the Mercedes Urban etruck (battery electric driven), the Fuso Canter E-CELL (BEV) and Renault Maxity Electric (BEV with FC system as range extender). Further, fuel cell electric propulsion has also been also tested in trains, airplanes and ships, such as Alstoms Coradia iLint, the HY4 FC-plane from DLR and the “Alsterwasser”, a FC ship which was operated in Hamburg. The presentation shows an overview of applications of fuel cell system in different transport segments and discusses the impact on WTW energy consumption and GHG emissions in comparison with other power train and fuel options, including power-to-gas (methane) and power-to-liquid fuels.

TRS-O16

Batteries and hydrogen for heavy transport applications in an industrial parkF. Zenith1, S. Møller-Holst2, A. Ødegård2

1 SINTEF Digital, Mathematics & Cybernetics, Trondheim, Norway2 SINTEF Materials & Chemistry, Sustainable Energy Technology, Trondheim, NorwayThe possibility of switching from diesel fuel to hydrogen or batteries was studied for nineteen heavy-duty vehicles currently operating in Mo Industrial Park (MIP) located in Mo i Rana, Norway.These vehicles consume 80% of the diesel fuel used for internal transport at MIP and contribute significantly to emissions.The fuel consumption and operating time of each vehicle over three years was analysed to determine emissions, energy requirements and usage patterns.These data were used as a basis to outline electrical drivelines for each type of vehicle (batteries, fuel cells and hydrogen tanks) and corresponding infrastructure (charging stations and electrolysis-based hydrogen refuelling station).Other zero-emission alternatives, such as power delivery by catenary or induction coils embedded in the road, were considered imprac-tical in the operating environment of MIP, and were hence not evaluated further. Biodiesel was not considered a viable solution, since MIP’s main concern is local emissions because of the park’s central location in the city of Mo i Rana.Battery and hydrogen solutions were evaluated economically and compared to the current diesel fuelled internal combustion engines. Investments were accounted for as equivalent annual costs, due to the varying lifetimes for various technologies.The battery solution is twice as expensive as diesel, mostly because of the cost of batteries themselves; power is only a minor part of the overall cost.The hydrogen solution is 50% more expensive than diesel, with fuel cells and hydrogen station being the cost drivers. The economy of the hydrogen solution can be substantially improved if the oxygen from electrolysis can be valorised, either within MIP or through external sale to e.g. local fish farms.A hybrid battery-fuel cell solution is likely to further improve the economy, but its applicability cannot be ascertained without more detailed study of the operation profile of relevant vehicles.

TRS-O17

Range analysis of the brazilian hybrid electric-hydrogen fuel cell bus: Simulation and actual performanceP. Miranda1, E. Carreira1, U. Icardi1, G. Nunes1

1 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilAn important development effort is made nowadays to develop and to deploy hydrogen fuel cell buses for urban use [1, 2]. A recent technology approach was unveiled [3] considering the predominance of power in the on-board electric energy storage system and pre-dominance of energy in embarked high-pressure gaseous hydrogen. In addition to that, a control intelligence for the energy hybridization engineering was developed using proprietary devices and software using CAN communication to optimize energy utilization and for the dynamic recovery of kinetic energy. The present paper describes a bus range analysis for the technology recently unveiled [3], for which physical and mathematical modeling was developed. On-road test results produced data such as mileage, instantaneous and average ve-locity, consumed, recovered and available power and energy, as a function of number of passengers, testing route types and temperature conditioning. This allowed construction of Sankey Diagrams for energy efficiency analysis and performance evaluation for range analysis. Simulated and actual results were discussed for optimizing energy utilization at lowers operational and maintenance costs.It was concluded that the technology evaluated satisfies the requirements for urban bus utilization, considering that ranges above 300 km were attained for specific energy consumptions between 1.1 and 1.6 kWh/km at an average speed of 23.3 km/h in a situation that over 46% of the initial embarked energy reached the motor axle for effective motion.[1] Saxe M, et al., Energy 2008; 33:689–11.[2] Gao D, et al., Int J Hydrogen Energy 2016; 41:1161-69.[3] de Miranda PEV, et al., Int J Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.12.155.


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TRS-O18

Well-to-tank analysis of greenhouse gas emissions of hydrogen for fuel cell vehiclesS. Oyama1, A. Saito1, Y. Furushima1, Y. Kaji11 Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Environment and Energy Division 2, Tokyo, Japan

IntroductionWith the launch of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), new propulsion options have emerged alongside conventional gasoline and hybrid vehicles. While hydrogen-powered FCVs do not emit greenhouse gases (GHGs) during operation, GHGs are emitted during hydrogen production pathways. Since the amount of GHG emissions varies with the hydrogen production pathway employed, Well-to-Tank analysis should be conducted to quantitatively clarify the GHG emission characteristics of different hydrogen production pathways.

AimThe Well-to-Tank study was conducted to clarify the differences in GHG emissions between the various hydrogen production pathways.

MethodLife cycle inventory data was collected for the processes that comprise hydrogen production pathways. In addition to existing literature values (secondary data), primary data was collected by interviews with relevant stakeholders.Figure 1: System boundary of the study.

Results and ConclusionGHG emissions over the entire life cycles of the hydrogen production pathways fall in the range from 0.16 to 1.86 kg-CO2e/Nm3-H2. Production pathways that derive hydrogen from fossil fuels had the highest GHG emissions, followed by the by-product hydrogen. The hy-drogen from renewable energy had the lowest emissions.The significant impact occurring in the fossil fuel-derived pathway was the direct emissions from the feedstock, whereas electricity consumption had the highest impact on other pathways.GHG emissions due to facility construction for the feedstock production process were extremely low for fossil fuel-derived pathways. In contrast, for renewable energy pathways, GHG emissions due to the construction of facilities increased the total emissions by approx-imately 30 to 110%.A sensitivity analysis showed that GHG emissions of by-product hydrogen could increase by 1.2 to 3.7-fold depending on allocation procedures employed.This study provides a useful resource to stakeholders involved in hydrogen supply and usage, as well as FCV users, when developing technologies to reduce the environmental burdens and select hydrogen with the lower environmental burdens.


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Figure 2: GHG emissions of each hydrogen production pathway.

TRS-O19

Multigas field analyzer directly measures pollutants at HRS for ISO 14687-2O. Le Mauguen1, A. Colin2

1 Blue Industry and Science, Development, PARIS, France2 Blue Industry and Science, Research, PARIS, France

IntroductionStandard ISO 14687-2 imposes maximum values for numerous pollutants in H2 for fuel cells for vehicles. The measurement of these pollutants is beyond the capabilities of current field-deployable technologies, imposing that these measurements be performed offline.

AimThis study aims at demonstrating a field deployable technology able to perform compliance measurements to ISO 14687-2 directly at hydrogen refueling stations. The technology can be used either to perform discrete or continuous measurements directly at point of sampling.

MethodsThe technology is based on new laser IR spectroscopy. Laser-based IR spectroscopy is a measurement technique that provides direct mea-surement of compounds at trace level (ppb and below), and is very fit for online continuous measurements (no drift, no consumables). Previous limitations of laser based spectroscopy are being lifted by new laser sources, that are widely tunable: multiple compounds can now be measured by the same instrument. The study has been performed using such a new laser technology, integrated by Blue Industry and Science into the Blue X-FLR8 gas analyzer.

ResultsPreliminary results show measurement of multiple compounds directly in H2. Detailed tests results will be presented during the conference.


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Measured compounds

ConclusionThe study shows measurement performance in line with ISO 14687-2 for multiple compounds with a single laser-based field analyzer, with possibility to measure directly at the HRS. Further developments will target the measurement of CO, NH3 and sulphur compounds (H2S, COS, CS2, CH4S).

TRS-O20

A hydrogen corridor for the Pyrenees regions (Project H2PiyR)J. Simón1, F. Palacin Arizón2, P. Casero Cabezón1

1 Foundation for Hydrogen in Aragón, Technical Department, Cuarte - Huesca, Spain2 Foundation for Hydrogen in Aragón, Managing Director, Cuarte - Huesca, SpainH2PiyR project faces the challenge of creating a cross-border hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS) corridor across the Pyrenees connecting the Spanish regions of Aragon and Catalonia with Andorra and the South of France (Midi-Pyrénées). In this way, H2PiyR will become the link with Mid and North EU countries where zero emission hydrogen mobility is already a reality.Thus, a hydrogen mobility network will be created between member states, the emissions linked to traditional vehicles will be reduced, local economies will be boosted and new business opportunities will merge, especially for SMEs, being the innovation in hydrogen technologies promoted in every knowledge area involved for the implementation of such corridor. To achieve these goals, 6 HRS will be installed being strategically located in Spain, Andorra and France (Zaragoza, Fraga, Tarragona, Andorra, Huesca city and Pamiers) and those built in 2010 in Huesca Walqa and Zaragoza Valdespartera will be maintained operative. The goal is the connection with those in France (two being built in Rhodez and Albi). In the same way, the beneficiaries will demonstrate 16 fuel cell vehicles and 2 buses pro-pelled with hydrogen. For this ambitious deployment of infrastructures, the project is supported by the regional and local governments through their development, industry and economy departments and by the INTERREG-POCTEFA program.

Energy Systems

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Systems modeling for dynamic behavior analysis of large scale alkaline water electrolyzerH. Kojima1, T. Matsuda2, H. Matsumoto1, T. Tsujimura1

1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Renewable Energy Research Center, Koriyama, Japan2 Tokyo Denki University, Department of materials science and engineering, Tokyo, JapanThe Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute of AIST (FREA) [1] has the world’s largest class hydrogen energy carrier production, storage, and utilization system. The differences between a lab-scale system and a commercial-scale system has been clarified through operation and measurement. In order to develop an energy efficient hydrogen energy carrier production system for practical applications, analysis of dynamic behaviors against fluctuating electric power generated by photovoltaic cells and wind turbines is essential.The aim of this study is to develop a simulator of large scale alkaline water electrolyzer, which is one component of the unified system. The main frame of simulator was developed in our previous work [2]. In the present study, temperature prediction performance was tried to be improved based on experimental data.The simulator was developed as a MATLAB/Simulink model and consists of physical models describing electrolysis reaction on electrodes, heat balance in electrolyte and materials, and generated gas flow from tanks. Fundamental ideas for modeling was obtained by analyzing experimental results of a 150kW class electrolyzer operation.Simulation results shows that important phenomena for temperature prediction of electrolyzer is heat loss to ambient and latent heat of water evaporation. By considering these effects in the developed simulator, temporal change of temperature against fluctuating elec-tric power input was successfully predicted. Also, temporal change of hydrogen flow rate from the tank to a subsequent hydrogenation reactor can be predicted in the simulator based on pressure in a liquid-gas separation tank.


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An alkaline water electrolyzer simulator for analysis of dynamic behavior was developed based on experimental data. The simulator is expected to be utilized for estimation of hydrogen amount produced by renewable electricity and prediction of hydrogen flow rate, which is supplied to subsequent hydrogenation process.[1] Fukushima renewable energy institute of AIST, https://www.aist.go.jp/fukushima/en/[2] Kojima H, et al., Int. J Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.12.088

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Activity of zirconia on zirconium for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline solutionK. Matsuzawa1, A. Ishihara2, A. Oishi1, S. Mitsushima2, K.I. Ota1

1 Yokohama National Univerisity, Green hydrogen research center- Graduate school of engineering, Yokohama, Japan2 Yokohama National Univerisity, Institute Advanced Science, Yokohama, JapanAlkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is one of the hydrogen production methods without any carbon dioxide emission with renewable elec-tric power supply. State-of-the-art anode of AWE is Ni based material. In the case of using fluctuant electricity produced from renewable energies such as wind and solar powers, the Ni anode electrode is degraded. In order to develop an alternative anode of AWE, we focused on zirconium oxide because of its high chemical stability in alkaline solution.In this study, we have investigated the catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on zirconium oxides formed by heat-treat-ment of zirconium plate in temperature range from 400 to 600oC for 10 min under air. In addition, ZrO2/Zr prepared by arc-plasma procedure was also evaluate the OER activity in alkaline solution.According to cross-sectional observation of ZrO2/Zr, fine oxide film was formed around surface in the case of preparation at 400oC and it had monoclinic structure with high crystallinity. In the case of preparation at 500 and 600oC, oxide film with some pores was formed, and it had mix structure of tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2.In order to investigate the OER activity, it is require to evaluate the electrochemical effective surface area (ECSA). We used electric double layer capacitance as pseudo-ECSA. The oxide film prepared at 500oC had the highest pseudo-current density at 1.6 V vs.RHE, and so that it had the highest OER activity in this series.In order to enhance effect of surface area, highly dispersed nanoparticles with tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 on Zr plate was prepared by arc-plasma method. In Fig. 1, polarization curves of ZrO2/Zr prepared by air oxidation and arc-plasma method. The ZrO2/Zr prepared by arc-plasma method had obviously higher OER activity than that prepared by air oxidation.

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Nickel-molybdenum oxide cathodes for hydrogen evolution in acidic mediumA. Gomez Vidales1, S. Omanovic1

1 McGill University, Chemical Engineering, Montreal, CanadaPt is considered the best hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst. Nonetheless, its high cost has made it an obstacle for large-scale commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysers, which are preferred hydrogen generators (vs. alkaline) due to their higher energy efficiency and smaller footprint. As the first cost-effective alternative to Pt, Ni has been identified. Unfortunately, Ni is not stable in the acidic environment of the PEM electrolysers. However, certain metal-oxides that show satisfactory electrocatalytic activity in the HER are known to be stable across the entire pH scale and can be, thus, considered as potential candidates for cathodes in PEM electrolysers.This work presents results on the development of nickel-molybdenum mixed-metal-oxide (MMO) electrodes with the aim of exploring their potential used as cathodes in the acidic water electrolyser (PEM electrolyser).A range of different compositions of the MMO were prepared by thermal decomposition of the corresponding Ni and Mo salts on a Ti sub-strate (NixMo(1-x)-oxide, x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1). These electrodes were then tested in an acidic environment (0.5 M H2SO4) for their activity in the HER using electrochemical techniques. The surface morphology of the MMOs produced was investigated by SEM, the chemical composition by EDS.


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The SEM analysis showed that the NixMo(1-x)-oxide electrodes are characterized by an increased surface roughness. The EDS analysis confirmed that Ni and Mo in all the electrodes are uniformly distributed on the surface. Figure 1 displays the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of the MMOs produced as a function of composition (activity normalized with respect to the true electrochemically-active area of the electrode). Ni0.8Mo0.2-oxide yields the highest overall electrocatalytic activity among the investigated materials. It is notable that addition of only 20% of Mo to Ni-oxide, significantly increases the material’s electrocatalytic activity.

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IrO2 nanopore MEA for highly efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalyst in SPEZ. Lu1, Y. Shi1, C.F. Yan1

1 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion- CAS, Hydrogen Production and Utilization Lab., Guangzhou, ChinaIrO2 is a great candidate of anode electrode for its high OER activity and good stability. However, the high price of Ir hinders its exten-sive application1. In this work, IrO2 nanopore structure was synthesized with anodized TiO2 (ATO) template. Most of reported works used ATO template prepared in organic solution, which had tiny or no gaps between the tubes and resulted in nanowire or nanotube structure of catalyst2-4, High aspect ratio nanowire or nanotube may tend to crack during solid polymer electrolyzer (SPE) assembling. In contrast, ATO template synthesized in HF-H3PO4 aqueous solution showed well-separated tubes5 and IrO2 could be electrodeposited on the external tube wall to form nanopore structure with large surface area, high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity and good mechanical property. The pore diameter was controlled by applying different voltage. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic method was used to deposit IrO2 on the template. A membrane electrode assemble (MEA) for SPE was fabricated by hot-press method with IrO2 nanopore catalyst and Nafion membrane follow by acid treatment to remove the template.

Reference1. Reier, T.; Teschner, D.; Lunkenbein, T.; Bergmann, A.; Selve, S.; Kraehnert, R.; Schloegl, R.; Strasser, P. J Electrochem Soc 2014, 161, (9), F876-F882.2. Shan, R.; Zhang, Z.; Kan, M.; Zhang, T.; Zan, Q.; Zhao, Y. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2015, 40, (41), 14279-14283.3. Wang, D.; Yu, B.; Wang, C.; Zhou, F.; Liu, W. Advanced Materials 2009, 21, (19), 1964-1967.4. Zhang, L.; Shao, Z.-G.; Yu, H.; Wang, X.; Yi, B. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2013, 688, 262-268.5. Bauer, S.; Kleber, S.; Schmuki, P. Electrochemistry Communications 2006, 8, (8), 1321-1325.

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Comparative study of cobalt and selenium doped molybdenum sulphide nanostructures, realizing enhanced catalytic activity for electrochemical hydrogen evolutionR. Bose1, B. Koh1, T.H. Kim1, Y. Sung Chul11 Hanyang University, Chemical Engineering, Seoul, Korea Republic ofMolecular hydrogen (H2), one of the promising clean, and renewable energy carrier to meet our future global energy demands, produced by straight pathway-assisted by electrochemical water splitting. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using earth abundant catalyst is the current approach to replace platinum (Pt) and Pt-based catalysts for a green-energy environment. To find an earth abundant, low cost and non-noble electrocatalyst for an efficient HER process. Hence, an attempt was put forth for a comparative electrochemical study of cobalt (cationic) and selenium (anionic) doped molybdenum sulphide (MoS2) on carbon fiber paper (CFP) for the first time using an unique synthetic approach. A facile hydrothermal synthetic route was adopted to prepare Co-and Se-doped MoS2 on CFP.


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The structure and morphological characterizations reveal the presence of nanostructures namely cuboid and raspberry features with high order of crystallinity and extended interlayer spacing. Se-MoS2 catalyst shows the dominant layered flakes with crystalline morphol-ogy with defects and disordered atomic arrangements.

Fig. 1: FE-SEM images of (a-b) Co-MoS2/CFP; (c-d) Se-MoS2/CFP.

Fig. 2: HR-TEM image of (a) Co-MoS2/CFP, and (b) Se-MoS2/CFP.The Co- and Se-doped MoS2, (Fig. 3) displays enhanced HER activity than pristine MoS2 with a low onset potential of 181 mV and 166 mV, and a low overpotential of 218 mV, 207 mV respectively at a cathodic current density 10 mA/cm2. More interestingly, Se-MoS2 catalyst showed a superior catalytic stability with a low Tafel slope of 44 mV/dec as compared with that of Co-MoS2 catalyst (50 mV/dec) and other published reports.


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The greater catalytic activity of Se-MoS2 catalysts can be attributed to the nanoraspberry structures with high degree of crystallinity, expanded interlayer spacing with active edge sites favouring interphasial electron transfer process and direct electron transport between electrode and catalyst. Thus, the current study offers a new insight towards more favoured anionic doping of MoS2 using hydrothermal process in a large scale.

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The influence of laser structured nickel meshes on electrochemical losses during oxygen evolution in alkaline water electrolysisM. Koj1, T. Gimpel2, P. Haug1, W. Schade2, T. Turek1

1 Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany2 Clausthal University of Technology, EFZ, Goslar, GermanyHydrogen production by water electrolysis is one of the most promising energy storage technologies for the future energy supply in the context of an increasing share of renewable energies. Our research concentrates on the development of alkaline water electrolysis. Especially the electrodes have a big impact on the efficiency of the electrolyzer. Modern electrodes are made of meshes and expanded metals as substrates, which are coated with different active catalysts such as nickel/cobalt-based oxides or perovskites for the oxygen evolution reaction. Besides the composition of the catalyst, the surface area has a big impact on the overall efficiency [1].In the present work the influence of different laser structured nickel meshes on the electrochemical losses will be systematically inves-tigated for the oxygen evolution reaction. The nickel mesh is treated with the ultrashort laser pulse method to achieve an adjustable electrode surface structure [2]. Irradiating the samples with a different number of pulses on the same spot leads to different surface structures as shown in Figure 1.The electrochemical characterization of the electrodes is carried out in a modified half-cell by using a three electrode setup under technical relevant conditions (32wt% KOH and 80°C) at different current densities of up to 8 kA*m-².On the one hand the overvoltage decreases by improved surface utilization, while on the other hand, however, the bubble resistance is slightly increased by using highly jagged surfaces. Based on the obtained geometry-performance relationship, the optimization of the electrodes for alkaline water electrolysis will be possible.


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Figure 1: SEM images of different laser structured nickel meshes.

References[1] Sapountzi F.M., Gracia J.M., Weststrate C.J.(K.), Fredriksson H.O.A., Niemantsverdriet J.W.(H.), Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2017, 58,1-35.[2] Neale A.R., Jin Y., Ouyang J., Hughes S., Hesp D., Dhanak V., Dearden G., Edwardson S., Hardwick L.J., Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 27, 42-47.

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Storage of renewable energy in existing infrastructure with Power to GasR. Schoof11 Uniper Energy Storage GmbH, Head of Operational Performance Surface Storage Facilities, Essen, GermanyThe Power to Gas technology is one of the most interesting technologies to store renewable energies in the existing infrastructure. Furthermore Power to Gas can integrate renewable energy in different sectors like mobility, heating, industry and power. Uniper as op-erator of two Power to Gas demonstration plants has many experiences to use the technology. The speech will give an overview of the experiences from this Power to Gas plants and an outlook to possible future markets for green Hydrogen.

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Efficiency increase of the power to gas technology by thermally integrating high-temperature steam electrolysis with CO2-methanation – the HELMETH projectM. Gruber1, P. Weinbrecht1, S. Harth1, D. Trimis1, D. Schollenberger1, S. Bajohr1, O. Posdziech2, J. Brabandt2, R. Blumentritt21 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany2 Sunfire GmbH, Gasanstaltstraße 2, Dresden, GermanyWithin the European research project HELMETH (Integrated High-Temperature ELectrolysis and METHanation for Effective Power to Gas Conversion), a highly efficient power-to-gas process is developed and evaluated. It is realized by thermally integrating high temperature electrolysis (SOEC) with CO2-methanation. This innovative combination of exothermic methanation reaction and steam generation for high-temperature electrolysis offers the potential to increase the efficiency (calculated with HHV of methane) of the PtG technology in the conversion to methane from previously approx. 60 % (with alkaline electrolysis) to more than 85 %.


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The thermal integration of both modules, the CO2-methanation reactor concept and its advantages are presented in various levels of detail with respect to the produced natural gas substitute (SNG) quality and the calculation of the PtG process efficiency. Subsequently, the influence of different variables and boundary conditions is investigated by simulating the CO2-methanation stage using a current reaction rate equation. Of particular interest in this context is the temperature control within the catalytic fixed bed. For catalyst particles with industrial size it will be shown how the consideration of internal and external mass transfer affects the temperature distribution.

ENS-O09

Analysis of renewable P2H2 energy system configurations using matlabA. Voigt1, U. Fischer1, D. Tannert1, H.J. Krautz1

1 Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Chair of Power Plant Technology, Cottbus, Germany

IntroductionIn the context of the research project “WESpe – Wind Energy Storage and Hydrogen Storage in Caverns” the department of Power Plant Technologies of the Brandenburg University of Technology scientifically investigates various issues concerning the realisation of Power-to-Gas-Systems.

AimThe main object of the project is the generation of a complex P2G system model and the calculation of various scenarios concerning the application of renewable produced hydrogen in present and future energy systems.

MethodsIn order of this, technological models of specific components of an energy system are created, consisting of wind power plant, photo-voltaic power plant, electrolyser, hydrogen storage tank, cavern storage system, hydrogen distribution and combined cycle power plant. Based on these components, complex energy system models for various technologically useful scenarios are generated.

Picture 1: “Schematic overview of components of a hydrogen based energy system and potential applications”.Using real renewable energy feed data as well as hydrogen demand curves of industry and transportation, calculations for the reference years 2015, 2030 and 2050 are realised.


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ResultAs result of the sensitivity analysis the qualitative and quantitative impact of changing various factors in a specific power to gas system are determined. Thus economically reasonable system configurations and plant dimensioning are obtained.

Picture 2: “Case study hydrogen storage utilisation”.

ConclusionA comprehensive analysis of various scenarios for the utilisation of hydrogen out of renewable energies and for different hydrogen based applications is realised. According to this key figures are calculated and a systematic evaluation of the simulation results is performed.

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Pilot unit of carbon dioxide methanation using a nickel based catalystsV. Šnajdrová1, E. Baraj1, T. Hlinčík1, K. Ciahotný1, L. Polák2, A. Doucek2

1 University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of gaseous and solid fuels and air protection, Prague, Czech Republic2 ÚJV Řež a. s., Hydrogen Technologies Department, Husinec-Řež, Czech RepublicProduction of chemical energy from excess renewable electrical energy is known as Power-to-Gas. The concept Power-to-Gas connects the power grid with the pipeline network in which the surplus of electrical energy is converted to the chemical energy through a two-stage process. In the first stage, hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis. In the second stage, hydrogen is converted to methane at elevated temperatures by reacting with the stoichiometric amount of carbon dioxide. The produced methane can be used as a substitute natural gas known as synthetic natural gas (SNG). Based on several research works, hydrogen methanation can be an attractive way of production of easily-storable and transportable energy.In this work a photovoltaic power plant was chosen as a renewable energy source with variable power production. The photovoltaic power plant with installed capacity 14 kWp is a part of hydrogen storage unit. Other parts of the hydrogen storage unit are proton-ex-change membrane (PEM) electrolyser with hydrogen flow 1 m3/h (0 °C; 15 bar) and hydrogen storage tank with working capacity up to 10 kg of hydrogen. The whole system was designed for an average household and its energy needs in the Czech Republic.The hydrogen methanation experimental unit constructed in ÚJV Řež, Czech Republic, used hydrogen, which was produced directly by electrolysis, and pressurized carbon dioxide from a cylinder. In methanation process, a key component is the catalyst. This paper focuses on development of a nickel based catalyst, which was prepared using the impregnation technique at UCT Prague, and its testing in real operational conditions. Experiments were conducted at various pressures, temperatures and with different ratios of input mixture of H2 to CO2. The prepared catalyst shows 95 % of CO2 conversion with 80 % of methane reaction at 200 °C. Also, its chemical properties were compared with commercial available catalysts.


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Analyzing the hydrogen production costs of power-to-gas plants in dependence of different power procurement options within the project “Energiepark Mainz”M. Kopp1, D. Coleman1, B. Scheppat11 Hochschule RheinMain, Faculty of Engineering, Rüsselsheim, GermanyDue to the German “Energiewende” the installed power of renewable energy plants increased significant over the last years. Mostly wind farms and photovoltaic systems with high fluctuations in terms of their power production were installed. This volatile power production out of renewable energy sources has led to an increased demand for energy storage and flexible demand side options. Therefore Power-to-Gas (PtG) plants which convert the surplus of electricity into a chemical energy carrier such as hydrogen became more important. Due to high investment and operating costs only a few projects with a grid-relevant electrolysis capacity have been realized to date.Consequently, the reduction of investment costs and operating expenditures are a key issue for the further deployment of PtG plants. This presentation will address the different approaches to reduce electricity costs within the 6 MW PtG project “Energiepark Mainz”; which is currently the biggest PtG plant with PEM electrolysis technology. In a detailed analysis, the different power procurement options with respect to the boundary conditions of the German electricity market will be described and it will be shown how grid balancing services can reduce the hydrogen production costs. In particular, the electricity purchase at the EPEX day-ahead auction market, the continuous intraday market and the market for control reserve will be compared by using data from the year 2015 to 2017. The expected total hydrogen production costs as a function of the plant utilization will conclude the presentation.

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Decarbonizing humanity’s total energy supply requires continental-scale gaseous hydrogen (GH2) and liquid anhydrous ammonia (NH3) Pipeline systems with low-cost storageW. Leighty1, Z. McDonald2

1 The Leighty Foundation, Director, Juneau, USA2 University of California, Institute od Transportation Studies, Davis, USAIn California (CA) in year 2050 the demand for CO2-emission-free (CEF) transportation fuel will probably exceed the demand for CEF grid electricity by > 30 %, a major new market for wind and other CEF energy sources. Fuel cell transportation (FCEV’s) will displace BEV’s -- ex-cept for light-duty, short-haul missions --but will succeed only to the extent that abundant H2 fuel is ubiquitously available at competitive prices. We need to consider both Gaseous Hydrogen (GH2) and Anhydrous Ammonia (NH3) energy systems as alternatives to electricity systems, including for offshore wind. Both can be stored at capex <$1.00/kWh: GH2 in deep, solution-mined salt caverns at 150 bar, at net ~ 100,000 MWh each; NH3 in steel tanks at 10 bar or “atmospheric” at up to net ~ 200,000 MWh each. This could launch a very large impact, emulating Japan’s interest in importing tanker loads of Hydrogen-rich liquids from CEF sources worldwide -- perhaps from Alaska. Japan’s NEDO assignments: Kawasaki, LH2. Sumitomo, NH3. Chiyoda, Methylcyclohexane (C7H14) - Toluene cycle.In CA in 2050, transport Hydrogen fuel alone will require ~20 times today’s installed wind capacity or ~ 25 times today’s installed solar capacity, or equivalent combinations with other CEF sources, and/or imports. Costly windplant electricity infrastructure is eliminated: cables, field transformers, substation, transmission line.

Fig. 1: GH2 transmission pipelines, with no midline compression, have large capacity, capex comparable to electricity systems per GW-km, and provide “free” storage by “packing” the pipelines.


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Fig. 2: A new, dedicated, high-purity, underground, GH2 pipeline network will be needed to supply ~ 7 million tons per year of GH2 transportation fuel in CA.

Fig. 3: At continental scale, diverse RE-CEF energy resources are gathered, transmitted, and distributed via a new, dedicated, high-purity, GH2 pipeline system. This relieves the Grid of substantial energy storage technical and economic burdens.

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Synthetic fuels as a store of renewable energy enabled by co-production of H2 and CO in a SOEC systemJ. Hartvigsen1, S. Elangovan1, J. Elwell1, L. Frost11 Ceramatec- Inc., SOFC- Hydrogen & Synfuels, Salt Lake City, USACeramatec has achieved 30 years of SOFC R&D. Early development targeted distributed electric power generation from natural gas. Over this period, hundreds of millions (108 USD) have been invested in SOFC and related development activities and infrastructure at Ceramatec, with multiple billions (109 USD) invested worldwide. Great technical advances in performance, system design, and manu-facturing learning curves have been realized, yet commercial success has been limited to rather narrow markets.The market for electricity sold to the grid sees prices falling as renewable generation capacity is added. Simultaneously the non-dis-patchable nature of most renewables limits the fraction of renewable generation that the grid can accommodate. Growth in annual GW-hr demand is very slow. Large, high value, high efficiency dispatchable loads have the potential to substantially increase the market for renewable generators, further lowering cost of electricity which is the main feedstock for such loads.SOFC technology applied as solid oxide electrolysis of CO2 and steam (SOEC) can be used to produce synthetic liquid transportation fuels and enable so-called one-way storage of renewable energy. Dedicated dispatchable loads employing co-electrolysis to fuels will enable utilization of vastly greater renewable generation capacity while simultaneously diverting fossil fuels from the transportation sector. This technology creates a pathway to a larger and higher value market for renewable energy than is possible with current grid connected generation while displacing petroleum.Ceramatec’s advances in co-electrolysis to fuels technology will be discussed including addressing SOEC specific degradation modes, techno-economic analysis of SOEC operation, and the back end conversion of co-electrolysis produced synthesis gas to liquid fuels.


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Modified NiO/GDC cermets as possible cathode electrocatalysts for H2O electrolysis & H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis processes in SOECsE. Ioannidou1, C. Neofytidis1, S. Neophytides1, D. Niakolas1

1 FORTH/ICE-HT, Laboratory of Electrocatalytic Processes, Patras, GreeceH2O electrolysis constitutes a promising method for the production of pure-H2 and O2 by using electrical energy. One characteristic and recent application of this technology is electrolysis at high temperatures, by using Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs). Although this technological application has considerable advantages, it confronts many problems that prevent the widespread use and commercializa-tion. One of the most important is the deactivation of the fuel electrodes (H2O/H2), which is usually ascribed to nickel re-oxidation and/or agglomeration during H2O electrolysis, or/and carbon deposition during H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis. The aim of this work is the develop-ment and study of ceramo-metallic electrocatalysts/electrodes, which are based on commercial NiO/GDC powder (Marion Technologies). This powder is modified with chemical methods by the addition of Ba, Au or/and Mo. The Au or/and Mo modified electro-catalysts have been extensively studied, from our research group, as electrodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) applications and their use in SOECs, as H2/H2O electrodes (cathodes), is also very interesting. Furthermore, the modification with Ba aims to the protection of the Ni proper-ties, towards the potential limitation of fast re-oxidation or/and agglomeration. All cermets were investigated through physicochemical characterization with the methods of BET, XRD, XPS, TGA-MS, H2-TPR, O2-TPO, including specific redox stability measurements under various H2O-H2 feed conditions. The powders were also used for the preparation of appropriate paste, which was deposited on solid YSZ electrolytes with the method of screen printing. The prepared/calcined electrodes were kinetically studied, in the form of half cells, for their catalytic activity for the Reverse Water Gas Shift Reaction in the temperature range of 800-900 oC with simultaneous analysis of products/reactants using gas chromatography. Electrocatalytic measurements with Electrochemical Impedance Spectra (EIS) analysis were also performed in single solid oxide cells, within the same temperature range, under H2O electrolysis conditions by applying different pH2O/pH2 ratios.

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Efficient hydrogen production for industry and electricity storage via high-temperature electrolysisO. Posdziech1, K. Schwarze1, J. Brabandt11 Sunfire GmbH, Large Systems, Dresden, GermanyHigh-temperature electrolysers based on Solid Oxid Cell (SOC) technology achieve conversion efficiencies from power to hydrogen of more than 80% (LHV). Thereby, attractive business cases for the generation of ‘green’ hydrogen from renewable electricity become feasible. Applications range from hydrogen production in industrial processes where waste heat is available to the generation of renewable fuels via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or synthetic natural gas (SNG) via methanation.SOC systems can be operated reversibly as electrolysers or Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) to generate electricity from hydrogen or natural gas. This makes the technology attractive in connection with fluctuating renewable electricity where a high number of operation hours can be achieved by switching between hydrogen and power production.Operational results from two different system installations will be presented: The first is a reversible 200 KWAC demonstration unit that is integrated in an industrial environment producing hydrogen or electric power for the iron and steel industry. Secondly, a 15 kWAC system operating at pressures of more than 10 bar is shown. This system will be connected with a methanation unit to generate SNG that can be fed into the natural gas grid. With it, Sunfire is going to demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of high-temperature electrolysis for a variety of industrial applications including long-term electricity storage based on hydrogen.

Even if the maturity of SOC technology is still behind the classical PEM of alkaline based electrolysers, its outstanding conversion efficien-cy makes the technology attractive for the connection to renewable electricity sources. Sunfire will show that it is progressing quickly towards an industrialization of high-temperature electrolysers.


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Thin-film Ir-based supported catalysts for PEM water electrolysis deposited by magnetron sputteringP. Kúš1, A. Ostroverkh1, R. Fiala1, I. Khalakhan1, E. Lobko1, K. Sevcikova2, T. Skala1, N. Tsud1, V. Matolin1

1 Charles University, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Prague, Czech Republic2 Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Materials Science Beamline, Trieste, Italy

IntroductionProton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is an essential technology within the concept of hydrogen economy. Its wider commercialization is however hindered by the high prices of state-of-the-art catalysts. Using thin-film deposition techniques for low-load-ing noble metal deposition and utilizing high-surface catalyst supports might help to reduce the production costs. Following this idea, we hot-pressed TiC/ionomer mixture onto anode side of the membrane, creating porous corrosion-resistant support sublayer, which was consequently coated with Ir thin-film catalyst via magnetron sputtering. Achieved efficiency of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and in-cell performance was comparable to conventional catalysts with much higher noble metal loading.

AimReducing noble metal loading while preventing PEMWE efficiency deterioration.

MethodsInk for support sublayers was rolled on transient PTFE foil and hot-pressed onto Nafion membrane. Catalyst was deposited on the sublayer using balanced magnetron sputtering [1]. Electrochemical measurements were carried out in single cell with area of 4.62 cm² heated to 80 °C. Physico-chemical analysis was done using scanning electron microscopy and photo-electron spectroscopy.

Results

Figure 1: (A) end plates, (B) commercial cathode catalyst (0.4 mg/cm² Pt), (C) Nafion NE1035 with hot-pressed TiC-based sublayer and Ir thin film (0.12 mg/cm²) on anode side, (D) Ti current collector.

Figure 2: Cross-section of support sublayer with 50 nm of sputtered Ir catalyst.


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Figure 3: Performance of tested PEMWE cell and corresponding Nyquist plot.

ConclusionThin Ir films sputtered on top of conductive TiC-based support sublayers perform well as OER catalysts despite having significantly lower noble metal loading than conventional counterparts. Herein presented unconventional and cost-effective preparation method might help to commercialize PEMWE technology.

References[1] P. Kúš, et al., Magnetron sputtered Ir thin film on TiC-based support sublayer as low-loading anode catalyst for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (2016) 15124–15132. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.248.

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Long-term steam electrolysis with solid oxide cells with up to 23000 h operationJ. Schefold1, A. Brisse1

1 European Institute for Energy Research, EIFER, Karlsruhe, GermanyHydrogen can be generated via steam electrolysis with solid oxide cells (SOCs) with high electrical-to-chemical energy-conversion ef-ficiency. That efficiency further increases if thermal energy is available for evaporation such as from ‘power-to-gas/liquid’ converters or from other sources in industrial installations (cf. current European R&D project GrInHy [1]).To further approach the lifetime required for industrial electrolysis we recently accomplished a 23000 h cell test [2,3]. To our knowledge, this represent the so far longest reported test, done with an electrolyte supported cell (ESC) with a low degradation of 7.4 mV/1000 h (Figure. 1). The cell voltage remained around/below the thermal neutral voltage (~1.3 V at 800°C), which would translate to zero electrolysis-sys-tem degradation during the test [2].Since several years, the focus of degradation work related to SOC electrolysis refers to the H2 electrode and its interface to the electrolyte [4]. However, in the reported test that electrode showed a high stability. At the O2 electrode, on the other hand, beginning delamination was detectable at the end of the test. This indicates a need to reconsider the weight of the different degradation issues. Moreover, the more the lifetime of the classical SOFC application is approached, the higher becomes the probability that a degradation feature is no longer only electrolysis (SOEC) specific. In this contribution, the results of the mentioned test will be compared to more recent work in the above 10000 h duration range. Conclusions will be drawn regarding long-term degradation and cell reversibility.

References[1] <www.green-industrial-hydrogen.com>.[2] J. Schefold, A. Brisse, H. Poepke, IHE, accepted (2017).[3] J. Schefold, A. Brisse, H. Poepke, ECA 179 (2015) 161.[4] D. The, S. Grieshammer, M. Schroeder, M. Martin, M. Al Daroukh, F. Tietz, J. Schefold, A. Brisse, JPS 275 (2015) 901.


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Fig. 1: Time evolution of the cell voltage and aspect of the H2 electrode after 23000 h operation.

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Reversible solid oxide cell systems with thermal stack control based on planar heat pipesM. Dillig1, J. Karl11 University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nürnberg, GermanyHigh temperature solid oxide cell can be operated reversibly, i.e. as fuel cell (SOFC) or electrolyser (SOEC), and are therefore the ideal technology for storage system based on chemical energy carriers. One main problem of this approach is the low tolerance of the cells against thermal stress created by temperature gradients due to different operation regimes. The works at the institute of energy process engineering target a thermal management of these stacks based on planar high temperature heat pipes [1]. The heat pipes are directly incorporated into the stack structure in order to reduce thermal gradients significantly (Fig. 1). An isothermal stack operation and even high temperature heat extraction become possible [2]. The paper will present results of planar heat pipe stack integration and an exper-imental study focusing on temperature distributions within this stack structure, heat spreading capabilities and power limitations of the heat pipe interconnectors. An additional focus will be set on design and numerical layout of complete RSOFC stacks and systems [3].

Fig. 1: Concept of rSOC stacks (SOFC with internal reforming displayed) with integrated planar heat pipe interconnector layers designated to thermal gradient flattening and heat extraction from the stack.

References[1] Dillig, M., J. Leimert, and J. Karl, Planar High Temperature Heat Pipes for SOFC/SOEC Stack Applications. Fuel Cells, 2014. 14(3): p. 479-488.[2] Dillig, M., T. Meyer, and J. Karl, Integration of Planar Heat Pipes to Solid Oxide Cell Short Stacks. Fuel Cells, 2015. 15(5): p. 742-748.[3] Dillig, M., T. Biedermann, and J. Karl, Thermal contact resistance in solid oxide fuel cell stacks. Journal of Power Sources, 2015. 300: p. 69-76.


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Small-scale stand-alone renewable hydrogen energy systemF. Barbir1, J. Simunovic1, N. Pivac1

1 FESB University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering- Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Split, CroatiaA small-scale stand-alone renewable hydrogen energy system has been installed at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split. The system consists of a wind turbine (1.4 kW), PV panels (1.6 kW), batteries (8 kWh), electrolyzer (2.4 kW), hydrogen storage, fuel cell (1.2 kW), DC/DC inverter (1.2 kW), control unit and programmable DC load. Electrolyzer can operate directly on variable power produced from renewable energy. It can deliver hydrogen at pressures up to 30 bar, so no hydrogen compressor is used. The purpose of this system is to study and optimize control strategies for energy management. There are several energy pathways from the source to the load, namely: (i) directly from the source to the load; (ii) excess energy may be used to charge the batteries, and power from batteries may be used in periods when power from renewables cannot satisfy the load; (iii) depending on the state of charge of the batteries, excess energy from renewables may be used in the electrolyzer to produce hydrogen, which may be stored for later use in fuel cell to generate power during the periods when power from renewables cannot satisfy the load. In addition to these basic energy pathways it may be desirable to operate both the electrolyzer and the fuel cell in constant power mode, in which case energy from and to the batteries may be used. An optimal control strategy should result not only in the highest overall efficiency, covering most of the load but also resulting in less start-ups and shut-downs of the electrolyzer and the fuel cell. In addition, an economic aspect should not be neglected, so the relative size of the batteries, electrolyzer, fuel cells and hydrogen storage must be selected that should result in the lowest cost of energy delivered.

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Building innovative green hydrogen systems in an isolated territory: A pilot for Europe (BIG HIT)J. Simón1, F. Palacín Arizón2, E. Troncoso3, K. Hyde4, N. Holmes5

1 Foundation for Hydrogen in Aragón, Technical Department, Cuarte - Huesca, Spain2 Foundation for Hydrogen in Aragón, Managing Director, Cuarte - Huesca, Spain3 Systeng Consulting, CEO, Edinburgh, United Kingdom4 ITM Power plc, Technical Department, Sheffield, United Kingdom5 Scottish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Association, CEO, Edinburgh, United KingdomThe Orkney Islands of Scotland have been selected for the development of a new European-wide hydrogen project, named BIG HIT (Building Innovative Green Hydrogen systems in an Isolated Territory: a pilot for Europe). Started in May 2016, it is a five-year demonstra-tion project that builds upon the existing Orkney Surf ‘n’ Turf initiative, involving 12 participants based across six EU countries, including Orkney Islands Council, Shapinsay Development Trust, the European Marine Energy Centre and Community Energy Scotland. Calvera, Giacomini, ITM Power, and Symbio FCell are the industry partners providing equipment and technical expertise. Technical University of Denmark is the technical partner and the Scottish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Association is the dissemination partner. The BIG HIT project coordinator is the Aragon Hydrogen Foundation.


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The Orkney Islands have over 50 MW of installed wind, wave and tidal capacity. However their electricity output limited by grid constraints, and the output from tidal and wind turbines is often ‘curtailed’. Within BIG HIT the otherwise curtailed capacity will be used to produce ‘green’ hydrogen from electrolysis, that will be transported across the islands and used for transport, heat and power community end-us-es. BIG HIT is a world leading pilot and demonstration project, which aims to create an “Integrated Energy Systems Platform”, and put in place a replicable model of hydrogen production, storage, transportation and utilisation for low carbon heat, power and transport. The project facilitates international cooperation through the European Commission’s Fuel Cells Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU). The FCH 2 JU selected BIG HIT as the only hydrogen project to receive funding under the “Hydrogen Territories” call topic.Picture 1: “BIG HIT project operation”

Picture 2: “BIG HIT project energy flows”.

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Systems analysis and techno-economic assessment of hydrogen energy storage via electrolysis from curtailed renewables: A WECC case studyZ. McDonald1, C. Yang1, J. Ogden1, A. Jenn1

1 University of California- Davis, Institute of Transportation Studies, Davis, USAThe primary option for dealing with variability in renewable energy generation is to maintain a significant capacity of backup/standby generation. Still, off-peak renewable electric production is sometimes “curtailed” because it cannot be economically captured. Low cost, efficient energy storage could enable optimized allocation of intermittent electrical resources to high-end markets. This research project investigates the feasibility and energy system costs and benefits of hydrogen energy storage (HES). In particular, this analysis aims to illuminate the incorporation of water electrolysis into high-renewable penetration electricity grids in order to convert renewable electricity into zero-carbon hydrogen which could be used in diverse energy applications.


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The feasibility of HES is dependent both on the process of conversion from electricity to H2 and on the end use of the resulting fuel. A technical model of an HES system functioning within an electrical grid has been developed in the first phase of this project. This allows for estimations of California and the greater Western Interconnect area’s HES potential within varying scenarios as well as infrastructure requirements, technical requirements, emissions impacts, and potential bottlenecks. This model take the form of a linear programming dispatch model with the objective of minimizing system cost of grid operations. Key questions addressed include:What are the design and economics of pathways for HES via renewable electrolysis and use in the energy sector?What factors lead to economically competitive HES systems?How to optimize the flexibility, reliability and profitability of a highly renewable energy portfolio by varying the allocation of energy via HES?This project has helped identify system-level elements that contribute to the overall feasibility of implementing large-scale hydrogen energy storage as well as quantifying the costs and benefits of such a system. Results highlight the difficulties of transitioning an energy economy dependent of fossil fuel generation to zero emission sources.

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Study on energy management method for photovoltaic/fuel cell/energy storage DC nanogridY. Han1, L. Liu1, W. Chen1, Q. Li11 Southwest Jiaotong University, School of Electrical Engineering, Chengdu, ChinaIt is a great challenge for smart-grid with stochastic renewable sources and volatility loads to achieve better operation performance[1]. Nanogrid is a new type of smart-grid that supplies a cluster of loads with a peak rating in the order of 2–20 kW, is mainly suited for niche applications such as power supplies for remote isolated locations[2]. An energy management method based on equivalent hydrogen consumption minimum strategy is proposed in this paper aiming at the DC nanogrid consisting of photovoltaic array, fuel cell, energy storage device, converters and DC loads. The rational allocation of fuel cells and battery devices is achieved by adopting equivalent minimum hydrogen consumption strategy with the full use of power generated by photovoltaic cells. Considering the balance of the battery’s SOC, the optimal power of the battery under different SOC conditions is obtained and the reference output power of the fuel cell is calculated[3]. The proposed control strategy is verified by a hardware text platform based on RT-Lab, as shown in figure 1. The experimental results as show in figure 2, and it can be seen that the designed control algorithm can realize the rational allocation of DC nanogrid energy and improve the stability of system.

Figure 1: “Configuration of the proposed DC nanogrid”.

Figure 2: “Power flow of the DC nanogrid”.

References[1] Bracale; P. Caramia; G. Carpinelli; et al. Optimal control strategy of a DC micro grid[J]. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2015, 67:25-38.


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[2] Lucia O, Cvetkovic I, Boroyevich D, et al. Design of household appliances for a Dc-based nanogrid system: An induction heating cooktop study case[C]// IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - Apec. IEEE, 2013:1576-1583.[3] Garrcia P, J.P. Torreglosa, L.M. Fernandez et al. Viability study of a FC-battery-SC tramway controlled by equivalent consumption minimization strategy[J]. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37: 9368-9382.

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Coordinated dispatching of heating and electricity via micro turbine and P2G in active distribution network under high wind power penetrationJ. Li1, J. Lin1, C. Wan2, Y. Song1, X. Xing1

1 Tsinghua University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Beijing, China2 Zhejiang University, College of Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou, ChinaRenewable penetration is rapidly increasing in active distribution network(ADN), which results in the difficulties of balancing loads and renewables in distribution networks. Higher percentages of renewable energies have to be sold back to the transmission grid under very low and even zero tariff due to the unmatched load and renewable power profiles. Especially in winter, increased heating demand results in higher power output of micro turbine so that it becomes harder to consume renewable energy within distribution networks[1]. This issue is raising increased concerns from utility companies.This paper proposes a new solution by introducing in P2G facilities into the ADN in order to locally balance the heating and electricity load and renewable generations. In the proposed solution, P2G plays a key role in linking the generation and consumption of electricity, heating and gas (figure 1). On the one hand, P2G is dispatched as a flexible load in the ADN, on the other hand, by supplying gas and surplus heating, P2G saves the gas consumption of micro turbine and thereby expands the balancing capacity of renewable energy.

Fig. 1.The first part of the paper briefly introduces the modeling of P2G on its power and heating efficiencies(figure 2). On the modeling basis, a new dispatching model is then constructed to coordinate the local balance of heating and electricity via both of micro turbine and P2G facilities. Securities of distribution systems are also considered that network congestions and voltage violations are modeled as mathe-matical constraints during the operation. The proposed model is tested by a typical IEEE-33 distribution network to verify its performance of balancing the local generation and demand on heating and electricity. One of the results of dispatching is shown in figure 3.


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Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

References[1] Pablo DueñasTommy Leung, María Gil, et al. Gas–Electricity Coordination in Competitive Markets Under Renewable Energy Uncertainty[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2015, 30(1) : 123-131.

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Design of a polygeneration plant based on solar power and solid oxide cellsM. Rokni1, N.C. Ullvius1

1 Thermal Energy Systems, Mechanical Engineering, Copenhagen, DenmarkDue to well-known global warming and its consequences, the renewable energy production technologies are called to play a significant role in the immediate future.The aim of this study is to design and develop a polygeneration plant prototype based on solar power and solid oxide cells. The plant consists of dish-Stirling units producing power from solar radiation supported by a storage system made of reversible solid oxide fuel cells (RSOFC). When the radiation is high, a share of the power produced by the dish-Stirling units is used in RSOFC to produce hydrogen (electrolysis mode). When the radiation is low, the produced hydrogen will be fed back into the RSOFC to produce electricity (fuel cell mode). Further, the proposed system takes the advantage of generating heat in a storage cycle, and uses it for sea-water desalination by a set of direct contact distillation membranes.Detailed models for all components have been developed and each component is validated against existing data in the literature. The present work is an analytical study that conducts a thermodynamic investigation of a self-sustainable polygeneration system with integrated solar collector, hydrogen production, power generation and fresh water production.


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Some interesting results from the proposed design are mentioned and discussed. For example, the efficiency of the entire plant has been evaluated in terms of power and fresh water production. The encouraging results show that for a hypothetical system containing 200 dish-Stirling units (each 25 kW), a 2m x160 m PTSC and 150 stacks (each with 70 cells) of RSOFC are able to generate around 690 kW of constant power all day long and produce about 6000 liters of fresh water. This would be enough for a small community that is located in a remote area with or without access to the national electricity grid and water pipeline.

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Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on in-situ exsolved cathodes in solid oxide electrolysis cellsW.Q. Zhang1, B. Yu1, J. Chen1

1 Tsinghua university, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Beijing, China

The carbon dioxide (CO2) electrolysis technology based on solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) has an important significance to achieve the high-efficiency conversion of carbon-based energy. Novel catalysts with high activity and stability for the conversion of CO2 into CO are highly desirable. In-situ exsolving of transition metal in the surface/interface of cathode materials can not only facilitate the contact between CO2 molecular and transition metal but also increase the oxygen vacancy concentration at reaction interface, thus enhancing electrocatalytic activity and improving CO2 conversion efficiency effectively.In this study, we developed a new cathode with in situ exsolved Ni-Cu alloy nanoparticles in a CeO2-based backbone to promote the CO2 conversion in a solid oxide electrolysis cell. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the crystallinities and structure of the samples. Cathode supported cells with different CeO2 based cathodes were studied by electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Based on these measures, the internal and external driving force dominating the in-situ exsolved behaviors of transition metal ions were analyzed to control the surface/interface structure of electrode material precisely. In addition, the relationship between the various external reaction parameters and the amount of CO2 adsorption sites was studied. Promotion of the electrode activation and CO2 conversion efficiency can be achieved by adjusting the surface/interface structure and composition.

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Mathematical simulation of a complex reaction process of H2O-CO2 co-electrolysis in solid oxides electrolysis cell at high temperaturesR. Kodým1, P. Vágner1, M. Paidar1, K. Bouzek1

1 University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Inorganic Technology, Prague, Czech RepublicHydrogen is considered as an energy carrier within so called “Hydrogen economy concept”. Besides PEM and alkaline route a solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) operating in temperature range of 700 to 900°C represents promising alternative of hydrogen production. The SOE offers two main advantages when compared to the state of art processes: lower reversible cell voltage and accelerated electrode reaction kinetics. The latter allows omitting platinum-based electro-catalyst in the electrode construction. A promising branch of SOE represents coelectrolysis of mixture of steam and carbon dioxide. It can reinstate captured carbon dioxide together with excess electric and heat energy into the energy consumption chain in a form of a syngas (mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide). Furthermore, an adding value of the co-electrolysis is possibility of direct production of methane in suitable mixture with hydrogen, which is already attractive input mixture for subsequent organic synthesis and in the fuel industry. It is therefore of great importance to fully understand what reactions occur inside the cathode, theirs significance and rate in different regions of the system.Our contribution is focused at development of the kinetic mathematical model enabling theoretical analysis of the complex reaction process in the cathode during the co-electrolysis. Effect of cathode properties, operating conditions, gas residence time in the cathode and catalyst activity, on the off-gas composition, are investigated. The model outputs are intended to be employed in the system model allowing overall process optimization. At this stage the model is zero-dimensional considering electrodes as CSTRs separated by ion-con-ductive barrier. The model considers steam reforming, water gas-shift reaction, methanation reaction and co-electrolysis of the carbon dioxide and steam. This model is solved by finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics.Financial support of this project (acronym: SElySOs, project No: 671481) by FCH JU is gratefully acknowledged.

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Bifunctional nickel boride films as highly active and robust electrocatalysts for both water reduction and oxidation in basic solutionsM. Wang1, J. Jiang1, P. Zhang1, Y. Yang1, J. Shen1, L. Sun2

1 Dalian University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian, China2 Royal Institute of Technology KTH, Department of Chemistry, Stockholm, SwedenElectrolysis of water is a practical and sustainable way to produce hydrogen. To build energy-efficient and cost-effective electrolyzers for water splitting, one of the key challenges is to develop highly active, robust, inexpensive, and scalable electrocatalysts for the two half reactions of water splitting. In recent years, a large number of first-row metal phosphides, sulphides, selenides, nitriles, and carbides have been found to be highly active catalysts for OER and/or HER, while to date only a few examples of metal borides have been studied as electrocatalysts for these reactions.[1,2] Recently, we found that the facilely fabricated Ni2B films function as efficient and robust bifunctional electrocatalysts for both HER and OER in basic solutions. With Ni2B/Cu as a cathode, a current density of 10 mA cm−2 was attained at 135 mV in 1 M KOH, and the catalytic activity maintained over 20 h of electrolysis at η = 100 mV for HER (Figure 1). When


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Ni2B/Cu was used as an anode, a Ni2B/NiOx core-shell heterostructured nanoparticulate film was formed during anodic activation, which produced 10 mA cm−2 at 296 mV overpotential in 1 M KOH over 60 h for OER (Figure 2). Given the advantages of high activity, good stability, low-cost, and easily scalable fabrication procedure, Ni2B/Cu could be promising HER and OER electrode for practical application in large-scale electrochemical water splitting apparatuses.

Figure 1: (a) SEM images of Ni2B film. (b) LSVs and (c) Tafel slopes in 1 M KOH. (d) CPE experiment at 100 mV overpotential.

Figure 2: (a) LSVs and (b) Tafel slopes in 1 M KOH. (c) Comparison of overpotentials and Tafel slopes. (d) CPE experiment at 296 mV overpotential.

References[1] J. Masa, P. Weide, D. Peeters, et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1502313.[2] H. Liang, X. P. Sun, A. M. Asiri, Y. Q. He, Nanotechnology 2016, 27, 12LT01.

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Membrane alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production from intermittent energy sourceJ. Poláková1, A. Doucek1, P. Hájek1

1 ÚJV Řež- a. s., Hydrogen Technologies Department, Řež, Czech RepublicThe water electrolysis connected with the renewable energy sources represents a promising way of hydrogen production without CO2 footprint. However, currently used alkaline electrolyzers have limited ability to respond to fluctuations in electrical power, which is com-monly required in conjunction with renewable energy sources. Continuous operation at nominal power of alkaline electrolysis systems is advised.This article introduces a novel membrane alkaline electrolysis with non-platinum electrocatalyst suitable for connection with intermittent renewable energy sources. The concept of the electrolyzer is based on a zero gap bipolar cell construction with heterogeneous hydroxide ion conducting membranes based on polyethylene, nickel foam as electrodes with different electrocatalysts for both anode and cathode side. Stack construction, ion exchange membrane, electrodes as well as electrocatalyst are being developed under the project. The elec-trolytic stack with nominal power 1 kW was tested in real operational environment at working conditions 60 °C, 4 barg and 10 - 30 wt% solution of KOH as electrolyte. The different types of membranes were tested.


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In general, the performance of laboratory membrane was similar to an industry membrane at 30 wt% KOH electrolyte; nevertheless, at 10 wt% KOH electrolyte the developed laboratory membrane achieved considerably higher performance in comparison with the indus-trial membrane. Decrease of the electrolyte concentration is very attractive, because the electrolyte is less corrosive, thus necessitating lower maintenance costs. The alkaline electrolyzer responds very quickly to the fluctuations in electric power supplied by a photovoltaic plant. The suggested design of electrolyzer is suitable for production of hydrogen from renewable sources. Next research is focused on the purity of hydrogen, drying of products and improving performance via using homogenous membranes.

AcknowledgementThe presented work was financially supported by the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade under project No. FV10529.

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Dynamic hydrogen release from LOHC for flexible power supplyR. Brehmer1, A. Fikrt2, A. Bösmann1, P. Preuster1, K. Müller2, W. Arlt2, P. Wasserscheid1

1 Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemical Reaction Engineering, Erlangen, Germany2 Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Separation Science and Technology, Erlangen, GermanyA carbon-free energy system is the goal of many research efforts and the most promising alternative to today’s energy carriers coal, oil, and gas is hydrogen. Due to its abundant availability via water electrolysis, hydrogen is regarded as promising future energy carrier. However, the handling of hydrogen implicates challenges and traditional technologies (compressed, cryogenic) require dedicated, new infrastructures.An innovative way of handling hydrogen in large amounts in today’s infrastructure is the use of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs), pairs of molecules that undergo reversible catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. Advantages of hydrogen storage and transport by LOHC are the negligible storage losses over time as compared to other storage possibilities and the high storage capacity, e.g. 6.2 wt.-% hydrogen for the pair dibenzyltoluene (H0-DBT) / perhydro dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT). One important development aspect of this technology is to enhance efficiency and power-density of the hydrogen-release units to provide hydrogen for energy-lean times. A continuous tubular dehydrogenation reactor with a nominal thermal power output of 10kW has been designed for this purpose. The produced hydrogen is purified in a purpose-built separation unit and subsequently converted to electricity in a low-temperature PEM fuel cell.In this contribution the performance of this entire hydrogen release and utilization unit is presented together with results regarding the purity of the released hydrogen. We were able to produce electricity from LOHC continuously over 40 hours without any decline in performance of the fuel cell or the dehydrogenation catalyst. To some extent dynamic power generation to comply with fast varying electricity demand is possible despite the rather slow thermal response of the dehydrogenation reactor. We use pressure variation in the system to buffer hydrogen and to bridge heating up/cooling down times for a dynamic power output.

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Industrial-scale hydrogen distribution via liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC)D. Teichmann1, C. von der Heydt21 Hydrogenious Technologies GmbH, CEO, Erlangen, Germany2 Hydrogenious Technologies GmbH, Business Development, Erlangen, GermanyThe vision of a renewable economy is becoming more and more reality with renewable energies expanding around the globe and alternative mobility solutions becoming not only technologically but also economically feasible. But a renewable economy is more than just green electricity, it is also green industry and green mobility. What has become known as “sector coupling” – producing green hydrogen out of renewable electricity and using it in industry and mobility – will therefore need to play a vital part in the renewable age.In this contribution, the authors want to report about the current status of LOHC (Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier) Technology for the transportation, distribution and storage of hydrogen. LOHC renders the complex handling of hydrogen gas unnecessary by chemically storing hydrogen within a carrier liquid. Hydrogenious has patented the use of dibenzyltoluene, a low priced (~3-5 €/kg), non-toxic, hardly flammable heat transfer oil, well-known in industry, as hydrogen carrier medium. Storage of hydrogen is realized via catalytic hydrogena-tion and dehydrogenation. The storage density of dibenzyltoluene of 6.23 wt-% is equivalent to 2.08 kWh/kg or 1.9 kWh/l (based on the lower heating value of hydrogen) and thus compares to compressed gas storage with a pressure of >2,000 bar, but at ambient conditions without the need of complex tank systems. Translated to industrial hydrogen logistics, a 40 to-tanker truck with LOHC can transport up to 1,800 kg of hydrogen at ambient conditions. As the carrier oil is not classified as a dangerous good according to ADR and other transport regulations, transport even through tunnels is easily possible.With humans being used to handling liquid fuels, also public safety perception will increase, supporting public acceptance of hydrogen mobility and its required infrastructure – a crucial factor for a successful widespread roll-out of hydrogen technologies.


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Chemical utilization of hydrogen from fluctuating energy sources – Catalytic transfer hydrogenation from charged liquid organic hydrogen carriersD. Geburtig1, A. Bösmann1, P. Wasserscheid1

1 FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemical Reaction Engineering, Erlangen, GermanyWe investigate the liquid, organic hydrogen-charged carrier (LOHC) perhydro-dibenzyltoluene [1-5] as sole source of hydrogen in hydro-genation reactions. The aim is to replace hydrogen from fossil sources in continuous hydrogenation processes by “green” hydrogen from water electrolysis. The LOHC is used as a hydrogen buffer system to link intermittent hydrogen production with steady-state hydrogena-tion reactions, as shown in Scheme 1 [6].

Scheme 1: Transfer hydrogenation using LOHC systems.Experiments were carried out in a 500 ml batch autoclave. The conversion was determined by GC analysis. First results of the transfer hydrogenation of toluene were already published in 2016 [6].We further investigated the transfer hydrogenation of 1-octene with Pt/C, as we found that Pt/C is the most suitable catalyst for this kind of reaction. After only 1 h at 290 °C full conversion was reached with a selectivity towards noctane of around 97 % (see Figure 1). Full conversion can also be achieved at lower temperatures after longer reaction times.Interesting to notice is the pressure course during the reaction as seen in Figure 1. At t=0 the reaction temperature was reached. At 290 °C the pressure was at a constant level for approximately 30 min and then a sudden pressure increase occurred. After almost full conversion of 1-octene the catalyst started to dehydrogenate the LOHC, which means that the catalyst favors the transfer hydrogenation of the substrate over the dehydrogenation of the hydrogen donor molecule.

Figure 1: Transfer hydrogenation of 1-octene. Left: Yield of n-octane over reaction time. Right: Pressure in the reaction vessel over reaction time.The conference presentation will highlight further interesting results of the transfer hydrogenation of different functional groups, e.g. aldehydes and ketones. Recent research also focuses on the mechanism of the hydrogen transfer on the catalytic surface.

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Comparison of wind-hydrogen energy estimates in strong wind areas based on high precision wind condition observation dataM. Aihara1, T. Takeshima1, R. Nakayama1, K. Matsuzawa1, Y. Suguro1, K. Ota1, Y. Ohgi21 Yokohama National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yokohama, Japan2 Kumamoto Industrial Research Institute, Department of Material and Local resources, Kumamoto, JapanHydrogen is a secondary energy and is produced by using a primary energy. We have selected wind energy as the primary energy for hydrogen production from the following points, economic competitiveness, steady supplying potential, and continuous potentials for long term.


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This wind-hydrogen energy system is a totally carbon free system. In order to promote this energy system in large scale, final hydrogen should be produced in large scale with reasonable price. This means the primary energy, wind energy, should be produced in large and low cost. The wind energy depends on the location. In general wind characteristics in strong wind sites are well known as strong in average, but there are no precise data available to design a durable wind mills. It is necessary to measure such strong wind conditions precisely.We have installed measurement systems in two strong wind, site-A and B in order to compare the differences of each sites by using the ultra-sonic and 3-directional anemometers. From our measurement in site-A, the annual average wind is one of the highest in the world. These data have proved that this area is the most suitable place in the world for wind turbine-hydrogen generating plant as far as the wind situation concern. By carrying out the simulations, we show the potential difference of wind energy between two distinctive areas and estimate the hydrogen costs.

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A reduced order model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell: A proposalJ. Milewski11 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw, PolandThe mathematical model of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is presented. The new approach for modeling the voltage of PEMFC is proposed. Electrochemical, thermal, electrical and flow parameters are collected in the 0-D mathematical model. The aim was to combine all cell working conditions in as a low number of factors as possible and to have the factors relatively easy to determine.

Fig. 1: The model validation against the literature data.The model was created in commercially available numerical software and subjected to a process of validation. The validation was based on the available experimental data obtained on the literature research. The paper contains also the main advantages and disadvantages of a new way of modeling Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. A validation process for various experimental data was made and adequate results is shown. A distinction is made between the “design-point” and “off-design operation”.

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Validation of 1 kWe FC-CHP performance under VDI 4655 reference load profile conditionsP. Bujlo1, H.R. Ellamla1, C. Sita1, S. Pasupathi11 University of the Western Cape, HySA Systems Competence Centre, Cape Town, South AfricaTransition of the energy sector is required in order to cut down greenhouse gases emissions, which threaten the health and environment. One of the solutions to decarbonize the sector is improved energy efficiency what can be achieved through application of combined heat and power (CHP) generation. To obtain the climate change targets and energy efficiency FC-CHP systems for domestic applications are being deployed worldwide, mainly in Japan and Europe. Japan, the world leader, installed more than 140,000 units and European countries are developing the technology, planning to install 3,000 units through European Commission funded project. 1 kWe prototype FC-CHP system, based on high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC), for residential application is developed at Hydrogen South Africa (HySA) Systems Competence Centre.

Fig. 1: HySA Systems FC-CHP system.The aim of this work is to validate the performance of the prototype system using the load profile specified by VDI 4655 standard.


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The load profile is extracted from the standard, providing reference load profiles of single-family and multi-family houses for the use of CHP systems. The load profiles are then used to validate the prototype FC-CHP system installed at HySA Systems laboratory. All the im-portant values pertaining to the operating conditions of the FC-CHP system are measured and logged for further analysis and processing.During the validation no issues related to the system operation were observed and the system operated steadily at nominal operating points. The supplied with methane 1 kWe FC-CHP system produced electrical and thermal energy in a single and integrated system with about 60% efficiency. Further results obtained during the operation will be presented and analysed.The support of the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies RDI Programme (HySA), funded by the Department of Science and Technology in South Africa (Key Programme 1 Combined Heat and Power, Project KP1-S03) is gratefully acknowledged.

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Real-time implementation of a extremum seeking and constrained GPC strategies for optimal temperature control in open-cathode PEM fuel cell systemL. Yin1, Q. Li1, L. Liu1, H. Deng1, W. Chen1

1 Southwest Jiaotong University, School of Electrical Engineering, Chengdu, ChinaOptimal temperature control for open-cathode proton exchange membrane(PEM) fuel cell system is important in improving the system output performance and increasing fuel cell lifetime[1]. Whether the operating temperature is too high or too low is not conducive to stable and efficient operation of the fuel cell system. The optimal temperature characteristics of the system exist in the system oper-ation process[2]. In this work, considering the influence of uncertainties and disturbances on optimal temperature characteristics such as environmental conditions and aging of the system, the extremum seeking method is used to calculate the optimal temperature points on-line. As the fuel cell system has the characteristics of nonlinearity, time variation, a constrained generalized predictive control(GPC) is proposed. To assess the efficiency and relevance of proposed control strategy, the controller is implemented on-line, experimentally validated on control platform of open-cathode PEM fuel cell system, as shown in figure 1. A comparative study with bulit-in controller demonstrates better temperature tracking ability, disturbances rejection capability and system output performance. The synthetic dia-gram of proposed control strategy is depicted in Fig2. Since the whole control strategy utilizes the input and output data of the system without the need for fuel cell parameters, it can be easily used for similar fuel cells.

KeywordsProton exchange membrane(PEM) fuel cell; temperature characteristic; experimental implementation; real-time control; extremum seeking; constrained generalized predictive control (GPC).

Figure 1: Schematic of the open-cathode PEM fuel cell system.


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Figure 2: Schematic of proposed optimal temperature control strategy.[1] Li D, Li C, Gao Z, et al. On active disturbance rejection in temperature regulation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 283:452-463.[2] Strahl S, Costa-Castelló R. Model-based analysis for the thermal management of open-cathode proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems concerning efficiency and stability[J]. Journal of Process Control, 2016, 47:201-212.

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Experimental studies of the effect of cathode diffusion layer properties on a passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) power outputB. Braz1, V. Oliveira1, A. Pinto1

1 Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Chemical Engineering Department, Porto, PortugalThe consumers demand for portable devices stimulated researchers and industry to develop advanced portable fuel cells to overcome systematic limitations of conventional batteries [1]. Passive DMFCs with a passive fuel and oxidant (oxygen from air) feeding have potential to meet these requirements. Mostly due to the lack of effective miniaturized hydrogen storage technologies, a liquid fuel like methanol is the best option to achieve a high power density with an attractive cost-to-power ratio. However, a great challenge in passive DMFCs is to reduce both methanol and water crossover, from the anode to the cathode side, without losses on its power output. Different approaches such as improving the electrolyte membranes and modifying the cell structure and materials have been proposed [2-4].In this work, an experimental study of the effect of cathode diffusion layer (DL) properties on the performance of a passive DMFC with a 10.2 cm2 open area is described. Towards costs reduction, a Nafion 117 membrane with lower catalyst loadings on both electrodes (3 mg/cm2 Pt/Ru at the anode and 1.3 mg/cm2 of Pt at the cathode) was used. Since the main goal was the optimization of a passive DMFC using the materials already commercially available, different carbon-fibber materials with different thicknesses, composition and surface treatment were selected to the cathode DL. The experimental tests were performed with a commercial electrochemical impedance station (Zahner, Elektrik GmbH&Co. kG) and the effect of the cathode DL on the power output was discussed through polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, which allowed to identify and quantify the different losses affecting the cell performance. The results showed that, when carbon cloth was used, the performance increased with a decrease of the carbon cloth thickness. Regarding carbon paper, better performances where achieved for carbon paper with MPL and with higher thicknesses.

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Design and experimental study of a novel solar chemical reactor for hydrogen production from continuous solar-driven biomass gasificationQ. Bellouard1, S. Abanades2, S. Rodat1, S. Ravel3, P.E. Frayssines4

1 CEA-LITEN, Univ. Grenoble Alpes- INES-Laboratoire des Systemes Solaires Haute Temperature LSHT, Le Bourget du Lac, France2 CNRS, Processes- Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory- PROMES-CNRS, Font-Romeur-Odeillo-Via, France3 CEA-LITEN, Univ. Grenoble Alpes- Laboratoire de Thermo-Conversion des Bioressources LTCB, Grenoble, France4 CEA-LITEN, Univ. Grenoble Alpes- Laboratoire de Conception et Assemblage LCA, Grenoble, FranceThe solar-driven biomass gasification allows the combined storage of solar energy and the production of a high quality syngas with high H2 content. A new 2 kW solar reactor for thermochemical biomass gasification was designed based on the spouted bed reactor concept and is described in Figure 1.


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Figure 1: Scheme and photography of the novel reactor.The wood biomass particles are continuously fed in the reaction chamber while a flow of gasifying agent (H2O or CO2) is injected at the bottom of the cavity. This gas injection allows the biomass gasification and a permanent shuffling of the particles in the cavity, thus ensuring optimal mixing of the reactants and maximal exposure to concentrated solar radiation. The cavity made in a metal alloy (FeCrAl) is able to withstand high temperatures and fast heating rates. The other key feature of this reactor is a removable emissive plate enabling the reactor to work with direct or indirect solar irradiation.Experimental results were obtained for a large range of operating parameters including temperature from 1100°C to 1400°C, oxidizing agent (H2O or CO2), type of biomass (beech or resinous wood) with different grain sizes (0.3 to 2 mm), direct or indirect concentrated solar radiation. Continuous gasification with a 2 g/min biomass flowrate was achieved, thus up-grading the energy content of the initial feedstock by 21%. The composition of the evolved syngas obtained during one of these continuous experiments is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2 : Evolution of the mole fraction of the main gas species in the syngas produced during a continuous steam-gasification experiment.Overall, more than 50 experimental runs were carried-out to evaluate the influence of different parameters and to assess the reactor proper operation in various conditions. The perspective is to improve the modelling of the reactor for technology extrapolation.

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Photocatalytic conversion of biogas into syngasY.E. Li1, W.C. Chung1, M.B. Chang1

1 National Central University, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, Zhongli District, Taiwan- Province of China

IntroductionGlobal warming caused by increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission has been a public concern. To lessen global warming, reduction of CO2 and CH4 emission is recognized as an effective objective. Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 has the advantage of utilizing solar energy to convert CO2 into other chemicals. However, traditional photocatalyst (TiO2) has a large bandgap and a low re-duction conduction band potential, which is unfavourable for CO2 conversion. In this work, we synthesized perovskite-type photocatalyst (LaFeO3, LFO) for CO2 and CH4 conversion into syngas, a mixture of H2 and CO, which can be separated to obtain pure hydrogen.

AimThe objective of this study is to develop a photocatalysis system to convert biogas (65% CH4 and 35% CO2) into syngas with a syngas yield of 35μmol/h.gcat.

MethodsPhotocatalyst LFO3 is prepared via citric acid sol-gel method with a calcine temperature of 600, 800 and 1000oC and denoted as LFOX (X: calcine temperature). Mixture of CO2 and CH4 are fed into a quartz photocatalysis reactor filled with LFO powder. One tungsten lamp with power ranged from 200 to 300 W is placed inside the inner wall of photocatalysis reactor. Effluent gas is analysed via gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD).


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Results and ConclusionPhotocatalysis activity of photocatalysts are in the order of LFO600 > LFO800> LFO1000 and hydrogen yield achieved with LFO600 photocatalysis is 18 μmol/h.gcat with total feeding rate of 20 mL/min. Moreover, syngas yield is 30μmol/h.gcat. Further increase of feeding rate results in lower conversion rate of biogas and lower hydrogen and syngas yield. Physicochemical analysis of photocatalyst revealed that bandgap of LFO is 2.4 eV, which is favourable to absorb visible to induce photocatalysis of syngas reforming. Further characterizations of LFOs provide the reason that LFO600 possess the best photocatalysis activity.

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Production and purification of high purity hydrogen from biogas and water cofeeding by steam-iron processJ. Lachén1, B. López-Barranco1, J. Herguido1, J.A. Peña1

1 I3A - Universidad Zaragoza, Catalysis- Molecular Separations and Reactor Engineering Group CREG, Zaragoza, SpainPresent work is devoted to producing high purity hydrogen using biogas by steam-iron process (SIP) [1]. In SIP, a metal oxide is reduced in a first stage by a reductive stream (biogas), being subsequently reoxidized with steam. This last releases high purity hydrogen (<50 ppm CO). Coke deposition along reductions poses a severe restriction, since it may contaminate the hydrogen produced in the following reoxidation stage, and/or, clog the solid bed. To solve such issue, it has been proposed the addition of small proportions of H2O co-fed with biogas; nevertheless, given its oxidizing nature, this may result in slowing down or even inhibit the metal oxide reduction.The study has been conducted introducing different percentages of steam together with biogas (CH4:CO2 mixtures). The set up consisted basically of a fixed bed reactor, continuous sampling and analysis of the exhaust stream by mGC. The lab-made oxide (“triple”) was an iron oxide doped with alumina and ceria in low proportions [2]. To improve the performance of dry reforming reaction, a catalyst based in nickel oxide [2] in small amounts was added to the solid sample.All percentages of co-fed water tested rendered high purity hydrogen avoiding also clogging of reactor along reductions. However, as can be seen in Figure 1, the greater the percentage of water fed in the reduction, the lower the H2 yield obtained as a result of the slowing down of the oxide reduction. Due to this phenomenon, it is necessary to minimize, as far as possible, the amount of H2O fed, (<5 v%) thereby ensuring the operability of the system, as well as maximizing the yield towards hydrogen.

[1]. Messerchmitt A. U.S. Patent 971, 206 (1910).[2]. Herrer M., Plou J., Durán P., Herguido J., Peña J.A.. Int. J. Hydro. Energy 40 (15) 5244-50 (2015).

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Carbon dioxide reforming of methane over Ni/Mg0.4Al0.4-La0.1Zr0.1(O) catalyst prepared by recombination sol-gel methodW. Hou1,2, Y. Bai1,2, W. Sun1,2, S. Li1,2, J. Song1,2, W. Yuan1,2, L. Zheng1,2, Y. Wang1,2

1 Northwest University, School of Chemical Engineering, Xi’an, China2 Shaanxi Provincial, Institute of Energy Resources & Chemical Engineering, Xi’an, ChinaIn this work, a lot Ni/MgxAlx-La0.5-xZr0.5-x(O) (x=0-0.5) catalysts were prepared by a recombination sol-gel method, which can produce hydrogen via dry reforming of methane or mixed hydrocarbons(CH4&C2H6) at 800 °C under atmospheric pressure. The catalyst samples were characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption, XRD, SEM, TPR and TGA. The characterization indicates that Mg0.4Al0.4-La0.1Zr0.1(O) has an outstanding performance during dry reforming process, and its XRD presented smaller crystallized size NiO compared with other catalysts. The H2-TPR analysis confirmed that the Ni active species behaved stronger interaction with support on catalysts, which may cause smaller Ni crystallite sizes and high dispersion. Experimental investigates of dry reforming of methane were also conducted in a fixed-bed reactor, and the minimal carbon deposition was detected on the used Mg0.4Al0.4-La0.1Zr0.1(O) by TGA and SEM. Therefore, the Mg0.4Al0.4-La0.1Zr0.1(O) witnessed the highest activity (CH4 96.1% & CO2 95.9%), stability, and potential coke resistance ability. This may largely due to the synergy effect between MgAl(O) and LaZr(O), which can intensify the interaction between NiO & support. The catalytic performance experiments also prove Ni/Mg0.4Al0.4-La0.1Zr0.1 has superior anti-sintering, coke-resistance ability, which can satisfy the de-mands of mixed hydrocarbons(CH4&C2H6) reforming.


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Key wordsRecombination sol-gel method Interaction Ni/MgxAlx-La0.5-xZr0.5-x(O).Carbon dioxide reforming of methane Mixed reforming of hydrocarbons(CH4&C2H6).

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21276209) and Major Technological Innovation Projects of Shaanxi Province (2012ZKC03-1).

Fig. 1: Catalytic performances based on different ratio of supports for CH4 dry reforming: (a) CH4 conversion, (b) CO2

conversionReaction conditions: WHSV 27,000ml/(h. g cat), 800 °C, CO2:CH4:N2= 35:35:20, mcat = 0.2g.

Fig. 2: TGA profiles of the spent catalysts after 6 h reaction.(1) Ni/Mg0.5Al0.5(O), (2) Ni/Mg0.4Al0.4-La0.1Zr0.1(O), (3) Ni/Mg0.25Al0.25-La0.25Zr0.25(O), (4) Mg0.43Al0.43-La0.07Zr0.07(O), (5) Ni/Mg0.33Al0.33-La0.17Zr0.17(O).

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Carburized Ni/ZrO2 doped with alkaline and alkaline earth metals for CO methanation during water-gas shift reactionS. Yamashita1, T. Sakamoto1, M. Nagai11 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, BASE, Koganei, JapanFuel cells require a reforming unit that produces hydrogen from natural gas or oil. The methanation of the remaining CO during water shift gas reaction precedes the oxidation of CO to reduce CO at approximately 1vol% in the reformate. A promising alternative is the direct methanation of the remaining CO into CH4 and H2O in hydrogen-rich gas mixture containing CO and CO2.Ni/ZrO2 was doped with alkaline and alkaline earth metals and subsequently carburized to study the properties, activity and selectivity for water gas shift reaction. The lithium doping prevented the conversion of CO2 (CO2 Conv. 0 % at 523 K) to methane and promoted CO methanation (0.172 mmol/g min; CO conv. 84.3 %) during the reaction. No preventing effect of CO2 conversion was observed for lithium-undoped, other alkali and alkali earth metals-doped carburized catalysts and the reduced lithium-doped Ni/ZrO2. Carburization of lithium-doped Ni/ZrO2 at 823 K formed NiC and Ni metal and reduction produced Ni metal and oxide. The TPD study after the addition of H2

18O showed that 1 wt% lithium addition promoted the methanation and decreased the carbon dioxide formation. From TPD after the CO2 addition, CO2 was desorbed at low temperature for the lithium-doped catalyst, while CO formed for non-doped catalysts. As a result, lithium covered the surface of Ni carbide (creation of methanation site), but blocked the site for conversion of CO2 to CO. This is due to formation of LiCO3 by the reaction of Li species with CO2.


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In this study, the carburized Ni/ZiO2 catalysts with several additives were prepared to develop a catalyst for highly selective methanation of CO and lower CO2 conversion based on XRD, TEM, TPD after H2

18O, CO2 and 13CO.

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Hydrogen production from alcoholic wastes. Life-ECOELECTRICITY ProjectA. Chica1, J.F. Da Costa1

1 Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, ITQ-UPV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain

IntroductionEnergy shortage and environment problems have stimulated our society to explore sustainable alternatives to the conventional and no-renewable energy sources. Hydrogen could be a good option. However, to realize the full benefits of a hydrogen economy-sustain-ability, increased energy security, diverse energy supply and reduced air pollution hydrogen must be produced cleanly, efficiently, and affordably from available renewable resources. Here, we propose the use of alcoholic wastes (ethanolic purges) from Distillery Industries as renewable source to produce hydrogen by steam reforming.We will present the recently approved Life-ECOELECTRICITY project. It is a proof of concept project where we try to demonstrate that it is possible to produce hydrogen by the catalytic steam reforming of alcoholic wastes, without commercial value, and its subsequent use in a fuel cell (SOFC) to produce energy “in situ” to be used in the Distillery.

AimDesign and construct a pilot plant to produce electricity using industrial alcoholic purges without commercial value from Distillery Industries.

Methods1. Select and characterize ethanolic purges industrially available.2. Own patented catalytic technology for the steam reforming of the ethanolic purges to produce hydrogen.3. Purification of produced hydrogen.4. Electricity production by using this hydrogen in a SOFC (3 Kw).

Results and Conclusions1. Valuation of an industrial byproduct (ethanolic purges) with low commercial interest.2. Evaluate the technical requirements that the pilot plant should meet for efficient energetic exploitation of the ethanolic purges3. Decrease the production CO2.4. Develop a global process which includes a global reuse of the byproducts from the reforming reactor and SOFC to achieve a self-suf-

ficient process.5. Carry out the required trials to determine the critical variables that will influence the integration of the reforming process with the

generation process of electric energy and heat.

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Improvement in hydrogen storage properties of magnesium borohydride using first principles calculationsL. Zhu1, Z. Wu1, P. Feng1, F. Yang1, Z. Zhang1

1 Xi’an Jiaotong University, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an, ChinaToday, energy crisis and environment pollution are serious challenges for human being. It becomes an urgent demand to develop a clean and renewable energy to replace the traditional fossil energy. Hydrogen, an ideal carrier of renewable energy, with the advantages of abundance on Earth, high energy density and pollution-free utilization [1]. Safe, efficient and economic hydrogen storage is a prereq-uisite for the large scale application of hydrogen energy. Solid-state hydrogen storage, with the advantages of safety and efficiency, has been recognized as a practical approach. Mg(BH4)2 is expected to be one of the most promising solid-state hydrogen storage materials due to its good security and high capacity (14.9 wt.% in theory). However, the barriers including poor kinetics and thermodynamics of decomposition reactions limit the practical application of Mg(BH4)2 in the field of hydrogen storage [2].Previous researches reported the influences of transition metal (TM) additives and hydride composites on the B-H bonds and the destabilization of Mg(BH4)2 [3]. However, the behaviors after the improvement still cannot meet the demand of hydrogen storage appli-cation. To further improve the kinetics and thermodynamics of Mg(BH4)2, numerous groups of double additives (TM+NM (nonmetal)) and composites (Mg(BH4)2-xMgH2/Mg2NiH4/Mg(NH2)2) were investigated using first principles calculations in this work. The results showed that the Ni+N additives and boron-nitrogen composites not only lower the stability of Mg(BH4)2, but also remarkably improve the kinetics of dehydrogenation reactions. In addition, the special interactions between the exotic elements and the matrix atoms were revealed and the mechanisms of double additives and composites affecting the magnesium borohydride were discussed in detail.

References[1] L. Schlapbach, et al. Nature 414 (2001) 353–358.[2] T. He, et al. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1 (2016) 16059.[3] O. Zavorotynska, et al. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41 (2016) 14387–14403.


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In-situ neutron imaging of metal hydride composites for hydrogen solid-state storage systems of the next generationF. Heubner1, A. Hilger2, N. Kardjilov3, I. Manke3, J. Banhart2,3, Ł. Gondek4, H. Figiel4, B. Kieback1,5, L. Röntzsch5

1 Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Materials Science, Dresden, Germany2 Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Berlin, Germany3 Helmholtz Center Berlin for Materials and Energy, Institute of Applied Materials, Berlin, Germany4 AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Solid State Physics, Krakow, Poland5 Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Branch Lab Dresden, Desden, GermanyMetal hydrides(MH) offer hydrogen solid-state storage solutions with highest volumetric storage densities(100gH2/l) at moderate tem-peratures(25°C to 300°C) and low gas pressures(1-30 bar). The volume expansion of MH during hydrogen absorption is an important feature and has been examined on microscopic and macroscopic scale. To avoid any stress-induced damage, state-of-the-art MH storage vessels are only partially filled which reduces the volumetric storage capacity of the system drastically. Compared to conventional loose MH powder beds, consolidated MH composites(MHC), which consist of a MH-forming alloy and minor secondary phases, have clear ad-vantages[1]. For example, the inner porosity of MHC can compensate the MH volume expansion partially. This leads to higher volumetric storage densities, however, during hydrogen uptake an unconfined MHC would still swell to some degree. For spatially confined MHC it is necessary to consider additional stresses introduced on the reactor[2].In this contribution, we report on the hydrogen sorption characteristics and the related volume expansion of MH-graphite composites with radially limited expansion during hydrogen ab- and desorption (cf.Figure 1). For this purpose, a powdery alloy (Ti-Mn-based/Mg-based) was mixed with expanded natural graphite and consolidated at max. 300MPa. The hydrogen distribution and the volume expansion of the MHC have been analyzed using in-situ neutron radiography and tomography [3]. To evaluate the hydrogen content in a quantitative and spatio-temporal way an evaluation procedure was developed. Monitoring these characteristics and imaging the volume expansion under various realistic operation conditions allowed to deduce design criteria for optimized MHC-based storage systems with highest volumetric hydrogen storage density.

Figure 1: Neutron radiographs of a cylindrical MHC during the first hydrogenation cycles (called activation). The dark spots in the right image indicate the first hydrogen absorbing metal particles.

References[1] C.Pohlmann,L.Röntzsch,F.Heubner et al., J Power Sources 2013;231:97–105.[2] F.Heubner,B.Kieback,L.Röntzsch et al., Int J Hydrogen Energ 2015;40:10123–10130.[3] C.Pohlmann,A.Hilger,L.Röntzsch et al., J Power Sources 2015;277:360–369.

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In-situ evaluation of the structural change on a metal hydride bed by X-ray computed tomographyM. Okumura1, Y. Saito2, Y. Matsushita2, H. Aoki2, Y. Kawakami3, K. Taki41 National Institute of Technology- Sendai College, Mechanical Engineering, Miyagi, Japan2 Tohoku University, Chemical Engineering, Miyagi, Japan3 Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.- Ltd., Research & Development Center, Kanagawa, Japan4 Nihon Visual Science- Inc., Head office, Tokyo, JapanIn the hydrogen storage vessel using a metal hydride, the packing structure of the metal packed bed affects the effective properties, which is important for handling the hydrogen storage behavior. We have applied the X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) to a metal hydride bed and investigated the changes of MmNi5-type alloys bed. In the present study, the transient change on the packed structure of TiFe-type alloy particle is observed by X-ray CT. The evaluation method based on results of X-ray CT is investigated.TiFe0.8Mn0.2 was used as a sample. Aluminum vessel with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm was employed. CT images which include the vessel bottom were taken. The CT images were obtained after following four stages: (1) the sample was packed in the vessel; (2) the sample absorbed hydrogen; (3) the sample absorbed and desorbed hydrogen; (4) five hydrogen absorption-desorption cycles.


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Figure 1 shows three-dimensional images of the packed bed. Particle packing structures in Figs. 1(a–c) are different from each other. The difference could not be observed between Figs. 1 (c, d). These results indicate that the particles were rearranged especially on the first hydrogen absorption-desorption. Fig. 2 shows the CT value histograms that were obtained from Fig. 1. The curves in Fig. 2 show that the position of the peak around 42000, which corresponds to particle voxels, is slightly lower after hydrogen absorption than the others. This might be caused by the difference of the density between the hydride and the alloy. Thus X-ray CT is possibly used to evaluate the amount of absorbed hydrogen.

Fig. 1: 3D packed bed images, from left to right: before hydrogen absorption; after the first hydrogen absorption; after the first hydrogen desorption; after the fifth hydrogen desorption.

Fig. 2: Effect of hydrogen absorption-desorption on CT value histogram.

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Hydrogen desorption and mechanism of gamma-AlH3H. Liu1, L. Xu1, X. Wang2

1 Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Transmission Technology, Beijing, China2 Zhejiang University, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hangzhou, ChinaAluminium hydride (AlH3) is a promising hydrogen storage material because it possesses a high theoretical hydrogen capacity of 10.01 wt%. However, its stability and decomposition mechanism remain unclear, especially for those metastable phases (e.g., γ-AlH3). In this work, the stability, hydrogen desorption properties, and decomposition mechanisms of γ-AlH3 with or without Ti-based additives (Ti and its fluoride (TiF3)) were investigated. γ-AlH3 was first synthesized by wet chemical method and was then milled with Ti or TiF3. Hydrogen desorption measurements showed that Ti addition only slightly reduces the hydrogen desorption temperature of γ-AlH3. However, TiF3 addition can significantly destabilize γ-AlH3 and partial decomposition of γ-AlH3 occurs when ball milled with TiF3. In addition, TiF3 reduces the onset hydrogen desorption temperature of γ-AlH3 by about 60 °C compared with the pure γ-AlH3. Structure studies on the decom-position products by XRD showed that Ti in the samples converts to TiH2 while TiF3remains unchanged after decomposition. Thermal analysis by DSC and MS-H2 demonstrated for the first time that the outer part and the inner part of the γ-AlH3 particle show different decomposition mechanisms. The outer γ-AlH3 tends to decompose directly while the inner γ-AlH3 prefers to first transform to α-AlH3 and then decompose. Apparent activation energy studies by Kissinger’s method suggested that the decomposition of the outer γ-AlH3and the inner γ-AlH3 both follows the barrier energy law that a reaction with lower barrier energy is preferred.PICTURE: Hydrogen desorption mechanisms of the inner part and the outer part of γ-AlH3 particle.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis work was supported by State Grid Corporation of China (No. SGRI-WD-71-16-009), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51471149), and Public Project of Zhejiang Province (No. 2015C31029).

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Cooperative effects of Ti-Zr-Fe-Mn alloys to enhance the hydrogen sorption capacity of carbon blackN. Nishimiya1, S. Sakairi1, T. Kaneko1, Y. Watanuki1, T. Toyama1, Y. Kojima1

1 Nihon University, College of Science and Technology, Tokyo, JapanIn order to enhance hydrogen storage capacity of nanocarbons through metal modification, Ti-Zr-Fe-Mn alloys were mechanically blended with carbon black. The use of those alloys would eliminate the necessity of precious metals such as Pt and Pd. Further, the equilibrium pressures were able to be controlled by changing the x, y and z parameters in TixZr1-x(FeyMn1-y)z, where x and y were between 0 to 1 and z between 1.3 to 2. We expected that the spillover effect would arise at somewhat higher temperatures than 77 K by tuning the equilibrium pressures. Ketjenblack (KB) purchased from Lion Specialty Chemicals Co., Ltd. was used for carbon black. Hydrogen sorption characteristics were volumetrically assessed using Suzuki Shokan PCT-2ST hydrogen sorption apparatus.Specific surface area of as-received KB was 1330 m2 g-1 and slightly decreased on mixer mill blending. Fig. 1 shows that the hydrogen capacity of KB modified with 2.5 mass% of Ti0.5Zr0.5(Fe0.5Mn0.5)1.5 exceeded the one of KB itself at 77 K to suggest the spillover effect would exist. The reason why the effect disappeared for 5 mass% and 10 mass% modification was not clear, but we thought that most of finally accepting sites for atomic hydrogen would be blocked by the alloys. While the physisorption and the spillover weakened with increased temperature for KB and KB-2.5 mass% Alloy, the hydrogen capacity of KB-10 mass% Alloy at 91 K was higher than the one at 77 K to sur-pass the capacity of KB. The hydrogen capacity of KB-5 mass% Alloy at 91 K and 111 K similarly exceeded the one of KB. The cooperative effect would be owing to the supposed structure comprising the alloys on the finally accepting sites essentially for atomic hydrogen.

Figure 1: Variation of hydrogen content under 1 MPa with temperature.

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Preheating fuel cells at -20°C with metal hydrides using the pressure difference between tank and stackM. Dieterich1, I. Bürger1, M. Linder11 German Aerospace Center DLR, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Stuttgart, GermanyFuel cells in vehicles have to be preheated in winter in order to expand service time and prevent ice formation. Metal hydrides can be used as solution to this challenge, as they can transform the pressure difference between hydrogen tank and fuel cell into heat. Until now, this potential energy stored in the high pressure hydrogen is throttled and lost. The working principle of a metal hydride pre-heater is the following: absorption of hydrogen at higher pressure into a metal hydride produces heat even at low ambient temperatures to preheat the fuel cell. Then, the lower pressure level of the fuel cell as well as waste heat enable desorption of the hydrogen from the metal hydride and the conversion in the fuel cell into electricity.At our institute a reactor designed to investigate the preheating application for fuel cell vehicles was developed. LaNi4.85Al0.15 was used as heat producing material inside a tube bundle heat exchanger to reach high thermal power. Vehicle temperature conditions were simulated via a thermostatic bath considering a thermal regeneration at 130°C against ambient pressure. Hydrogen was provided to the material in a temperature range between -20 and 20°C and a pressure range between 1 and 10 bar, and the thermal power transferred into the heat transfer fluid was measured.The study could verify high thermal power of metal hydrides at low ambient temperature suitable for automotive applications. The exper-iments showed that the 960 g of material could transfer a thermal power of up to 5 kWpeak at -20°C into the heat transfer fluid. Different influence factors on the thermal power were investigated, such as ambient temperature, hydrogen pressure and mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid. The biggest influence on the thermal power showed the hydrogen pressure as can be seen in Figure 1.


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Influence of operational voltage on degradation rate of Pt catalyst in high temperature PEM fuel cellM. Prokop1, R. Kodým1, T. Bystroň1, P. Bělský2, M. Paidar1, K. Bouzek1

1 UCT Prague, Department of Inorganic Technology, Prague, Czech Republic2 New Technologies - Research Centre, Materials and Technologies, Pilsen, Czech RepublicAmong the various fuel cell types, high temperature fuel cell with proton-exchange membrane (HT PEM FC) represents a suitable type for mobile and stationary applications. Due to HT PEM FC operating temperature of 120200 °C, rates of electrode reactions are enhanced, catalyst has reasonable resistance against CO present in H2 produced from fossil fuels and heat recuperation is viable. However, high operating temperature also significantly promotes degradation processes.One of theThe most significant deteriorations takes place within gas diffusion electrodes in membrane-electrode assembly where Pt nanoparticle-based catalyst is prone to degradation by e.g. agglomeration, coalescence, and Ostwald ripening. All mentioned process-es result in increase of nanoparticle size and consequently in decreased active surface area and catalytic activity.Our work focuses on the determination of the Pt surface area deterioration during HT PEM FC constant voltage operation. Fuel cells were operated for at periods of 502500 h at at defined conditions (potentiostatic regime, no interference from additional voltammetry measurements). In-house made membrane-electrode assemblies were prepared using unique membrane sandwich system. Three polybenzimidazole-based membranes were separated by two PEEK meshes; such arrangement enabled easy and quantitative separation of membranes with adhering catalytic layer from both anodic and cathodic side of HT PEM FC. The catalytic layers adhering to the membranes were, after the fuel cell disassembly, analyzed using X-ray diffraction and small angle X-ray scattering.The surface area of Pt was calculated from the Pt crystallite size and Pt nanoparticle size distribution in the samples. From these data, the Pt surface area degradation rate at different operational voltages was calculated. The results proved significant impact of the operational voltage on the Pt nanoparticle degradation rate and suggested direction towards optimization of operational regime and degradation mechanism understanding.

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Evaluation of HT-PEM MEAs under load cycling at high current densitiesM. Rastedt1, V. Tullius1, J. Büsselmann1, N. Pilinski1, W. Germer1, P. Wagner1, A. Dyck1

1 NEXT ENERGY ∙ EWE Research Centre for Energy Technology, Division Fuel Cells, Oldenburg, GermanyVision of the German QUALIFIX project funded by Federal Ministry of economics and energy Germany (SC: 03Et6046A) is the devel-opment of consistent conditions for improved batch production to analyze and monitor quality of fuel cells, systems and components. Manufacturers of the complete value chain from components up to system closely collaborate within this project.With help of these conditions and defined quality standards, the lifetime of fuel cell systems should be improved and cost-intensive losses can be minimized at an early production stage.Within this work we concentrated on load cycling modes between 0.6 A/cm² (4 min) and 1.0 A/cm² (16 min) and compared high tem-perature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) of three different providers to evaluate performances and degradation rates under such high load cycling conditions.These MEAs have been investigated in-situ via electrochemical characterization, one example – voltage as function of time - is shown in Figure 1. Optical ante- and post-mortem ex-situ analyses via micro-computed tomography imaging verified typical degradation paths like membrane thinning. Product water and MEA analysis to determine phosphate concentrations provided insight into phosphoric acid losses.The different MEAs have similar structures but are showing disparate behaviors under identical operation conditions. The degradation rates vary between +2 and -96 µV/h at 0.3 A/cm² after 500 hours of load cycling. Results from this investigation will be discussed and compared.


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The production of HT-PEM MEAs needs to be standardized. Extensive deviations in performance and lifetime of MEAs with almost identical constitution could be disclosed with the experiments shown in this work.

Figure 1: Voltage as function of time under load cycling test conditions (0.6 A/cm²: 4 min, 1.0 A/cm²: 16 min, 160°C) under H2 and air supply (λH2=1.5; λair=2.0).

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Reformed ethanol fuel cell system for backup and off-grid applications – validation of fuel conversion, purification and fuel cell subsystemsP. Koski1, N. Kaisalo2, J. Tallgren1, V. Pulkkinen1, M. Wichert3, F. Relvas4, S. Limonta5

1 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Fuel Cell Solutions, Espoo, Finland2 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Catalyst Technologies, Espoo, Finland3 Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Energy and Chemical Technology, Mainz, Germany4 University of Porto, Department of Chemical Engineering, Porto, Portugal5 Genport srl, Fuel cells and power electronics, Vimercate, ItalyBackup and off-grid power generation is recognized as one of the early markets for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs). Compared to diesel generators, fuel cells require less maintenance and produce less CO2, NOx and particulate emissions, as well as fewer acoustic or vibrational emissions. [1]Typical telecom applications require 8 hour back-up capability, but areas prone to longer power outages may require capacity up to 72 hours. Contrary to lead-acid batteries, fuel cells can sensibly meet these demands, with an option for continuous operation in off-grid applications [2].PEMFC back-up systems are commonly fueled with 200 bar 50 liter hydrogen cylinders, that can maintain a 2 kW power system for 7 hours. Thus, in areas with low grid availability, a large battery of cylinders or frequent refueling visits are needed.Another option are liquid hydrocarbons, such as with direct or reformed methanol fuel cells. Instead of methanol, our solution is bioeth-anol, which allows the direct use of easily transported and stored, locally and affordably produced low-emission fuel.

Figure 1 shows the system, where ethanol is converted to hydrogen rich reformate gas in a fuel processor and further purified employ-ing a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit to reach suitable purity for PEMFCs. Through battery hybridization, the system is capable of 10 kW peak power, with an output voltage of -48 VDC to suit most telecom back-up applications.This work presents results from the initial testing of the individual subsystems, also including first results of the fuel processor and the PSA unit integrated together and operated at 8 bar(g) pressure. The work continues with complete system commissioning tests and a limited field trial of 1000 hours.

References[1] Fuel Cell Industry Review 2016, E4tech, 2016.[2] J. Kurtz, et al., Backup Power Cost of Ownership Analysis and Incumbent Technology Comparison, Technical Report, NREL/TP-5400-60732, 2014.


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Hydrogen production kinetics by photooxidation of (NH4)2SO3 and Na2SO3 under pH controlR.E. Orozco Mena1, V.H. Collins Martínez2, R.A. Marquez Montes3, S.B. Perez Vega3, D. Chavez Flores3, E.F. Herrera Peraza1, V.H. Ramos Sanchez3

1 Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados- S. C., Medio Ambiente y Energia, Chihuahua, Mexico2 Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados- S. C., Ingenieria y Quimica de Materiales, Chihuahua, Mexico3 Universidad Autonoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Chihuahua, MexicoHydrogen is an energy carrier capable to replace fossil fuels and provide energy for transportation, industry, and households. The sul-fur-ammonia (S-NH3) phototermochemical cycle exploits entirely the solar radiation spectrum to split water. This sustainable approach uses the UV radiation to promote the photooxidation of ammonium sulfite to ideally produce hydrogen and ammonium sulfate, an en-ergy carrier, and a potential fertilizer respectively. An alternative pathway of this process is the photooxidation of sodium sulfite instead. Photooxidation rates are under control of pH. Naturally, this moves from 8 to 3 during hydrogen production, showing a clear reaction rate reduction as the system approaches acidic media. In spite of the fact that, the best rates have been obtained at 7.8 because equimolar quantities of HSO3

- and SO32- ions occur, buffer addition has not been reported to assess its effect in reaction kinetics. Therefore, in this

work, our main objective was to obtain kinetic data on the photooxidation, exclusively at 254 nm, of both: Na2SO3and (NH4)2SO3 adding a buffer to keep pH between 8 and 9. Measurements were carried out in a UV photoreactor (50 W), and reaction rates were monitored by gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector. This study revealed that, under these conditions, ammonium sulfite exhib-ited a superior rate of hydrogen production and an optimal regime of pH and concentration of 8.3 and 0.04 M, respectively.

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Fabrication of mesoporous g-C3N4/TiO2 hollow fibers by atomic layer deposition as a photocatalyst for enhanced hydrogen evolutionL.C. Wang1, T.P. Perng1

1 National Tsing Hua University, Materials Science and Engineering, Hsinchu, Taiwan- Province of ChinaNanocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction are the key to develop renewable energy technologies such as water splitting and fuel cells. Extensive attempts, therefore, have been made to investigate photocatalysts with high activity and long-term stability, including transition metal-based materials, two-dimensional materials, and polymeric semiconductors. Recently, we have demonstrated a controllable synthesis of hybrid photocatalysts consisting of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and TiO2 hollow fibers. Herein, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and H2O were utilized as precursors of titanium and oxygen in the atomic layer deposition (ALD) process, respectively, to fabricate precisely dimension-controllable and uniformly deposited TiO2 thin film on the surface of hollow polysulfone fibers (PSFs). In order to increase the electron-hole separation via hetero-nanostructure, TiO2 hollow fibers were then dip-coated with urea and heated at elevated temperatures to form a g-C3N4 nanolayer on the TiO2surface. For comparison, pure TiO2 hollow fibers and g-C3N4 nanosheets were also individually used as photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. It was revealed that the photocatalytic activity of the g-C3N4/TiO2 hollow fibers is influenced by the thickness of TiO2 which can be precisely tailored by ALD process with various cycle numbers. Furthermore, this advanced dry process to deposit TiO2 thin film with perfect conformality on the porous PSF template as a photocatalyst could significantly increase the surface area and efficiently trap the reflected photons within the hollow fibers, further enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency.

Figure 1: SEM images of the TiO2 hollow fiber: (a) cross-section, (b) middle wall, and (c) middle wall after annealing at 500 oC.

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Low Pt anode for PEMFCA. Ostroverkh1, P. Kúš1, M. Dubau1, M. Václavů1, I. Khalakhan1, Y. Yakovlev1, R. Fiala1, Y. Ostroverkh1, I. Matolínová1, V. Matolín1

1 Charles University, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Prague 8, Czech RepublicOne of Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) application barrier is use of costly platinum (Pt) required as catalyst. Furthermore, this noble metal is listed by the European Commission as a critical material; its resources are limited and it is expected to be depleted be the end of the 21st century regardless of introduction of the fuel cell vehicles. [1]


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A noble metal ‘almost free’ PEMFC anode catalyst based on Pt-CeOx deposited film supported on complex carbon micro porous layers was recently developed in our group. Pt-CeOx catalyst was prepared by magnetron sputtering with very low Pt loading in the range of 2-4µg/cm2. Using Nafion 212 membrane and standard state-of the art commercial Pt/C cathode we obtained performance up to 1.3W/cm2 in pure H2 and O2. It corresponds to standard commercial Pt/C anode performance with loadings 200-400µg/cm2. In order to achieve even higher performance at very high stability we explored the way of optimization of catalyst microporous layer support. TeflonTM FEP and carbon etching in oxygen plasma was used to improve active surface area prior the catalyst deposition. Thin film catalyst giving maximum power of 1.33W/cm2 was checked during 450-h accelerated durability test (Fig1). The average cell voltage decay of 173µV/h showed very high catalyst stability despite very low loading.

[1] Elshkaki, A., 2013. An analysis of future platinum resources, emissions and waste streams using a system dynamic model of its intentional and non-intentional flows and stocks. Resources Policy, 38, 241-251. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.04.002.

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SIP energy carriers – ammonia direct combustionH. Kobayashi1, A. Hayakawa1

1 Tohoku University, Institute of Fluid Science, Sendai, JapanRecent advances in the research and development of ammonia combustion promoted by the Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP), “Energy Carriers”, in Japan are presented. Ammonia is not only a potential hydrogen energy carrier but also a carbon free fuel. Ammonia has advantages on preservation and transportation because the thermal properties are almost the same as those of propane. The purposes of the Ammonia Direct Combustion Team in the “Energy Carriers” project are to develop ammonia utilization technologies for reciprocal engines, gas turbines and industrial furnaces based of knowledge of fundamental aspects of am-monia flames (Fig. 1).Major challenges of ammonia direct combustion are to overcome low combustion intensity and high NOx emission. The maximum laminar burning velocity of ammonia/air mixture at atmospheric pressure and room temperature is about 7 cm/s which is almost 15% to 20% for ordinary hydrocarbon/air flames, resulting in difficulty of flame stabilization and low combustion efficiency. A swirling flow is effective to stabilize ammonia flames and enhance the combustion completeness. Figures 2 and 3 show ammonia/air and methane/air flames stabilized using a swirl burner, respectively. It is seen that ammonia/air flame is successfully stabilized (Fig.2) although the flame length is longer than the methane/air flame (Fig.3).As a leading achievement in the Ammonia Direct Combustion Team, 41.8 kW power generation using an ammonia fueled micro-gas-tur-bine has been succeeded by the AIST group. The gas turbine system utilizes a heat regenerative cycle to enhance ammonia combustion and a SCR system to reduce NOx emission to atmosphere. The R&D of the project is presently extended to various energy systems.


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Figure 1: Schematics of utilization of ammonia as a fuel for energy systems.

Figure 2: Ammonia/air turbulent premixed flame stabilized by a swirl burner.

Figure 3: Methane/air turbulent premixed flame stabilized by a swirl burner.


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SIP energy carriers – research and development of ammonia-fueled solid oxide fuel cell systemsK. Eguchi1, Y. Takahashi2, H. Yamasaki3, H. Kubo4, A. Okabe5, T. Isomura6, T. Matsuo7

1 Kyoto University, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto, Japan2 Noritake Co.- Limited, Functional Material Section, Miyoshi- Aichi, Japan3 Nippon Shokubai Co.-Ltd., Strategic Technology Research Center, Suita- Osaka, Japan4 Toyota Industries Corp., Research & Development Center, Obu- Aichi, Japan5 Mitsui Chemicals-Inc., Process Technology Center, Sodegaura- Chiba, Japan6 Tokuyama Corp., Research and Development Division, Tsukuba- Ibaraki, Japan7 IHI Corp., Research Laboratory, Yokohama- Kanagawa, JapanIt is well recognized recently that hydrogen is effectively converted to electricity by fuel cells. However, the low volumetric energy den-sity and difficulty in long term storage and transportation are major obstacles for the widespread utilization. Among various hydrogen carriers, ammonia is one of the promising candidates because of its high hydrogen density, low production cost, and ease in liquefaction and transport. Ammonia decomposition into nitrogen and hydrogen proceeds endothermically at temperatures close to the operating ones of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Therefore, the integration of these two reactions is beneficial in terms of efficient heat and energy managements as well as simplified generation systems. Furthermore, ammonia fuel is expected to have little negative effect on fuel cell performance such as carbon deposition caused in the case of hydrocarbon fuels.We have investigated three types of ammonia-fueled SOFC systems. First, ammonia is directly supplied to the anode of SOFC. Hydrogen produced by decomposition of ammonia over Ni-based cermet anode is electrochemically oxidized by the fuel cell. The second system consists of ammonia cracker and SOFC. Ammonia is catalytically decomposed through the ammonia cracker, and hydrogen produced is electrochemically oxidized on the anode. Nickel-based catalysts has been developed for the ammonia cracker due to promoted activity by combination with appropriate support oxides. The third system is composed of auto-thermal ammonia cracker and SOFC, which is suitable for the rapid start-up. The performance of ammonia-fueled 200 W-class stacks as well as button-type SOFCs have been evalu-ated for three types of fuel supply systems.This study was supported by Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI), Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP), “energy carrier” (Funding agency: JST).

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SIP energy carriers – basic technology for hydrogen station utilizing ammoniaY. Kojima1

1 Hiroshima University, Institute for Advanced Materials Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, JapanAmmonia (NH3) is easily liquefied by compression at 1 MPa and 25°C, and has highest volumetric hydrogen density of 10.7 kg H2 /100L. It has high gravimetric hydrogen density of 17.8 wt%. The heat of formation of NH3 is about 1/10 of combustion heat of hydrogen. NH3 has advantages as a hydrogen carrier for fuel cell vehicles (FCVs).An ammonia-hydrogen team composed of the members from Hiroshima University, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Showa Denko, Toyota Industries and Taiyo Nippon Sanso, developed technologies to produce high-purity hydrogen to meet ISO14687-2 (NH3≤0.1ppm, N2 ≤1 ppm, H2 ≥99.97%) from NH3, for the first time in the world. NH3 was used as a feed at the flow rate of 1 Nm3/h and high-purity hydrogen was obtained at the flow rate above 1Nm3/h.High-performance ruthenium supported on MgO catalyst (Ru/MgO) was prepared by Fujitani et al. at AIST. For this catalyst, NH3 conver-sion was 99.8% at 0.1 MPa and 500°C which is almost the same as the chemical equilibrium value. Kojima et al. at Hiroshima University found that the remained NH3concentration of 1000 ppm was reduced to 0.1 ppm using inorganic-based NH3 storage materials. The NH3 elimination quantity was 30 gNH3/L. Showa Denko and Toyota Industries developed NH3 cracker using Ru/MgO. Showa Denko also de-veloped NH3 remover using NH3 storage materials. In connection to this, Taiyo Nippon Sanso developed hydrogen purifier. It is possible to produce high purity hydrogen by NH3 decomposition and high purity hydrogen supply system combined NH3 cracker, NH3 remover, and hydrogen purifier.

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SIP energy carriers – ammonia synthesis process from co2-free hydrogenY. Fujimura1, K. Hiraoka2, H. Takagi3, T. Nanba4, K. Honda5, K. Inazu6, K. Hino7, K. Sakata8, Y. Ishimoto8

1 JGC Corporation, Technology Innovation Center, Oarai, Japan2 JGC Corporation, Technology Innovation Center, Yokohama, Japan3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Research Institute of Energy Frontier, Tsukuba, Japan4 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Koriyama, Japan5 JGC Catalysts and Chemicals Ltd., Catalysts Research Center, Kitakyushu, Japan6 National Institute of Technology- Numazu College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Numazu, Japan7 Chiyoda Corporation, Technology Development Unit, Yokohama, Japan8 The Institute of Applied Energy, Hydrogen Program Research and Development Division, Tokyo, JapanAmmonia is a carrier of CO2-free hydrogen which is produced by the electrolysis of water using renewable energy or the reforming of fossil fuel with CCS. Ammonia will also be a promising fuel for power generation both by co-firing with natural gas or coal in existing power plants with some modification and by ammonia fueled gas turbines in new power plants, as well as a hydrogen source for fuel cell vehicles through the use of catalytic decomposition.


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Currently, ammonia is mainly produced from natural gas by the Haber-Bosch (HB) process which uses an iron catalyst under a high pressure and temperature condition. However, the pressure of hydrogen from the electrolysis of water is much lower than the reaction pressure in the HB process. If the CO2-free ammonia is produced using renewable energy, lower synthesis pressure and temperature are desirable for saving energy.In this project, we have developed new Ruthenium catalysts with rare earth oxide or carbon support for the purpose. The developed catalysts have high ammonia synthesis activity at low temperature and pressure condition compared with the HB process. The process optimization using the new catalyst has be also studied, including countermeasures for fluctuations of the renewable energy supply.We are designing a pilot plant for ammonia synthesis to confirm the performance of the developed catalyst and process in the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. It will start operation in early 2018. An overview of the pilot plant will be introduced in this presentation.In addition, the power generation cost is evaluated throughout the ammonia supply chain from renewable energy or fossil fuel reforming with CCS to power generation. In the case of renewable energy, the cost of renewable power and electrolyzers will be key factors for the competitiveness of the power cost.

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Effects of process, operational and environmental variables on biohydrogen production using palm oil mill effluent (POME)B. Zainal1, S. Ibrahim1, N.S. Mohd1, A.A. Zinatizadeh2

1 University Of Malaya, Civil Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia2 Razi University, Applied Chemistry, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran One of the plausible resources for the biohydrogen production in Malaysia is from the treatment of palm oil-based industry’s wastewater. Malaysian palm oil industry is a highly-regulated industry and is one of the world’s largest palm oil exporter. In this study, raw palm oil mill effluent (POME) and POME sludge collected from Jugra Palm Oil Mill, Banting, Selangor were used as a substrate and inoculum, for biohydrogen production. This study aims to produce biohydrogen with the highest hydrogen yield and COD removal efficiency (%) with optimum process, operation and environmental variables. Prior to its use, POME sludge was heat-treated at 100°C for 1 hour to promote Hydrogen Producing Bacteria (HPB). Experiments were conducted in 156ml serum bottles with different reaction temperature (30°C, 40°C and 50°C) and different inoculum size to substrate ratio (I:S) with lowest range: 10:90, middle range: 20:80 and highest range: 40:60 of inoculum:substrate (v/v). Experiments were designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and were conducted for 8 hr, 16 hr and 24 hr of reaction time. Optimum condition of biohydrogen production was achieved with COD removal efficiency of 31.38% with hydrogen yield of 17.76 ml H2 g

-1 COD removed. The inoculum substrate ratio was 0.66, with- 40:60 (I:S) (i.e <20 g L-1 CODin) with reaction temperature of 49.16°C and reaction time of 16 hours. Based on the optimization process using RSM, it can be concluded that lower substrate concentration (not more than 20 g/L) for biohydrogen production using pre-settled POME as a substrate was achieved, with optimum reaction time of 16 hours under thermophilic condition (40-50 °C).

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Biohydrogen production from distillery wastewatersK. Seifert1, R. Zagrodnik1, M. Stodolny1, M. Łaniecki11 A. Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Poznan, Poland

IntroductionMore than 95% of ethanol is obtained from agricultural or agricultural-related feedstock generating the gigantic volumes of distillery wastewater (approx. 10 liters per 1 liter of ethanol). Although there was found several applications for these wastes ( it is e.g. valuable fodder for animals) there are still open space for other application such as fermentative methods of hydrogen production. Here, the distillery waste water was applied for dark and photofermenative processes of hydrogen production.

AimSearch for the optimum conditions for biohydrogen production from distillery waste water applying initially mixed bacterial consortia in fermentation towards hydrogen and VFA with subsequent photofermentation.


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MethodsDigested sludge from purification unit and Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 were applied as inoculums in dark and photofermentation processes, respectively. Medium containing from 20-40 vol.% of wastewater in dark fermentation process was tested for hydrogen pro-duction under different experimental conditions (e.g. concentration, pH, light intensity etc.) The GC and HPLC – the main analytical tools.

ResultsThe negative effect of too high concentrations of inoculums in hydrogen production was found. An increase of waste concentration gave better yield and reaction rate. Influence of the composition of the waste in which both in stillage and syrup contained large amount of glycerol ( from 5-20 g/l) among other components was found. Approximately 1 dm3 H2/l medium was obtained. The higher HBu/Hac the higher yield of hydrogen. Non controlled pH during reaction resulted in high concentration of VFA. This was beneficial in photofer-mentation process in which effluents from dark process were applied and additional 1.5 dm3 H2 / l medium was produced.

ConclusionThis study showed a great potential of application of waste waters from local distilleries in hydrogen production.

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Systematic analysis of different hydrogen production methods, their biomass feedstocks and SOFC applicationsS. Archer1, R. Murphy2, R. Steinberger-Wilckens1

1 University of Birmingham, Chemical Engineering, Birmingham, United Kingdom2 University of Surrey, Centre for Environment and Sustainability, Guildford, United KingdomIt is only in recent years that biomass is finding its potential in modern day energy supply, as its availability increases for supplying energy and new raw materials for products, such as biofuels and gases. The growing popularity of biomass within the energy industry has resulted in the adoption of several extraction techniques in order to produce various biofuels and gases: Biological (fermentation, anaerobic digestion and metabolic processing) and Thermochemical (gasification, supercritical water gasification and pyrolysis), and Extraction (of carbohydrates, lipids and hydrocarbons for alcohol and biodiesel production).Each pathway utilises biomass, in varying states, to yield a variety of fuel products that have high hydrogen contents. The most ideal feedstocks for these gases are sourced from waste streams that do not impact the food market nor change land use directly, though some of these feedstocks are seen to be used in animal feeds.Different fuels can have multiple fuel cell applications, which provide different uses in modern society. Currently, low temperature fuel cells, such as Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, are suitable for powering vehicles and small, portable devices like mobile power banks. High temperature fuel cells, such as Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), are developed for large capacity power and stationary use, such as CHP in domestic and commercial environments. Gases like biogas and syngas can be used as fuel directly in an SOFC, after being cleaned to extract any Sulphur, particulate contaminants, or other corrosive components.The different methods of waste biomass conversion are investigated in this study as a systematic analysis, in order to develop a com-prehensive comparison of the different systems and the fuels they produce. The results of this study comprise of a rated list of biomass conversion pathways, with recommended sustainable fuels for an SOFC based on their production efficiency and environmental impact.

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Improved process kinetics of thermotoga neapolitana hydrogen production through increase of cell concentrationG. Dreschke1, G. d’Ippolito2, A. Panico3, P.N.L. Lens4, A. Fontana2, G. Esposito1

1 University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Cassino, Italy2 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Naples, Italy3 Telematic University Pegaso, Department of Engineering, Naples, Italy4 UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Department of Enivronmental Engineering and Water Technology, Delft, The NetherlandsGrowing energy demand and environmental challenges create the urgent need to establish new green energy sources. Hydrogen is there-by considered to be one of the most promising fuels of the future. Hydrogen can be produced biologically through dark fermentation by the hyperthermophilic organism Thermotoga neapolitana, providing high yields from a wide range of organic substrates (Pradhan et al. 2015). However, long process durations of 20 h and more (d’Ippolito et al. 2010, Mars et al. 2010) result in low production rates rendering this form of production so far unprofitable. This study aimed to improve process kinetics by increasing cell concentration to counteract low cell densities, commonly observed in hyperthermophilic fermentations. Biomass retention and recycling are well es-tablished approaches to enhance process efficiency, but the potential of high cell concentrations in pure culture Thermotoga neapolitana hydrogen production still needs to be investigated. Therefore different cell concentrations (100%, 200%, 300% and 400%, where 100% equals cells of 200 ml grown culture in 200 ml fresh medium) were established in 250 ml Schott flask reactors using standard medium (d’Ippolito et al. 2010) with 5 g/L glucose at 80°C, 300 rpm agitation and manual pH control to 7 with continuous release of produced gas. Results confirmed the expected improvement showing increased hydrogen production rates (up to 444 ± 4 ml/L/h) and reduced process durations (down to 3 h) with increasing cell concentrations. Hydrogen production (1478 ± 27 ml/L) as well as yield (2.5 ± 0.1 mol H2/ mol Glucose) remained high, independent of cell concentration. Cell growth continued up to the studied concentration of 2.1 ± 0.15 g/L TS. The study indicates the high potential of the presented approach resulting in a drastic improvement of process kinetics. It represents a further step towards large scale hydrogen production using pure culture Thermotoga neapolitana.


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Production of hydrogen by autothermal reforming of biogasF. Rau1, A. Herrmann1, W. Wiggen1, H. Krause1, D. Fino2, D. Trimis3

1 TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Thermal Engineering, Freiberg, Germany2 Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Torino, Italy3 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institute- Division of Combustion Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyThe decarbonisation of the traffic sector is a strategy of the European Union to reduce the climate change. Therefore several options of powertrains for the future (e.g. fuel cells) have been developed. This powertrains uses gaseous fuels like hydrogen. Thus the scope of the project BioRobur, funded by the European Commission, is the decentralised production of hydrogen from biogas to enhance the availability of hydrogen and to ensure the decarbonisation during the production.In this paper the experimental results of a demo plant in terms of efficiency are discussed in dependence of several process parameters (e.g. inlet temperature and O/C- ratio). Additionally, the experimental results and the results of an ASPEN PLUS® mass and energy flow modelling are compared. Finally, the hydrogen production costs are deduced.The realised demo plant was successfully put into operation in March 2016 with a hydrogen output of 50 Nm³/h. All components are integrated in three 15” containers. The process has its own steam and compressed air supply. The synthetic biogas is a mixture of natural gas (60 vol.-%) carbon dioxide (40 vol.-%). The educts are pretreated in terms of purity, homogeneity and temperature and are finally converted to synthetic gas in the autothermal reforming unit using a noble metal monolith. The heat integration is realised by two heat exchangers.Exemplarily, the figure depicts selected results of the analysis of cold gas efficiency, which is defined as the relation of the chemical energy of hydrogen and carbon monoxide to methane, based on the higher heating value. The cold gas efficiency shows a strong dependence on the O/C-ratio and can reach values up to 98% at an inlet temperature of 700°C. The numerical and experimental results are in good agreement.

Picture 1: “Cold gas efficiency over O/C ratio”.

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Energy balance and GHG emission improvements at wastewater treatment plants via novel thermochemical production of H2O. Grasham1

1 University of Leeds, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Leeds, United Kingdom

IntroductionMost UK wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) produce an anaerobic digestate liquor from the digestion of sewage sludge for energy recuperation. The liquor is ordinarily recycled back into the treatment process. However, the liquor contains 15-20% of a WWTP’s nitro-gen load (predominantly in ammonium form) (Maurer et al. 2003). Ammonium is problematic because the energy required to biologically convert it to N2 gas is extensive and N2O is formed as a bi-product; an extremely potent GHG with a global warming potential 298 times that of CO2. This research proposes, instead, the diversion of digestate liquor for thermochemical hydrogen production with on-site biomethane.

AimTo develop and analyse a process that improves the energetic and environmental sustainability of wastewater treatment via thermo-chemical hydrogen production using on-site digestate liquor and biomethane.

MethodsAspen Plus has been used to carry out a full chemical process model of the hydrogen production process. This included the modelling of: a distillation process to increase liquor ammonia concentrations and contaminant removal, equilibrium modelling of reforming process, role of ammonia decomposition, heat transfer modelling and industrial pressure considerations. Analysis of economic, energetic and environmental impacts for wastewater treatment has also been carried out.


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Results and ConclusionDistillation of digestate liquor was shown to produce an aqueous ammonia solution, allowing combined H2 production from both steam biomethane reforming and ammonia decomposition. The role of ammoia decomposition increased H2 yields by >6.5%, compared to a convention steam methane reforming system. The use of hydrogen fuel-cells was shown to improve the electrical output by <20% for a given WWTP. The diversion of ammonia from the treatment process was also shown to reduce both energy demand and GHG emissions significantly.

ReferencesMaurer, M., Schwegler, P. & Larsen, T., 2003. Nutrients in urine: energetic aspects of removal and recovery. Water Science & Technology, 48(1), pp.37–46.

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Room-temperature hydrogen storage via two-dimensional potential well in mesoporous graphene oxideT.H. Lee1, T.H. Kim2, J. Bae3, J. Hwang3, J.H. Jung3, D.K. Kim4, J.S. Lee4, D.O. Kim4, J. Ihm5, Y.H. Lee1

1 Sungkyunkwan University, IBS Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics- Department of Energy Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea2 Pohang University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang, Republic of Korea3 Seoul National University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul, Republic of Korea4 Hanwha Chemical Research & Development Institute, Materials R&D Center, Dajeon, Republic of Korea5 Pohang University of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Pohang, Republic of KoreaHydrogen is an excellent energy carrier free of carbon dioxide emission, but safe and efficient storage of hydrogen has been a bottleneck for the commercial use of hydrogen as a fuel. Here, we present a strategy based on simple thermodynamic principles that the density of a gas residing in a potential well increases exponentially relative to the ambient gas by the corresponding Boltzmann factor. This mechanism allows for enormously enhanced H2 storage in the form of delocalized gas permeating throughout the void space of a ma-terial, in contrast to conventional storage localized to specific adsorption sites. We create mesoporous graphene oxide that provides a two-dimensional potential well and efficient hydrogen diffusion pathways. The gravimetric storage density measured with quartz-crys-tal microbalance reaches 4.65 wt.% reproducibly at a modest pressure of 40 atm at room temperature. Our work demonstrates the attainability of the long-standing goal of room-temperature hydrogen storage.

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Nitrogen based composite materials for hydrogen storage and effects of additivesE. Akiba1, H.J. Lin1, H. Murakami2, R. Taninokuchi3, H.W. Li11 Kyushu University, International Research Center for Hydrogen Energy, Fukuoka, Japan2 Kyushu University, Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems, Fukuoka, Japan3 Kyushu University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fukuoka, Japan

IntroductionDuring our investigation of hydrogen storage materials for on board application, we have found an interesting hydrogen storage com-posite materials with three-component such as Mg(NH2)2–4LiH–LiNH2. This is the first example for amide-based composite with three components [1].


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Experimental / ComputationalThe composite was prepared by mixing commercially available Mg(NH2)2 (HydroLabo), LiH (Alfa Aesar) and LiNH2 (Aldrich) in various mole ratios. The powders were ball milled by planetary ball-milling machine (10 stainless steel balls with ball-to-powder mass ratio 30 : 1) for 20 h at 400 rpm under Ar. X-ray diffractometer, Raman spectrometer, TG-DTA-MS, in-situ SEM-EDX and pc isotherm machine were used for characterization.

Results and DiscussionWe have picked up three chemicals among Mg(NH2)2, LiNH2, LiH and MgH2 and made composites with various ratios of chemicals. Finally, it was found the composite system Mg(NH2)2–LiH–LiNH2 is the most promising for hydrogen storage on board. For improvement of kinetics and hydrogen releasing temperature and prevention of ammonia formation, several additives to this system have been added. Among them, KH was the most effective additive for kinetics, hydrogen releasing temperature and prevention of ammonia. In addition, ball milling conditions are optimized. The effects of mixing of solid state materials those consists of the composites were observed using in-situ SEM-EDX. The optimized milling conditions were discussed.

SummaryIt was found that the optimized chemical compositions of the three component composite based on light-weight amides and hydride and the effective additive for improved kinetics, lower hydrogen releasing temperature and prevention of ammonia formation. Optimization of ball milling conditions was done.

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Increasing H2 volumetric storage capacity in mesoporous MOFsG. Orcajo1, J.A. Villajos1, H. Montes-Andrés1, C. Martos1, J.A. Botas1, G. Calleja1

1 Chemical and Energy Technology Group, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Madrid, SpainMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline and highly porous materials that are built by the coordination of metal ions with organic linkers, exhibiting a wide range of chemical functionalities. MOFs with very high surface area have shown promising results in hydrogen storage at 77 K1, but limited performances at room temperature. With the purpose of improving these results, the inclusion of open metal sites for increasing the interaction to H2 molecules seems to be a very attractive approach. It has been also demonstrated that attaching both, organic molecules like crown-ethers[1] and alkali or alkaline earth metal ions[2] to the MOF structure generate new H2 adsorption sites in the material.Herein, the inclusion of 18Crown-6 ether and Li-18Crown-6 ether complex within the pores of three different MOFs, one microporous and two mesoporous, being Ni-MOF74, Fe-MIL100 and Cr-MIL101, respectively, has been assessed.The post-synthesis modification of the three MOFs by the insertion of the organic and organometallic species was successfully accom-plished, according with XRD, NMR, TGA, IR, N2 adsorption at 77K results. Regarding the H2 adsorption tests at room temperature (25ºC) and high pressure (170bar), the volumetric storage capacity of the modified mesoporous materials with crown ether species, and in a higher level, with the Li-18Crown-6 ether complex, was higher than for the pristine MOFs. On the other hand, no improvement was observed in case of Li-Crw-Ni-MOF74, probably due to the pore blocking of the microporous system.It is concluded that the targeted strategy for making MOFs adsorbents more suitable for hydrogen storage at ambient temperatures was attained, being possibly extended to other mesoporous structures.


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Metal organic framework as the hydrogen storage mediumT. Bera1, A. Sharma1, G.K. Acharya1

1 Indian Oil Corporation, Research & Development Centre, Faridabad, IndiaHydrogen has drawn attention as a next-generation energy carrier for mobile and stationary power sources. The major obstacle to bring hydrogen economy into reality is neither the hydrogen production nor utilization of hydrogen, but the effective and safe storage and transportation of hydrogen. For transport needs the hydrogen is mostly stored in a compressed (at 200-700 bar) form, while methods for its storage at lower pressures are rapidly developing using adsorption-based hydrogen storage (AHS) systems. Abundant adsorbents such as activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, zeolites, have been explored as adsorbents for the adsorption of hydrogen. Further, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and its sub-family Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) are considered as compatible hydrogen ad-sorbent due to high surface area, abundant pore volume, acceptable pore size, large microporosity and controlled pore size distribution.Cu- and Zn-based MOFs and ZIFs are synthesized for H2 adsorption using benzene dicarboxylate (BDC) and 2-methyl Imidazole as organic linkers. Various analytical techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) were used to study their structural, morphological, elemental information and thermal stability. Powder XRD pattern of Cu-MOF, Zn-MOF, Cu-ZIF and Zn-ZIF showed expected major peaks that match perfectly with reported values in literature. Thermal stability of Cu-MOF, Zn-MOF, Cu-ZIF and Zn-ZIF were obtained from TGA. SEM shows presence of roughly cubic and hexagon like-particles in Cu-MOF, Cu-ZIF and Zn-ZIF. However, Zn-MOF indicates irregular shape. H2 adsorption for Cu-MOF, Zn-MOF, Cu-ZIF and Zn-ZIF were found to be ~1 wt% at 250C while ~16% at -100C at 100 bar. Based on above studies, it is evident that structural & surface properties of these adsorbents play important role in hydrogen adsorption and desorption. Hydrogen storage system based on MOF can provide a safe alternative for on board hydrogen storage.

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Carbon dioxide as hydrogen carrier: Formic acid and methanol – key compounds in storage and deliveryG. Laurenczy1

1 EPFL, ISIC, Lausanne, Switzerland

IntroductionThe catalytic reduction of CO2 with hydrogen gas can contribute to solve some of the major challenges faced by our society. Formic acid, the first hydrogenation product of CO2, can serve as a renewable hydrogen source [1-2]. Methanol has also been proposed as liquid organic chemical carrier in sustainable hydrogen storage.

AimsTo use carbon dioxide as hydrogen vector.

MethodsHigh pressure multinuclear NMR – both CO2 reduction and hydrogen production.

Results - ConclusionWe have shown that the hydrogenation of CO2 to HCOOH can be carried out at ambient temperatures and in aqueous solution, without additives, in homogeneous catalytic reactions [3]. The disproportionation of HCOOH into methanol can be realized at ambient tempera-ture and in aqueous, acidic solution in a homogeneous catalytic reaction. In acidified solutions the disproportionation results in complete (98%), selective (96%) formic acid conversion into methanol [4].For hydrogen delivery, HCOOH can be selectively decomposed into CO2 and hydrogen [5]. Beside ruthenium catalysts, iron(II) complexes also catalyse HCOOH cleavage with high rate and efficiency [6]. Methanol is also used as hydrogen source, in low-temperature aque-ous-phase dehydrogenation processes.

Figure 1: Scheme of the hydrogen storage/delivery.

AcknowledgementEPFL, SNSF are thanked for financial support.


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References[1] M. Grasemann and G. Laurenczy, Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, 5, 8171.[2] A. Dalebrook, W. Gan, M. Grasemann, S. Moret, G. Laurenczy, Chem. Comm., 2013, 49, 8735.[3] S. Moret, P. J. Dyson, G. Laurenczy, Nature Comm., 2014, 5, 4017; doi: 10.1038/ncomms5017.[4] K. Sordakis, A. Tsurusaki, M. Iguchi, H. Kawanami, Y. Himeda, G. Laurenczy, Green Chemistry, 2017, doi: 10.1039/c6gc03359h[5] C. Fellay, P. J. Dyson, G. Laurenczy, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2008, 47, 3966.[6] A. Boddien, D. Mellmann, F. Gaertner, R. Jackstell, H. Junge, P. J. Dyson, G. Laurenczy, R. Ludwig, M. Beller, Science 2011, 333, 1733.

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Air heated metal hydride energy storage system design and experiments for microgrid applicationsA. Khayrullina1, V. Borzenko2, A. Ustinov1

1 Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Energy Systems, Moscow, Russian Federation2 Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, H2lab, Moscow, Russian Federation

IntroductionEmerging technologies of the 21st Century introduced bi-directional flows between a big number of uncontrollable and unpredictable generators together with a need for energy storage (ES) capable of solving instability issues. With the aim of developing new control methodologies Skoltech developed a Smart Grid laboratory that includes a variety of energy generators, and storage systems. The capa-bilities of the grid were expanded with a metal hydride (MH) ES and 1 kW fuel cell. MH ES performs at the near ambient temperatures and relatively low pressure, it has adjustable properties, satisfactory gravimetric H2 density, and a simple thermal management. However, existing technologies require external heat source, which cannot serve the purpose of autonomous microgrid applications.

AimThus the aim of this research was to develop an air heated metal hydride energy storage system that utilizes internal waste heat of the system.

Results and ConclusionsBased on low power MH ES system experiments [1] and waste heat investigations [2], a 1000l MH reactor was designed and developed (Fig. 1 and 2). The experiments were performed in the system that also includes 1 kW fuel cell and an electrolyser. Obtained results show higher efficiency rate of the system due to waste heat utilization, ensure a mobility for autonomous applications, and open the opportunity of further research on the field of power system control.

Fig. 1: Gas and hydraulic schemes.


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Fig. 2: View of the set up.

References[1] Ustinov A., Khayrullina A., Borzenko V., Khmelik M., Sveshnikova A. Development method of Hybrid Energy Storage System, including PEM fuel cell and a battery// Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2016. 745. — P. 032152.[2] Vasily Borzenko, Alexey Eronin The use of air as heating agent in hydrogen metal hydride storage coupled with PEM fuel cell// International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. V. 41, Issue 48, 2016, P. 23120–23124. 2-s2.0-84995436793.

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Fabrication of Ta3N5 – ZnO Z-scheme photocatalyst for hydrogen generationY.H. Liang1, M. Mishra1, T.P. Perng1

1 National Tsing Hua University, Materials Science and Engineering, Hsinchu, Taiwan- Province of ChinaPhotocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is an ideal application of directly converting solar energy to chemical energy. The basic requirement of proceeding the overall water splitting is that the band gap of semiconductor catalyst should be larger than 1.23 eV. Based on its band gap and position, Ta3N5 is a desirable candidate material for water splitting. However, a single photocatalyst poses the problem of charge self-recombination. Two semiconductor photocatalyts with suitable relative band edges to form a Z-scheme system can solve the problem of self-recombination of electrons and holes in a single photocatalyst. Accordingly, we have developed a Ta3N5-ZnO heterojunction photocatalyst. Visible-light driven Ta3N5 is the main material to be investigated, and ZnO is further com-bined with Ta3N5 for achieving higher efficiency in hydrogen production. Figure 1(a) shows the proposed mechanism of charge transfer in an indirect Z-scheme system of Ta3N5-ZnO. For this indirect Z-scheme, Ta3N5 powder was synthesized by nitridation of commercial Ta2O5 in ammonia at 800 °C and was used along with commercial ZnO. Further, a shuttle redox mediator, NaI, was added. The mediator used in indirect Z-scheme might compete for capturing the photoexcited electrons. Hence, a direct Z-scheme of Ta3N5 and ZnO thin films was fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD). ALD facilitates fabrication of highly conformal thin film of ZnO on the surface of Ta3N5 powder or film and vice-versa. The ALD process was optimized to enhance the H2 production performance. Figure 1(b) demonstrates that the indirect Z-scheme shows enhanced hydrogen generation efficiency. Further, the hydrogen production result of the direct Z-scheme was obtained and compared with that of the indirect Z-scheme.


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Figure 1: (a) Proposed Z-scheme mechanism for charge transfer process. (b) H2 production rates for Ta3N5, ZnO, indirect Ta3N5-ZnO system under 300 W Xe lamp irradiation. The amount of each sample is 20 mg.

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Dye and Cu-CuO nanomaterials coupling sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays for enhanced optical absorption and photocatalytic H2 production activityL. Sang1, L. Lei11 Beijing University of Technology, Environmental and energy engineering college, Beijing, ChinaHydrogen production by using solar energy photocatalytic water splitting is an important way in artificial photosynthesis technology. In photoelectrochemical water splitting system, TiO2 is widely studied as photoelectrode material. However, TiO2 can only absorb light in the UV region and the recombination rate of photoexcited electron-hole pairs is high, so this work is mainly focused on the sensitiza-tion of TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTs) by the Cu-based nanomaterials and Eosin Y. TNTs were prepared using anodic oxidation method and Cu particles were deposited on them by cathodic electrodeposition. Then, part of Cu particles was oxidized to CuO by anodic oxidation at the voltages of 6V, 7V and 8V. The loaded Cu and CuO nanoparticles could be confirmed by XRD, XPS and other detection methods.

An efficient, UV-vis-light-induced electron transfer at the two component interfaces achieved by the intimate coupling of TNTs with p-type semiconducting CuO and plasmonic Cu nanoparticles in composite heterostructures facilitate the system’s exciton dynamics. The charge separation rate is enhanced and transfer resistance is decreased. Based on the position of energy band and the characteristics of p-n junction, Cu and CuO deposited on TNTs can promote its charge transfer at the interfaces, hydrogen production rate of Cu-CuO/TNTs prepared at 7V increased 40% compared to TNTs. Then, the obtained Cu-CuO/TNTs was sensitized by Eosin Y, and the results show


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that the light absorption of the prepared electrode increased in 400~600nm region. The photocurrent density of Cu-CuO/TNTs prepared at 6V further enhances to 0.46mA/cm2, which is higher than that of Cu-based nanomaterials and dye sensitized TNTs, respectively. The flat band potential become more negative, and the electrochemical impedance radius is reduced, which is favor to the charge transfer and separation, all the results indicate that the hydrogen production of Dye and Cu-CuO nanomaterials coupling sensitized TNTs are enhanced.

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Facile fabrication of titania-ordered cubic mesoporous carbon composite: Effect of Ni doping on photocatalytic hydrogen generationP.C. Rath1, H.M. Kao1

1 National Central University, Chemistry, Zhongli, Taiwan- Province of ChinaAbstract:The photocatalytic decomposition of water into H2 and O2 over semiconductor materials has attracted much attention since the first invention of photochemical water splitting over TiO2 photoelectrode proposed by Fujishima and Honda.1 The conversion of solar energy into hydrogen energy through photocatalytic water splitting is one of the most important keys to achieve the goal of clean and renewable energy.2 Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most promising materials for photo-generation of hydrogen from water due to its low cost, absence of toxicity and chemical stability. However, attempts have been made to increase the photocatalytic activity by doping different metal catalysts like Ag, Au, Cu, Ni as well as coating different carbon material like RGO, carbon dots etc. In recent years, ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs), e.g., CMK-8, are being increasingly researched in different application like photo-catalysis, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and for energy storage and conversion (sodium and lithium ion battery) due to their unique structural characteristics – ordered mesoporous channels, high surface areas, large pore volumes and uniform pore size distribution. Herein, we re-port a facile fabrication of Titania-ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-8) by a hydrothermal synthesis at 200 °C using Tiatania isopropoxide as the precursor. Ni nano particle was doped by wet impregnation method and calcined at 450°C to get Ni-Titania@CMK-8 composite. The material was characterized by various techniques such as XRD, BET, TEM, XPS etc. However, Ni-Tiatania@CMK-8 composite shows outstanding photocatalytic hydrogen generation up to 2075 µmol/g in comparison to Titania@CMK-8 (579 µmol/g). The effect of Ni dop-ing and its mechanism of enhanced photocatalytic activity will be presented in detail.1. A. Fujishima, K. Honda, Nature 1972, 238, 37–38.2. Sivula, K.; Le Formal, F.; Gratzel, Chem Sus Chem 2011, 4, 432−449.

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RGO-CdZnS-Pt as active photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution from water under solar energyD. Akyuz1, A. Koca1

1 Marmara Üniversitesi, Department of Chemical Engineering- Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul, TurkeyPhotocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting under irradiation by sunlight has received much attention for production of re-newable hydrogen from water on a large scale. For an economical use of water and solar energy, catalysts that are sufficiently efficient, stable, inexpensive and capable of harvesting light are required [1, 2]. Here, we synthesized graphene oxide (GO) by hummer method and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) obtained with reduction by hydrazine of GO. The stronger interaction between RGO sheet and nanocomposite which was prepared by the hydrothermal method provided a better photocatalytic activity. The platinium (Pt) doping of the RGO-CdZnS nanocomposite under UV light resulted a significant increase in hydrogen production from water under solar energy.

Synthesized RGO-CdZnS-Pt photocatalysts were characterized with SEM, XRD and diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy. This active photocatalyst which was doped with 5 % Pt showed 201.8 mLg-1h-1 hydrogen evolution rate with 14.13 solar energy conversion efficiency (SECE). These results indicate that RGO-CdZnS-Pt composites are effective photocatalysts for production of renewable hydrogen from water.

KeywordsPhotocatalyst, Hydrogen evolution, Solar energy, Reduced graphene oxide.


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AcknowledgementThis study was supported by TUBITAK (Project No: 113M991).

ReferencesPhotocatalytic–electrocatalytic dual hydrogen production system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016. 41(19): p. 8209-8220.Noble metal-free reduced graphene oxide-Zn x Cd1–x S nanocomposite with enhanced solar photocatalytic H2-production performance. Nano letters, 2012. 12(9): p. 4584-4589.

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The IAEA HEEP: Description and benchmarkingI. Khamis1, R. El-Emam1

1 International Atomic Energy Agency, Department of Nuclear Energy, Vienna, AustriaAlong with the increasing potential of nuclear hydrogen production over the last decade as marked by continued progress achieved in research, development, demonstration and deployment (R&D&D&D) of hydrogen production technologies in several countries, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) developed the Hydrogen Economic Evaluation Programme (HEEP) to support Member States interested in hydrogen production using nuclear energy.HEEP is capable of performing economic assessment through the estimation of the levelized cost of hydrogen in several scenarios of nuclear-hydrogen plants integration. The most promising hydrogen production technologies can be integrated with different nuclear power plants and analysed using HEEP, including high and low temperature electrolysis, and thermochemical and hybrid thermochemical cycles. In addition, HEEP can be used to conduct comparative studies between nuclear and fossil energy sources for hydrogen production, as well as the application of solely hydrogen production or cogeneration with electric power production. The HEEP models are based on economic, technical, and chronological inputs, and on cost modelling. The package also facilitates performing a broader investigation for more understanding of the feasibility of different hydrogen production scenarios including storage, transportation, and distribution, with the capability to eliminate or include specific details as required by the users.Recently, the IAEA successfully concluded a three years coordinated research project with international collaboration of 10 Member States on examining and benchmarking of HEEP. This project formulated a successful information exchange platform for assessing differ-ent options and technoeconomics of nuclear hydrogen production, benchmark of HEEP, and technology based case studies on nuclear hydrogen production cost. This paper highlights some of the CRP achieved results through on benchmarking of HEEP, specific case studies including HTGR/S-I, SCWR-CANDU/CuCl thermochemical cycle, and HTR/S-I of integrated nuclear power plants and hydrogen production plants, and results comparison using similar tools with emphasis on HEEP features and modules.

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High temperature electrolysis performance maps and extension to techno-economic analysis for hydrogen cost optimizationJ. Hartvigsen1, S. Elangovan1, J. Elwell1, L. Frost11 Ceramatec- Inc., SOFC- Hydrogen & Synfuels, Salt Lake City, USASolid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) devices can produce hydrogen at the thermodynamic first law efficiency limit. These devices can be operates over a wide range of flow, voltage and temperature conditions. Hydrogen production rate and energy requirements are strongly dependent on the choice of operating point. Conditions favoring high energy efficiency typically lead to a low capital utilization effectiveness while conditions maximizing production rates penalize the energy efficiency. The instantaneous cost of hydrogen is a func-tion of the costs of electricity, capital life cycle amortization, and other utilities such as process heat.Performance maps based on closed form isothermal parametric models for both hydrogen and natural gas fueled SOFC stacks have been demonstrated previously. Similarly, power and current density, heat flux, steam utilization and efficiency can all be calculated as a function of operating voltage and reactant flow rates in the SOEC system.SOEC Performance MapThese results can be used to construct a performance map in the operating voltage - specific steam flow space (Vop, m). The development of this closed form performance map is presented. A methodology of mapping the various hydrogen production cost contributions into the operating performance space is also presented as a means of minimizing hydrogen production costs. The functional form of the mod-el and the boundaries of the operating envelope provide useful insight into the SOEC operating characteristics and a means of selecting conditions for electrolysis operation.Hydrogen Cost in Performance Map

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Nuclear hydrogen production through iodine sulfur process in ChinaP. Zhang1, C. Songzhe1, W. Laijun1

1 Tsinghua University, INET, Beijing, ChinaNuclear hydrogen production is one of the most perspective approaches for efficient, massive and CO2 free hydrogen production. In the institute of nuclear and new energy technology of Tsinghua university, high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) technology has been developing for more than four decades. In recent years, R&D on nuclear hydrogen production have been conducting, the hybrid sulfur (HyS) process, which was considered as suitable for coupling to HTGR, was comprehensively studied. In this paper, the main progress of R&D on HyS process will be presented.


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Effective heat management of rectangular metal hydride tanks for green building applicationsE. Gkanas1, S. Makridis2, G. Panagakos3, A. Stubos3, M. Panagiota2, S. Georgios4, K. Martin1

1 Coventry University, Centre for Mobility and Transport- Mechanical Engineering, Coventry, United Kingdom2 University of Patras, 2. Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, Patra, Greece3 NCSR ‘Demokritos’, Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece4 University of Western Macedonia, Novel & Clean Technologies Lab- Mechanical Engineering, Kozani, Greece

IntroductionWith view to sustainable energy performance of green buildings, the appropriate application of renewable energy supplies in buildings is fundamental criterion. The future belongs to the Renewable Energy Sources (RES), defined as sources of energy that can derived from natural processes, that can be constantly replenished [1]. Hydrogen technologies are assumed as powerful techniques for storage of RES since H2 and O2 can be stored and used to produce electricity in fuel cells where the O2/H2 fuel cells are air independent and present a better output comparing to Air/H2 fuel cells [2, 3].

Aim and MethodsA simulation study fully validated through solid experimental results regarding the hydrogenation process of rectangular metal hydride beds under effective internal heat management, is presented and analysed as shown in Figure 1. Three different geometries equipped with plain embedded cooling tubes are introduced and examined. For each geometry introduced, five different cases of metal hydride thickness are studied and additionally, the effect of the cooling fluid flow is examined in terms of different values of heat transfer coeffi-cient [W/m2K]. Furthermore, three different materials are introduced, two “conventional” AB5 intermetallics and a novel AB2-based Laves phase intermetallic. We examined in terms of the hydrogenation behavior and temperature distribution during the hydrogen charging process. A Non-Dimensional Conductance analysis is also used to evaluate the heat management process.

Results and DiscussionAccording to the results, the optimum value for the metal hydride thickness was found to be 7.39 mm, while the optimum value for the heat transfer coefficient was 2000 [W/m2K]. For the above optimum conditions, the performance of the novel AB2-based Laves phase intermetallic showed the fastest hydrogenation kinetics comparing to the other two AB5 intermetallics indicating that is a powerful storage material for green building stationary applications.Figure 1: A fully validated analysis with solid experimental results is presented.

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FCEV as power plant: Techno-economic scenario analysis of renewable integrated transport and energy system for smart cities in two climatesV. Oldenbroek1, G. Smink1, A. van Wijk1

1 Delft University of Technology, Process & Energy- Energy Technology Section, Delft, The Netherlands

IntroductionBoth energy and transport systems need to become 100% renewable, while remaining reliable and affordable. However, the intermittent nature of many renewables such as wind and solar require a more flexible electricity system[1].Transport vehicles become electrified, zero emission through hydrogen fuel cells and the vehicle can be grid connected (V2G)[1]. A hy-drogen fueling infrastructure is needed to introduce these vehicles.Until today the electricity and transport system have developed independently from each other. However, the integration of these two systems may solve major problems related to the separate transitions described above, and create synergies benefiting both systems[1].

AimHow can solar and wind electricity together with fuel cell electric vehicles(FCEVs) as energy generators and distributors and hydrogen as energy carrier, provide a 100% renewable, reliable and cost effective energy system, for power, heat, and transport, for smart city areas in two different climate areas?


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MethodsDesign and dimensioning(Figure 1) of a fully autonomous renewable and reliable integrated transport and energy system for a smart city area based on German and Spanish statistics.Analyzing energy demand for the designed smart city area for two different locations and climates(Germany and Spain) in two time frames: Near Future(≈2020) and Mid Century scenario(≈2050).Hourly and annual energy balance(Figure 2).Calculate levelized (specific) energy costs

Results and ConclusionThe smart city area energy supply is reliable at all times by grid-connected FCEVs providing balancing and by hydrogen production (Figures 1-2). In the Mid Century, for both German and Spanish locations respectively, maximum 19%&16% of the passenger car fleet is required(Figure 3), cost effective energy of 0.12&0.09€/kWh for electricity, 3.4&3.8€/kg for hydrogen and specific energy cost for passenger cars is 0.020&0.023€/km.[1] V.Oldenbroek, L.Verhoef, A.van Wijk, Fuel cell electric vehicle as a power plant: fully renewable integrated transport and energy system design and analysis for smart city areas, Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy (2017), In-Press.


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A scenario design of technology implementation considering regional characteristics: A case study on hydrogen energy in JapanT. Shimizu1, Y. Tsukushi2, K. Hasegawa1, M. Ihara1, Y. Kikuchi1,3

1 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo, Japan2 The University of Tokyo, Department of Chemical System Engineering, Tokyo, Japan3 The University of Tokyo, Presidential Endowed Chair for “Platinum Society”, Tokyo, Japan

IntroductionThe effects of technologies on hydrogen energy such as fuel cell vehicle (FCV) and fuel cell cogeneration system (FCCGS) should be carefully examined on regional characteristics such as energy source distribution [1] and energy demand for designing acceptable implementation scenarios for each region.

AimWe propose a scenario design approach considering regional characteristics using model simulation through case studies in Japan. Urban employment area (UEA) [2] was adopted for distinguishing Japan into practical area to discuss adequate regional division for decision-making.


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MethodsA model was constructed to analyze the effect of technology implementation considering regional characteristics. Case studies of tech-nology implementation on hydrogen energy in Japan were conducted to demonstrate the model simulation by indicating greenhouse gas (GHG) emission at each phase of implementation; early, driving, and adjustment phases. Considering the performance of implemented technologies, their scenarios were proposed.

ResultsThrough the case studies, it was revealed that the effect of technology implementation have nonlinear relationship with regional char-acteristics such as population density and local resource availability. Implementation scenarios can become different by region due to the existing infrastructures including located industries. It resulted in the facts that the performance of technologies technology implementation become completely different and attributed to the division of regions such as city, prefecture, or UEA.

ConclusionSuitable implementation scenario is different by regional characteristics. Technology implementation in UEA can be easier than in prefec-ture in terms of decision-making because resources on local points can be distributed effectively with less excess or deficiency, while the scales of demand and supply are limited.

AcknowledgementsA part of this study is based on the results obtained from a project commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

Reference[1] De-León Almaraz S. et al.; Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 104, 11-31 (2014)[2] Kanemoto Y. et al.; J. Appl. Regional Sci., 7, 1-15 (2002)[3] Agnolucci P. et al.; Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 38, 5181-5191 (2013)

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Development of power management system for mobile UPS based on the PEM fuel cell stackJ. Mališ1, M. Paidar1, K. Bouzek1

1 University Of Chemistry And Technology Prague, Department Of Inorganic Technology, Praha 6, Czech RepublicModern emergency units are supported by many electric and electronic devices allowing effective completion of their tasks. Common problem of such devices during outdoor operations represents availability of electric power supply characterized by sufficient capacity and reliability. Although power consumption of electronic devices and other rescue equipment decreased significantly within last de-cades, this problem is not yet satisfactorily solved. It is because number of units and demands on their performance is uninterruptedly growing. Typical long-time consumption of rescuer/police mobilebase comprises 100-200 W (up to 300 W peak). PEM fuel cell stacks represent promising technology for long time supply of such devices by electric energy. A dynamic energy load has to be considered when designing UPS power management system. It is in contradiction to the preferable PEM fuel cell operation regime.This problem can be accomplished by utilizing correspondingly sized accumulators connected to the fuel cell stack. Some types of accumulators, however, are limited by relatively small charging currents or narrow range of operational temperatures. An alternative option represents utilization of supercapacitors. They are able to operate under high current loads in a broad area of temperatures. Their main disadvantages, however, consist in lower energy/weight ratio and higher spontaneous discharging current when compared to accumulators.In this work various configurations of power management system were tested differing in parameters of individual components. The fo-cus was to minimize variation in voltage with changing of load. Weight of the system is limited by 15 kg at maximum as it is designed for mobile application. The best ratio between desired system stability and weight were determined for system consisting of PEM fuel cell, supercapacitor with small capacitance and accumulator able to work with high currents.This work was supported by Ministry of Interior of Czech Republic within the framework of the project No. VI20152019018.

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Influence of process conditions on gas purity in alkaline water electrolysisP. Haug1, M. Koj1, T. Turek1

1 Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, GermanyFor realization and improvement of the power-to-gas-concept precise knowledge especially about the dynamic behavior of the electroly-sis process is indispensable. Alkaline water electrolysis has been applied in the industry for decades, but the dynamic behavior was of mi-nor interest until first investigations came up in the 1990s. Usually the acceptable part-load operation of an alkaline water electrolyzer is limited to about 10 - 40 % of nominal load. Below this working range the hydrogen and oxygen quality is significantly reduced through contamination of the respective other gas. The product gas impurity is mainly based on two aspects. Firstly the product gases diffuse through the separator in the opposite half-cell. Secondly the mixing of the gas saturated electrolyte cycles leads to a decrease of the gas quality in the part-load range as the saturation of the electrolyte is approximately independent of the electrolyzer load. Particularly through the use of renewable energy sources an intermitting operation of the process may lead to a safety plant shutdown at around 2 vol% hydrogen in oxygen in the lower operation range.


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Within this work experiments were carried out in a lab-scale electrolyzer equipped with a 150 cm² zero-gap cell and a Zirfon™ separator under industrial electrolysis conditions (32 wt% KOH and 80 °C) and analyzed for the product gas purity. Using this setup the electrolyte flow rate, concentration and temperature were varied systematically in the current density range from 0.5 – 4 kA m-2. It could be shown that a reduction of the flow rate and an increase of the concentration and temperature lead to an improvement of the gas quality. A further reduction of the anodic hydrogen content could be achieved through separation of the electrolyte cycles and the development of a dynamic cycling strategy, which is shown in figure 1.

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PtNi/NiO clusters embedded in small sized hollow sillica shell as catalyst for hydrogen generation from ammonia boraneR. Lu1, G. Yuzhen1

1 Dalian University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian, ChinaAmmonia borane (NH3·BH3) has been considered as an excellent chemical material for hydrogen storage. However, developing highly efficient catalysts for continuous hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of ammonia borane is still a challenge for the future fuel cell applications. In this abstract, PtNi/NiO clusters embedded in small sized hollow silica shell (PtNi/NiO@SiO2) were designed for efficient hydrogen generation from ammonia borane. The newly designed catalysis system showed extremely high activity with the initial turnover frequency (TOF) value reaching 1240.3 mol H2 · mol-1 Pt · min-1, which makes it the most active Pt based catalyst for hydrolysis of ammonia borane. Detailed characterization by means of STEM, XPS and EDS element mapping etc. reveals the excellent performance of PtNi/NiO@SiO2 deriving from the highly dispersed PtNi/NiO clusters in the small sized hollow silica shell.

Figure 1: The proposed process for the synthesis of PtNi/NiO@SiO2 and the calculated TOF values for the hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of ammonia borane by using catalysts prepared under different conditions.

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Solid state hydrogen storage and production for mobility applicationsM. Khzouz1, E. Gkanas1

1 Coventry university, Centre for Mobility and Transport, coventry, United KingdomThis work investigates the fast hydrogen generation for mobility applications such as Fuel Cell Vehicles to produce high purity hydrogen using hydride hydrolysis method. The aim was to explore the potential and practicality of using light weight hydrides as an effective hydrogen generator medium for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs). Candidate hydride materials were selected to react with water to produce hydrogen. Having reviewed the literature for lightweight metal hydrides [1, 2], LiH was selected and assessed experimentally and numerically (COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0) to study the hydrolysis reaction of LiH with H2O and to visually observe the reaction to appreciate in depth the dynamics of the reaction in the reactor bed during hydrogen generation. LiH was selected as it reacted with H2O in a less violent manner with water. The main results from the hydrolysis reaction showed that the reaction of LiH with steam


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produced hydrogen in high yield (80-98%) and the rate of hydrolysis reaction is faster when using steam rather than liquid water. Steam delivery for performing hydrolysis reaction was favoured rather than liquid water hydrolysis as the issue of foaming was avoided. Figure 1 presents the hydrogen production capacity when steam was introduced in one gram of LiH over time both experimentally and numer-ically with high agreement (maximum deviation less than 5%).

Figure 1: LiH hydrolysis reaction and hydrogen production capacity.

KeywordsHydride hydrolysis; Solid state storage.

References[1] Haertling C, Hanrahan Jr RJ, Smith R. A literature review of reactions and kinetics of lithium hydride hydrolysis. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2006;349:195-233.[2] Maupoix C, Houzelot JL, Sciora E, Gaillard G, Charton S, Saviot L, et al. Experimental investigation of the grain size dependence of the hydrolysis of LiH powder. Powder Technology. 2011;208:318-23.

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Experimental investigations of hydrogen purification by purging through metal hydrideD. Blinov1, V. Borzenko1, A. Khayrullina2

1 Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Moscow, Russian Federation

2 Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Energy Systems, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russian Federation

IntroductionNowadays methods of effective conversion of biomass by microorganisms to methane and hydrogen is widely studied and used in the practice [1-3]. Technical obstacles of system integration “bioreactor of hydrogen production - purification and solid-state storage system - power unit” is a key question and should be solved for practical application [4].

AimThe applicability of hydrogen purging through metal hydride beds for the purification from hydrogen/carbon dioxide mixtures is studied experimentally. The main characteristics of the process like hydrogen recovery ratio together with the main technical barriers of the proposed technology are defined.

Results and ConclusionSpecially designed stainless steel continuous flow reactor RSP-8 (Fig.1) filled with LaFe0.1Mn0.3Ni4.8 intermetallic compound is tested with measuring mass flow, pressure, temperature and hydrogen content at the outlet both for charging and discharging mode.


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Optimal regimes of reactor with high hydrogen recovery ratio was determined (over 85% at a reactor charging up to 80%).

AcknowledgementsThe present study is supported by Russian Ministry of Education and Science (unique identifier of applied research project RFMEFI60414X0010).

ReferencesLevin D.B., Pitt L., Love M. Biohydrogen production: prospects and limitations to practical application // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2004. V. 29. P. 173-185.Das, D. and T.N. Veziroglu, Advances in biological hydrogen production processes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008. 33(21): p. 6046-6057.Chiu-Yue Lin, Shu-Yii Wu, Ping-Jei Lin et al., A pilot-scale high-rate biohydrogen production system with mixed microflora. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36(14), P. 8758-8764D. Dunikov, V. Borzenko, D. Blinov, A. Kazakov, C.-Y. Lin, S.-Y. Wu, C.-Y. Chu, Biohydrogen purification using metal hydride technologies, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(46), 2016, P. 21787-21794

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Vanadium-based membranes for hydrogen purification: Scale-up and industrial validationM. Dolan1, D. Viano1, L. Matthew1, K. Lamb1

1 CSIRO, Energy, Pullenvale, AustraliaMetal membranes have long been considered an alternative to pressure swing adsorption for H2 purification as they promise a smaller footprint, steady-state operation and a (theoretically) pure H2 product afforded by the solution-diffusion transport mechanism. The lead-ing metal membrane technology is based on palladium, as this metal combines favourable surface properties (catalytic dissociation and recombination of the H2 molecule) and bulk properties (reasonably fast H transfer). The limitation of Pd is its high cost and limited global supply which is driving the development of membranes of ever-decreasing thickness.Vanadium-based membranes are the leading alternative to Pd, as V exhibits much greater hydrogen permeability at a fraction of the cost. The main limitation of V (as with most metal membrane materials, including Pd) is a susceptibility towards hydrogen embrittlement which can lead to fracture. This issue can be addressed through understanding hydride phase transitions, and designing operating procedures which avoid these transitions, as well as suppressing these transitions through alloying.CSIRO has developed a scalable, V-based membrane technology which is stable at 300- 350°C, and exhibits H2 permeability of 3.5 x 10-7 mol m-1 s-1 Pa-0.5, around 40 times greater than Pd under the same conditions. These tubular membranes, at around 250 µm thick, eliminate the incidence of pinhole defects while achieving high H2 product purity and flux.Focus is now shifting towards up-scaling the technology and demonstrating it in industrially-relevant processes at a scale of up to 1500 cm2. Further increases in scale can readily be achieved by increasing the length of the membrane tubes (currently at 50 cm), and by bundling more tubes in parallel. Results from trials in reformed natural gas and decomposed ammonia will be presented, along with a discussion of economics and manufacturing challenges as the length and quantity of production is increased.


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Low NOx hydrogen combustion technology for gas turbineM. Kazari1, A. Horikawa1, K. Okada1

1 Kawasaki Heavy Industries- LTD., Thermal System Research Dept. Technical Institute, Akashi, JapanKawasaki Heavy Industries, LTD. (KHI) conduct research and development projects for future hydrogen society in Japan. These projects consist of hydrogen gas production, refinement and liquefaction for transportation and storage, and utilization with gas turbine for power generation. The balance of supply and demand is important to the spread of hydrogen in society. The utilization with gas turbine is important to reduce cost of hydrogen, because that can increase supply amount of hydrogen. Of course we can reduce discharge of the CO2 amount by power generation.In the developments of hydrogen gas turbine, the key technology is stable and “Low NOx” hydrogen combustion technology. This paper describes three types of the Low NOx hydrogen combustion technology for hydrogen gas turbine. At first, challenges for hydrogen combustion are described. In the next chapter, a “Dry type Low NOx” combustion technology for mixture fuel of hydrogen and natural gas which uses supplemental burner, a “Wet type Low NOx” pure hydrogen combustion technology which uses water or steam and a “Dry type Low NOx” pure hydrogen combustion technology are described each. This paper also describes results of combustion tests with three types combustors are describe. In these combustion tests results, we can achieve stable and “Low NOx” hydrogen combustion.

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KPI and LCA evaluation of a domestic hydrogen fuel cell CHPA. Herrmann1, C. Dorn1, A. Mädlow1, C. Hildebrandt2, H. Krause1

1 TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Thermal Engineering, Freiberg, Germany2 Inhouse Engineering GmbH, GmbH, Berlin, GermanyThe integration of renewable energies is a challenging task of energy police and object of current research and development. One innovative strategy is under development within the initiative HYPOS (Hydrogen Power Storage & Solutions) aiming for the integration of renewable power into the energy system by combining hydrogen production with the existing infrastructure of gas pipelines in East Germany. Due to this direct availability of hydrogen, reformers for fuel cell systems can be omitted and hydrogen can be used directly for the building energy supply.This solution is addressed in the project H2home (decentralized energy supply with hydrogen fuel cells) by developing an embedded system, suitable for the high efficient use of electrical, thermal and cooling energy provided by 100% green hydrogen in domestic appli-cations. The system is characterized by a hydrogen CHP plant based on a LT-PEM fuel cell (5 kWel) and with a hydrogen based auxiliary burner. The electric efficiency is approximately 50%, which results in a total efficiency of 95%.Owing to the project objective, key performance indicators (KPIs) are required that mainly focus on economic, environmental and ener-getic sustainability. The paper introduces an approach towards developing and quantifying KPIs for domestic energy systems. Simulations and LCA based modelling are carried out. These combined results lead to an integrated technology assessment to evaluate and quantify the benefits of the newly developed system. In addition, the results are compared to other plant concepts. Afterwards, a market potential analyse is deducted.First, application fields are identified with the simulation tool TRNSYS. The results show favourable economic conditions for operation in apartment buildings and determine the influence of parameters of an economical operation by a parametric study. Moreover, the results indicate that the introduction of the innovative fuel cell CHP clearly displaces emissions with a high carbon emission reduction potential.

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Harmonised cumulative energy demand of renewable hydrogenA. Valente1, D. Iribarren1, J. Dufour11 IMDEA Energy Institute, Systems Analysis Unit, Móstoles, Spain

IntroductionA growing number of studies assessing the techno-environmental performance of hydrogen energy systems is found in the scientific literature. Most of them are based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Due to differences in methodological choices (mainly regarding system boundaries, functional unit and multifunctionality approach), a significant risk of misinterpretation arises when comparing results from the available LCA studies [1].

AimThis work aims to harmonise a relevant, common life-cycle indicator: the non-renewable cumulative energy demand (CEDnr) of hydrogen.

Materials and methodsThe harmonisation framework is based on that previously defined for the life-cycle global warming impact of hydrogen [2], but adapted to the CEDnrindicator. The modified protocol is applied to 18 case studies of renewable hydrogen.

Results and discussionFigure 1 shows the results of the harmonised CEDnr of renewable hydrogen relative to the harmonised CEDnr of conventional hydrogen from steam methane reforming. The harmonised results allow the identification of misinterpretation issues when performing case-by-case comparisons, as well as a deeper discussion of the actual suitability of certain operational practices.


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ConclusionsA further step towards a comprehensive assessment of hydrogen energy systems is taken. The applicability of the harmonisation protocol is proven along with its usefulness in mitigating misinterpretation concerns in comparative LCA studies.

Figure 1: Harmonised results of CEDnr.

References[1] Valente A, Iribarren D, Dufour J. Life cycle assessment of hydrogen energy systems: A review of methodological choices. Int J Life Cycle Assess 2017; in press.[2] Valente A, Iribarren D, Dufour J. Harmonised life-cycle global warming impact of renewable hydrogen. J Clean Prod 2017; in press.

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A cost optimization model for residential energy supply systems – a case study in JapanA. Ozawa1, Y. Kudoh1, T. Kiyotaka1

1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, Ibaraki, JapanImproving energy efficiency in the residential sector is an essential issue in Japan; the residential sector’s energy consumption has doubled in the last 40 years, and a great deal of the consumption is supplied from imported non-renewable energy resources. In order to improve residential energy efficiency, various energy devices have been developed, such as heat pump water heater, solar power generation, solar water heating system, and micro fuel cell combined heat and power (FC-CHP). Among them, FC-CHP attracts global attention as an application of hydrogen technology to residential energy use; FC-CHP converts hydrogen from natural gas into power and heat; the gross energy efficiency (the sum of power generation efficiency and heat production efficiency) of FC-CHP is up to 85%.System approach is required for taking full advantage of various residential energy devices. We therefore develop a cost optimization model for residential energy supply systems, based on mixed integer programming. The target function of this programming is cost minimization related to residential energy use, and thousansd of constraints is given in order to consider devices specifications, residen-tial energy balances and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from residential energy use. Energy cost, GHG emissions and primary energy consumptions are compared between different combinations of residential energy devices.

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Large-scale storage and transportation technology -SPERA hydrogen system and its prospects for the future-Y. Okada1, S. Takano1

1 Chiyoda Corporation, Technology Development Unit/Hydrogen Supply Chain Development Unit, Yokohama, JapanChiyoda Corporation completed a technical development of “SPERA Hydrogen®” system for the massive H2 storage and transportation technology through a pilot plant demonstration. The system employs the Organic Chemical Hydride method (OCH method). In the method, hydrogen is fixed to toluene and converted to methylcyclohexane (MCH) as a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC). Toluene and MCH are gasoline components and in the liquid phase under the ambient temperature and pressure.The method was investigated in the Euro-Quebec project with liquefied hydrogen and liquefied ammonia method in 1980’s. However the dehydrogenation catalyst life was only 1or 2 days due to sever coking deactivation in those days. Chiyoda completed the development of novel dehydrogenation catalyst. The catalyst is partially sulfided under nano-sized Pt cluster (< 1nm) on the Al2O3 catalyst. The catalyst is the first catalyst as under nano platinum catalyst.


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Chiyoda established the technology of “SPERA Hydrogen” system through the pilot plant operation for around 10,000hrs. Now, we are executing “Hydrogen Supply Chain Demonstration project” by NEDO, in which we will transport hydrogen from South East Asia to Japan in 2020 for the demonstration. In the Japanese road map, hydrogen utilization for thirmal power generation will be started upto around 2025 after the demonstration in 2020.We also started a development H2 refueling station by SPERA Hydrogen method and efficient system development of wind firm/alkaline electrolyzer/SPERA Hydrogen as a renewable power to gas system etc. In the presentation, the SPERA Hydrogen tecnology and system development, current applied development and its prospects that how to prevent global warming by hydrogen utilization in each sector will be presented.

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H2FUTURE, Hydrogen from electrolysis for low carbon steelmakingR. Zauner1, T. Buergler2, K. Scheffer3, I. Kofler4, R. Engelmair5, M. Weeda6

1 VERBUND Solutions GmbH, Hydrogen & Storage, Vienna, Austria2 Voestalpine Stahl GmbH, Linz, Austria3 Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany4 K1-MET GmbH, Linz, Austria5 APG AG, Vienna, Austria6 ECN, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsThe H2FUTURE1 project aims to make hydrogen sufficiently affordable in the future so it can act as an energy carrier in a low-carbon energy system. In a 4.5-year, €18 million field demonstration project, a consortium, led by Austrian-based utility VERBUND, will construct and operate one of the world’s largest proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis plants for producing green hydrogen for the steel industry.A 6MW state-of-the-art Siemens electrolyser will be built and operated on the premises of voestalpine in Linz, Austria, and the hydrogen produced will be integrated into regular operations at the steelworks. As such, the project is an innovative step in the development of a route for steelmaking using pure hydrogen, where iron ore is directly reduced by hydrogen in a shaft furnace. By producing hydrogen from electrolysis and using renewable electricity for electrolysis, this process scheme offers a promising route to low-carbon steelmaking.As part of the project, the electrolyser will be prequalified with the support of APG, the Austrian TSO, in order to provide grid-balancing services such as primary, secondary or tertiary reserves while utilising the commercial pools of VERBUND. The demonstration is split into five pilot tests and an 18-month quasi-commercial operation to show that the PEM electrolyser is able both to use timely power price opportunities and to attract additional revenues from grid services.The achievement of capital cost reduction and other technical, economic and environmental performance targets will be analysed by knowledge institutes ECN and K1-MET. This will be done based on data resulting from an extensive pilot plant test programme and quasi-commercial operation.1 This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 735503. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Hydrogen Europe and N.ERGHY.

Cross-cutting Issues

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Metrological hydrogen fuel research supporting standardisation needsF. Haloua1, T. Bacquart2, K. Arrhenius3, B. Delobelle4, H. Ent51 LNE- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d’Essais, Materials Department, Trappes, France2 NPL- National Physical Laboratory, Gas and Particle Metrology Group, Teddington, United Kingdom3 RISE- Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials Chemistry- Materials and Surfaces, Borås, Sweden4 MAHYTEC, Hydrogen storage, Dole, France5 VSL- Van Swinden Laboratory, Chemistry group, Delft, The NetherlandsThe Project « Metrology for sustainable hydrogen energy applications » of the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research supports the standardisation process through normative metrology research in the hydrogen fuel sector that meets the re-quirements of the European Directive 2014/94/EU.The overall objective is to address the standardisation needs by feeding the revision of two ISO standards that are currently too generic to enable a sustainable implementation of hydrogen.The hydrogen purity dispensed at refueling points does not comply with the technical specifications of ISO 146872 for fuel cell electric vehicles. The rapid progress of the fuel cell technology requires now revising this standard towards less constraining limits. While ensuring the specifications, optimized validated analytical methods are proposed to reduce the number of analyses.Traceable methods to assess accurately the hydrogen mass absorbed and stored in metal hydrides will be developed and validated; this is a research axis for the revision of the ISO 16111 standard to develop this safe storage technique for hydrogen.


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The probability of hydrogen impurity presence affecting fuel cells and analytical techniques for traceable measurements of hydrogen impurities will be assessed. Novel validated methods for measuring the hydrogen mass absorbed in hydride tanks AB, AB2 and AB5 types referenced to ISO 16111 will be proposed as the methods currently available do not provide accurate results.Improved hydrogen quality specifications for fuel cell vehicles and analytical techniques to enable traceable measurements of hydrogen impurities will be proposed. New data on maximum concentrations of individual impurities based on degradation studies will be deter-mined. A determination system for hydrogen mass measurements in different hydride tanks will be developed and validated.The outputs will have a direct impact on the standardisation works for ISO 16111 and ISO 146872 revisions in the relevant working groups of ISO/TC 197 “’Hydrogen technologies”.

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Development of fuel cell measurement methodology for unstable hydrogen fuel impurities in ISO 14687J. Viitakangas1, J. Ihonen1, P. Koski11 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Digital Engineering, Espoo, FinlandThe European project HyCoRA (Hydrogen contaminant risk assessment, http://hycora.eu/) aims to develop and validate a strategy to re-duce the cost of quality assurance for the hydrogen fuel of automotive grade (ISO 14687-2:2012 standard). Essential part of the HyCoRA project is to develop experimental procedures for research of fuel impurities in miniature automotive polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems.Within this framework emerges the need to develop and validate measurement methods and testing procedures to systematically study the impurities at relevant concentrations and with the fuel recirculation (ISO 14687-2:2012 standard).This work introduces measurement methodology for single cell and stack level studies with unstable hydrogen fuel impurities. The mea-surements are more complicated compared to the measurements with stable contaminants, e.g. CO. Unstable contaminants may not only to adsorb to catalyst sites, but to react and form other, possible harmful, species. The contaminants that do not react, may accu-mulate into the hydrogen feed, dissolve in water and exit in different parts of the test system, or permeate unintentionally through e.g. membrane gas dryer in gas analysis loop. The reference measurements have been conducted with more studied impurity, CO.The target of the studies is to extend the work of formic acid (HCOOH) and formaldehyde (HCHO) as impurities for the possible revision of acceptable concentration levels in ISO 14687-2:2012 standard.

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Regulation of PEM fuel cell oxygen excess ratio via sliding-mode control based on nonlinear observerH. Deng1, W. Chen1, Q. Li1, G. Zhang1

1 Southwest Jiaotong University, Electrical Engineering, Chengdu, ChinaProton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are gaining more and more attention as clean and efficient power sources, which can convert chemical energy into electrical and thermal energy. The advantages of high energy conversion ratio (about 40%~60%), large current density, high specific power, and long cycle life make PEM fuel cells widely used in transportation application, distributed power generation, automobile and portable power source, etc. In this context, when controlling the PEM fuel cell system, one of the most important issues is avoiding oxygen starvation during load transient. The oxygen starvation will lead to a rapid cell voltage decrease, which can cause hot spot, or even burn down the membrane.In this paper, the unmeasurable internal variables that related to oxygen excess ratio regulation are obtained through nonlinear high-or-der sliding mode observer. Therefore, sensorless approaches can guarantee precise control of air-feed system and oxygen excess ratio can be reconstructed in finite time. This makes it possible to realize oxygen excess ratio closed-loop control. Moreover, a sliding-mode controller based on the nonlinear observer is proposed to regulate the estimated oxygen excess ratio, the performance of proposed method is validated through RT-LAB hardware-in-loop (HIL) platform. The experimental results have shown that the proposed controller can improve the oxygen excess ratio transient response compared with traditional strategies.

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ALKAMMONIA – Update on demonstration of integrated alkaline fuel cell units for remote locations using ammonia cracked hydrogen fuelC. Hinde1, S. Ahmed1, R. Blanch-Ojea1, N. Akhtar1, C. Reynolds1, K. Treyer2, F. Nigbur3, A. Kvasnicka4, J. Austin1

1 AFC Energy plc, Fuel Cell Development, Cranleigh, United Kingdom2 Paul Scherrer Institut, Technology Assessment Group, Villigen, Switzerland3 University of Duisburg-Essen, Gasprozesstechnik, Duisburg, Germany4 ZBT Fuel Cell Research Center, Fakultaet Ingenieurwissenschaften Lehrstuhl Energietechnik, Duisburg, Germany

AimTo demonstrate an integrated power delivery system consisting of an alkaline fuel cell stack and hydrogen fuel delivery from an ammonia cracker and fuel processing unit.


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IntroductionALKAMMONIA is an EU FP7-funded project, via the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen-Joint Undertaking (FCH-JU), to develop and demonstrate integrated technologies to provide off-grid power options for telecommunication stations in regions with poor grid coverage. Market surveys with mobile telecommunication companies have established that there is a market for clean alternatives to diesel generators to power mobile communications masts in remote locations, for example Alaska, Russia, India and Africa. Partners in the project include ZBT (the fuel cell research centre) and Universität Duisburg-Essen (UDE), developing the ammonia cracker technology, the Paul Scherrer Institute, performing a life-cycle analysis, and UPS Systems/Fuel Cell Systems responsible for the power supply/conditioning systems.

MethodsAFC Energy PLC has been developing a single cartridge (up to 10 kWe) alkaline fuel cell technology based on its proprietary fuel cell design. A cartridge contains a 101 fuel cell stack that is developed and manufactured in-house. The stack and related components have been ergonomically designed to deliver the environment necessary for efficient operation. Recent demonstrations have shown that peak powers of 11.7 kWe, above the 10 kWe power target, can be achieved when utilising industrial hydrogen feedstocks. ZBT/UDE are close to completing an efficient, cost-effective ammonia cracker bespoke for AFC Energy’s stack requirements.

ConclusionsDesign of the final balance of plant (BoP) for an integrated, standalone single cartridge unit was completed in 2016, along with laboratory designs and installations of the ammonia cracker and fuel processing units. The final stage of the project will focus on the complete integration of the ammonia-cracker technology developed by partners ZBT and UDE, with the fuel processing system, AFC Energy’s fuel cell technology and power systems by UPS/FCS.

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Practical hydrogen system integration – the levenmouth community energy project renewable energy storage and transport fuelsB. Ireland1

1 Logan Energy Limited, CEO, Edinburgh, United KingdomThis presentation outlines the practicalities in designing integrating installing commissioning and operating a renewable micro-grid energy storage and refuelling systemThe Levenmouth Community Energy Project is a world leading demonstration of renewable energy production, micro-grid energy man-agement, energy storage using hydrogen as the vector and deployment of two relocatable 35MPa hydrogen vehicle refuellers.The project consists of six systems; Renewable energy generation, private wire network, energy management, energy storage, vehicle refuelling, hydrogen vehicles.A 750kWe wind turbine and combined PV arrays of 160kWe provide renewable electricity when weather permits.A private wire network has been added in parallel with the existing grid to supply electricity from the renewable grid with changeover switches to allow control of electricity source.An energy management system predicts generation and usage and controls hydrogen production and usage to maximise system efficien-cy based on project business rules.A 250kWe PEM electrolyser is used to generate hydrogen at 30bar which is stored in two 10Nm3 tanks. A 100kWe fuel cell is run off the stored hydrogen to generate shortfalls in electrical production from wind and solar sources.Two refuellers, each around 60kWe and 10Nm3/h, one PEM and one Alkaline, produce hydrogen at 30bar and 10 bar respectively which is compressed and stored at 450bar for dispensing to the vehicle fleet operating at 350bar (35MPa).A fleet of two Refuse Collection Vehicles and 5 Ford Transit duel fuel combustion engine vehicles and 10 fuel cell range extended Renault Kangoo ZE H2 vehicle are used by the local council and businesses.


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Life cycle assessment of hydrogen value chains for automotive energyY. Kudoh1, N. Kitagawa1, R. Muramatsu1, A. Ozawa1, Y. Genchi11 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, Tsukuba, JapanHydrogen is a secondary energy that can be produced from various kinds of primary and renewable energies, that generates no envi-ronmental emissions at its end use phase and that can be applied to variety of energy saving technologies. Currently energy security is a critical issue for Japan since we strongly depend the energy resources upon the imported fossil energy. Among the various options, the Japanese government therefore regards that shifting to hydrogen economy is the key to ensure energy security, energy supply with low cost and environmental conservation, in particular global warming mitigation, towards the future.It is true that no CO2 is generated from hydrogen utilisation technologies. In addition, hydrogen from renewable energies and primary energies with the combination of carbon capture and storage technologies does not have CO2 emissions from its production stage. From a life cycle point of view, however, these technologies do have CO2 emissions due to energies and material inputs for renewable electric-ity facilities construction; for capturing CO2 from power plants or gasification-based processes; for hydrogen energy carrier production, storage and transport; and for hydrogen restoration. CO2 emissions attributed to energy and material inputs throughout the whole hydrogen value chain should be considered when discussing the contribution of hydrogen to global warming mitigation.This study focuses upon the hydrogen value chain for automotive energy. A Well to Wheel analysis is conducted in Japanese context to evaluate and compare the CO2 emissions associated with the combinations of automotive energy value chains and power trains using the process data and the Japanese life cycle inventory database IDEA (Inventory Database for Environmental Analysis) developed by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. The way forward for technology development and process design for low carbon hydrogen value chain will be identified from the results.

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Three evidence based White Papers on the role of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in addressing the energy-trilemma in the UKZ. Kurban1

1 Imperial College London, Energy Futures lab, London, United KingdomElectrification of the UK energy system has been identified as the principal decarbonisation strategy and has been studied extensively. In contrast, hydrogen technologies and systems have only been projected to see limited uptake in some future scenarios and have not been extensively examined. The Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (H2FC) SUPERGEN Hub, funded by the Research Councils UK Energy Programme, has commissioned three evidence based White Papers, in addition to a previous one published in 2014 on The Role of hy-drogen in Decarbonising Heat, to inform key stakeholders, especially policy makers on:i) The Role of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Future Energy SystemsThis White Paper examines the evidence for how hydrogen and fuel cells may operate within each sector of the UK energy system in the future, and explores the infrastructure transition that would be required to achieve these roles.ii) The Economic Impact of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the UKThis white paper makes a general assessment of the impact that an emergent hydrogen and fuel cell sector might have on economic activity in the UK with focus on replacement of refined transport fuels and vehicles.iii) The Role of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in enabling Energy Security in the UKThis white paper looks at how hydrogen and fuel cells can impact energy security of the UK through an analysis of different indicators of Energy Security (affordability, reliability, availability and sustainability).The key findings from these evidence based White Papers will be presented, along with the policy implications for the UK. These White Papers are based on both a quantitative assessment (modelling data using the UK TIMES energy system model in WP i and iii and macro-economic modelling in WP ii) and a qualitative assessment of the technologies for the specific applications.


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CCI-O08

Identification of effective trends towards low-carbon hydrogen production based on harmonised carbon footprintsA. Valente1, D. Iribarren1, J. Dufour11 IMDEA Energy Institute, Systems Analysis Unit, Móstoles, Spain

IntroductionThe goal of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Hydrogen Implementing Agreement (HIA) Task 36 “Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Hydrogen Energy Systems” is to facilitate decision-making in the hydrogen energy sector by providing a robust and comprehensive methodological framework for the sustainability assessment of hydrogen energy systems.

AimOn the basis of activities completed in IEA HIA Task 36, this work focuses on the identification of operational trends effectively oriented towards low-carbon hydrogen.

Materials and methodsEffective trends towards low-carbon hydrogen production are identified based on a set of 71 harmonised carbon footprints of renewable hydrogen. These carbon footprints come from the application of a harmonisation protocol for the life-cycle global warming impact of hydrogen [1], which is significantly based on a previous review of methodological choices in Life Cycle Assessment studies of hydrogen energy systems [2].

ResultsConcerning thermochemical hydrogen, energy systems that involve the coproduction of electricity tend to lead to favourable carbon footprints. Regarding electrochemical hydrogen, the use of wind power as the driving energy generally arises as a convenient option for low-carbon hydrogen, while the suitability of other power sources is conditioned by the power plant size. Finally, regarding biological hydrogen, the selection of the biomass feedstock is identified as a key aspect.

ConclusionOverall, current advances within IEA HIA Task 36 help pave the way for full sustainability assessment of hydrogen energy systems.

References[1] Valente A, Iribarren D, Dufour J. Harmonised life-cycle global warming impact of renewable hydrogen. J Clean Prod 2017; in press.[2] Valente A, Iribarren D, Dufour J. Life cycle assessment of hydrogen energy systems: A review of methodological choices. Int J Life Cycle Assess 2017; in press.

Czech Hydrogen Days 2017

CHD-O02

Implementation of hydrogen technologies in Slovenia: Identification of resistance to change factors by a comparative studyJ. Leben1, S. Hocevar21 Ministry of Infrastructure, State Secretary, ljubljana, Slovenia2 National Institute of Chemistry, Retired, Ljubljana, SloveniaThe energy sector is certainly the one upon which depend nearly all human activities. Production of heat and electricity for stationary applications (homes, factories, public institutions, etc.) is at the moment based on gas, heating oil or district heating. Vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE) are using liquid fuels. In addition, modern information and communication technologies use different kind of electricity sources from primary energy sources mix in which fossil fuels play a dominant role. The development and market pen-etration of any new technology follows a sigmoidal saturation curve, which can be roughly divided into three sections: the “incubation period” with little growth and accumulation of necessary knowledge and know-how, the fast market penetration period in which the potential market is concurred and the saturation period in which the market is becoming saturated with the products of new technology. Slovenia has not enough economic potential to become a leader in certain new technology development, but it can become an early adopter of such technologies, provided certain level of socioeconomic development is achieved and certain boundary values for system development are fulfilled.Result of the analysis show structure of the Government procedures in each country and how the Government agree on country priorities and assure proper financial and human resources for continued activities through the years. Gathered results helped to prepare proposal for the methodology on how to prepare National Program for hydrogen and fuel cells in Slovenia. Evidence from the analysis show that all 3 compared countries understand, that countries priorities need to be reached with the efficient national program which included cooperation among the experts and ministry employees who work on the program preparation. It is vital to assure continuity, financial resources and exact goals for efficient implementation of new technology.


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CHD-O03

Recent advances in hydrogen technologies in the Czech RepublicK. Stehlik1,2, K. Bouzek3

1 Czech Hydrogen Technology Platform, Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic2 Research Center Rez, Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic3 University of Chemistry and Technology UCT, Inorganic Technology, Prague, Czech RepublicActivities in the field of hydrogen technologies started in the Czech Republic in 60’ies of the 20th century. Unfortunately, they were soon abandoned. The 90’ies brought a revival in hydrogen technologies, carried out mainly by research organizations. In 2007 the Czech Hydrogen Technology Platform (HYTEP) was established with the mission to inform and coordinate actions to implement a hydrogen economy in the Czech Republic.Within first years HYTEP was active mainly on the national level. But as soon as a solid foundation in research, as well as demonstrations was set, it expanded on the broader level. The main sign of this trend was internationalisation of the Hydrogen Days conference. An im-portant signal represents also the fact HYTEP is organising for the first time in the former Eastern Bloc important international event World Hydrogen Technology Convention 2017.The last two years brought visible changes in the broader acceptance of hydrogen technologies in the Czech Republic. The most important amongst them are the following ones: (i) cooperation of HYTEP with public authorities and industry lead to integration of the hydrogen topic into the national clean mobility plan. Additional to this, the company Unipetrol announced its own plans for hydrogen refiling stations implementation. (ii) first regions have connected or started negotiations to connect to smart regions initiative and (iii) growing number of HYTEP members and especially increasing proportion of industry representatives.But HYTEP has an ambition to go also beyond this level. Besides maintaining dialogue with national politicians, it initiates coordination ac-tivities with other Eastern Bloc countries to build a bridge between Western and Central European states. The final target is to strengthen active participation of this region in activities on a European level and to link local stakeholders to European networks.

CHD-O04

Hydrogen in an international context, vulnerabilities of hydrogen in Middle and Eastern EuropeI. Iordache1, I. Stefanescu2

1 ICSI Rm. Valcea, Hydrogen, Rm. Valcea, Romania2 ICSI Rm. Valcea, Mamager Office, Rm. Valcea, RomaniaThe presentation will provide number of examples about hydrogen research and development progress in different Middle and Eastern Europe countries.The presentation will provide number of examples about hydrogen research and development progress in different Middle and Eastern Europe countries.The examples are not aleatory. For example, if Germany “success story” of the hydrogen, at the Eastern European level there are other specific situations. There are countries with potential on the specific applications or markets. The Czech Republic, Poland and Romania, reveal the commitment of Eastern European countries in this adventure often viewed today as a subject of very advanced countries. The specific situation in Russia Federation indices a strong background, an unclear present and unknown future for the hydrogen and fuel cell technology.These countries have good opportunities to make the transition from the dependence on fossil fuels and an outdated power industry to a new one based on diverse energy carriers (such as hydrogen, among others), and to a power sector utilizing hydrogen and renewable energy sources. The replacement of actual power industry would offer the opportunity to implement fuel cell stacks and to use hybrid systems that combine conventional and modern methods of electricity generation. By adopting hydrogen-based technologies the Middle and Eastern Europe stakeholders would be able to write a new page in the development of their countries and make profits, also.The presentation, as a part of authors’ preoccupation, Fig. 1, wants to be a message that it is necessary to avoid geopolitical and societal fragmentation. There will be need to develop of series of actions for the concatenation of the players from Middle and Eastern Europe with the potential for hydrogen community.


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Fig. 1: Book: Hydrogen in an International Context: Vulnerabilities of Hydrogen Energy in Emerging Markets.

CHD-O05

Polish hydrogen and fuel cell association – status report. Recent advances and achievements in hydrogen technologies in PolandJ. Molenda1, J. Kupecki2, R. Baron3, M. Blesznowski2, G. Brus4, T. Brylewski5, M. Bucko5, J. Chmielowiec6,17, K. Cwieka3, M. Gazda8, A. Gil5, P. Jasiński9, Z. Jaworski10, J. Karczewski8, M. Kawalec11, R. Kluczowski11, M. Krauz11, F. Krok12, B. Lukasik13, M. Malys12, A. Mazur13, A. Mielewczyk-Gryn8, J. Milewski14, S. Molin9, 15, G. Mordarski16, M. Mosialek17, K. Motylinski2, E.N. Naumovich2, P. Nowak16, G. Pasciak6,7,17, P. Pianko-Oprych10, D. Pomykalska5, M. Rekas5, A. Sciazko4, K. Świerczek1, J. Szmyd4, S. Wachowski8, T. Wejrzanowski3, W. Wrobel12, K. Zagorski8, W. Zajac1, A. Zurawska2

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Hydrogen Energy, Cracow, Poland2 Institute of Power Engineering, Thermal Processes Department, Warsaw, Poland3 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw, Poland4 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Fundamental Research in Energy Engineering, Cracow,

Poland5 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Cracow, Poland6 Electrotechnical Institute, Division of Electrotechnology and Materials Science, Wroclaw, Poland7 Centre for Advanced Materials and Smart Structures, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland8 Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk, Poland9 Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk, Poland10 West Pomeranian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering and

Environmental Protection Processes, Szczecin, Poland11 Institute of Power Engineering, Ceramic Department CEREL, Boguchwala, Poland12 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Physics, Warszawa, Poland13 Institute of Aviation, Center of Space Technologies, Warsaw, Poland14 Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Heat Engineering, Warsaw, Poland15 Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark16 Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland17 Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, PolandThis contribution presents status report on activities of Polish Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association. Since 2004 the association gathers leading Polish scientists working on hydrogen-related technologies. The goal of the Association is to consolidate considerable, but dis-persed, scientific and technological potential in Poland, by undertaking activities focused on promotion of hydrogen economy and fuel cell technologies.Currently the national efforts in Poland are covering wide range of aspects, both, in fundamental and in applied research. The paper is oriented towards presenting key achievements in technology at a scale from microstructure up to a complete power system. The report presents selected issues, including: (i) novel materials for Solid Oxides Fuel Cells (SOFC), including ZrO2-, CeO2- and Bi2O3-based solid elec-trolytes, as well as novel proton-conducting electrolytes, (ii) functional cathode materials, including thermal shock resistant composite cathodes, (iii) anode materials having improved carbon- and sulfur-tolerance, (iv) metallic interconnects for SOFCs, (v) novel fabrication techniques, (vi) pilot-scale construction of SOFCs, including electrolyte-supported and anode-supported SOFCs, (vii) metallic-supported SOFCs, (viii) direct-carbon SOFCs, (ix) data regarding selected application of SOFCs, (x) advances in Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells and their applications, (xi) advances in numerical methods for simulation and optimization of fuel cell-based systems.


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CHD-O06

The smart specialisation platform on energy (S3PEnergy). supporting hydrogen technologies deployment in EU regions and member statesR. Ortiz Cebolla1, P. Moretto1, C. Navas2

1 European Commision, Joint Research Centre-Energy- Transport and Climate-Energy Storage, Petten, The Netherlands2 Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking, Strategy and Market, Brussels, BelgiumThe S3PEnergy is a joint initiative of DG Regio, DG Ener, and the Joint Research Centre (JRC). The S3PEnergy is planned to become an en-abling tool for regions to coordinate, rationalise and plan their respective energy strategies, develop a shared vision on knowledge-based energy policy development, and set up a strategic agenda of collaborative work. The main objective of the S3PEnergy is to support the optimal and effective uptake of the Cohesion Policy funds for energy, and to better align energy innovation activities at national, local and regional level through the identification of the technologies and innovative solutions that support in the most cost-effective way the EU energy policy priorities. The S3PEnergy will contribute the EU energy policy priorities by facilitating partnerships between EU regions that have identified renewable energy technologies and innovative energy solutions as their smart specialisation priorities and by promoting alignment between local, regional, national and European activities on energy sustainability, competitiveness and security of supply.In the particular case of hydrogen technologies, the activities of the platform are mainly focused on the support of the new FCH 2 JU ini-tiative involving regions and cities. To date, 45 European cities and regions have committed to participating in this initiative through the signature of the MoU, and more are expected to come. The platform will support the formation of synergies between H2020 funding (provided by FCH 2 JU) and Cohesion policy funds (DG Regio).The presentation will be focussed on the introduction of the platform and its activities to the attendees. It will be also presented the list of regions and member states that have expressed interest on the implementation of hydrogen technologies in their respective Operational Programmes and RIS3 documents. This list will help to perform an analysis to identify potential synergies between regions and/or member states.


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Poster presentationsCzech Hydrogen Days 2017

Situation in Central and Eastern Europe

CHD-CEE-P001

Potential for high-temperature electrolysis SOEC in the Czech RepublicM. Tkáč1, K. Stehlík1

1 Centrum výzkumu Řež, Technological Experimental loops, Husinec - Řež, Czech RepublicIn the light of the Paris declaration, the need of emission reduction in all energy sectors becomes clear. Hydrogen technologies are a possible tool for emission reduction. This contribution will analyse the potential in the Czech Republic for hydrogen production by high-temperature electrolysis in existing industrial facilities.Several industries, which are traditionally based in the Czech Republic, use hydrogen or oxygen for the production processes and operate at high temperatures, e.g. refinery, steel production, chemical industries and glass production.An analysis will outline the existing hydrogen production facilities and capacities in the Czech Republic as well as the present hydrogen distribution pathways.In a next step it will be investigated, if the hydrogen consumed for a certain production process can be generated locally by using waste heat from the process itself. This would reduce the need of central hydrogen production from fossil fuels.This paper looks at established infrastructure and how to make it more efficient to reduce emissions. In the future it is necessary to widen this approach and look at sector coupling and thereby reasonable reorganisation of energy sectors.

AcknowledgementThe presented work was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport Czech Republic Project LQ1603 (Research for SUSEN). This work has been realized within the SUSEN Project (established in the framework of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in project CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0108).

Tailored information for state and urban employees as well as for interested industrial partners

CHD-TIS-P002

Active channel formation on yttria incorporated platinum nanoparticles for oxygen reduction reaction through rapid microwave assisted synthesisR. Sandström1, E. Gracia1, G. Hu1, T. Wågberg1

1 Umeå University, Department of Physics, Umeå, SwedenEnhancement of Pt based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by addition of one or more carefully selected transition metals, promotes achieving high activity yet low content of the precious Platinum. This improvement in Pt utilization is essential in particular for vehicular applications where cost and abundancy of materials are of enormous concern. Here an efficient production route of Pt nanoparticles with simultaneous incorporation of Y (PtxY) is performed by a conventional kitchen microwave. Quick synthesis duration of only 150s provides for a highly scalable route suitable for potential industrial interests. ORR performance showed significant improvement by addition of a minute amount of Y precursor while reaching an optimum activity with a composition of Pt3Y comparable to that of commercial Pt-Vulcan. Successful incorporation of Y was evidenced with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis in high angle annular dark field mode (HAADF), while large amounts of oxidized surface Y species was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Density functional theory calculations showed likely surface migration and oxidation of Y, forming a stable channel-like structure of platinum where beneficial O2 binding energies of varying degrees toward ORR are formed.


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Cross-cutting Issues

Safety, education, and training

CCI-SET-P003

Screening assessment of individual risk of hydrogen refueling station using organic hydrideK. Tsunemi1, E. Kato1, A. Kawamoto1, T. Kihara1, K. Yoshida1, M. Yoshida1, T. Saburi1, K. Ono1

1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, Tsukuba, JapanOrganic hydride is considered as one of energy carriers of hydrogen. Hydrogen supplying technology based on organic hydride is now de-veloping in Japan. However, there is no existing study for considering safety of a hydrogen refueling station using organic hydride. The aim of this study is to quantify the individual risk related to hydrogen explosions and chemical release during the operation of a hydrogen refueling station using organic hydride.First, five types of accident were identified by the volume of leakage of hydrogen from high-pressure hydrogen storage process and tol-uene and methylcyclohexane from liquid storage process. Next, maximum pressure, maximum impulse and atmospheric concentration of chemicals in the station and surrounding area were estimated using existing or newly developed software. Then, individual risk due to explosion, heat radiation and acute toxicity were estimated.As the result, the space of explosion and acute effects on humans was within 200-300 m radius. On the other hand, the space of damage caused by heat radiation was narrow in the station. Individual risk of damage of hearing, mortality risk by explosion and mortality risk by heat radiation were up to 3.2 x 10-6 year -1, under 10-6 year -1 and up to 0.070 year -1, respectively. Individual risks of experiencing notable discomfort by acute exposure of toluene and methylcyclohexane were up to 2.6 x 10-3 year -1 and 2.2 x 10-3 year -1 and individual risk of mortality by acute exposure of toluene was under 10-6 year -1.In conclusion, mortality risk by explosion and acute effect was under 10-6 year-1 which is a negligible risk level of concern. However, mortality risk by heat radiation was above 10-3 year-1 which requires a next step to conduct risk assessment in detail.This work was supported by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP).

CCI-SET-P004

Activities of jari for the safety and security of fuel cell vehiclesY. Tamura1, M. Kiyotaka1, Y. Koji11 Japan Automobile Research Institute, FC-EV Research Division, Shirosato- Ibaraki, JapanActivities of the Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) are currently expanding to encompass the issues of firefighting and rescue operations and safe post-accident handling for FCV.In the area of firefighting, while exploring appropriate methods of extinguishing flames in FCV accidents, JARI found that there were no risks of explosion by reignition of hydrogen gas because leaking hydrogen gas would continue to burn during operation of the pressure relief valve even though water was sprayed directly onto the vent line and that the strength of the hydrogen cylinders would be greater when cooled than not cooled by water spraying (Fig.1). Accordingly JARI recommended that firefighters use water without a second thought in FCV fire accidents.With regard to rescuing, safe methods of approaching a hydrogen-leaking FCV were examined. Where the flow of leaking hydrogen was less than 2,000 NL/min so that the car’s excess flow valve remained inoperative, JARI found that the flammable area around the car could be reduced by applying blower winds of 10 m/s or more (Fig.2), thus confirming the effective use of wind blowers in lowering ignition risks and combustion wind pressures. Furthermore it was found that hydrogen leakage exceeding 550 NL/min generated steady noises audible from 5~10 meters away from the vehicle; thus when those noises were perceivable, JARI considered it safe for rescue teams to approach the vehicle while applying one or more wind blowers.In addition to the areas of firefighting and rescue for FCV, JARI is studying necessary post-accident operations such as determining whether or not the pressure relief valve has already been activated, discerning the residual strengths of fire-damaged hydrogen cylinders, and forcefully degassing the cylinders in emergencies. All the above activities of JARI are intended for increasing the safety and security of FCV hydrogen fuels and systems.


102

CCI-SET-P005

A comparative evaluation of gasoline and hydrogen energy systems in individual and social values: The case of JapanS. Hienuki1, K. Noguchi11 Yokohama National University, Center for Creation of Symbiosis Society with Risk, Yokohama, JapanSeveral studies and discussions have focused on safety, economics, and the environment of hydrogen energy systems (HES), but the analysis of social effectiveness and value from a multifaceted perspective has not been thoroughly examined. This study was conducted by relative comparison of existing gasoline energy systems (GES) to show individual and social values of HES. First, we conducted a survey to analyze these values from a multifaceted perspective. The questionnaire set 24 individual values and 26 social values regarding our previous research of richness in Japan. The first question asked respondents to evaluate the relevance of HES and GES from all values. The second question asked which system had relative dominance, based on a five-point scale from the previous answer. The third question asked the reason for choosing the previous answers by free description. The respondents were seven experts in the field of engineering (suppliers, makers, administrators, and academics) and five experts in the field of social science (administrators and academics). Second, response results were weighted based on the concept of the analytic hierarchy process, relatively comparing and analyzing HES and GES. The results showed that HES has more advantages than GES in the overall values from both engineering and social science perspectives. However, the compositions are different. For individual values, both the engineering and social science experts judged that HES is more advantageous. Conversely, in social values, engineering experts judged that HES and GES are comparable, but social science experts judged that HES is more preferred. This work was supported by the Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI) through its Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP), “safety assessment of energy carrier” (funding agency: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)).


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Legislation, pre-normative research

CCI-LPR-P006

Did risk and benefit information change acceptance on hydrogen fueling stations for Japanese general people?K. Ono1, K. Tsunemi11 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST, Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability RISS, Tsukuba,

Japan

IntroductionHydrogen storage facilities, such as hydrogen fueling stations (H2 station), are inevitable infrastructure for the utility of fuel cell vehicles. We are interested in the public acceptance of H2 stations and how the installation of these H2

stations is perceived by the public.

AimTo describe the characteristics of public perception of H2 station in Japan using risk perception and acceptance scales. To analyze differ-ences of people’s acceptance on H2 station with or without risk and/or benefit information on a H2 station.

MethodsWe conducted an online survey asking respondents to rate their acceptance of having an H2 station constructed in the gas station nearest their home. Respondents were divided into 18 groups by providing with or without risk and/or benefit information. At the same time, we asked the respondents on their risk perception, scale of risk acceptance, and risk-avoiding tendencies. Factor analysis was conducted to extract factors to characteristics of public acceptance by each.

ResultsWe found the following to be explanatory factors for acceptance: gender, degree, vehicle use, knowledge about hydrogen, risk perception of H2 station, and inherent risk acceptance and avoidance. Binominal regression analysis was used to construct an acceptance model, and the risk perception factor “Dread” was dominant among the effective independent variables. This suggests that alleviating inherent dread or fear by providing precise risk information will lead to better acceptance. We also discussed the difference of acceptance rates among groups which were provided or not provided with risk or benefit information.

ConclusionThe results suggested that alleviating inherent dread or fear by providing precise risk information will lead to better acceptance. Our study contributes to improved risk communication on H2 station construction.This work was supported by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP).

Hydrogen regions

CCI-HRE-P159

The H2FC SUPERGEN Research Hub, UKZ. Kurban1

1 Imperial College London, Energy Futures lab, London, United KingdomThe Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (H2FC) SUPERGEN Hub, funded by the Research Councils UK Energy Programme, is an inclusive network en-compassing the entire UK hydrogen and fuel cells research community, with more than 400 associate members, including 100 UK-based academics supported by key stakeholders from industry and government. The H2FC SUPERGEN Hub seeks to address a number of key issues facing the hydrogen and fuel cells sector, more specifically to identify, evaluate and demonstrate the role and value of hydrogen and fuel cell research and technologies in the UK energy landscape, and to link this to the wider landscape internationally.The RCUK funding (£20m, 2012-2019) is directed through the Hub to 39 projects across 21 UK universities, with research support from 8 international universities, 36 companies and 4 government partners. The core research programme for the hub is based on answering the most pressing needs of the sector and the topics range from fundamental and applied research into Hydrogen Storage, Hydrogen production, Hydrogen Safety, Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electrolysers to Policy and H2FC Systems research.A brief overview of the research undertaken through the core research component of the Hub work will be presented in a poster, including the key findings from the three recent white papers published by the Hub on the role of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies in: i) future energy systems, ii) enabling energy security for the UK and ii) creating economic impact for the UK.The collaboration between academia and industry allows effective translation of fundamental hydrogen and fuel cell research into prod-ucts; creates jobs in the UK and also supports technical innovation in companies internationally. We endeavour to build and strengthen the links both between the UK academic research base and the academic community and industry internationally.


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Energy Systems

New Trends – New materials and processes for hydrogen production

ESN-HP-P010

An appropriate Pd membrane supportB. Bladergroen1, O. Barron1, C. Sita3

1 University of the Western Cape, SAIAMC, Bellville, South Africa3 University of the Western Cape, HySA Systems Competence Centre, Bellville, South AfricaHigh permeance and close to infinite selectivity towards hydrogen gas demonstrated by Palladium (Pd)-based membranes have caused thin Palladium films to emerge as an attractive membrane to separate and purify hydrogen from syngas. Pd-based membrane costs are however a considerable economic hindrance to transforming this technology into a commonly applied gas separation technology. While significant research has focused on Pd-based top layer optimisation, the design of the sublayer has basically been ignored. The current work aims to look at the use of more appropriate support materials.The end product of Pd-based membrane development should exhibit the following characteristics; a) defect-free continuous films, without protruding defects which would negatively affect the quality of the collected permeate gas, b) mechanically and chemically stable films, to hinder the formation of defects during the lifetime of the membrane under operating conditions, c) the film should have minimum thickness required in order to obtain a) and b) as excessive thickness will have a detrimental impact on H2 permeance and material cost. In order to achieve a thin, stable, long lasting productive Pd film, the support layer should offer appropriate support. Most researchers that prefer stainless (SS) supports use SS grade 316, simply because its available. Such SS support would typically need an intermetallic diffusion barrier to protect the Pd film.The current research coated two pieces of different grades SS, both samples were heat treated at 650degC. The SEM images provided in Figure 1 clearly show that the ZrO2 layer supported on SS316 shatters while the ZrO2 layer supported onto SS430 remains in one piece. The work suggests that Pd membrane stability should be improved when the appropriate support is selected. The development of SS porous supports will be discussed in more detail.

Figure 1: SEM image of ZrO2 coated on SS316 (Left) and SS430 (Right).

ESN-HP-P011

Synthesis of activated ferrosilicon-based microcomposites for hydrogen generationP. Brack1, S. Dann1, U. Wijayantha1

1 Loughborough University, Chemistry, Loughborough, United KingdomFerrosilicon is a mixture of silicon and iron disilicide and its reaction with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide was used widely in the first third of the last century to generate hydrogen to fill airships.[1] While ferrosilicon of high silicon content (75-90%) was known to be important for hydrogen generation, the process of hydrogen generation was not well-understood or studied for ~85 years.[2] By means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the roles of the different phases of the material in the hydrogen gener-ation process have been elucidated. Hydrogen generation is primarily due to the reaction of the silicon phase with sodium hydroxide as evidenced by the loss of silicon with time as observed in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern. The iron disilicide effectively acts as a ‘blocker’, slowing the rate of hydrogen generation and giving a lower, but longer lived, flow of gas than would be obtained with silicon alone. A hydrogen yield of 4.75 wt.% with respect to ferrosilicon was obtained. In addition, a simple ball milling technique has been shown to considerably reduce the induction period and accelerate the rate of hydrogen generation from the reaction of ferrosilicon and sodium hydroxide using far lower loadings of base (0.5 M sodium hydroxide) than had previously been reported. An activation energy of 62 kJ/mol was found for this reaction. This effect can be further enhanced by the use of appropriate additives, such as sodium chloride, to form microcomposite powders in the ball milling process. Due to its low cost and availability on the tonne scale, ferrosilicon 75 microcomposites processed by this simple method are attractive materials for chemical hydrogen storage applications.


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References[1] E. R. Weaver, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 12, 232–240 (1920).[2] Brack et al., Energy Science & Engineering, 3, 535-540 (2015).

ESN-HP-P012

New bimetallic Pt-Ni catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: A plasma approachM. da Silva Pires1, Y. Busby1, E. Haye1, V. Stergiopoulos2, N. Job2, L. Houssiau1

1 University of Namur, Department of Physics, Namur, Belgium2 University of Liège, Department of Applied Chemistry, Liège, BelgiumNowadays, there is an urgent need in developing highly-efficient devices for energy supply having a low environmental impact. Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) have the potential to meet this requirement, as their operation is associated by zero greenhouse gas emission. However, important issues related to the production of PEMFCs are the expensive cost and impact of the catalyst material which relies mainly on rare noble metal, as platinum. The present work explores an alternative way to face those problems by fabricating bimetallic Pt-Ni catalysts on a high surface area carbon substrate by a novel low-pressure plasma approach [1]. Our method consists on mixing two organometallic powder precursors with the carbon substrate and introducing them into a plasma discharge under stirring conditions to produce the Pt-Ni/C catalyst. Plasma parameters were optimized to fully degrade precursors and optimize the size of the nanoparticles (NPs). Regarding this method, we tried to obtain Ni-NPs with a size up to 10 nm. The influence of the plasma chemistry on the carbon substrate functionalization was also studied (O2, N2, Ar plasma). Materials analysis was focused to the determination of the chemical composition by X-Ray photoemission spectroscopy, the structural phases by X-Ray diffraction and the morphology by transmission electron microscopy coupled with HR-EDX analysis. For a 20 wt% metal loading (15% Pt and 5% Ni), results show that homogeneously distributed strongly metallic Pt-NPs of 2-5 nm were obtained, while Ni-NPs where more difficult to deposit and are strongly oxidized. Preliminary catalytic tests performed on our plasma catalysts show similar activity compared to the 20 wt% Pt/C ones. Our results are very encouraging and validate the plasma methodology as a versatile tool for the engineering of complex nanostructures.[1] M. Laurent-Brocq, N. Job, D. Eskenazi, J.-J. Pireaux, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 147, (2014) 453-463

ESN-HP-P014

Hierarchical nano-sized catalysts for efficient electrochemical water splittingJ. Ekspong1, T. Sharifi1, A. Shchukarev2, E. Gracia-espino1, T. Wagberg1

1 Umeå University, Department of Physics, Umeå, Sweden2 Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, Umeå, Sweden

IntroductionHydrogen evolution by water splitting is a clean method for producing hydrogen gas and the costs for this technique are reducing contin-uously by the invention of more efficient and abundant electrocatalysts.[1] Contributing to this research field we synthesize hierarchical nano-sized catalysts by combining functionalized carbon nanotubes grown directly on carbon paper with efficient electrocatalysts such as MoS2 and other transition-metal combinations. By using the carbon nanotube / carbon paper substrate we get high surface area and also a porous support for the catalysts. The final material can later be applied for example in solid PEM cells or be combined with solar cells to work as an artificial leaf device, producing renewable energy.[2] Using several characterization techniques as well as DFT-based simulations we also try to understand and explain the catalytic properties.

AimThe aim for this work is to optimize and find efficient materials for catalyzing the water splitting reactions either in alkaline or in acidic conditions as well as understand the nature of these materials.

MethodsBy using physical and chemical vapour deposition we manage to grow the carbon nanotubes directly on carbon paper. For the catalyst synthesis, nanoparticles are anchored on the carbon nanotubes with solvothermal synthesizes.

Results and ConclusionWe show that a semi-crystalline structure of MoS2 has the highest efficiency for hydrogen evolution and by having nitrogen functionalities in carbon nanotubes the electron transfer between the catalyst and the support is improved.[3]Furthermore, with only two perovskite solar cells connected in series we are able to drive the full water splitting reaction with a tri-metallic material working as a bi-functional catalyst.


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[1] C. C. McCrory, et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2015, 137, 4347-4357.[2] T. Sharifi, et al. Advanced Energy Materials. 2016, 6, 1600738.[3] J. Ekspong, et al. Advanced Functional Materials. 2016, 26, 6766-6776.

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Hydrogen generation via gasoline catalytic dehydrogenation coupled with a fuel-cells system as a prototype of auxiliary power supplyE. Gianotti1, M. Taillades-Jacquin1, J. Belloc1, J. Roziere1, D. Jones1

1 University of Montpellier, ICGM/AIME, Montpellier, France

IntroductionIn the actual context of developing more electrified and environmentally friendly means of transport, the catalytic partial dehydrogena-tion of fuels can be an efficient way to locally generate the H2 required by a fuel cell auxiliary power unit 1,2. With this process the fuels are only partially dehydrogenated and keep acceptable chemical properties to be reused as combustibles. The H2 produced has high purity and can feed directly the fuel cells without purification steps, achieving electricity production with a high efficiency. This system, which rely on existent technologies and infrastructures, could be a transition towards an economy based on the hydrogen as energy vector.

AimThe aim of this work is to produce high purity H2 via partial dehydrogenation of SP95 gasoline and SP95E10 bio-gasoline in order to feed a high temperature PEM fuel cell.

MethodsCatalyst materials (Pt-Sn-In/γ-Al2O3) have been prepared and optimized with a sol-gel method for the support3 and co-impregnation for the active metals4. Work has been performed to design and build a reactor for the partial dehydrogenation of fuels and the best operational conditions have been investigated. The dehydrogenation mechanisms have been identified. A highly efficient integrated system of 1 kW, with a PEM fuel cell stack has been developed, for the validation of the partial dehydrogenation reaction process.


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Results and conclusionsThe partial dehydrogenation of gasoline SP95 and bio-gasoline SP95E10 provided enough hydrogen to run a PEMFC (1 kW output) for 85 days with the standard gasoline and 40 days with the biofuel. The low amount of CO byproduct (3%) allows to work with high temperature PEM fuel cells without purification steps5. In conclusion, the partial dehydrogenation of gasoline seems to be a promising way to produce H2 on fuel distribution stations for the alimentation of vehicles or electrical engines.

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Development of hydrogen production device from ammonia using pulsed plasma techniqueY. Goto1, S. Kambara1, Y. Hayakawa1, T. Miura2

1 Gifu University, Energy and Renewable Energy Systems Division, Gifu, Japan2 Sawafuji Electric Co.- Ltd., Development section, Gunma, JapanAmmonia is one of hydrogen storage material, which may solve problems of hydrogen transportation and storages in hydrogen economy. As an original hydrogen production, pulsed plasma decomposition has been examined. It found that molecular ammonia was rapidly decomposed by electron energy in plasma, which was converted to molecular hydrogen. Hydrogen production rate was affected by am-monia flow rates, ammonia concentrations, applied voltages, and repetition rates. The reaction mechanism of hydrogen production in plasma was studied by elemental reaction simulation.A schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus for hydrogen production is shown in Figure 1. The electrodes are coaxial in configu-ration, with quartz glass tubes as the dielectric materials.


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Figure 1: Experimental setup for hydrogen production using pulsed plasma.Figure 2 shows NH3 decomposition as a function of the applied voltage (Vpp) at a repetition rate of 10 kHz for gas flow rates from 0.2 to 0.8 L/min. NH3 decomposition generally increases with increasing Vpp at all gas flow rates. In plasma processing, electron-impact dissociation of molecular ammonia produces NHi (NH2, NH, and N) and H radicals. The concentrations of these radicals are a function of the electron mean energy, which depends on Vpp. An increase in the concentrations of NHi and H radicals facilitates hydrogen production in the gas phase reactions. Approximately 100% decomposition of ammonia was attained at a flow rate of 0.2 L/min at applied voltage of 15 kV.

Figure 2: Effect of Vpp and flow rates on NH3 decomposition.

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Cu2O decorated ZnO nanorods heterostructure covered by rGO nanosheets: An innovative structure for effective solar water splittingT. Hou1 S. Arunkumar2, D. W. Lee2

1 Chonnam National University, School of Mechanical System Engineering, Gwangju, Republic of Korea

IntroductionPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has become a promising strategy to produce hydrogen. Over the years several metal-oxides have been used as photoanodes for it. Among them ZnO has received great attention due to its high electron mobility and good resis-tance to photocorrosion1. However, its conversion efficiency is still low due to its large bandgap.

Aim and MethodsWe propose a new kind of ZnO based photoanode which consists of ZnO nanorods arrays (ZnO NRs arrays), Cu2O nanocubes and rGO nanosheets. Firstly, the ZnO were prepared through a facile aqueous solution method, then Cu2O and rGO were consecutively electro-deposited on ZnO (Figure 1(A)).


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Results and ConclusionsJ-V curves of photoanodes (ZnO, ZnO/Cu2O and ZnO/Cu2O/rGO) have been investigated under a solar simulator equipped with a 500W xenon lamp (as shown in Figure 1(B)) in 0.5 M Na2SO4. rGO largely increases photocurrent density of ZnO/Cu2O with appropriate thickness. The value of ZnO/Cu2O/rGO (5.03 mA/cm2 for 10 min reduction of GO) is about 2.2 and 0.8 times higher than that of pure ZnO (1.56 mA/cm2) and ZnO/Cu2O (2.76 mA/cm2) at 1.23 V vs RHE, respectively. In addition, the rGO also significantly enhances the photostability with increasing reduction time of GO (Inset: Figure 1(B)).

Figure 1: (A) FESEM images of (I) vertically aligned ZnO NRs arrays, (II, III) Cu2O deposited ZnO NRs arrays at different magnifications and (IV) ZnO/Cu2O/rGO with 10 min reduction of GO; (B) Photostability at 0.5 V vs RHE (insert) and J−V curves at a scan rate of 0.1 V s−1 under simulated light illumination.

AcknowledgementsThis work was founded by No. 2015R1A4A1041746.

Reference1. Sheng, W.; Sun, B.; Shi, T.; Tan, X.; Peng, Z.; Liao, G., ACS nano 2014, 8 (7), 7163-7169.

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Green synthesis of Cu2O/TiO2 for photocatalytic hydrogen production from glycerolM.O. Segovia Guzman1, M.J. Ruiz Romero1, D. Chavez Flores1, V.H. Collins Martinez2, V.H. Ramos Sanchez1

1 Universidad Autonoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Chihuahua, Mexico2 Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados- S. C., Ingenieria y Quimica de Materiales, Chihuahua, MexicoPhotocatalysis is a feasible method for hydrogen production exploiting solar energy directly. Thus far, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely used as a model photocatalyst because it is stable, non-corrosive, environmentally friendly, abundant and cost-effective. However, the main disadvantage relies on its strong absorption in the UV region, which incidentally it is very weak within the solar spectrum. Therefore, to improve its absorption in the visible region of the solar spectrum, TiO2 is usually doped with a co-catalyst. In this context, copper oxide I (Cu2O) has proved to be a suitable dopant. In this work, we synthesized nanoparticles of Cu2O, under microwave radiation, and supported them onto TiO2. To adhere to the green chemistry principles, we used aqueous extract of dry onion skin as reducing stabilizing agent. Based on a Benedict test we propose that reducing sugars from the extract are the active reducing and stabilizing agents, therefore we also carried out a control experiment, by replacing our extract with a 1 % wt glucose solution. UV-Vis spectra allowed us to predict that the size Cu2O nanoparticles is below of 100 nm, and molecular fluorescence revealed activity of the col-loidal suspensions. Infrared spectra also confirmed the occurrence of Cu2O, by the presence of a peak ca. 620 cm-1, usually assigned


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to Cu(I)-O vibrations. Finally, through X-ray fluorescence results, we estimated a 1.5 %wt Cu2O/TiO2. X-ray diffraction and Scanning elec-tron microscopy also verified the occurrence of Cu2O nanoparticles. In conclusion, this is potentially a rapid and sustainable approach to achieve greener routes of synthesis of effective photocatalysts, since the physicochemical characterization was completed, ultimately the performance assessment to produce hydrogen from glycerol is on its way.

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Application of HIx solution‘s density-concentration model in EED process of iodine-sulfur cycleS. Chen1, P. Zhang1, L. Wang1, J. Xu1

1 Tsinghua University, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology- Beijing Key Lab of Radioactive Waste Treatment, Beijing, China

Iodine-Sulfur thermochemical cycle (IS-cycle) is one of the most promising massive hydrogen production methods [1, 2]. As a complicated close-cycle process, IS-cycle is difficult to be realized in practical operation. A major challenge is the breaking of HI-H2O azeotropy.Electro-electrodialysis (EED) is very attractive to concentrate HI in HIx solution (HI-I2-H2O mixture) to hyper-azeotropic concentration. But mass transfer during EED operation is complicated, since not only H+ in anolyte permeates the PEM entering the catholyte, H2O also transfers with H+ as part of hydronium ion clusters, or driven by the concentration difference. The dramatic mass&compostion changes of anolyte and catholyte bring great trouble to the setup and simulation of EED process.At INET (Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University), EED process has been studied since 2006, with series of EED cells/stacks developed, aiming at the enhancement of the HI concentrating capacity [2, 3]. INET has also paid great attention to the research on HIx’s basic properties. Database for HIx’s density was setup at atmosphere pressure and varying temperatures. Using the experimental data, density-concentration-temperature model was established through multiple regressions. The data and model gives great help to INET’s research on EED. A calculation software for EED process was compiled. Furthermore, the density-concentration-tem-perature model was combined with ASPEN simulating software to work out the setting of pumps in IS-cycle facilities.

AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 21376133), and Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT13026).

References[1] M. A. Rosen. Energy, 35(2010) 1068-1076.[2] P. Zhang, S. Z. Chen, L. J. Wang, T. Y. Yao, J. M. Xu. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35(2010) 10166-10172.[3] S. Z. Chen, R. L. Wang, P. Zhang, L. J. Wang, J. M. Xu, Y. C. Ke. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38 (2013) 3146-3153.

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Methods to evaluate catalyst activity and stability for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline mediumP.Y. Chuang1, G. Li11 University of California- Merced, Mechanical Engineering, Merced, USAOxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a critical role in hydrogen production by water electrolysis, especially in alkaline media due to its potential of minimizing or eliminating precious metal. Therefore, the development of catalyst evaluation protocol that are accurate and can be widely adapted is necessary for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts development. However, there is no such method or protocol existed today. In our work, we establish a standard experimental protocol to effectively evaluate the instinct performance of OER catalysts in a standard rotating-(ring)-disk-electrode system. Our results clearly indicate that IrO2 has higher activity, but lower sta-bility compared to NiCo2O4. Meanwhile, we develop electrical double layer (EDL) effect to illustrate and explain our observed OER results. The charge- and mass-transport occurring in EDL have an importance impact on electrocatalytic performance during OER and charging/discharging processes. Our results show that the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) measured by traditional cyclic voltammetry cannot accurately reflect the active catalyst reaction sites during actual performance, especially for catalysts with high electron conductivity and large inner capacitance. Alternatively, our proposed novel method based on in-suit electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has demonstrated improved accuracy in obtaining potential-dependent ECSAs, which are comparable to ex-situ BET surface area measurements. Lastly, our results show that catalyst loading has an overwhelming impact on catalyst effective utilization, ECSA, and reaction resistance. In summary, our proposed protocol provides a reliable method to objectively evaluate a wide variety of OER catalyst candidates and the results illustrate detail processes in EDL during oxygen evolution reaction.

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Syngas production via plasma photocatalytic reforming of biogasW.C. Chung1, Y.E. Li1, M.B. Chang1

1 National Central University, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, Taoyuan City, Taiwan- Province of China

IntroductionAnthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has resulted in global warming and has been a public concern. Hence, development of effective strategy to reduce CO2 and CH4 emission is necessary. Since CO2 is very stable and inert, non-thermal plasma and photoca-talysis stands for two promising technique to convert CO2 and CH4 at a lower operating temperature. In this study, a non-thermal plasma reactor is combined with photocatalyst (LaFeO3) to convert CO2 and CH4 into syngas, a mixture of H2 and CO.


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AimThis study has two objectives: the first is to generate syngas with the energy efficiency (moles of product per unit energy input) of 20 mol/kWh. The second is to elucidate the interaction between non-thermal plasma and photocatalyst, including the influence of non-thermal plasma on photocatalyst and the influence of photocatalyst on non-thermal plasma.

MethodsNon-thermal plasma reactor is composed of one stainless steel rod and one stainless steel tube as electrodes, respectively. Two elec-trodes are connected with DC pulse power supply with an applied voltage up to 20 kV and a frequency up to 20 kHz. Photocatalyst is placed between two electrodes to form a plasma photocatalysis system. CO2 and CH4 are fed into plasma photocatalysis reactor and effluent is analysed by gas chromatography equipped with FID and TCD.

Results and ConclusionCH4 and CO2 conversions achieved with non-thermal plasma alone are 56.4 and 40.2%, respectively, and energy efficiencies for H2 and syngas are 9.21 and 14.52 mol/kWh, respectively. After packing photocatalyst into the plasma reactor, CH4 and CO2 conversions achieved are increased to 61.0 and 50.4%, respectively. H2 and syngas energy efficiencies are also increased to 11.0 and 18.8 mol/kWh, respective-ly. Further characterizations of photocatalyst revealed that non-thermal plasma influences physicochemical properties of photocatalyst and synergistic effects can be induced during plasma photocatalysis reforming of CH4 and CO2.

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Effect of pre-oxidation on corrosion resistance of plasma sprayed and laser treated material for thermochemical water-splitting processI. Ioka1, Y. Kuriki2, J. Iwatsuki3, S. Kubo3, Y. Inagaki3, N. Sakaba3

1 Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Tokai-mura, Japan2 Japan Gasoline Company, Engineering division, Yokohama, Japan3 Japan Atomic Energy Agency, HTGR Hydrogen and Heat Application Research Center, Oarai, JapanHydrogen is one of the promising major energy sources in the future. A thermochemical water-splitting iodine-sulfur processes (IS pro-cess) is one of candidates for the large-scale production of hydrogen using heat from solar power. Severe corrosive environment which is thermal decomposition of sulfuric acid exists in the IS process. To achieve an industrialization of massive hydrogen production system, one of the key factors is the development of structural materials for the severe corrosive environment. A hybrid material with the corrosion-resistance and the ductility was made by a plasma spraying and laser treatment. To confirm the applicability of the hybrid material as the structural material, corrosion tests were performed in 95 mass% and 47 mass% boiling sulfuric acid using the hybrid material. The specimen had excellent corrosion resistance in the condition of 95 mass% boiling sulfuric acid. This was attributed to the formation of SiO2 on the surface. On the other hand, the corrosion rate of the specimen in 47% boiling sulfuric acid was fifty times higher than that in 95 mass% boiling sulfuric acid. It seems that the cracks of the surface layer weren›t sealed up perfectly in the condition of 47 mass% boiling sulfuric acid. To improve the corrosion resistance of the specimen in 47 mass% boiling sulfuric acid, the specimen was treated with a thermal treatment for pre-oxidation. The condition of the pre-oxidation was 24hrs at 800C in air. Corrosion test of the pre- oxidized specimen was carried out in 47 mass% boiling sulfuric acid. Fig.1 shows the present data in addition to the previous results. The pre-oxidized specimen got superior corrosion resistance in the condition of 47 mass% boiling sulfuric acid. It was confirmed that the pre-oxidation was effective in improving corrosion resistance of the specimen.

Fig. 1: Results of corrosion test for the pre-filmed specimen.


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Performance investigation of hydrogen production from ammonia by plasma membrane reactorS. Kambara1, Y. Hayakawa1, T. Miura2

1 Gifu University, Energy and Renewable Energy Systems Division, Gifu, Japan2 Sawafuji Electric Co.- Ltd., Development section, Gunma, JapanAmmonia has a number of favorable characteristics that stem from its molecular structure, the primary characteristic being its high hydrogen storage capacity of 17.6 wt%. Its secondary merit is that it is carbon-free at its end uses, although CO2 emitted during the production of ammonia depends on the energy source. Therefore, ammonia is the most promising hydrogen carrier among all hydro-gen-containing compounds.A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma is appropriate for ammonia decomposition because the electric load to plasma reactors can be quickly controlled by adjusting either the output voltage or the duty cycle, which can respond well to variations in gas volume. Furthermore, ammonia is expected to be completely decomposed by sufficient electron energy in the plasma without the need for heating.The aim of the present research was to develop an efficient method for using pulsed plasma to produce hydrogen from ammonia. An efficient method for producing hydrogen was developed on the basis of the mechanisms of ammonia decomposition in plasma. To achieve this aim, we precisely designed the advanced plasma reactor shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Configuration of the plasma membrane reactor.In this plasma reactor, the original hydrogen separation membrane was used as a high-voltage electrode. We expected the H radicals gen-erated by ammonia decomposition in the plasma to rapidly diffuse through the membrane, thereby inhibiting ammonia recombination.Hydrogen production experiments were conducted using 100% ammonia gas at a flow rate of 1.0 L/min in the advanced plasma reactor shown in Figure 1. The ammonia was completely converted into pure hydrogen at an applied voltage of 9 kV (total power consumption of the high-voltage power source was 200 W). The energy efficiency was 65.3%.

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Thin and dense gadolinia-doped ceria diffusion barriers are manufactured by a sol-gel process at reduced temperature (1,000 deg.)S.D. Kim1, H.J. Choi1, D.W. Seo1, S.K. Woo1

1 Korea Institute of Energy Research, Energy Materials Center, Daejeon, Republic of KoreaRecently, bilayer gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC)/yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes with thin GDC diffusion barriers have been researched, in conjunction with solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) electrolytes, for incorporating Co-Fe-based perovskite materials (e.g., lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxide (LSCF)), which exhibit higher electric conductivity, catalytic activity and oxygen permeability. One problem that arises from the formation of a barrier layer on YSZ electrolytes is that it becomes difficult to achieve a dense GDC layer below 1400 °C.In this study, a technology for manufacturing dense diffusion barriers below 1000 °C by the sol-gel process using metal (i.e., Gd and Ce) alkoxide precursors was developed. Thin and dense GDC layers were fabricated by GDC sol infiltration and condensation at 1000 °C. GDC sols were synthesized by the controlled hydrolysis and condensation of cerium(IV) isopropoxide with each gadolinium doping agent to make a dense GDC diffusion barrier for SOECs and IT-SOFCs. The GDC diffusion barrier was fully densified by infiltration of a GDC sol into a porous GDC structure under heat treatment at 1000 °C. The performance of a cell was highly improved from 0.60 W/cm2 to 0.92 W/cm2 at 750 °C by densification of the diffusion barrier (Fig. 1). EIS results suggest that the improved performance is mainly due to the reduced ohmic resistance through the composite electrolyte (i.e., YSZ/GDC) (Fig. 2). Finally, the degradation of a single cell with a dense GDC was maintained below 1.72%/1000 h, which was lower than that of a cell with a porous GDC (7.69%/1000 h) (Fig. 3). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the enhancement of the performance and durability of a single cell with a dense GDC was the result of reduced ohmic resistance through the composite electrolyte.


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Fig. 1: Cell performances. Fig. 2: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Fig. 3: Long-term performance test.

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Gold ion caused structure reconstruction of different shell thickness nanocrystal NiOcore@NiPtshell impacts on oxygen reduction reactionY.C. Lai1, T.Y. Chen2, C.H. Lee2, Y.W. Yang3

1 National Tsing Hua University, Program of Science and Technology of Synchrotron Light Source, Hsinchu, Taiwan- Province of China2 National Tsing Hua University, Department of Engineering and System Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan- Province of China3 National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nano Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan- Province of ChinaThe wet chemical reduction method is employed for synthesizing NiO core-NiPtshell-Aucluster structured nanocrystal (NC) in top of car-bon nanotubes. The sodium borohydride is reducing agent for control the crystal growth rate. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activ-ity measurement indicates that adding controlling Au concentration and distribution will enhance the NiO@NiPt activities or durability. The activities and durability can be greatly improved by thermodynamics that segregation of Au to replace the Pt atoms at vertex, edge, and (100) facets on the shell. Experimental results showed that the ORR activity of NiO@NiPt@Au NC is controlled by local strain and the electronic dipole. Furthermore, the electrocatalysts with NiO@NiPt@Au (NiPt04Au006) structure exhibit high mass activities (MA : 694.49 mA·mgPt-1) and high kinetic current density (Jk : 75 mA·cm-2) while minimizing precious metals content. The electrocatalysts with NiO@NiPt@Au (NiPt10Au004) exhibit durability for ORR with less activity loss after 31000 potential cycles between 0.5 and 1.0V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode.

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Dry reforming of methane over Ni-Ce-Zr catalysts prepared by one-pot hydrothermal methodV. Meeyoo1, A. Wisutiratanamaneeand2, S. Peh2

1 Mahanakorn University of Technology, Chemical Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand2 Bangkok, ThailandCatalytic dry forming of methane has drawn a lot of attention since it produces much value synthesis gas by utilizing two major greenhouse gases (CH4 and CO2). Noble metals such as Pt, Pd and Rh were reported to be active for methane dry reforming with a good resistance to coking. Due to the limited availability and high cost of noble metals [1], a Ni based catalyst was found to be a good alternative [2]. However, it suffers from coking and sintering of Ni metal nanoparticles to form larger Ni particles with lower catalytic activity Thanks to the redox properties of mixed oxide CeO2–ZrO2, Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 catalyst has shown high catalytic activity and resistance to coke forma-tion [3]. In this study, we investigated on a series of Ni-Ce-Zr catalysts prepared by a simple one-pot synthesis with attempt to improve the metal support interaction. The flower-like Ni-Ce-Zr catalysts afforded a high methane conversion, with excellent stability during reaction. The H2/CO ratio is in the range of 0.6-0.8. The catalytic activity was found to increase with increasing Ni contents. It was found that Ni partially dissolved and formed a solid solution with Ce-Zr. This is confirmed by XRD and H2-TPR data. A strong metal support interaction contributes to higher catalytic activity and better stability of this kind of catalyst during the dry reforming reaction.


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Fig. 1: DRM activity of the catalysts; CH4/CO2/N2= 50/50/50 ml/min.

ReferencesS.M. Stagg-Williams, F.B. Noronha, G. Fendley, D.E. Resasco, J. Catal., 194 (2000), p. 240.S. Wang, G.Q. Lu, G.J. Millar, Energy Fuels, 10 (1996), p. 896.S. Pengpanich, V. Meeyoo, T. Rirksomboon, Catal. Today, 93–95 (2004), p. 95.

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Hydrogenated Ta3N5 for solar water splittingM. Mishra1, V. Gurylev1, T.P. Perng1

1 National Tsing Hua University, Materials Science and Engineering, Hsinchu, Taiwan- Province of ChinaDepletion of fossil fuels, increasing energy demand, and environmental pollution have led to the quest for a cleaner and abundant alternative. H2 generated by solar water splitting can be a potential alternative energy carrier. Semiconductor photocatalysts facilitate this phenomenon. Tantalum based (oxy-)nitrides absorb light in the visible region of the solar spectrum and bear promising band edge posi-tions for overall water splitting. The theoretical solar to hydrogen conversion rate for Ta3N5 is 16%. However, practically such high activity has not yet been reported. Recently, we showed that H2 generation efficiency of Ta3N5 could be improved by forming a Z-Scheme with WO2.72. We have also done some investigations on the photocatalytic efficiency of hydrogenated oxides like TiO2 and ZnO. Hydrogenation induces surface and/or bulk defects depending on the condition of H2 treatment. Formation of surface defects act synergistically in im-proving the electrons and holes transport in oxide photocatalyst. However, the repercussions of hydrogenation on nitride semiconductors have seldom been studied.In this work, Ta3N5 thin films of a thickness ~60 nm were fabricated on Si wafer by 400 cycles of atomic layer deposition using pentakis(di-methylamino)tantalum(V) and NH3 as the precursors at 250 °C. The as-deposited amorphous films were crystallized at 800 °C in NH3 for 2 h. The crystalline films were hydrogenated at 300-500 °C under 20 bar H2 for 30-120 min. Water splitting efficiencies of the treated and untreated Ta3N5 films were then evaluated under 300 W Xe lamp. Hydrogenation at 300 °C for 30 min resulted in a shift of X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks towards higher angles, suggesting a contraction of the lattice and enhanced H2 generation as compared to untreated Ta3N5.Whereas hydrogenation at 500 °C for 30 min exhibited XRD peak shift towards lower angles and the H2 generation deteriorated severely.

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INSIDE – in-situ diagnostics in water electrolysersJ. Mitzel1, I. Biswas1, M. Schulze1

1 German Aerospace Center DLR, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Stuttgart, GermanyIn this joint R&D project supported by the EU Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking, an electrochemical in-situ diagnostics tool for the monitoring of locally resolved current densities in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is adapted to three different water electrolysis technologies: based on proton exchange membranes (PEMWE), on anion exchange membranes (AEMWE), and alkaline water electrolysis (AE). The developed tools allow correlating performance issues and ageing processes with local anomalies. The corresponding mecha-nisms are investigated with ex-situ analytics.INSIDE consortium:• Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Stuttgart, Germany (Coordination, polymer electrolyte membrane based water

electrolysis)• NEL Hydrogen AS, Notodden, Norway (Alkaline water electrolysis)• Heliocentris Italy S.r.l., Crespina, Italy (Anion exchange membrane based water electrolysis)• Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France (Ex-situ analytics)• Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (Ex-situ analytics)• Hochschule Esslingen, Esslingen, Germany (Ex-situ analytics)The patented segmented printed circuit board (PCB) for the monitoring of current density distributions in PEM based fuel cells is used and continuously improved for e.g. the investigation of specific mechanisms or systematic optimisation.The embedding of an in-situ diagnostics tool in water electrolysis system enables:• monitoring of performance and local anomalies during operation• revealing systematical deficiencies not detectable with off-line diagnostics


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• correlating degradation mechanisms and system parameters• identifying and preventing critical operation• systematically improving the efficiency of water electrolysisFig. 1: 1st prototype for AEMWE has been constructed.

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Simple catalytic methods for on-demand hydrogen production from aluminium-water reactionsA. Newell1, K.R. Thampi11 University College Dublin, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Dublin, Ireland

IntroductionProduction of aluminium micro-powder (Al MP) from bauxite is an energy intensive process (≈100 MJ kg -1)1. Al, with a high energy density (28.8 MJ kg-1) can therefore serve as an energy storage vector for intermittent renewable electricity sources2. Al reacts with water to produce H2 (1). Up to 1.348 L H2 (100 % yield, 13.3 kJ) is produced per gram Al, at room temperature and pressure (RTP). The reaction does not proceed easily in neutral water or without a catalyst due to the passivating alumina surface layer.

2Al + 6H2O → 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 (1)

Aim• To study aluminium-water reactions, catalysed by inexpensive chemicals for continuous H2 production, on-demand.• To determine the underlying mechanism and propose a technology which utilizes aluminium as an energy storage vector in the near

term.

MethodsAl MP (-325 mesh, 1 g) was stirred with DI water at T0 = 45 °C in the presence of various catalysts and H2 production was measured at RTP, to obtain the rate of reaction and the amount of H2 generated in each case.

ResultsThe Al-water reaction proceeds immediately to >99% completion within 7 minutes and ≈100 % yield of H2, at pH0 11-12. A maximum rate of 400 ml H2 min-1.g Al-1 has been obtained with a concomitant rise in T up to 81 °C. The production of H2 has been established by gas chromatography. Reaction of Al at neutral pH took ≈70 minutes to start, with a H2 rate of 3.3 ml min-1.g Al-1.


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ConclusionInexpensive catalysts may be used for Al-water reactions for continuous on-demand H2 production in a clean manner. The recycle of re-sidual Al(OH)3 by-products back to aluminium metal, completes the cycle of energy storage and release.

References1. E.I. Shkolnikov et al., Renew. Sustainable Energy Rev.15 (2011) 4615.2. X. Xiao., US20130292259A1 (2013) 1.

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Hydrogen hybrid battery – the safe solution for energy storage and hydrogen productionP. Novotný1, D. Žaitlík2

1 HYPERTECH GROUP s. r. o., Research and development of RES, Šumperk, Czech Republic2 HYPERTECH GROUP s. r. o., IT solutions, Šumperk, Czech RepublicHydrogen has been attracting a lot of attention due to its potential of energy storage, especially for excess energy from renewable energy sources (RES). This is however dependent upon finding an efficient and cheap method of storing.HYPERTECH has been involved in the development of energy storage technologies. Result of that effort is HHB – Hydrogen Hybrid Battery. This device allows repeated accumulation of electricity, when stored energy is then returned in the form of hydrogen. Hydrogen is not stored in the device, it is produced directly by an electrochemical reaction during discharging.In the charging phase electricity flows into the device, oxygen is released. In the discharging phase hydrogen is produced. Certain amount of water is consumed by one cycle. Electrochemical process is reversible and it works according to the simplified following chemical reactions.

Picture 1 - “Chemical reactions“.

As distinct from common flooded accumulators whose construction solution requires positive and negative active matter on the opposite electrodes, moreover, in its solid form (compressed or sintered) the HHB contains only one active substance, that is primarily dissolved in the electrolyte in the form of sodium zincate. During charging this substance is deposited into the 3-D electrode collector grid in spon-gious form. During discharging it is dissolved in the electrolyte completely again. This extends the lifetime of the battery and significantly reduces the expenses per stored Wh. The active substance (as can be seen in the equations listed above) is zinc- non-toxic, affordable and relatively abundant material. Electrolyte is alkaline aqueous solution of NaOH, non-flammable, non-toxic.The presentation will describe the apparatus itself and will give detailed description of the principles of energy storage processes in the device and the method of generating hydrogen. It will introduce possible uses of HHB:


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Picture 2 - “Example of use HHB in the accumulative charging station technology for EV“.

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Hydrogen, mobile coal gasificationM. Nurkaliyev1, S. Kapkin1

1 Science of Istanbul University, Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul, TurkeyThe purpose of this study is to prevent environment, health and security problems of coal production in coal mining and enable con-version to clean energy. Advantages and disadvantages of coal production techniques and methods have been considered. It has been determined that among other techniques coal gassification is more efficient. As is well known, explosions in the underground coal mines are simulated and tested in heating plants. Most important causes of these explosions stem from temparature and pressure imbalance. In this study physical approaches and methods have been used to improve production techniques. For this, three categories in coal gassification:1. Fixed or Moving bed gasifiers.2. Fluidized bed gasifiers3. Entrained flow gasifiershave been used and each type of gassifier in terms of working characteristics have been analysed according to mechanical criteria. Optimal and easy to mobilize gassification models for coal mines have been constructed. In this way, while producing hydrogen energy directly from coal, at the same time, a mobile production system that can create a net between mines have been constructed.

ESN-HP-P037

High purity hydrogen from methane enriched biogas with steam-iron (ferrites) process. Co-feeding of water along reductionsJ. Lachén1, J. Herguido1, J.A. Peña1

1 I3A - Universidad Zaragoza, Catalysis- Molecular Separations and Reactor Engineering Group CREG, Zaragoza, SpainPresent work is centered on the production of high purity hydrogen for its use in fuel cells (PEMFC). Biogas has been employed as re-newable source, making use of the steam-iron process (SIP) [1] with the aim of producing and purifying hydrogen in the same vessel. SIP has been studied in depth by our research group along the last years, concluding that processing of rich methane biogas streams (CH4:CO2 = 70:30), characteristics of urban solid wastes anaerobic fermentation, suppose a challenge when this process is performed in a fixed bed reactor due to relatively high coke deposition rates. As suitable solution to such issue, it is proposed the dosing of water in low proportions along with biogas to minimize coke deposition. The oxidizing behavior of water, however, poses a restriction in the reduction of the metal oxide.Different tests were performed in a fixed bed reactor setup, co-feeding a stream composed of 25 v% of synthetic sweetened biogas, different percentages of water (10-20 v%), and balance with inert. Exhaust gases were continuously monitored by GC. Temperatures chosen along this study were 750 °C (reductions) and 600 °C (oxidations). A lab-made aluminum cobalt ferrite was employed as oxygen carrier. It was mechanically mixed with low proportions of a nickel aluminate catalyst to improve the performance along reduction stages.


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Figure 1 shows the yield towards H2 in the oxidation (g H2) per 100 g of H2 in biogas supplied in reduction stages. Co-feeding of small proportions of water in reductions allows an adequate alternating operation of the process, keeping low coking rates and generating high purity hydrogen (<50 ppm CO). The only restriction is that the percentage of water supplied is greater than 10 v%.

[1]. Herrer M., Plou J., Durán P., Herguido J., Peña J.A. Int. J. Hydro. Energy 40 (2015) 5244-5250.

ESN-HP-P038

Oxygen evolution reaction on nanocrystalline Ni-alloys at high current densities: The effect of Fe-impuritiesT. Rauscher1, C.I. Müller2, B. Kieback1,2, L. Röntzsch2

1 Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Materials Science, Dresden, Germany2 Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Branch Lab Dresden, Dresden, GermanyThe major contribution to power losses in alkaline electrolysis can be attributed to the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) [1]. Therefore, many studies have been focused on novel electrode materials, which should require good electrocatalytic proper-ties, a high surface area and a high electrical conductivity. The latter seems to be related to the semiconducting nature of the oxide [2]. Thus, the positive effect of Fe on the OER-activity of Ni-Fe catalysts was proven at low current densities [1,3]. However, only a few studies were carried out under technical conditions (e.g. high KOH, high temperature).In this contribution, the Fe-effect on the OER under technical conditions was investigated on nanocrystalline Ni-based electrodes produced via rapid solidification. Their beneficial effect was demonstrated for the hydrogen evolution [4,5]. Moreover, some rapidly solidified ma-terials were subsequently modified by high-energy milling. Besides the structural analysis (XRD/TEM, Fig.1a)), electrochemical methods were used to determine the OER kinetics. The goal was to elucidate the Fe-effect at high current densities. Additionally, the temperature dependence as well as the effect of Fe-impurities in the electrolyte were investigated. It can be shown that the overpotential of the NiFe-alloys can significantly be reduced by 420 mV at 0.3 A/cm2 in comparison to Ni (Fig.1b)). At high temperature, Fe concentration in the electrolyte in the range of 1-5 ppm significantly affect the performance of the catalysts. This is tentatively attributed to the limiting transport of charge carriers through the oxide film. Finally, long-term stability measurements were conducted and the deactivation mechanism will be discussed.

Fig. 1: a) Structural analysis of the rapid solidified ribbon (XRD/TEM) and b) steady-state polarization curves (29.9 wt.-% KOH, 298 K).


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References:[1] MS.Burke, Chem.Mater.2015,27-7549. [2] S.Trasatti, Electrochim.Acta.2000,45-2377. [3] L.Trotochaud, J.Am.Chem.Soc.2014,136-6744. [4] CI.Müller, J.PowerSources.2016,304-196. [5] T.Rauscher, Int.J.HydrogenEnergy.2016,41-2165.

ESN-HP-P039

Reformate purification by pressure swing adsorption using a copper modified activated carbonF. Relvas1, M. Boaventura1, A. Mendes1

1 Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos- Ambiente- Bioengenharia e Energia LEPABE- Faculdade de Engenharia- Universidade do Porto, Chemical Engineering, Porto, Portugal

Hydrogen is usually used as fuel in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Hydrogen is typically produced from the steam reforming of methane followed by a water gas shift reaction; the reformate contains carbon dioxide, methane and up to 2% of CO. PEMFCs operate below 90 ºC and a significant decrease in the platinum catalyst activity is observed when small amounts of CO, such as 10 ppm, is fed to the fuel, hence the need of fuel purification. Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is a purification process that allows decreasing the CO content, down to sub-ppm level, in a hydrogen stream.The state-of-the-art activated carbons for PSA reformate purification present a high favorable adsorption for CO2, partially inhibiting the CO removal. It has been proved that π-complexation improves the CO adsorption but its effectiveness in practical applications for H2 purification was never reported in literature.In this work, commercial activated carbon Kuraray 2GA-H2 was impregnated with a copper precursor and activated under hydrogen atmosphere. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics of CO, CO2, CH4 and H2 were obtained as well as mono- and multi-component breakthroughs were performed. Several tests in a lab-scale PSA unit were performed using a synthetic reformate stream of 70% H2, 25% CO2, 4% CH4 and 1% CO to test the adsorbent performance.The developed adsorbent presented significant increase in CO adsorption, as illustrated by the adsorption isotherms (Figure 1). The lab-scale PSA unit filled with the modified adsorbent was able to produce hydrogen >99.99% with 75% of recovery and CO content <2 ppm; using the non-modified activated carbon the CO content was >200 ppm.The modified activated carbon proved to be very effective for purifying reforming hydrogen streams to fuel cell grade. Further develop-ment is undergoing and a CO content <0.2 ppm is foreseen, keeping the recovery >75%.

AcknowledgmentsPOCI-01-0145-FEDER-006939 (LEPABE–UID/EQU/00511/2013) funded by ERDF, through COMPETE2020 and by Portuguese national funds, through FCT.European Union‘s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) for the JTI-FCH grant agreement N°621218.PhD grant NORTE-08-5369-FSE-000028 supported by NORTE 2020, under the Portugal2020 Partnership Agreement and the European Social Fund.

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Hydrophilization of polypropylene by atmospheric pressure plasma and its evaluation as separator in alkaline water electrolysis cellĽ. Staňo1, M. Stano1

1 Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Experimental Physics, Bratislava, SlovakiaAlkaline electrolysis is one of the promising technologies for large scale production of hydrogen from renewable power. Inter-electrode separator is an unavoidable component of the electrolysis cell; its role is to separate the produced hydrogen and oxygen while posing minimal electrical resistance to the charge conducting ions. The separator has to show suitable porosity, pore size distribution, high chemical resistance to strong hydroxide solution and, which is of great importance, its surface must be hydrophilic. Insufficient wettability enhances adhesion of bubbles onto the separator, resulting in the increase of ohmic resistance and cross-contamination of the produced hydrogen and oxygen. In addition, mechanical strength of the separator is also required.


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In the present work we study surface modification of polypropylene using atmospheric pressure plasma to enhance its wettability. Diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (DCSBD) in different gaseous environments was used as the plasma source. The plasma induced surface modification was analyzed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and by measurement of water contact angle. The two liquid Owens-Wendt method was used to determine dispersive and polar component of the free surface energy. Long term stability of the treatment was examined in aqueous solution of KOH. Ageing tests revealed that the surface energy remained at elevated level even 50 days since the plasma processing. Plasma treated porous polypropylene was also tested as a separator in alkaline electrolysis cell to determine its resistance and the purity of produced hydrogen and oxygen as a function of current density.

AcknowledgementThis work was supported by the Slovak grant agency VEGA, project 1/0930/17 and the European Union‘s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 692335.

ESN-HP-P041

Project presentation: The research project “AEL-MALFE”D. Tannert1, U. Fischer1, V. Andre1, H.J. Krautz1

1 Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Chair of power plant technology, Cottbus, Germany

IntroductionThe presentation is in the context of the research project “AEL-MALFE“ (alkaline electrolysis with solid anion conductive electrolyte) which starts in the beginning of 2017. The promising technology offers the chance to build a noble metal free electrolyser with good performance, minor space requirements and low gas crossover.

AimThe advantages of solid electrolyte membrane electrolysers are the prevention of hazards resulting from liquid electrolytes and thus a reduced safety effort. Additionally is the chance to reduce investment costs due to the use of pure water instead of corrosive lye in the cell.The main purpose of the project is to install a specific test rack to investigate fundamental principles of the AEM electrolysis process in situ. Different concepts of the cell design will be under investigation. In addition a study of cell component materials will be performed.

MethodsThe design and construction of the test facility is based on operational expertise from a pressurised alkaline electrolyser and a single cell test rack. The selection of cell component materials results from comprehensive literature studies and electrolyser manufacturer consultations.

ConclusionFirst material combinations of electrodes, membranes and gaskets are under investigation to find optimal assembling strategies. It is an-ticipated that possible membrane and electrode corrosion effects will be identified. The whole process technology will be designed to work with fluctuating power input.A maintenance friendly test rack for AEM-electrolysis, with a high compatibility for different electrodes and membranes, has to be designed.

ESN-HP-P044

The stability of Ir-based bimetallic catalysts and Hastelloy C-276 in HI decomposition of the iodine–sulfur hydrogen production processL. Wang1, L. Xu1, S. Hu1, P. Zhang1, S. Chen1

1 Tsinghua University, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology-Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Beijing, China

The iodine–sulfur (IS) thermochemical hydrogen production cycle has become one of the promising candidates for low-cost, high-effi-cient, environment-friendly and large-scale hydrogen production using the solar energy or nuclear heat as the thermal source. In the three reactions (Bunsen reaction, H2SO4 and HI decompositions) of IS cycle, the HI decomposition plays the very important role of hy-drogen generation [1]. This section has the slow reaction rate and strongly corrosive atmosphere. In order to realize the stable and continuous decomposition of HI, high active catalyst for HI decomposition and corrosion resistant material for the HI decomposer should be developed. In this study, several Ir-based bimetallic catalysts (Ir-Ni/C, Ir-Pt/C and Ir-Pd/C) were prepared and evaluated in catalytic HI decomposition. For stability comparison, fresh and used catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, EDX, and XPS. The corrosion resistance of Hastelloy C-276 in HI decomposition environment was also studied. Especially, the activity and stability of Ir-Pt/C, and the anti-corrosion of Hastelloy C-276 rod material were test for 100 h in HI decomposition environment. The results showed that the bimetallic Ir-Pt/C exhibited excellent activity and stability. And the Hastelloy C-276 rod material presented good corrosion resistance in HI decomposition.Key words: Iodine-sulfur hydrogen production cycle; Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen iodide; Corrosion resistant material; Ir-based bimetallic catalysts; Hastelloy C-276

References[1] L. Wang, Q. Han, S. Hu, et al., Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 164 (2015) 128.

AcknowledgementThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21576152).


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ESN-HP-P045

Cation exchange membranes prepared by radiation-induced graft polymerization for the electrochemical Bunsen reactionT. Yamaki1, T. Kodaira2, S.I. Sawada1, N. Tanaka3, S. Kubo3, M. Nomura2

1 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Takasaki, Japan2 Shibaura Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan3 Japan Atomic Energy Agency, HTGR Hydrogen and Heat Application Research Center, Oarai, JapanA thermochemical water-splitting IS process is one of the hydrogen production methods. Iodine and sulfur are used as catalysts in this process, which includes the Bunsen reaction, I2 + SO2 + H2O → 2HI +H2SO4. The Bunsen reaction using an electrolysis cell separat-ed by a cation exchange membrane has been recently proposed as a promising approach to increasing the thermal efficiency of the IS process. We prepared new cation exchange membranes for possible use in this so-called electrochemical Bunsen reaction by the radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB) into poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) films and subsequent sulfonation. Quantitative sulfonation of the DVB-crosslinked polystyrene graft-chains led to the preparation of membranes with various ion exchange capacities, thereby making it possible to control their proton conductivities over a wide range. The resulting membranes also exhibited lower water uptake and, therefore, a reduced water flux compared to the non-crosslinked and Nafion mem-branes. Fig. 1 shows the evolution of the anolyte and catholyte concentrations during the electrolysis. Both H2SO4 in the anolyte and HI in the catholyte were continuously concentrated during the electolysis for 3 h. Reaction overpotential values were similar between our and Nafion membranes. These results demonstrate the applicability of the radiation-grafted cation exchange membranes to the electrochemical Bunsen reactor.This work was supported by Council for Science, Technology and Innovation(CSTI), Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP), “energy carrier” (Funding agency: JST).

Fig. 1: “Evolution of the anolyte and catholyte concentrations during the electrolysis. (a) H2SO4 and SO2 molalities in the anolyte; (b) HI and I2 molalities in the catholyte. The results of Nafion (open circle and square) are also included for comparison.”

ESN-HP-P046

Preparation of Ni@MCM-41 core-shell structures and the performance on steam reforming of tolueneX.Y. Zhao1, C.F. Yan1, C.Q. Guo1, S.L. Huang1

1 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion- CAS, Hydrogen Production and Utilization Lab., Guangzhou, ChinaA series of Ni/ZrO2-CeO2@MCM-41 core-shell nanostructures were synthesized to enhance the steam reforming activities of toluene. Two steps for catalyst preparation, including impregnation method for synthesis of Ni/ZrO2-CeO2cores and control of shell thickness through the ratio of TEOS to Ni/ZrO2-CeO2, were investigated by SEM and BET. Catalytic activities of steam reforming of toluene were per-formed under atmospheric pressure in a quartz reactor among Ni/ZrO2-CeO2, Ni/ZrO2-CeO2 mixed MCM-41 and Ni/ZrO2-CeO2@MCM-41. It shows that the core-shell structure has the toluene conversion rate of ~90% without inactivation after 60 hours catalysis, however, the conversion rates of Ni/ZrO2-CeO2, Ni/ZrO2-CeO2 mixed MCM-41 have conversion rate of lower than 90% and decrease obviously under the same conditions. Further study of the structure of catalysts by XPS, TEM, XRD and TPR indicates nickel particles on Ni/ZrO2-CeO2@MCM-41 has little carbon deposition and sintering, thus enhance the catalytic activity and prolong the lifetime.


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Development of sorption-enhanced water gas shift reaction process for production of high-purity hydrogenH.J. Yoon1, K.B. Lee1

1 Korea University, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul, Republic of KoreaAs global demand for environmental-friendly energy has been increasing, many studies on hydrogen were carried out with the expecta-tion for the upcoming hydrogen economy. Hydrogen is regarded as a new clean energy carrier because it has higher energy density than conventional fossil fuel, and also, it only releases water as a by-product when converted to other types of energy. As one of the methods for mass production of hydrogen, water gas shift (WGS) reaction (CO + H2O ↔ H2 + CO2), using the synthesis gas produced from coal gasification, has been highlighted. However, chemical conversion of WGS is limited by thermodynamics, and additional purification step is necessary to produce high-purity hydrogen. These problems of WGS can be overcome by applying the sorption-enhanced reaction (SER) concept, in which reaction of feeds and separation of products simultaneously occurs in one reactor. In sorption-enhanced water gas shift (SE-WGS) reaction, catalytic reaction of WGS and by-product (CO2) removal by adsorption are carried out simultaneously in a sin-gle reactor. In this manner, thermodynamic equilibrium limitation of WGS can be circumvented based on the Le Chatelier’s principle, leading to direct production of high-purity hydrogen without additional separation process. In this study, numerical simulation was carried out to elucidate effect of various operating parameters on reaction performance and to optimize the SE-WGS reaction system. After optimization of reaction conditions, SE-WGS reaction were experimentally demonstrated using commercial catalyst and alkali-metal based CO2 adsorbent. The results showed that high-purity hydrogen (>99.9%) could be directly produced from the SE-WGS reaction and the hydrogen productivity was further improved at the optimal operational conditions.

ESN-HP-P048

5kW fuel processor for PEMFCs using metal structured catalystK.Y. Koo1, U.H. Jung1, W.L. Yoon1

1 Korea Institute of Energy Research, Hydrogen Laboratory, Daejeon, Republic of KoreaMetal structured catalysts provide large geometric reaction surface area to reactor volume and enable to design a compact reactor with low catalyst usage. This is why the metal structured catalysts have been applied to a fuel processor. The fuel processor producing hydrogen rich gas from natural gas are composed of a strong endothermic steam methane reforming (SMR) reaction and exothermic reactions such as water gas shift (WGS) and preferential CO oxidation (PrOx). In typical fuel processors, packed bed reactors with ceramic pellet catalysts are mainly used. These ceramic pellet catalysts have a low utilization owing to heat and mass transfer limitations and in order to compensate for this shortcoming, an excessive amount of pellet catalysts are used. It causes difficulties in a compact reactor design and slow response time. In addition, if precious metals such as Ru and Pt are used for commercial catalysts, the cost of fuel processing system becomes high. In order to overcome these drawbacks of the conventional packed bed type fuel processor, we applied Ru-coated metal structured catalysts to SMR reaction zone in 5kW fuel processor for PEMFC system. The Ru/Al2O3 was coated on a ruffled FeCralloy plate by a proprietary KIER coating method based on deposition-precipitation. The test was performed under S/C=3.4 and PrOx air [O2]/[CO]=1.5. The fuel processor size is 12.5 L/kW and the CH4 conversion and thermal efficiency are 95.3 % and 82.4% (LHV), respectively. It was noteworthy that the same level of catalytic performance can be reproduced with Ru, an active metal, at a rate of just 1/10 of commercial catalysts. Furthermore, the temperature of catalytic bed and the composition of reformed gas were maintained stably for 1,000 h. Therefore, it is expected that Ru-coated metal structured catalysts enable to design a compact fuel processor and reduce the system cost.

New Trends – Hydrogen energy conversion and utilization

ESN-CU-P051

Production of high mass activity Pt/Co alloy for high performance PEMFCY.H. Ao1, C. Iglesia2, C.J. Tseng3, S.Y. Chen4

1 Energy Engineering-National Central University, Mechanical Engineering- Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan- Province of China2 Energy Engineering-National Central University, Applied Physic- University of Santo Tomas, Taoyuan, Taiwan- Province of China3 Energy Engineering-National Central University, Mechanical Engineering-National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan- Province of China4 Biophysics- National Central University, Physics- National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan- Province of China

IntroductionIn the previous research, we used PLD(pulsed laser deposition) applied in PEMFC(Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) and reduced the loading of Pt catalysts effectively.Now we used PLD to grow Pt/Co alloy on the gas diffusion layer, combined the production of deallying and thermal annealing to get high performance PEMFC.

Aim and methodsTo get high performance PEMFC.First, using PLD in PEMFC to optimize Pt/Co loading to reduce Pt loading.Second, using acid solution and different leaching times to deally catalysts to get high mass activities.Last, using thermal annealing to rearrange the structure of Pt/Co nanoparticles to promote the durability of catalysts.


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Resultion and ConclusionBy using Pt/Co catalysts and PLD applied in PEMFC to grow Pt/Co nanoparticles to reduce Pt loading, dealloying the catalysts to get core-shell structure and high mass activity, and thermal annealing to promote the durability of catalysts to get a high Performance PEMFC effectively.

ESN-CU-P052

Micro/CFD model development for solid oxide fuel cells based on electrochemical effectiveness modelA. Jeong1, J. Song1, J.H. Nam2, C.J. Kim1

1 Seoul National University, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea2 Deagu University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyungsan, Republic of KoreaSolid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is one of promising fuel cell systems that can convert the chemical energy of fuels to electrical energy and heat through the electrochemical reactions. SOFCs can operate at much higher efficiencies while producing only water as emissions when using hydrogen fuel. Electrodes is the most crucial part of SOFCs, where electricity is generated by electrochemical reactions along with transport processes of charge and gas species. To solve these complicated processes, electrode micro models has been developed; however, conventional micro models generally place large numbers of grids in thin electrodes due to the nonlinearity of electrode processes and thus require high computational cost. This limitation has prevented the conventional micro models from being employed in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Thus, the current generation in the electrodes have been usually described in CFD simulations by empirical equations imposed on the interface of electrode and electrolyte.Recently, Shin and Nam (2015) proposed an electrochemical effectiveness model based on the nonlinear Butler-Volmer reaction kinetics, which can accurately predict the current generation in active reaction layers of SOFC electrodes without complicated calculation of elec-trode processes. Thus, the effectiveness model can be properly incorporated with CFD simulation codes, thereby reducing computational costs while allowing the full consideration of microstructural effects. In this study, a micro/CFD model is developed using FLUENT as the numerical platform for heat, mass, and fluid flow simulation. The effectiveness model is combined with FLUENT to calculate the current generation in the electrodes using the user-defined functions (UDFs) or user-define memories (UDMs). The developed micro/CFD model is applied to simple cell/interconnect geometries to demonstrate the applicability of the model.

ReferencesD. Shin, J.H. Nam, 2015, Electrochimica Acta, 171, 1-6.

AcknowledgementThis research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2015R1D1A1A01057376).

ESN-CU-P053

Optimization of solar hydrogen production using highly stable nanostructured co-doped TiO2 photoelectrodeN. Muti Mohamed1, R. Bashiri2, C. Fai Kait3, S. Suifan4

1 Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Center of Innovation Nanodevices & Nanomaterials, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia2 Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Center of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanomaterials, Ipoh, Malaysia3 Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Fundamental And Applied Sciences, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia4 Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Chemical Engineering Dep, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia

IntroductionSolar hydrogen production through water photosplitting by photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell is one of the most desirable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly processes but still suffering from a low efficiency. In this work, the improvement of hydrogen production over 5-mol% Cu-Ni/TiO2 photoanode in PEC cell was achieved through the optimization process of sintering temperature (400-500oC), electrolyte concentration (0.5-3 M), photoanode thickness (12- 30 µm), and applied voltage (0.8-16.5 V). The stability of photoanode in the optimum reaction condition was examined for prolonged illumination.

MethodologyPhotocatalytic reaction of the 5-mol% Cu-Ni/TiO2 thin film (area~1cm2) was investigated by immersing in a mixture of KOH and glycerol and exposing to 500W lamp while applying bias from the fabricated dye solar cell module.

ResultsThrough a systematic optimization process, the photoanode with thickness of 24 µm, which has been sintered at 400 oC and immersed in KOH (2M) with applied voltage of 3.4 V is capable of producing maximum hydrogen of 24.9 mL. Electrochemical impedance spectra and Mot-Schottky analysis confirmed that increasing the mentioned parameters beyond the optimum values have a negative influence on hydrogen production due to the increase in the charge transfer resistance and charge carrier recombination and the decrease in the carrier lifetime. Fig. 1 shows that applied voltage at optimum level was the most effective parameters on the hydrogen production due to the fully charge carrier separation.


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Fig. 2: displays that the prolonged illumination test produced maximum hydrogen of 443.4 mL after 48 h. The hydrogen production rate gradually declined from first to fourth day due to increasing electrolyte concentration and the resistance on the surface of Pt, and reducing number of H+ ion in the contained solution.

ConclusionsThe highly stable, optimized photocatalyst in PEC cell has the potential for practical application of water photosplitting by improving the hydrogen production with a cost effective and simple system.

ESN-CU-P054

The technology of HTPR power stations with pebble fuel elements to generate electric power in combination with high temperature heat to producie hydrogen and drinking waterU. Cleve1

1 Nuhtec, NRW, Dortmund, GermanyThe production of drinking water out of sea or wastewater together with hydrogen production is one of the most important tasks for developing worldwide non-industrialized regions and has the potential for high economical impact. The condensation of sea or wastewa-ter is the best technology for desalination, but this solution has a very high cost associated with it. THTR powerstation technology is the most economical method to solve the cost factor by producing high temperature heat together with electric power for all secondary production plants by minimizing costs for each secondary production line.This paper examines the main design features of large thorium very high temperature (TVHTR) power stations. The additional production of heat by solar plants makes it possible to increase profitability. HTR power stations up to the maximum capacities combined with generation of electricity and high temperature heat attain the best possible thermodynamic efficiency and makes it possible to minimize costs for all production processes with low-temperature and pressure heat consumption. With this process HTR power stations are the most economical heat producers.The operational results of the AVR-15 MWel/46 MWth experimental reactor (1,2) and the THTR-300 MWel /750 MWth nuclear demonstration powerStation (4) are the basic design of new very large VHTR power plants to co-generate electricity and drinking water or Hydrogen (32, 33, 34).The inherent safety of THTR design has been proven twice in successful MCA simulation tests with the AVR power station. These are the only MCA tests conducted worldwide to date on nuclear power stations with a total loss of coolant and all safety equipment blocked.

References1. U. Cleve: “Die Gesamtanlage des AVR Versuchsatomkraftwerkes in Jülich“, Inbetriebnahme und Funktionsprüfungen. Atw: 5/1966.2. “AVR Versuchsatomkraftwerk mit Kugelhaufenreaktor in Jülich.” Sonderdruck atw 5/19664. U. Cleve, K. Kugeler, K. Knizia: “The Technology of High Temperature-Reactors, Design, Commissioning and Operational Results of 15 MWel Experimental Reactor Jülich, German and THTR-300 MWel Demonstration Reactor Hamm and Their Impact on Future Designs. “IACPP-Congress Nice 2011,32. J.Gebel, S.Yüce: “Ab Engineering Guide to Desalination.“ VGB Power Tech. (2008)33. U.Cleve: “Cost Valuation of Electricity and Heat for several industrial processes by co-generation in Power Stations.“ Dissertation: University of Heidelberg 1960,


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34. K.R.Schultz, L.C.Brown, G.E.Besenbruch, C.J.Hamilton: “Large Scale Production of Hydrogenby Nuclear Energy for Hydrogen Economy.“ GA-Report A 74265

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Reactor design and performance analysis of a metal hydride based cooling systemsC. Weckerle1, I. Bürger1, M. Linder1, M. Dieterich1

1 German Aerospace Center DLR, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Stuttgart, GermanySince conventional compressor driven air-conditioning systems have a significant impact on the vehicle driving range of up to 50% [1], metal hydride based cooling systems (MHCS) are an innovative approach for the air-conditioning system of future vehicles.In principle, MHCS can be separated in open and closed systems, respectively. While the closed system - that is thermally driven by a heat source - addresses electrical vehicles and combustion engines, the open MHCS [2] can be integrated into a fuel cell driven car. Thus, the pressure difference between pressure tank and fuel cell that is so far wasted can be utilized by generating cold.In order to realize a compact system, the reactor – identical for both systems - considerably determines the specific cooling power. To re-alize an appropriate reactor design, it is essential to avoid heat transfer limitations and to reduce thermal losses that appear during the continuous operation. Simultaneously, the hydride expansion that occurs during the reaction has to be considered to exclude a reactor failure.In this work, the characteristic of a novel plate reactor concept that enables half-cycle times of 60 - 90 s will be presented. Based on ex-perimental results, a method will be shown to evaluate the reactor concept and to identify further potential for the improvement of the reactor concept. Finally, a compact closed MHCS (system volume of 50 L) including two pairs of coupled plate reactors (cf. Fig. 1) will be presented and the system performance will be discussed under different operating conditions.

Fig. 1: Thermally driven closed MHCS based on plate reactors.

References:[1] Kambly K, Bradley TH. Geographical and temporal differences in electric vehicle range due to cabin conditioning energy consumption. J Power Sources 2015;275:468–75. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.10.142.[2] Linder M, Kulenovic R. An energy-efficient air-conditioning system for hydrogen driven cars. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011;36:3215–21. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.11.101.

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3D mathematical model of an industrial scale HT PEM FC stack considering Pt catalyst degradationM. Drakselová1, R. Kodým1, D. Šnita2, K. Bouzek1

1 University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Inorganic Technology, Prague, Czech Republic2 University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Chemical Engineering, Prague, Czech RepublicThe high-temperature (HT) PEM type fuel cells (FCs) are few steps to commercial utilisation. However, durability and long-term stability still need an improvement. Platinum catalyst degradation is one of the key issues to be solved. The rate and mechanism of Pt-based catalyst degradation is influenced by many factors, like reactant supply rate, local electrode potential etc. Moreover, these parameters can significantly differ with the position inside the stack. Such information is only hardly attainable experimentally.


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Due to this, we developed a three-dimensional mathematical model of an industrial scale HT PEM FC stack describing system on local scale characterised by a reasonable computational power and time demands. Additionally, the concept of description of the catalyst degradation was proposed. We used a macro-homogeneous volume-averaged approach assuming the system as anisotropic continuum [1]. The model stack consists of 100 cells with active area of 200 cm2/cell. The system operates under atmospheric pressure and at a tem-perature of 160°C. The kinetics of platinum catalyst degradation is based on experimental data describing dependence of electrochemical active surface area loss on local electrode potential. The model is isothermal yet and solves mass balances, material balances and a charge balance. An impact of the flow-field geometry effect on uniformity of the current density distribution in the stack was investigated.The system of partial differential equations was solved by finite element method in COSMOL Multiphysics environment. The proposed model helps to understand the FC stack behaviour on a local scale and enables effective system optimization.Financial support of this research by FCH-JU within the framework of CISTEM project, Grant Agreement No.325262 and by the MSMT-CR within the project No.7HX13001 is gratefully acknowledged.[1] R. Kodým et al.: Novel approach to mathematical modeling of the complex electrochemical systems with multiple phase interfaces, Electrochimica Acta, Volume 179, 2015, Pages 538-555.

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An efficient zero-emission process for stationary conversion of hydrogen and oxygen in internal combustion enginesJ. Haller1, T. Link1

1 University of Applied Sciences Nordhausen, Institute for Renewable Energy Technologies, Nordhausen, GermanyDue to the rising share of electricity from renewable energy sources, long-term storage options will be needed on a larger scale in the future. In Germany, this capacity required for a renewable share of 60% onwards, can only be met by power-to-gas systems, e.g. the production of hydrogen from water and its reconversion to electricity. An economic way to implement this reconversion in the near future is proposed by a novel process for a high efficient combustion of hydrogen with pure oxygen in an internal combustion engine.The designed process consists of a two-stroke cycle of the engine and an external steam cycle (see figure 1). It recovers part of the exhaust gas energy to produce the dilution gas for the combustion. The required compression work is provided by a pump rather than a compression stroke, leading to higher efficiencies than in existing hydrogen IC engines. Figure 2 shows the pressure-volume diagram of the entire cycle. In contrast to hydrogen combustion with air, no pollutants such as NOx are emitted.Picture 1: ‘The principle of the designed process‘.

Picture 2: ‘Exemplary pressure-volume diagram of the thermodynamic cycle‘.


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The engine process has been modeled as a standard cycle considering wall heat losses and mechanical losses and validated using lit-erature data on conventional hydrogen IC engines. With an assumed maximum cylinder pressure of 120bar, the process can achieve an effective efficiency between 50% and 60% (see figure 3).Picture3-‘Indicated (dashed line) and effective (colored line) efficiency and effective power output for a 2l six-cylinder engine against expansion ratio. The curves refer to different initial steam temperatures from 300°C to 900°C (from bottom to top)‘

The proposed engine process could be an efficient and cost effective bridge technology and alternative to today´s fuel cell systems. Further investigations using numerical 3D-CFD methods and prototype tests will show the feasibility of the process.

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Study on diesel reformer using hydrogen peroxide for hydrogen production in subsea applicationsG. Han1, J. Bae1

1 KAIST Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Daejeon, Republic of KoreaA novel type of diesel reformer that uses hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant was developed to produce hydrogen required for fuel cell operation. This reformer was specialized to enhance submerged operation of the subsea application such as submarines or unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV). The technology of diesel reforming with hydrogen peroxide would be very suitable for fuel cell air indepen-dent propulsion (AIP), with high hydrogen density and no requirement of additional oxygen at whole reforming process. In this research, novel start-up strategy for diesel reformer using the heat of hydrogen peroxide decomposition was introduced. From this novel strategy, improved transient-state operation results such as reduction of start-up time and simplification of start-up protocol were confirmed when compared to conventional start-up technology that requires oxygen. In addition, the engineering scale diesel-H2O2 reformer was developed to not only verify novel start-up strategy but also investigate steady-state operation characteristics. Temperature profile and reforming performance at the steady-state operation were investigated depending on load changes. According to the experimental results, it was confirmed that diesel reformer using hydrogen peroxide can be considered as a good option for fuel cell AIP.

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Flame stability and emission characteristics of ammonia/air turbulent premixed flames in high speed swirling flowsA. Hayakawa1, Y. Arakawa1, K.D.K.A. Somarathne1, T. Kudo1, H. Kobayashi11 Tohoku University, Institute of Fluid Science, Sendai, JapanAmmonia is a promising candidate of hydrogen energy carrier and carbon free fuel. In our previous study (Hayakawa et al., Int J. Hydrogen Energy, 2017) clarified that ammonia/air flame can be stabilized in a swirling flow. In this study, a swirl burner which was smaller dimen-sions than our previous burner was employed in order to increase a burner inlet velocity. The flame stability and emission characteristics were investigated for high speed swirling flow. The inner and outer diameter of the swirler were 14 mm and 24 mm, respectively. The length of liner was 150 mm and the inner diameter of the swirler was 72 mm.


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Figure 1: shows the direct photo of ammonia/air premixed flame for mixture inlet velocity of 39.1 m/s.

Figure 2: Flame stability limits.Figure 1 Flame images of ammonia/air premixed flames at stoichiometry for burner inlet velocity of 39.1 m/s. Figure 2 shows the flame stability map. It was clarified that the ammonia/air premixed flame can be stabilized in high speed swirling flow which excesses 40 m/s even though the maximum value of laminar burning velocity of ammonia/air premixed flame is 7 cm/s. As increase in the burner inlet velocity, Uin, equivalence ratio range for flame stability became narrower because the Damkohler number decreased with an increase in the burner inlet velocity.


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Figure 3: Emission characteristics.Figure 3 shows the emission characteristics in terms of equivalence ratio obtained using FTIR gas analyzer. As increase in equivalence ra-tio, NO concentration decreases but ammonia concentration increases for Uin = 4.0 m/s and 18.1 m/s. However, ammonia concentration for Uin = 39.1 m/s were large even in lean condition. It is caused by insufficient residence time to consume ammonia in the swirl burner. This study was supported by the Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP), «Energy Carriers».

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Thermodynamic optimization of a fuel cellsM. Holeček1,2, P. Vagner2,3

1 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Mathematical Institute, Prague, Czech Republic2 University of West Bohemia, New Technologies - Research Centre, Pilsen, Czech Republic3 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Numerical Mathematics, Prague, Czech RepublicIn the practical design of a fuel cell, there are many design decisions, that can affect the performance of the cell. Models of such devices formulated in a nonequilibrium thermodynamic framework proved to be useful prediction tool. In our study we formulate models of solid oxide FC and proton exchange membrane FC in the framework of Classical irreversible thermodynamics (CIT), see e.g. [1]. We subject parameters of these model to computational nonlinear optimization. We try to find optimal setting of contradicting design requirements. In case of SOFC we try to find optimal thickness of fuel electrode, where the ohmic resistance competes with amount of the tripe phase boundary. In case of PEMFC we try to find optimum between electrode Pt loading and choice of relative humidity.[1] de Groot, Mazur This work was supported by Charles University Grant no. 70515 and cofunded by the ERDF as part of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports OP RDI programme and, in the follow-up sustainability stage, supported through CENTEM PLUS (LO1402) by financial means from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports under the ”National Sustainability Programme I.“

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Atomic layer deposition of platinum nanoparticles on macro/mesoporous titanium nitride structure for proton exchange membrane fuel cellY.Y. Hung1, Y.M. Chi1, T.K. Chin1, T.P. Perng1

1 National Tsing Hua University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hsinchu city, Taiwan- Province of ChinaFuel cell technologies have advanced notably in recent years. However, the endurance and cost of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are the big challenges for commercialization because of the degradation of traditional carbon support and the utilization of expensive novel metal catalysts. Titanium nitride (TiN) has been demonstrated as a promising catalyst support material with high electrical conductivity, good mechanical properties, good interaction with platinum (Pt), and resistance to oxidation for application in PEMFC. In order to increase the catalyst utilization and power density, this work focuses on catalyst deposition and catalyst support fabrication. Trimethyl (methylcyclopentadienyl) platinum (IV) (MeCpPtMe3) was used as a precursor of Pt in the atomic layer deposition (ALD) process to fabricate the precisely size-controllable and uniformly dispersed Pt nanoparticles on TiN. Pt nanoparticles fabricated by ALD with various cycle numbers attained an average size from 2 to 10 nm. The catalyst utilization efficiency was significantly increased with Pt nanoparticles of 2- 3 nm. Furthermore, a macro/mesoporous TiN was fabricated to obtain higher surface area for loading more Pt to raise the power density. It was fabricated by a sol-gel method, using titanium isopropoxide as a precursor, which was accompanied by polymerization-induced phase separation and followed by nitridation in NH3 at 850 oC. P-123 acted as surfactant to fabricate porous TiN with different surface areas and pore sizes by adjusting the P-123 content. The high surface area (~185.9 m2g-1) was maintained even after the high temperature heat treatment. It was shown that the homemade electrode with better utilization of Pt exhibited significantly higher specific power density than commercial E-Tek electrode. To summarize, the efficiency of PEMFC was highly dependent on the surface area of TiN, Pt loading, and the particle size of Pt.


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Figure 1: (a) Top-view and (b) cross-section SEM images of macro/mesoporous TiN structure.

ESN-CU-P065

Gas turbine power generation system firing ammonia and natural gasN. Iki1, O. Kurata1, T. Matsunuma1, T. Inoue1, T. Tsujimura2, H. Furutani2, H. Kobayashi3, A. Hayakawa3

1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST, Department of Energy and Environment, Tsukuba, Japan2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST, Department of Energy and Environment, Koriyama, Japan3 Institute of Fluid Science- Tohoku University, Complex Flow Research Division, Sendai, JapanAmmonia is a candidate of hydrogen carrier suitable for storage and transportation with high hydrogen content. Ammonia is also car-bon-free fuel such as hydrogen. Therefore replacement of fossil fuel to ammonia is powerful method to reduce the carbon dioxide emission, especially in power generation field. A demonstration test with the aim to show the potential of ammonia-fired power plant is planned using a 50kW class micro gas turbine. Over 40kW of power generation was achieved firing ammonia gas and co-firing methane and ammonia. Although the exhaust gas of gas turbine firing ammonia includes extreme rich NOx over 1500ppm (at 15%O2), NOx removal with SCR was succeeded. Flame observation was planned as the first step of development of a low NOx combustor. Bent coaxial pipe with quartz window was designed for flame observation. Although fuel consumption in the case of flame observation is larger than that in the case of the normal setting of the combustor, over 40kW of power generation was achieved firing ammonia gas and co-firing methane and ammonia observing flames in the prototype combustor. Swirling orange non-premixed flames of ammonia were observed. Observed area was limited near axial center area in the combustor. Then a combustor test rig with a recuperator, heaters and larger observation window is designed and prepared for development of a low NOx combustor. This test rig can supply hot air over 600 degree Celsius.

AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI), the Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP), “Energy Carriers”(Funding Agency: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)). The authors also thank “Toyota Turbine and Systems Inc.” for their assistance with the operation of the micro gas turbine system.

Fig. 1: Prototype gas turbine; Fig. 2: Combustor test rig; Fig. 3: Ammonia flame.


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BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ (BCFZY): A triple (H+/O2-/e-) conducting material for low temperature solid oxide fuel cellJ.W. Jhuang1, C.J. Tseng1, B. Zhu2, K.R. Lee1, S.W. Lee3

1 National Central University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Taoyuan, Taiwan- Province of China2 Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Energy Technolog, Stockholm, Sweden3 National Central University, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Taoyuan, Taiwan- Province of ChinaLow and intermediate temperatures solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have received a lot of attention recently. Though progress has been on fabricating thinner electrolyte layers, challenges still exist in high costs and materials compatibility. The concept of single layer fuel cell (SLFC) was proposed, which integrates anode, electrolyte, and cathode together to significantly reduce the cost of materials, technology and operating temperature [1]. The purpose of this work is to use a triple conducting cathode materials, BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ (BCFZY), as the main material for SLFC and investigate the effect of matching proton, ion and electron conductivity of BCFZY for the SLFC performance.In this work, we use sol-gel method to synthesize the triple conducting BCFZY at 600 ºC and mix different wt% of BaCe0.8Y0.2O3-δ(BCY) and Sm0.15Ce0.85O2-δ(SDC) to enhance the proton and oxygen ion conductivity. We discuss the influences of matching proton, ion and electron conductivity in SLFC.Figure 1 show the I-V curve and EIS for SLFC built by BCFZY at 550 oC. We observed that the SLFC has outstanding current density at 0.6 V about 1000 mA/cm2. The I-V curve for the SLFC mixed with different wt% of BCY and SDC is shown in Figure 2. The I-V curve of pure BCFZY apparently drop down after mixing with 10 wt% SDC oxygen ion conductor, but slightly improves after mixing with 10 wt% BCY proton conductor.

Fig. 1: I-V curve of BCFZY SLFC at 550 °C.

Fig. 2: I-V curve of BCFZY SLFC mix with 10% SDC and BCY at 550 °C.Based on the experimental results, BCFZY is shown to be a promising material for SLFC. Moreover, the SLFC performance can be enhanced by matching proton, ion and electron conductivities in triple conducting materials for SLFC.[1] B. Zhu, R. Raza, G. Abbas, M. Singh, Adv. Fund. Mater. 21 (2011) 2465-9.


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Preliminary characterization of a circular 80 mm anode supported solid oxide fuel cell (AS-SOFC) produced using high pressure injection moldingJ. Kupecki1, D. Papurello2, A. Lanzini2, M. Krauz3, R. Kluczowski3, M. Santarelli21 Institute of Power Engineering, Thermal Processes Department, Warsaw, Poland2 Politecnico di Torino, Department of Energy DENERG, Turin, Italy3 Institute of Power Engineering, Ceramic Department CEREL, Boguchwala, PolandThe current study was oriented at analyzing the performance of the anode supported cell produced using high pressure injection mold-ing. The 550 µm cell was produced in the Ceramic Department CEREL of the Institute of Power Engineering in Poland and experimentally analyzed in the Energy Department DENERG of the Technical University of Turin in Italy.The cell with 30 µm think La0,6Sr0,4Fe0,8Co0,2O3 –δ cathode with porosity 25 vol.% and the 4 µm 8YSZ electrolyte uses the 500 µm anode made of NiO/8YSZ 66/34 wt.% with porosity of 25 vol.% as the support. The thickness of the barrier layer (BL), anode functional layer (AF) and the anode contact layer (AC) are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1: The thickness of the layers making the circular SOFC cell.The cell was tested at two temperature levels of 750°C and 800°C using hydrogen/nitrogen mixture in the anode (500 ml/min and 1500 ml/min, respectively) and 1500 ml/min of air in the cathode. The fuel was humidified at 20°C. The polarization curves are presented in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2: The polarization curves of the circular cells observed for the temperature of 750°C and 800°C.The article discusses the manufacturing process, presents the experimental methodology, reports the data obtained from the experiment and discusses the performance of the cell.


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A flexible 3-in-1 microsensor embedded in vanadium redox flow battery for real-time measurementC.Y. Lee1

1 Yuan Ze University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungli, Taiwan- Province of China

IntroductionThis paper presented the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology to develop a flexible 3-in-1 (current, voltage and tem-perature) microsensor, which is embedded in the vanadium redox flow battery for real-time measurement. It is characterized by (1) compactness and simultaneous measurement of current, voltage and temperature; (2) flexible measurement position and accurate embedding; (3) high accuracy and sensitivity and quick response. The flexible 3-in-1 microsensor can be embedded in the vanadium redox flow battery for real-time monitoring of the current, voltage and temperature variations in the vanadium redox flow battery during charging and discharging. The optimum operating parameters are found out, so as to enhance the performance and life.

Motivation and MethodsAccording to references, in the operation process of battery, there is battery capacity loss when the vanadium ions are diffusing through the membrane material, and the electrolyte temperature may rise [1]. The electrolyte of vanadium redox flow battery deposits at a cer-tain temperature, influencing the flow of vanadium electrolyte severely, the overall generating efficiency of vanadium redox flow battery is influenced, and the electrolyte conveying pump consumes more electricity [2].

Results and ConclusionsThis study used MEMS technology to integrate micro current, voltage and temperature sensors with a 50μm thick PI film substrate successfully. This flexible 3-in-1 microsensor is characterized by three sensing functions, thinness, small structural area, high sensitivity, real-time measurement and optional position.

AcknowledgementThis work was accomplished with much needed support and the authors would like to thank for the financial support by Ministry of Science and Technology of R.O.C. through the grant MOST 105-2221-E-155-005 and Institute of Nuclear Energy Research of R.O.C. through grants NL 1050770.

References1. A. Tang, J. Bao, and M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 216, pp. 489-501, 2012.2. M. Kazacos, M. Cheng, and M. Skyllas-kazacos, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 20, pp. 463-467, 1990.

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Synthesized nanofibers by electrospinning as anode function layers applied to proton conducting solid oxide fuel cellK.R. Lee1, C.J. Tseng2, S.W. Lee1, J.W. Jhuang2, Y.S. Huang1

1 National Central University, Institute of Material Science and Engineering, Taoyuan, Taiwan- Province of China2 National Central University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Taoyuan, Taiwan- Province of ChinaIn this study, SrCeO3 doped with Y3+ (SrCe0.8Y0.2O3, SCY) is used as anode functional layer material attribution to its higher chemical stability beneficial to surmount the severe chemical reaction at the interface between anode and electrolyte. SCY and SCY mixed with NiO ceramic nanofibers are synthesized by the electrospinning technique and inserted at interface as an anode functional layer between the dense electrolyte and the porous anode substrate. Compare with standard sample (no function layer), the peak power densities of SCY as the function layer decreasing sharply (from 172.9 mW/cm2 to 112.6 mW/cm2) due to the lower connectivity and much gaps, which the gaps cut the path way of proton conducting from anode to electrolyte. However, with NiO adding to SCY, the peak power density increasing from 112.6 mW/cm2 to 201.0 mW/cm2. It indicates that the gap (poor contact), which caused by higher difference of material properties between SrCeO3-based and BaCeO3-based, is filled up by NiO. It means that the function layer of SCY mixed with NiO not only retain the advantage of direct path way for proton conducting, which supplied by SCY perovskite fibers but also resolves the problem of cut the path way of proton conducting, from anode to electrolyte which caused by the gaps. We demonstrated that, the insertion nanofibers as an anode functional layer is effective material for reducing the cell resistance and thus significantly improves the anode-supported P-SOFC performance.

ESN-CU-P070

Performance of multifunctional solid oxide fuel cell anodes designed with ZrxCe1-xO2-δ phases for the direct utilization of ethanolP. Miranda1, S. Venancio1

1 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilThere is increasing interest on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) that are able to operate with the direct utilization of carbonaceous fuels with-out previous fuel reforming. The present paper presents singular multifunctional anodes for SOFCs that were designed [1], produced, structurally and performance analyzed with the objective of allowing the direct utilization of ethanol as fuel. The compositional effect of specific multifunctional layers of Cu-(ZrxCe1-xO2-δ-Al2O3-8YSZ, 8%mol yttria stabilized zirconia) based anodes on the SOFC’s performance was investigated. The anode multifunctional layers were designed considering that the ZrxCe1-xO2-δ solid solution´s stoichiometry directly influences the structure, the microstructure and the electrochemical behavior of such a SOFC.


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Three types of SOFCs were produced and tested, each one possessing anodes with different functional layers that were fabricated utiliz-ing ceramic suspensions composed of CeO2-Al2O3-8YSZ, in addition to pore former and a terpineol-based vehicle. Increase in conductivity of the mixed ionic-electronic conductor porous electrode was approached with successive copper nitrate impregnations to reach 20wt.% of copper. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used for microstructural characterization; chemisorption analysis was made to evaluate the oxygen storage/release capacity of the anode, while X-Ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were performed for phase quantification and structural analyses. The single SOFC electrochemical behavior was determined at temperatures ranging from 750 to 950 oC with the direct utilization of anhydrous ethanol as fuel. Carbon formation was analyzed and discussed [2]. It was inferred that strong interaction takes place between 8YSZ and ceria in which case the Zr+4 ions substitute Ce+4 ions when the Cu-(ZrxCe1-xO2-δ-Al2O3) anode is formed. It was concluded that the multifunctional SOFC anode performance is possibly directly related to the Zr+4 concentration in the ZrxCe1-xO2-δ solid solution.[1] P.E.V.de Miranda, S.A. Venancio, H.V. de Miranda, U.S. Patent 9,431,663 B2, 2016.[2] T. Choudhary, Sanjay, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, 10212-10227, 2016.

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A new method of external humidification of gas streamsJ. Olavarrieta1

1 Hydrogen and Fuel cell Technology Experimentation National Center CNH2, Development and Validation Systems Unit UDVS, Puertollano, Spain

Nowadays, the gas streams humidification process is focused on improving the internal humidification of fuel cell stacks to decrease the amount of components in a balance of plant of fuel cell experimental installations, to reduce the size of commercial fuel cell prod-ucts among other reasons. However, there are other situations where external humidification is preferred, such as when companies or researches are interested in testing new components, testing new materials, analyzing curve tendencies, changing gas distributions channels, calculating performances, calculating the value of specific parameters or even when improving the external humidification process is needed.The external gas humidification requires specific calculations, special equipment and other considerations that make it a complex pro-cess. This technique is usually installed in fuel cell systems with low gas flows (bubblers with the shape of little containers are usually used) which means low stack electric power. However, other methods to humidify gases externally are emerging.A new method involves, as main humidification element, plastic cartridges containing Nafion@ membrane where the amount of gas flow to be humidified can vary from very low to very high gas flow, which allows users to work with fuel cell stacks from some watts to kilowatts. In this process the level of relative humidity can be controlled by regulating both the temperature of water used to humidify and the gas flow (obtaining contents of humidity from 0 to 100%), unlike the humidification process that uses bubblers where the gas flow leaves the container in saturation.The PEMFC stacks test station from 1 to 10 kW developed in the Developing and Validation Systems Unit (UDVS) at Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Experimentation National Center (CNH2) provides this kind of sub-system as a new method to humidify gas streams reacting in fuel cells.

ESN-CU-P073

Promotion of oxygen evolution on LSM by incorporation of Pt into the electrodeM. Paidar1, D. Budac1, K. Bouzek1

1 University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Inorganic Technology, Prague, Czech RepublicHigh temperature water electrolysis is promising way for utilization of waste heat and saving expensive electric energy. Another benefit is possibility to operate in fuel cell mode and electrolysis mode in one unit. It makes high temperature electrolysis/fuel cell attractive technology for buffering the fluctuation of electric energy production mainly caused by alternative power sources. Despite significant progress made during last decade, several issues remain still unresolved. The main of them is durability of the system.Metal oxides of perovskite structure are usually used as oxygen electrode material. Typically LaMnO3 doped with Sr referred as LSM is used. But the drawback of pure LSM as the oxygen electrode is poor mechanical stability and its potential degradation at the phase interface with Y-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) electrolyte.The main advantage of LSM is low price but the platinum metal catalyst is accepted as the best catalyst for SOFC/SOEC. Platinum pos-sesses several important advantages, like it doesn’t tend to form nonconductive compounds on the phase interfaces. Therefore the small addition of platinum to LSM electrode should promote the electrode kinetics and also improve the cell durability. Low content of Pt ensures higher Pt utilization in comparison to the low temperature PEM systems.The influence of the Pt addition to the LSM electrode was studied in present work. Pt powder was added directly to the LSM/YSZ mixture. The LSM/YSZ ratio was kept 50:50 in all electrodes studied. Symmetrical cell in oxygen pump mode with LSM electrodes on both sides of the electrolyte were prepared. Behavior at various oxygen partial pressure and operational temperature were studied. Kinetic parameters were determined with respect to the Pt content in LSM electrode.This work was supported by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking within a framework of the SElySOs Project, contract No: 67148.


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H2 utilizations by methanation and reverse water gas shift of CO2 over Ni supported CeO2-ZrO2 catalystsN. Phongprueksathat1, A. Wisutiratanamanee1, V. Meeyoo1

1 Mahanakorn University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nongchok, ThailandCO2 methanation and reverse water gas shift (RWGS) are attractive for controlling greenhouse gas emission and storing H2 energy in the form of CH4 or CO. The methanation increases the energy density and improves safety in transportation of H2 fuel, while RWGS produces CO for chemical looping. The methanation and RWGS can occur simultaneously and the selectivity depends on active sites and operating conditions. Nickel-based catalysts have been employing for this process because of low price yet comparatively active to noble metals. Researches are now focusing on making Ni catalysts more active and stable at low temperature. In this study, the Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 catalyst was prepared by Ni impregnation over Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 support prepared by urea-hydrolysis. The Ni0.2Ce0.75Zr0.5Ox catalyst was prepared one-pot urea-hydrolysis. The result from TPR-H2 of Ni0.2Ce0.75Zr0.05Ox catalyst showed that the metal-support interaction between Ni and support was stronger than Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 indicating that most Ni particles was partly integrated into support lattice, while free Ni parti-cles is prevalent over Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 catalysts. The reactions were carried out at temperatures range of 200-500 °C and H2/CO2 ratio of 3. Comparing with conventional Ni/g-Al2O3 catalyst, the Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 is more active for CH4 by catalyzing methanation at the 50 °C lower with a comparable yield. The maximum yield of CH4 can be achieved around 350, 400 and 450 °C over Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2, Ni/g-Al2O3 and Ni0.2Ce0.75Zr0.05Ox catalysts, respectively. The resulted show that the preparation method also affected the selectivity of the products. The Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 catalyst was more selective for CH4 production with >90% selectivity at 350 °C, while Ni0.2Ce0.75Zr0.05Ox was more selective for CO production with ca. 90% selectivity at 500 °C. This suggested that the Ni metal-support interaction prevented the CH4 production over Ni, since hydrogenation of CO may be restricted by Ni-O-Ce4+

active sites.

ESN-CU-P076

Carbon dioxide methanation in biogasL. Polák1, J. Poláková1, V. Šnajdrová2, T. Hlinčík2, K. Ciahotný2

1 ÚJV Řež- a. s., Department of Hydrogen Technologies, Husinec-Rez, Czech Republic2 University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Gaseous and Solid Fuels and Air Protection, Prague, Czech RepublicThe Power-to-Gas (PtG) process chain could play a significant role in the future energy system. Renewable electric energy can be trans-formed into storable methane via electrolysis and subsequent methanation. The resulting CH4, known as substitute natural gas (SNG), can be injected into the existing gas distribution grid or gas storages, used as CNG motor fuel or it can easily be utilised in all other well-established natural gas facilities. Critical aspect of the PtG process is the availability of CO2 sources. The important CO2 source could become biogas.After removing the trace components, primarily sulphur, biogas can be directly injected to the methanation reactor. Alternatively, the CO2 from biogas upgrading plants can be used. The main advantages of biogas as part of the PtG chain include low gas cleaning expenses and the possibility to utilise the heat from methanation and the oxygen from the electrolysis.The optimum catalyst choice for methanation is nickel based catalyst due to its relatively high activity, good CH4 selectivity, and low raw material price. However, nickel based catalysts require a high purity of the feed gas, especially with respect to halogeneous and sulphurous compounds, which are amply represented in biogas. The development of new catalyst resistant the sulphur is very required.This paper introduces the pilot methanation unit of biogas and hydrogen. Hydrogen is produced by PEM water electrolysis from photo-voltaic plant at 15 bar with flow 1 Nm3/h. Instead of real biogas, the model mixture of CO2, methane and hydrogen suplhide is used. This concept allows experiments with stoichiometric mixture as well as studying an influence of modified H2/CO2/CH4 ratio on produced gas composition. The main goal of the project is development of catalysts resistant to the sulphurous compounds and has good catalytic and mechanic properties.

AcknowledgmentThe work was financially supported by the TACR – Epsilon Project TH02020767.


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Process optimization and experimental testing of electrodeposited α-Fe2O3 thin films for photoelectrochemical water splittingS. Sachdev1, S. Upadhyay2, T. Bera1, R. Badhe1, U. Srivastva1, A. Sharma1, G.K. Acharya1

1 Indian Oil Corp Ltd- R&D, Alternative Energy, Faridabad, India2 DST MNRE, Alternative Energy, Faridabad, India

Introductionα-Fe2O3 (hematite) is a low cost, stable oxide exhibiting semiconductor properties with a bandgap of ~2eV (theoretical STH of around 16.8%). Synthesis of hematite has been reported using number of techniques; Sol-gel, electrodeposition, Spray pyrolysis, PVD and CVD. This paper explores electrodeposition technique for the synthesis of pristine hematite films.

AimAim of this study is to find optimum process parameters for synthesis of hematite thin films through electrodeposition method. It also aims to check the repeatability of the process by doing a statistical analysis of measured photocurrent density of the samples.

MethodIron oxide thin films were electrodeposited in a three-electrode configuration in which a platinum mesh served as counter electrode, SCE (saturated calomel electrode) as reference and FTO (SnO2:F) as working electrode. The electrodeposition solution consisted of 5 mM FeCl3 + 5mM KF + 0.1 M KCl + 1 M H2O2 [1]. Cyclic Voltagrams have been performed on FTO substrates using potentiostat (Ivium) with applied voltage scan range of +0.5v to -0.9V. Number of cycles and scan rate are taken as variables and are varied from 5 cycles to 50 cycles and 10mV/s to 200mV/s. Electrodeposition of samples are followed by calcinations in air at 500 deg C.

Results and ConclusionsIt has been found that the combination of 5 cycles, 40mV/s sweep rate and 50 cycles, 200mV/s sweep rate are the optimum parameters on the basis of photocurrent density. Over 30 electrodes each were synthesized at the mentioned optimum parameters and a statistical analysis has been done to verify the repeatability of the results. With the obtained results it is concluded that there is wide variability in the photocurrent density obtained in different samples. However a considerable larger subset (60%) possesses very low standard deviation.

References[1] Praveen et al., Electrodeposited zirconium-doped alpha-Fe2O3 thin film for photoelectrochemical water splitting, IJHE 36 (2011) 2777-2784.

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Scenario study for CO2-free hydrogen dissemination focused on hydrogen combined power plantsM. Sasakura1, Y. Ishimoto1, S. Iida1, K. Sakata1

1 The Institute of Applied Energy, Research and Development Division, Tokyo, JapanIn April 2014, the Cabinet of Japan approved the new Strategic Energy Plan stating that it is essential for Japan to formulate a road map toward the realization of a “hydrogen society”.In line with the new Strategic Energy Plan, the Strategic Road Map for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells was formulated in June 2014 and revised in March 2016.Prior to these Japanese government trends, we, IAE launched a voluntary “Concept Study Group” on 11 March 2011, and hosted suc-ceeding “Action Plan Study Group”. Now we are hosting “Scenario Study Group”.The aim of our activities is to support the industries for establishment of a large-scale CO2-free hydrogen supply system, and contribute to the realization of a hydrogen society.The chairperson is Prof. Dr. Kenji Yamaji, a director general of Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth.Through these activities, the common recognition was built that hydrogen could contribute to energy security and increase in ze-ro-emissions electric power ratio in Japan [1]. The interviews to stakeholders show that CO2-free hydrogen could start to be introduced in the fields other than vehicles as well around 2020-2030, and large amount of CO2-free hydrogen would be demanded around 2050. GRAPE‘s simulation results show that the order of total hydrogen demand is the same with the interview results. We compiled study results into a prospective vision as shown in fig.1.Now we are studying the introduction scenario for hydrogen combined power plants as shown in fig.2.We conclude that the CO2-free hydrogen CIF price should be lower than around 24 yen/Nm3, ultimately 20 yen/Nm3.


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Fig. 1: Prospective vision of commercial CO2-free hydrogen global chains.

Fig. 2: Introduction scenario for hydrogen combined power plants.

References[1] Masaharu Sasakura, Yuki Ishimoto, Ko Sakata, “An Activity in Japan for Realizing CO2-free Hydrogen Global Supply Chains”, J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 8 (2014) 163-170


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Correlation between power of PEMFC and degradation analysis of carbon support in MEA by using image processingH.S. Shin1, O.J. Kwon1, B.S. Oh2

1 Chonnam National University, Department of Mechanical Engineering- Graduate school, Bukgu Gwangju City, Republic of Korea2 Chonnam National University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bukgu Gwangju City, Republic of KoreaThe US Department of Energy (DOE) in 2015 suggested the required lifetime of fuel cell as 5,000 hr for automobile, 20,000 hr for bus, and 40,000 hr for on-site generator according to the product and application field. In order to increase the durability / reliability of the fuel cell, it is necessary to analyze the cause of the failure. The PEMFC consists of catalysts, catalyst supports, polymer electrolyte mem-branes, gas diffusion layers, separators, and gaskets. Each component has a different cause of degradation which is failure of the PEMFC system. Among various causes of failure of PEMFC, degradation of catalyst supports is analyzed in this paper. The carbon support in the PEMFC tends to degrade during operation for long time. This degradation of carbon support is simulated by using various temperature conditions. The deterioration of the carbon support in the MEA using the temperature condition is confirmed by SEM, and the SEM image is analyzed and quantified. The correlation between degradation of carbon support and performance of PEMFC is analyzed in this paper. It was confirmed that the cracks increased in the image-processed SEM image as increased the temperature condition of the degradation experiment for the carbon support is increased. The cracks in the SEM images were judged to be carbon support degradation phenome-na. The cracks in the SEM image are quantified and calculated as a ratio to derive the CMS(Crack of MEA Surface) ratio. The relationship between the CMS ratio and the power fluctuation of the PEMFC was analyzed as shown Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.

ESN-CU-P081

Combustion process development for a SI engine with low pressure hydrogen direct injectionM. Schumacher1, M. Wensing1

1 Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Erlangen, Germany

IntroductionHydrogen engines were deeply investigated in the past decade and the results show efficiencies similar to conventional CI-engines. Key-element to reach high efficiency and safe operation is a direct-injection (DI) of hydrogen. Because high injection-pressure is not available in some new scenarios, for example when hydrogen is derived from LOHCs [1], or would reduce the complete utilisation of pres-sure-storage-vessels, low-pressure direct-injection (LPDI) is favourable.


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AimResearch on hydrogen engines in the recent past focused on high-pressure DI and port-injection, as Verhelst summarized lately [2]. Investigations on LPDI are found rarely in literature. It is therefore the aim of this work to develop a combustion process for a modern SI-engine with LPDI and show experimental results with variations of injection timing, charge-motion and charge-dilution by air and EGR. The measured values were analysed regarding efficiency, heat-losses and exhaust-emissions.

MethodologyA modern 4-cylinder engine with 1,8l displacement, variable intake and exhaust valve-timing and side-injector position was used for the investigations.

The LPDI-system (figure 1) was developed in a previous work by the authors and uses a multi-hole-nozzle [3]. Intake-pressure was regulated to 980mbar and variations were performed at 1500rpm with qualitative load-control from 4,5bar to 10,5bar IMEP.

Results

Figure 2 shows results at 4,5bar IMEP with strong influence of injection-timing and EGR on efficiency and emissions. Benefits from late injection due to reduced compression-work are clearly visible. The high-EGR-case shows less indicated-efficiency and higher losses to the coolant but less losses to the exhaust. The reduced efficiency can be explained as a result of the lower isentropic-exponent of the working-fluid in the high-EGR-case (higher water-content), which directly influences the efficiency of the thermodynamic-cycle.

ConclusionThe results indicate that LPDI enables benefits from late injection and safe operation. While charge-stratification was not possible, charge-motion and the high dilution-limit of hydrogen open a wide parameter-space with diverse effects on efficiency and emissions.


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Literature[1] Daniel Teichmann, Wolfgang Arlt, and Peter Wasserscheid. “Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers as an efficient vector.for the transport and storage of renewable energy.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, no. 23 (2012): 18118–18132.[2] Verhelst, S. “Recent progress in the use of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 2 (2014): 1071–1085.[3] Schumacher, M. and Wensing, M., “Investigations on an Injector for a Low Pressure Hydrogen Direct Injection,“ SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2699, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-2699.

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Microscale model development for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells considering H2/CO co-oxidationJ. Song1, A. Jeong1, J.H. Nam2, C.J. Kim1

1 Seoul National University, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea2 Daegu University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyungsan, Republic of KoreaSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are electrochemical energy conversion devices that derive its electrical power directly from hydrogen-rich fuels through electrochemical reactions. SOFCs are used in various power generation systems from portable power packs to large-scale power stations. Thin electrodes of SOFCs are where the electrochemical reactions occur, such as hydrogen oxidation in the anode and oxygen reduction in the cathode. Thus, electrode microscale models have been developed to consider the detailed electrochemical reactions and charge/mass transport inside the electrodes, and thus to predict the effects of electrode microstructural parameters such as three-phase boundary length (TPBL), effective electronic and ionic conductivities, porosity, pore size, tortuosity, and so on.Several electrode microscale models have been used for predicting the hydrogen (H2) oxidation kinetics inside Ni/YSZ anodes; however, there are few microscale models that can consider the simultaneous oxidation of H2 and carbon monoxide (CO) on TPBs in Ni/YSZ an-odes. The need for H2/CO co-oxidation models in increasing to accurately predict the performance of SOFCs operated with hydrocarbon reformates. In this study, we first derived the intrinsic electrochemical reaction kinetics for CO oxidation based on the available experi-mental results obtained using nickel patterned anodes. Then, one-dimensional microscale analysis model was developed by combining the intrinsic oxidation kinetics for H2 and CO. Finally, we calculated the performance of SOFCs fueled with H2 and CO mixture gases with varying composition and compared the numerical results with available literature data to validate the accuracy of the developed microscale model.

AcknowledgementThis research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2015R1D1A1A01057376).

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Optimization of hydrogen flame burner for low NOx emissionsM. Stano1, A. Letkovský1

1 Comenius University, Department of Experimental Physics, Bratislava, SlovakiaAlthough hydrogen is a very clean fuel, its combustion at high temperature may generate considerable amount of nitrogen oxides due to reaction of atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. Both NO and NO2, commonly referred to as NOx, are free radicals and have adverse effects on human respiratory system. Moreover, NOx are precursors of photochemical smog. It is therefore desired to minimize the NOx emissions in all combustion processes.The aim of this work is to optimize hydrogen flame burner for low emissions of NOx while maintaining it stable in respect to flame lift and flashback instabilities. The optimization is conducted by variation of the nozzle diameter, power density, and air to fuel equivalence ratio. Single and multiple nozzle burners are investigated. Formation of NO and NO2 is monitored by electrochemical gas sensors and is evaluated in mg/kWh of the released heat. In addition, release of the unburnt hydrogen is monitored as well.Formation of premixed hydrogen flames is more challenging compared to premixed hydrocarbon flames due to high laminar burning velocity of hydrogen. Unpremixed diffusion flames may therefore seem to be more suitable for combustion of hydrogen. However, the results show, that unpremixed hydrogen flames generate large amounts of NOx, largely exceeding the emission limit for gas fired appliances. The emissions of NOx were effectively reduced and the emission limit was fulfilled using the partially and fully premixed flames. Based on the present results, hydrogen stove burner with low NOx emissions and with variable power is suggested.This work was supported by the Slovak grant agency VEGA, project 1/0733/17, and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency contract No. APVV-15-0580. This project has received funding from the European Union‘s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 692335.


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Modification of dry spraying catalyst powder by partial ionomer enveloping catalysts for PEM Fuel cell applicationK. Talukdar1, M. Schulze1, A.K. Friedrich1

1 German Aerospace Center- DLR, Electrochemical Energy Technology, Stuttgart, GermanyThe German Aerospace Center (DLR) has developed a promising technique for the preparation of Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEAs) applicable to Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells– so-called “dry spraying”. The catalyst layer is sprayed in a solvent-free step on the polymer electrolyte membrane, which saves time and safety precautions since solvent evaporation is not necessary during (mass) fabrication. Furthermore, time and cost intensive catalyst ink developments are not required and a solvent-free procedure is in-herently environment-friendly. However, to achieve performance and durability goals ionic and electronic conductivity of the electrode in MEA has to be optimized. As a consequence, the ionomer particle size has to be reduced and ionomer agglomeration must be avoided with a homogeneous distribution of particles. With mechanical grinding, the required small ionomer particle size has not been achieved. An alternative approach was to either develop or modify a carbon support which is partially enveloped by Nafion® polymer before dispersing Pt black into the support or modify the catalyst powder by two-step preparation process with Nafion® solution. In this work, modified catalyst powders were developed and exhibit better ionic channels and structure in the electrode which correlates with its better performance.

ESN-CU-P086

High-pressure thermo-chemical recuperation – benefits and challengesA. Thawko1, A. Poran1, L. Tartakovsky1

1 Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Haifa, IsraelWaste heat of an internal combustion engine can be partially recovered using the energy of the exhaust gases to promote endothermic reactions of fuel reforming. This approach is called Thermo-Chemical Recuperation. Gaseous hydrogen-rich reforming products have a higher heating value and can be burnt more efficiently by approaching the ideal constant-volume combustion of very lean fuel/air mixtures. In our study, we focus on methanol because it is a truly low-carbon-intensity primary fuel, which can be reformed at relatively low temperature and produced from renewable sources. We go beyond the previous studies in this field by applying direct injection of the reformate gas together with high-pressure steam reforming process. We aim at developing a reformer-ICE set as a part of a series hybrid propulsion system, thus alleviating the acute problems of the reformer‘s startup and transient behavior.The main reasons of efficiency improvement and emissions reduction are:• Lean burn operating and thus - lower heat transfer losses.• Faster burning velocity of hydrogen-rich fuel, thus getting closer to theoretical Otto cycle and reduction of cycle-to-cycle variability.• Unthrottled engine operating because of very wide flammability limits of hydrogen-rich fuel.• CO2 presence in the reformate that enables efficient mitigation of NOx formation at higher loads.• Waste heat recovery.The obtained experimental results showed that engine energy efficiency is improved by 18%-39% (higher values at lower loads) and pollutant emissions are reduced by 73-94%, 90-96%, 85-97%, 10-25% for NOx, CO, HC and CO2emissions, respectively, compared with gasoline in a wide power range without any need in exhaust gas aftertreatment. End-of-injection timing is shown to be the important factor affecting engine efficiency and emissions. A possibility of unthrottled operation at low loads is limited by the available enthalpy of exhaust gas. Catalyst deactivation at high pressure is another challenge that should be addressed.

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Electric and hydrogen energy storage systems having emergency power source function to compensate fluctuating renewable energy in water purification plantM. Tsuda1, Z. Zhang1, D. Miyagi1, T. Hamajima1, T. Komagome2, K. Tsukada2, H. Ayakawa3, Y. Ishii4, D. Yonekura5

1 Tohoku University, Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai, Japan2 Mayekawa Mfg. Co.- Ltd., Research and Development Center, Moriya, Japan3 Kitashiba Electric Co.- Ltd., Power Systems Division, Fukushima, Japan4 Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co.- Ltd., Technical Development Division, Kobe, Japan5 Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation, R&D Headquarters, Nagai, JapanWe are aiming to establish a large-capacity and high-reliability hybrid energy storage system composed of fuel cell, electrolyzer, and hydrogen storage container for compensating long-period power fluctuations and electric power storage devices such as lithium-ion battery, electric double-layer capacitor, and superconducting magnetic energy storage for compensating short-period power fluctua-tions. This system is used for compensating load fluctuations and output power fluctuations of renewable energy sources at a normal time and supplying electric power to loads as an emergency power supply system at an emergency time. We have been focusing on the application of this system to water purification plants. In this paper, the following issues was investigated experimentally and analytically to establish a high reliability energy storage system for the water purification plants: 1) the need of the water purification plants for this system; 2) the suitable method for predicting the load fluctuations and the output fluctuations of renewable energy sources; 3) the effective I/O control method of the hybrid energy storage system; and 4) the suitable capacities of electric and hydrogen energy storage systems for the compensation of power fluctuations at a normal time and the power supply at an emergency time. It was found from these investigations that this hybrid energy storage system could solve the following problems in conventional private power generation


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systems: 1) the stable securement of fuel for emergency power supply system at an emergency time regardless of fuel transportation; 2) the improvement of reliability of the private power generation system at an emergency time by avoiding fuel degradation, clogging of a fuel filter, and so on; and 3) the effective use of the private power generation system at a normal time such as load leveling and peak power shifting between the daytime zone and the night time zone.

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Novel I/O control method for suppressing fuel cell degradation in hydrogen and electric energy storage systems compensating renewable energy fluctuationsZ. Zhang1, R. Miyajima1, D. Miyagi1, M. Tsuda1

1 Tohoku University, Department of Electrical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai, Japan

IntroductionAbsence of an energy storage, which has large capacity and high response speed at the same time, makes it difficult to introduce a large amount of renewable energy into power grids. To solve this problem, a hybrid energy storage system consists of a hydrogen system (fuel cell, electrolyzer, and storage unit) and electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) has been proposed (Fig. 1). It has the ability to deal with both a large amount and rapid fluctuations of the renewable energy sources.

Fig. 1.

AimFuel cell degradation was caused by its continuous power variation and open circuit voltage, when a previous control method based on Kalman filter algorithm was adopted. If keep fuel cell power constant (constant power method), it will result in low efficiency. Therefore, a new method which can suppress the fuel cell degradation and keep high efficiency at the same time, was desired.

MethodsIn this research, a novel control method which can suppress the fuel cell degradation by reducing variation of fuel cell power has been proposed. The previous and novel control methods are shown in Fig. 2. A 1 kW class model system composed of solar-cell simulating power source, fuel cell, electrolyzer, EDLC, and control system has been fabricated. The same fluctuating output power was generated by the solar-cell simulating power source, and the fluctuations were compensated with the previous control method, the constant power method, and the novel control method respectively. The frequency of the variation cycles and the efficiency was evaluated in each method.

Fig. 2.


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Results and ConclusionTable 1 shows that the frequency of the variation cycles could be extremely reduced by the novel control method. Moreover, the novel control method could obtain much higher efficiency than the constant power method. These results proved the novel meth-od’s effectiveness.

Table 1.

New Trends – Materials and technologies for hydrogen storage

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The effect of hydrogen on martensitic transformation in the NiTi alloy with ultrafine grain structureA. Baturin1, A. Lotkov2, V. Kudiyarov3, R. Laptev3, I. Rodionov2

1 Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russia, Laboratory of Shape Memory Alloys, Tomsk, Russian Federation2 Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences Ispms Sb Ras, Laboratory of Shape Memory

Alloys, Tomsk, Russian Federation3 National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Department of General Physics, Tomsk, Russian FederationThe nearly equiatomic shape memory and superelastic TiNi alloys, is being extensively explored for medical applications. It is important to investigate the environmental conditions under which the alloy absorbs hydrogen for improvement of the reliability. In particular, hy-drogen atoms in the oral fluid can be absorbed from the surface into the alloy through diffusion process and can form hydrides or change the temperature martrensitic transformations. In order to better understand the role of crystal and microstructure state in hydrogen storage in this report the effects of solution temperature, current density, grain size and charging time on the hydrogen absorption of NiTi superelastic alloy immersed in 0.9% NaCl solution have been investigated systematically. After hydrogen saturation, we measured the hy-drogen concentration with an RHEN 602 (LECO) hydrogen analyzer. For hydrogen cathodic charging under constant current density, upon increasing solution temperature and charging time, the hydrogen concentration increased. As current density increases, the hydrogen concentration initially increases rapidly, then slightly changes. The grain size of materials also has an influence on the hydrogen absorp-tion. The specimens with coarse grain structure under the same hydrogenation conditions have shown much lower hydrogen content then ultrafine grain structure. In work investigated the effect of hydrogen on martensitic transformations. It is shown, that hydrogen suppresses the temperatures of direct martensitic transformation RàB19`, does not affect the temperature of the reverse transformation.The present work is financially supported by RFBR (project № 15-08-99489).

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Testing setup for automatic cycling of metal hydride compositesM. Dieterich1, I. Bürger1, M. Linder11 German Aerospace Center DLR, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Stuttgart, GermanyIn a future hydrogen community, metal hydrides can be used in several new applications. The most common application is as hydrogen storage material for stationary or mobile applications. However, there exist plenty of other applications like heat storage systems, thermal compressors, air conditioning systems, hydrogen purifying, etc.For all of these applications cycling stability is a major issue as it determines operational strategies as well as overall lifecycle cost. For pure materials, there exist studies on several thousands of cycles as these materials can be tested in very low quantity and accordingly in small apparatus. However, due to the low thermal conductivity of the powder as well as the low powder density, it is very common to press these powder materials into pellets, and add e.g. expanded natural graphite to improve the thermal conductivity. For these kind of composites it is not only required to determine the stability of the absorbed amount of hydrogen, but also to determine e.g., the geometric stability or the stability of the thermal conductivity.The present setup, that has been built in the framework of a German BMBf Project “HD-HGV” (grant number 03EK3020), is able to test the geometric stability of such pellets in a fully automatic manner up to 1000s of cycles. The hydrogen uptake (of up to 1.8 g of H2) is measured by the Sieverts method and it is possible to measure up to 4 different pellets in parallel. The temperature of the materials can be varied between -20 °C and 330 °C and the pressures between 101 … 107 Pa.So far with this setup hydride-graphite composites of the following materials have been tested: Hydralloy C5 [1], MgH2 and NaAlH4.


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References:[1] M. Dieterich et. al, Long-term cycle stability of metal hydride-graphite composites, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. (2015).

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Activation of magnesium hydride decomposition by pressingD. Elets1, I. Shikin1, A. Voyt1, M. Dobrotvorskii1, I. Chernov2, I. Gabis1

1 Saint-Petersburg State University, Physics, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation2 Karelian Research Centre of RAS, Inst. of Appl. Math. Research, Petrozavodsk, Russian FederationMagnesium hydride has been studied extensively as hydrogen storage material. MgH2 has several advantages compared to other metal hydrides: the low cost, moderately high hydrogen content; reasonable conditions of synthesis. Significant disadvantages which limit large-scale application of the material in hydrogen storage and transportation sector are high decomposition temperature and slow kinetics of hydrogen release.We suggest a new mechanical method to reduce decomposition temperature and accelerate release of hydrogen from MgH2 – samples’ modification by mechanical pressing. Magnesium hydride powder, pure and with various additives, was pressed by hydraulic press in the range of 1 – 5 ton/cm2. Hydrogen desorption rate data were obtained by TDS and barometry methods. Special attention was paid to high quality of temperature control. Phase composition and morphology was determined using XRD and SEM.We studied desorption kinetics dependence on various additives (aluminum, magnesium, carbon and nickel). Addition of nickel powder had the strongest effect, but even pressing of MgH2 without catalysts significantly accelerated hydrogen desorption. Figure 1 shows SEM of MgH2 pressed with Ni powder. Figure 2 presents TDS curves for pure MgH2 powder and pressed samples without and with Ni catalyst.For modeling of the kinetics we used functions that describe real physical processes, such as decomposition of hydride phase, desorption from nickel and metallic magnesium. Model equations are derived from the conservation law in spherical approximation. We show that activating by nickel creates metal phase nuclei; they serve as a channel of quick hydrogen desorption. Later they form the layer of metal, and the shrinking core scenario occurs. The approximation provided rate evaluations of the processes considered in the models.The work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 16-08-01244. Authors are grateful to the Interdisciplinary Resource Center for Nanotechnology and Research Centre for X-ray Diffraction Studies of St.-Petersburg State University.


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Influence of reaction conditions and catalyst structure on ammonia synthesis activity of Ru catalystsR. Javaid1, T. Nanba1, H. Matsumoto1, M. Nishi2, H. Takagi21 Renewable Energy Research Center- Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute- AIST, Hydrogen Energy Carrier Team, Koriyama, Japan2 Research Institute of Energy Frontier- AIST, Energy Catalyst Technology Group, Tsukuba, Japan

IntroductionIndustrially, ammonia is produced by Haber-Bosch process, requiring high temperature/pressure (500-600 °C, 20-30 MPa) installations. Since the pioneering study of Aika et al., Ru catalysts received particular attention owing higher activity for ammonia synthesis1. For the development of small scale ammonia plants, efficient for storage of H2, fabrication of efficient catalysts and optimization at relatively mild reaction conditions are of great importance. In the present work, Ru/Cs/MgO and Ru/Cs/C were synthesized and analyzed for effect of Cs promoter and reaction conditions on catalytic activity.

AimThe aim of present work is to find appropriate modification of Cs on Ru catalysts and to confirm the effect of reaction conditions on cat-alytic activity.

MethodsRu catalysts were prepared by impregnation method. Catalytic activity was measured in plug flow reactor at various conditions.

ResultsRu/Cs/MgO showed high space-time yield at 425 ºC, 2.5 MPa pressure and H2/N2 ratio 1 (Fig. 1). Although Ru catalysts exhibit self-inhibi-tion due to strong adsorption of H2 on Ru, suppression of activity with increasing H2 partial pressure was not observed at higher tempera-ture. It is suggested that self-inhibition by H2 adsorption was reduced at higher temperature. Moreover, we prepared Ru/Cs/C changing the pore structure of carbon support and the amount of Cs promoter. We observed high catalytic activity when large amount of Cs was loaded on carbons having lower surface area and higher crystallinity. These results suggest that the combination of carbon structure and the amount of Cs affect the catalytic activity of Ru/Cs/C catalyst for ammonia synthesis.

Figure 1: Ru/Cs/MgO activity at various reaction conditions.

ConclusionSuch detailed study on catalyst fabrication and the effect of reaction conditions will greatly contribute to the development of small scale ammonia plants, required for storage of H2 from renewable energy.

Reference1) K. Aika, H. Hori, A. Ozaki, J. Catal., 1972, 27, 424.


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Investigations of microstructure and porosity of activated metal hydride powdersA. Kazakov1, I. Romanov1, V. Kuleshov2

1 Joint Institute For High Temperatures, Laboratory Of Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Moscow, Russian Federation2 Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Chemistry And Electric-chemical Energetic, Moscow, Russian FederationMetal hydrides are perspective materials for hydrogen storage, purification and compression. Pilot metal hydride systems consist from hundreds grams to several kilograms of hydrogen absorbing material. Main obstacle to develope such systems is a heat and mass transfer due to low effective thermal conductivityof metal hydride fine powder and high enthalpies of sorption/desorption processes. A porosity of metal hydride powder significantly influences effective thermal conductivity.In present work adsorption charateristics, microstructure and porosity of metal hydride powders are investigated. Powder samples are taken from three different zones (bottom, medium, up) of vertical metal hydride reactor filled of 500 g metal hydride La0.9Ce0.1Ni5 after 20 sorption/desorption cycles. . Investigations of adsorption are carried out by two different methods: standard contact porosimetry (SCP) and method BET.Measurement results of both methods show a similar trend. Porosities by SCP have similar values ≈0.65 for “up“ and “medium“ zones and 0.46 for “bottom“ zone. Specific area by BET has a maximum 4.2 m²/g for “medium“ due to higher dispersion of particles. “Bottom“ zone has a lowest specific area. SEM images show slight decrease of particle size from “up“ to “bottom“, but macroparticles 200-300 mi-cron are occured in “bottom“ zone. We assume that these not dispersed macroparticles cause decrease in adsorption charateristics of “bottom“ metal hydride powder.

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Effect of co dopant on hydrogen properties in beryllium intermetallic compoundJ.H. Kim1, M. Miyamoto2, M. Nakamichi31 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Rokkasho Fusion Institute, Rokkasho- Kamikita-, Japan2 Shimane University, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Science and Engineering- Department of Material Science-, Shimane, Japan3 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Rokkasho Fusion Institute, Rokkasho- Aomori-, JapanBeryllium intermetallic compounds (beryllides) have shown a variety of applications owing to their lightness. However,few studies on syntheses and experimental verifications of the materials found because of difficulty to handling of the beryllium and its alloys hume and dust. In National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, QST, beryllium handling facility was built based on regulations established by japan government and synthesis and various experiments have been carried out as a research objective. Our group has successfully fabricated not only disk type but also pebble type of beryllides, Be12Ti, Be17Ti2, Be12V, Be13Zr, etc. In parallel to these, syntheses of beryllides as a hydrogen storage material have been started. It has been reported [1] that the hydrogen storage in Be2Ti theretically reaches approximately 5.4 wt.% although experimetal verlification has not been conducted indicating that hydrogen storage result of Be2Ti evaluated by PCT (pressure-concentration-temperature) curve depicts that Be2Ti indicated H2 gas storage con-centration with 0.58 w.t. % (=0.13 H/M) at 298 K when the H2 pressure increases up to 15 MPa. This value was much lower than that expected. BeO layer on the surface of the Be2Ti may contribute to decreased hydrogen storage capacity.In this study, synthesis of beryllium intermetallic compounds as a hydrogen storage material and the effect of Co addition on hydrogen storage capacity in Be2Ti are reported in terms of hydrogen desorption and hydrogen storage property.

AcknowledgmentThis work was supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (16K18343).

Reference[1] Jae-Hwan Kim, Hirotomo Iwakiri, Masaru Nakamichi, International Journal of hydrogen Energy 41 (2106) 8893-8899.

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Potassium-intercalated graphene oxide for room temperature hydrogen storageT.H. Kim1, T.H. Lee2, J. Bae3, Y.H. Lee2, C. Kilwon1, I. Jisoon4

1 Pohang University of Science and Technology, Chemical Engineering, Pohang, Republic of Korea2 Sungkyunkwan University- IBS Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Energy Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea3 Seoul National University, Physics and Astronomy, Seoul, Republic of Korea4 Pohang University of Science and Technology, Physics, Pohang, Republic of KoreaHydrogen is an excellent energy carrier free of carbon dioxide emission, but safe and efficient storage of hydrogen has been a bottleneck for commercial usage. We present here a strategy based on the simple thermodynamics that the density of gases residing in a potential well increases exponentially (exp[-U/kT]) relative to ambient gas, where U (<0) is the potential energy. This mechanism is distinct from the conventional two-phase model (between adsorption and desorption) and allows for enormously enhanced storage in the gas form. Starting from graphite oxide with a controlled oxygen content, we intercalate potassium and effectively create a two-dimensional po-tential well. The gravimetric storage density measured with the quadruple quartz crystal microbalance reaches 4.65 wt% at a pressure of 4.0 MPa and room temperature.


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Figure 1: Calculation of hydrogen interaction between pristine graphene oxide (a) and potassium intercalated graphene oxide (b). Experimental data of (c) XPS and (d) hydrogen storage capacity.

ESN-HS-P100

Investigation on the effect of CaB6 addition on the cycling performance of LiBH4/CaH2 for reversible hydrogen storageP. Li11 University of Science and Technology Beijing, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, Beijing, ChinaThe effect of CaB6 addition on the cycling performance of LiBH4/CaH2 system at 450oC during 10 cycles of isothermal dehydrogenation was investigated by sieverts method in this work. Nano scale LiBH4, CaH2 and CaB6 powder were mixed by ball milling with different stoichiometric ratio of 6: 1: (0, 0.5 and 1), respectively. The addition of CaB6 is observed to enhance the cycling performance of LiBH4/CaH2 system, but less than expected. The XRD results have confirmed the distinct comsuption of CaB6 addictive, as a participant in the re-hydrogenation reaction. The TEM results show that CaB6 particles were not homogeneously dispersed around the LiBH4/CaH2 susbsrate, which might be a limitation for the full exertion of CaB6’s promotion function. As the degradation mechanism of LiBH4/CaH2 system with CaB6 addition remains unclarified, further research on the effect of CaB6 addition by other methods is worth attempt.

ESN-HS-P103

Development of online tracking simulation system for liquid organic hydride production to analyze influence of time-variation of feed flow rateH. Matsumoto1, X. Cui1, R. Atsumi1, T. Nanba1, T. Tsujimura1

1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Renewable Energy Research Center, Koriyama, JapanIn Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), system technologies for production and utilization of methylcyclohexane, which is liquid organic hydride in hydrogen storage, are investigated by using the large scale unified system, to accelerate the mass deployment of renewable energy.We have investigated influence of periodic operation for feed flow rate of hydrogen to conversion of toluene and generation of byproduct, by using bench-scale experimental system. The size of fixed bed reactor that was used in the experiment was Φ 16.6 mm × 500 mm, and mixture of Nickel catalyst (Ni5256, BASF) and α-Al2O3 was packed in the reactor. When molar ratio of flow rate of hydrogen to toluene was changed in the range between 1 and 5 in the form of sine wave, higher conversion of toluene was observed under operating conditions that the period was 3 seconds and the gauge pressure was 0.19 MPa. Then time-variation of reactor temperature was remarkably seen in a case when the period was very short.In order to analyze dynamic behavior of catalytic reaction, we developed dynamic process simulator (DPS) that could exhibit the same behavior as the bench-scale experimental system. In development of the DPS, it was necessary to adjust parameters for reaction rate equation which was estimated by using the differential reactor. Since local deterioration of catalyst was considered in the above-men-tioned experiments, we came up with expression of the reactor by a series of multiple compartment models to adjust efficiently spatial distribution of parameters for the reaction rate equation. Moreover, methods for tuning parameters online, which changed by distur-bance, were investigated by using the MIRROR PLANT developed by Omega Simulation Co., Ltd.Applicability of the developed DPS was clarified by analyzing influence of the periodic operation to spatiotemporal change in estimated parameters for reaction kinetics.


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ESN-HS-P104

Assessment set-up for solid-state hydrogen storages for small mobile applicationsM.S. Manai1,2, M. Leturia1, K. Saleh1, J. Oubraham2, C. Pohlmann2

1 University of Technology of Compiegne, Industrial Process Engineering, Compiegne, France2 Aaqius & Aaqius, R&D, Paris, FranceThe efficient and safe storage of hydrogen is a key element for a hydrogen-based mobility. In this regard, metal hydrides become increas-ingly important because of their extremely high volumetric hydrogen capacity and their moderate operation pressures [1].The objective of this work is to evaluate hydrogen storage systems for small mobile applications with a power of less than 5 kW. Considering the hydrogen release performance by optimizing heat transfer, the storage system can be improved [2, 3]. One major aspect is to increase the retrievable hydrogen by ensuring a more homogeneous temperature profile. Furthermore, safety needs to be adapted to meet the applications specific requirements.A specially designed measuring instrument was realized to simulate expected environment conditions. Hydrogen stored or discharged is examined directly by measuring and controlling the mass flow. The test bench allows to evaluate the specific storage unit behaviors for a given ambiance. Alongside key parameters such as effective gas-permeability and thermal conductivity are analyzed.A robust hydrogen storage test bench to simulate the expected environment for storage units in small mobile application (< 5 kW) was realized. It is possible to simulate different storage conditions for various loading and unloading conditions (1 bar to 100 bar, -20 to 200°C). The specially adapted heat transfer system allows realistic assessments of the storage unit under a broad variety of environmental conditions. We demonstrate the limitations and opportunities of a storage system based on a room-temperature metal hydride. To meet industrial requirements, further development is needed taking into account the conditions for the specific mobile applications. One very important subject in this regard is the storage units stability in relation to materials expansion.

References[1] Züttel Mater. Today 6 (2003) 24.[2] Pohlmann et al. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 1685.[3] Chaise et al. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009) 8589.

ESN-HS-P105

Hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride (NaBH4): Study of the hydrolysis reaction through observation of the reaction behaviorH. Nunes1, C. Rangel2, A. Pinto1

1 Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Chemical Engineering Department, Porto, Portugal2 Solar Energy Unit- LNEG National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, National Laboratory of Energy and Geology-, Lisboa, PortugalSince early 2000’s the sodium borohydride hydrolysis reaction attracted much attention as a hydrogen carrier due to its high hydrogen storage capacity (10.8%).[1] Bearing in mind an on-demand low power H2 – PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) system, this spontaneous and exothermic chemical reaction arises as a very attractive solution for small scale portable applications. Despite the many efforts dedicated to understand and increase the hydrolysis reaction efficiency through the research and development of a suitable catalyst, the kinetics of NaBH4 hydrolysis reaction is not fully understood. Therefore, the development of a reliable kinetic model remains a rich field of research for NaBH4 based hydrogen generation systems.In 2015, the group reported for the first time an innovator portable batch mini-reactor with an ovoid geometry to generate and storage hydrogen from the catalytic hydrolysis of NaBH4. [2] This work set the ground to the present study that presents an acrylic mini-reactor with an identical ovoid geometry, which allows observing the reaction behavior.The experiments carried out at uncontrolled room temperature, in the presence of an unsupported Ni-Ru based catalyst – reused up to 60 times – and aimed to study the behavior of NaBH4 hydrolysis reaction in the following scenarios: 1) stabilized hydrolysis in the presence of an inhibitor (excess of water); 2) alkali-free hydrolysis with stoichiometric amount of water (solid NaBH4); 3) refueling process – successive injections of alkaline NaBH4 solution.The optimized ovoid geometry revealed a reaction yield of 90% for each studied scenario and hydrogen generation rates up to 1 L.min-1.gcat

-1. The results obtained, together with the capability to observe the reaction behavior on a batch mini-reactor can make an important contribution to the kinetic study of NaBH4 hydrolysis and thereby develop a reaction mechanism that correctly describes the role and interdependence of all involved species.

ESN-HS-P108

Improvement of complex metal hydride for application to solid-state hydrogen storage systemJ.H. Shim1, J.K. Choi11 Korea Institute of Science and Technology, High Temperature Energy Materials Research Center, Seoul, Republic of KoreaSolid-state hydrogen storage systems have attracted much interest due to their high volumetric density of hydrogen and low safety risk. Recently, there has been effort to develop solid-state hydrogen storage systems for on-board applications such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which are expected to replace high pressure hydrogen gas vessels. In this study, we have attempted to improve various properties of complex metal hydride systems operating at intermediate temperature such as NaAlH4, which is necessary to apply them to solid-state hydrogen storage systems. We significantly enhance hydrogen sorption kinetics of NaAlH4 using ball milling with proper


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catalysts. To minimize the loss in hydrogen capacity due to the addition of catalysts, nano-catalysts, which are inert to NaAlH4, are adopted. Thermal conductivity of catalyzed NaAlH4 pellets, which is crucial for thermal management of solid-state hydrogen storage systems, is improved using expanded natural graphite and nanostructured carbon. Also, the volume change of catalyzed NaAlH4 pellets was measured during hydrogen sorption cycle.

ESN-HS-P109

The effect of metal-organic framework porosity to hydrogen generation of ammonia borane via nanoconfinementJ.Y. Chung1, C.W. Liao1, J. Li2, B.K. Chang3, C.Y. Wang4

1 Feng Chia University, Materials Science and Engineering, Taichung, Taiwan- Province of China2 Rutgers University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, New Jersey, USA3 National Central University, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Taoyuan, Taiwan- Province of China4 National Chiao Tung University, Materials Science and Engineering, Hsinchu, Taiwan- Province of ChinaChemical hydride ammonia borane (AB, NH3BH3) draws attentions to hydrogen energy researches for its high gravimetrical capacity (19.6 wt%).[1] Nevertheless, the elevated AB decomposition temperatures (Td) and unwanted byproducts are main hurdles in practical application. It was reported that the Td can be reduced with nanoconfinement technique, in which AB molecules were confined in porous materials, like carbon,[2] zeolite,[3] metal-organic frameworks (MOFs),[4,5] etc. Though nanoconfinement empirically shows effective-ness on hydrogen generation, the theoretical mechanism is debatable.AB@IRMOF-1 (Zn4O(BDC)3, BDC = benzenedicarboxylate) with no catalytic sites had low Td.[5] Besides, AB in porous materials with active sites were studied, such as Li-catalyzed carbon CMK-3[2] and MOF JUC-32-Y with exposed Y3+.[4] Researchers found nanosize of AB is critical for lowering Td, while active sites eliminate byproducts. Nonetheless, Zhong et al.[3] physically ground AB with ZIF-8 (ze-olitic imidazolate frameworks), and found similar reduced Td, even though AB molecules were not “confined” or forming nanoparticles. It shows the catalytic reaction, not nanoconfinement, leads to AB dehydrogenation promotion.In this research, we explored Td of nanconfined AB in MOFs with different porosities and active sites. MOFs with closed (IRMOFs: Zn; UiO: Zr) and open metal clusters (MIL-53(Al)) accompanying with various organic ligands (BDC and BPDC; BPDC = biphenyldicarboxylate) were selected. Excess MOFs were used for AB size constrained in micropores estimated by revisiting Horvath-Kawazoe model. We observed Td was reduced from 100°C to 64°C when MOF micropore ~1 nm, while ~90°C with pore size up to 5 nm. MIL-53 serves as a counterpart with expected large AB crystalline (due to closed MOF structure) and open metal sites. In conclusion, we discovered the increasing trend of AB Td with MOF pore size, possibly stronger than the effect of active sites.

ESN-HS-P110

Porous nickel-and cobalt-based oxides nanorods catalytic effects on improving LiBH4 dehydrogenation propertiesL. Zang1, Y. Wang1, H. Yuan1, Y. Wang1

1 Nankai University, College of Chemistry- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry MOE, Tianjin, China

IntroductionLiBH4 with a high theoretical hydrogen storage capacity (18.5 wt%, 121 kg m-3), has been widely accepted as a leading candidate for onboard applications. However, the practical applications are restricted due to its harsh thermodynamics, kinetics and reversibility. Numerous studies have proven that catalyst doping is one of the most effective ways to improve the thermodynamic and kinetic prop-erties of LiBH4. In recent years, transition metal oxides have been proved to be effective catalysts for various applications. In this work, porous nickel- and cobalt-based oxides nanorods (NiCo2O4, Co3O4 and NiO) were synthesized by hydrothermal method. These nanorods were introduced into LiBH4 with different mass ratio (2:1, 1:1, 1:2) by ball milling.

Results and conclusionThe dehydrogenation properties of LiBH4 are significantly improved after doping with the metal oxides nanorods. When the mass ratio of LiBH4 and oxides is 1:1, the NiCo2O4 nanorods display the optimal catalytic performance. The initial hydrogen desorption temperature of LiBH4-NiCo2O4 composite decreases to 80 °C, which is lowered 220 °C than that of pure LiBH4. And the LiBH4-NiCo2O4 composite releas-es total 16.1 wt% H2 at 500 °C, in comparison with only 7.8 wt% H2 for pure LiBH4. Simultaneously, the composites also exhibit superior hydrogen desorption kinetics, with 5.7 wt% H2 liberated from LiBH4 within 60 s and total 12 wt% H2 in 5 h at 400 °C. In comparison, the pure LiBH4 releases only 5.3 wt% hydrogen under the same conditions. Subsequently, corresponding catalytic mechanisms of the nickel-and cobalt-based oxides have been also discussed.


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Fig. 1: (a) SEM image of NiCo2O4 nanorods; (b) hydrogen desorption curves of LiBH4 and LiBH4-NiCo2O4composite.

References[1] Züttel, A. Wenger, P. Rentsch, S. Sudan, P. Mauron, Ph. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 118: 1-7.[2] Zhang, Y. Liu, Y. F. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Gao, M. X. Pan, H. G. Dalton Trans., 2015, 44:14514-14522.

ESN-HS-P111

Enhanced catalytic effects of flower-like Ni/C additive on dehydrogenation properties of LiAlH4L. Zang1, Y. Wang1, H. Yuan1, Y. Wang1

1 Nankai University, College of Chemistry- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry MOE, Tianjin, China

IntroductionSafe and efficient hydrogen storage technology is one of the key technical barriers to the development of on−board hydrogen storage materials. Among complex metal hydrides, LiAlH4 is of particular interest. However, the practical application of LiAlH4 is limited by rela-tively slow dehydrogenation rate and poor reversibility. In order to overcome these drawbacks, an alternate approach to modifying the dehydrogenation kinetics of LiAlH4 is through altering the chemical bonding of LiAlH4 by adding additives. Here, three dimensional flow-er-like Ni/C composed of interlaced carbon flakes with highly dispersed metal nanoparticles were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal/solvothermal process. Their catalytic effects on the kinetics and thermodynamics of LiAlH4 have been investigated.

Results and conclusionThe flower-like Ni/C metallic catalyst is a promising additive for as–received LiAlH4 that it produces a significantly reduced dehydrogenation temperature and dramatically enhanced dehydrogenation kinetics. It is found that the 10 wt% Ni/C–LiAlH4 sample starts to decompose at about 48 °C and releases 6.50 wt% H2, which is 100 °C lower than that of as–received LiAlH4. The isothermal dehydrogenation kinetics shows that the 10 wt% Ni/C-LiAlH4 sample could release approximately 6.30 wt% H2 in 1 h at 140 °C, whereas as–received LiAlH4 only releases about 0.52 wt% H2 under same conditions. The activation energy (Ea) is calculated to be 61.94 and 71.73 kJ mol-1 for the first and second hydrogen desorption of 10 wt% Ni/C–LiAlH4 sample, a 49% and 56% reduction relative to as–received LiAlH4, respectively. It is reasonable to conclude that flower-like Ni/C metallic catalyst is an effective additive for significantly enhancing the dehydrogenation properties of as-received LiAlH4.

Fig. 1: (a) TEM image of Ni/C; (b) hydrogen desorption curves of LiAlH4 and LiAlH4-10 wt% Ni/C composite.

References[1] Tavakkoli, M. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54: 4535-4538.[2] Tan, C. Y. Tsai, W. T. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 2015, 40: 10185-10193.


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ESN-HS-P112

Enhanced hydrogen storage properties of the 2LiNH2-MgH2 mixtures with addition of xMg(BH4)2B. Zhang1, J. Yuan1, S. Zhou1, Y. Wu1

1 China Iron & Steel Research Institute Group- Advanced Technology & Materials Co., R & D Center, Beijing, China

IntroductionIn the Li-Mg-N-H systems, tremendous efforts have been devoted to improving the hydrogen storage properties by adjusting composition, understanding reaction mechanisms, adding catalysts and refining the microstructures, etc. Catalysis as well as nanosizing is significantly effective in improving the kinetic properties and thermodynamic destabilization of Li-Mg-N-H systems [1, 2]. The addition of Mg(BH4)2 can dramatically enhance the hydrogen storage properties of the Li-Mg-N-H system.

MethodsThe 2LiNH2-MgH2-xMg(BH4)2(x=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 at.%) were prepared by ball milling. Hydrogen storage properties were tested on Sieverts-type apparatus. Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer measurements were used to identify the phase characterizations of the products during the hydrogen absorption-desorption process.

Results and ConclusionNew phases Mg(NH2)2, Li4(BH4)(NH2)3 are detected in the ball-milled mixtures. It is supposed that LiNH2 react with Mg(BH4)2 during ball milling [3]. Fig. 1 presents the dehydrogenation curves of the 2LiNH2-MgH2-xMg(BH4)2.With the addition of Mg(BH4)2, the onset desorption temperature are lowered. The desorption kinetics are enhanced. Meanwhile, the active energy (Ea) are reduced to 112.8 KJ/mol, with addition of 0.05 mol Mg(BH4)2, as shown in Fig. 2. The 2LiNH2-MgH2-0.3Mg(BH4)2 is selected to study the compositional and structural changes upon heating. XRD patterns of the 2LiNH2-MgH2-0.3Mg(BH4)2 at different stages show that the crystallization behavior of amorphous Mg(NH2)2 is confirmed at 100/140 °C and hydrogen desorption mechanisms are revealed.

Fig. 1: Dehydrogenation curves of 2LiNH2-MgH2-xMg(BH4)2 (x=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) samples. Initial pressure: 0.001bar, temperature range: 25-350 °C, heating rate: 2 °C/min.

Fig. 2: Kissinger’s plots and active energy (Ea) curves of 2LiNH2-MgH2-xMg(BH4)2 (x=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) samples.

References[1] Liu Y, Zhong K, Luo K, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009;131: 1862.[2] ZhangY, Xiong Z., Cao H., et al. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2014;39 (4): 1710.[3] Pan H, Shi S, Liu Y, et al. Dalton Trans 2013;42: 3802.


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ESN-HS-P114

Hydrogen storage thermodynamics and dynamics of Ce-Mg-Ni-based CeMg12-type alloys synthesized by mechanical millingY.H. Zhang1,2, H.W. Shang2, Y.Q. Li2, Z.H. Hou1,2, Y. Qi2, D.L. Zhao2

1 Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Exploitation of Baiyun Obo Multi-Metal Resources, Baotou, China

2 Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Department of Functional Material Research, Beijing, ChinaIn this paper, Mg was partially substituted by Ni for improving the hydrogen storage performances of NdMg12-type alloy. Mechanical milling technology was used to synthesize the nanocrystalline and amorphous CeMg11Ni + x wt.% Ni (x = 100, 200) alloys. The effects of Ni content and milling duration on the hydrogen storage thermodynamics and kinetics of the alloys were investigated systematically. Hydrogen absorption and desorption properties were investigated by Sievert apparatus and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) connected with a H2 detector. Hydrogen desorption activation energy of the hydrides was estimated by Arrhenius and Kissinger methods. The results indicate that increasing Ni content results in a slight reduction in the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH and ΔS) of the alloys, while it significantly improves the absorption and desorption kinetics. Furthermore, the different milling time has significantly effects on the hydrogen storage properties of the alloys. The hydrogen storage capacity reaches the maximum value with milling time increasing, which is 5.691 wt.% for x = 100 alloy and 5.904 wt.% for x = 200 alloys. The hydrogen absorption saturation ratio (Ra 10) (a ratio of the hydrogen absorption capacity in 10 min to the saturated hydrogen absorption capacity) also reaches the maximum value with milling time increasing, namely 90.17% for the x = 100 alloy and 99.32% for the x = 200 alloy at 573 K and 3 MPa. The hydrogen desorption ratio (Rd 20) (a ratio of the hydrogen desorption capacity in 20 min to the saturated hydrogen absorption capacity) always increases with milling time increasing. To be specific, prolonging milling time from 5 to 60 h enables thevalue to increase from 37.55% to 47.21% for the x = 100 alloy and from 47.29% to 61.70% for the x = 200 alloy at 593 K, respectively.

Energy Systems – Deployment – Hydrogen production from renewables, grid balancing

ESD-GB-P133

Don Quichote: Demonstration of how to produce hydrogen using wind energyA. Aly1

1 FAST - Federazione delle associazioni scientifiche e tecniche, Energy, Milan, ItalyThe Don Quichote project, an EU-funded demonstration project, is proving the commercial viability of an integrated hydrogen storage system linked to a refuelling facility, directly connecting intermittent renewable electricity to transport applications. With a complete hydrogen-based energy system established at a commercial site near Brussels, the Don Quichote team is using electricity from solar panels and a wind turbine to generate hydrogen through electrolysis that is then used for back-up power supply and to refuel fuel cell-powered forklift trucks and other vehicles. The system proved to be a success – both in terms of efficiency and costs.

ESD-GB-P134

Theoretical analysis of the steam reforming of bio-oil model compounds and bio-oil aqueous fractionsS. Authayanun1, P. Promta2, A. Arpornwichanop2

1 Srinakharinwirot University, Chemical Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand2 Chulalongkorn University, Chemical Engineering, Bangkok, ThailandIn this study, the steam reforming of bio-oil model compounds as well as the whole bio-oil aqueous fraction is analyzed based on a ther-modynamic approach. The effects of primary operating parameters on hydrogen production and carbon formation are discussed. The performance of the bio-oil steam reforming process is compared with that of a direct decomposition process. The simulation results show that temperature and the steam-to-fuel (S/F) ratio have a positive effect on hydrogen production. The optimal operating conditions of each bio-oil model component are different; phenol needs to be reformed at higher temperatures and higher S/F ratios compared to acetic acid, acetone, ethylene glycol and ethyl acetate. At a reforming temperature of 900 K, an increase in the S/F ratio for steam reforming of the whole bio-oil aqueous fraction can enhance the H2 product content by 17%. Regarding carbon formation, operation of the steam reformer at high temperatures and high S/F ratios can suppress the presence of carbon. In comparison with a decomposition processes, steam reforming of bio-oil shows better performance in terms of higher hydrogen yield and lower temperature requirements for operation.


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ESD-GB-P142

Development of CO2 free hydrogen energy system and applicationT. Maeda1, N. Endo1, K. Goshoume1, S. Suzuki1, A. Kawasumi11 AIST, Renewable Energy Research Center, Koriyama, JapanAIST established the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Koriyama, Fukushima Prefecture in April 2014, to promote R&D into renewable energy. We will introduce our several research activities about hydrogen production, storage using metal hydride, power generation by fuel cell and high pressure hydrogen application.To develop renewable power to hydrogen, we construct PV-Electrolyzer system. Hetero-junction type PV were chosen as the energy source, the total output of the PV system was 20.8 kWp, and a proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer was chosen as the hydrogen production. We propose control methods of a photovoltaic (PV)-water electrolyzer system that efficiently generates hydrogen by controlling the number of water electrolyzer. The advantage of this direct coupling between PV and water electrolyzer is that the power loss due to the DC/DC converter is avoided. To match the maximum power point of PV the number of active electrolyzer cells was adjusted.We also developed hydrogen storage using Metal hydride. MH hydrogen is suitable for stationary on-site storage due to its high volumet-ric storage density and mild operation conditions. AB5 type rare-earth based alloys, which are the most typical hydrogen storage alloys e.g. LaNi5 and Mm(Ni,Al)5. We developed Ti-Based alloy(TiFe) for low cost MH hydrogen storage. On the other hands Ti-Based alloy is difficult to activate for hydrogen absorption. We carried out activation treatments for bench-scale tank under the condition of below 1MPaG and 80-degree C. This study is contributed to the development of low-cost metal hydride stores for stationary hydrogen storage.

ESD-GB-P143

Simulation analysis of large scale unified system for hydrogen energy carrier productionT. Matsuda1, H. Kojima2, H. Matsumoto2, T. Tsujimura2, D. Kobayashi11 Tokyo Denki University, Department of materials science and engineering, Tokyo, Japan2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Renewable Energy Research Center, Koriyama, JapanIn order to utilize fluctuating renewable energy effectively, it is promising to use hydrogen as an energy carrier. Fukushima renewable energy institute of AIST (FREA), which was launched in 2014, has the large scale unified system for hydrogen energy carrier production and utilization, and fundamental system technologies related to organic chemical hydride method are investigated.The aim of the present study is to analyze the behavior of hydrogen production against fluctuating patterns of renewable energy by using dynamic simulator of the hydrogen production system.Dynamic simulator of 150 kW alkaline water electrolyzer has been developed [1]. In the simulation analysis based on heat balance model, influence of cooling process to time-variation of electrolyte temperature could be made clear. The developed models were adopted to the system simulator for hydrogen production, including accumulator to absorb short-term fluctuation by renewable energy. Three management system models were also contained in the simulator.Dynamic behavior of the alkaline water electrolyzer against two patterns of time-series data for PV power was analyzed by the system simulation. In Fig. 1, gradual increase in the electrolyte temperature for Case 2 (Cloudy day) was shown as compared with Case 1 (Sunny day). Then, in a case when initial electrolyte temperature Tini was higher (Case 3), it was seen that difference of Tini influenced change in electrolytic voltage until the peak of electric power. The simulation analysis has demonstrated that increase in the electrolyte tempera-ture around the peak of electric power suppressed lowering of efficiency of power conversion.

Fig. 1: Simulation results of electrolyte temperature and electrolytic voltage against time-series data for PV power.


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Reference[1] Kojima H, et al., Development of large scale unified system for hydrogen energy carrier production and utilization: Experimental analysis and systems modeling, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (in press).

ESD-GB-P144

Lower-cost wind-source hydrogen from self-excited induction generator (SEIG) equipped turbines, close-coupled to electrolysis stacks, integrates controls with minimum power electronicsW. Leighty1, Z. McDonald2

1 The Leighty Foundation, Director, Juneau, USA2 University of California, Institute od Transportation Studies, Davis, USAWithout costly connection to, nor energy delivery to, the electricity grid, wind turbines and windplants of all sizes may be simplified in design and reduced in cost by equipping them with novel-technology Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) systems producing high-purity Hydrogen fuel at lower cost/kg. The simple, rugged, low-cost induction motor on each turbine produces “wild AC“ rectified to a “wild DC“ bus interconnecting two or more turbines, minimizing power electronics. Electrolysis stacks are close-coupled to the “wild DC“ bus, eliminating the costly “transformer-rectifier“ subsystem. Complete wind-to-Hydrogen system controls are integrated in single SCADA system. These distributed, autonomous windplants deliver only Gaseous Hydrogen (GH2) fuel to large new, dedicated, high-purity, underground, GH2 pipeline systems for gathering, transmission, storage, and integration of diverse, stranded, renewable energy resources.California‘s achievement of both Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) for electricity and “80-in-50“ reduction in transportation sector CO2 emission (80% below 1990 by year 2050) cannot be achieved via electricity systems alone, but will require ~7 million tons/year of high-purity Hydrogen fuel, from CO2-emission-free sources, by year 2050, for light duty vehicles, buses, and trucks, requiring full output of about 200,000 MW of nameplate wind generation plus 200,000 MW nameplate solar-PV generation.https://vimeo.com/126045160, https://vimeo.com/86851009

Fig. A: Distributed, autonomous production of wind-source hydrogen fuel enabled by simplified turbine generating systems, with elec-trolysis stacks close-coupled to the windplant DC bus, for lower capex and O&M costs. Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) enables simple, robust, low-cost induction motors as generators.


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Fig. B: SEIG-mode operation on a 50 kW “distributed“, autonomous (no electricity grid connection) Palm Springs, CA wind turbine, delivering rectified “wild AC“, at variable speed, as “wild DC“ to a DC resistive load bank: https://vimeo.com/160472532.

Fig. C: GH2 transmission pipelines of polymer-metal tubing with Cu or Al as the H2 permeation barrier are immune to hydrogen embrittlement.

ESD-GB-P145

Silica based hydrogen permselective membranes for the thermochemical water splitting IS processM. Nomura1, A. Shibata1, A. Ikeda1, O. Myagmarjav2, N. Tanaka2, S. Kubo2

1 Shibaura Institute of Technology, Dept. of Applied Chemistry, Koto-ku, Japan2 Japan Atomic Energy Agency, HTGR Hydrogen and Heat Application Research Center, Ibaraki, JapanThe thermochemical water splitting IS process is one of the hydrogen production method by recycling I2 and SO2. One of the problems of the IS process is low conversion of the HI decomposition reaction at about 20%. A membrane reactor to extract H2 through a H2 permselective membrane can be a solution to improve the HI conversion. Silica hybrid membranes have been developed for silica based H2 permselective membranes by using a counter diffusion chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Two reactants (e.g. silica precursor and oxidant) are provided at the opposite side of the porous substrates and silica layer is deposited inside the pore of the substrate. The pore sizes are controlled by introducing organic functional groups to silica precursor. In this study, the silica based membranes with the high H2 permselectivity were developed for a membrane module. Effects of pore sizes on the H2 permeances were discussed. Porous γ-alumina substrates were employed for a CVD treatment. Hexyltrimethoxysilane (HTMOS) was used as a silica precursor and O2 or O3 is used as an oxidant. The HI permeation performances were investigated through the HTMOS derived membrane deposited at 450°C. Fig. 1 shows the single gas permeation tests of H2 and HI at room temperature or 400°C. The H2 permeance was 9.4×10-7 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 and the H2/SF6 permeance ratio was at 420 at room temperature. The H2/HI permeance ratio at 400°C was 6820 with the


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H2 permeance of 5.0×10-7 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1. The H2 permeances kept after the HI gas permeation test at 400°C for 3 h. These results showed that the HTMOS derived membrane can be applied as the H2 permselective membrane of the HI decomposition reaction.**This work was supported by Council for Science, Technology and Innovation(CSTI), Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP), “energy carrier” (Funding agency: JST).

ESD-GB-P146

Biohydrogen production from starch in presence of mixed bacterial consortia immobilized on cellulose beadsM. Stodolny1, K. Seifert1, R. Zagrodnik1, M. Łaniecki11 A. Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Poznan, Poland

IntroductionDifferent immobilizing materials for bacteria (polymers, porous glass, mesoporous and macroporous silicas, clays, inorganic and organic fibers) have been already tested in this process. Application of cellulose as the support for enzymes is well known. Application of any kind of cellulose available on the market for bacterial biofilm formation is less recognized. This communication describes application of cellulose beads for immobilization of hydrogen producing bacteria.

AimSynthesis and application of non-modified and amine modified cellulose beads for immobilization of bacterial cultures active in fermenta-tive hydrogen production. Improvement of hydrogen yield with these immobilizing agents while applying starch as the source of organic carbon.

MethodsMicrocrystalline cellulose suspension in NaOH solution was introduced into 5% HCl solution. The obtained beads were modified with amminosilane (AEAPTMS). Anaerobic digestion sludge was used for inoculum preparation. Hydrogen production was performed in batch tests (4 days) with standard medium containing starch and cellulose at different ratio. The GC and HPLC were used to monitor the hydrogen, CO2 content and liquid metabolites concentrations, respectively.

ResultsBoth non-modified and ammine modified cellulosic beads ( 1.5 mm diameter, density 0.1 g/cm3) appeared to be the effective supports for dark fermentative bacteria. However, activity in presence of amine modified beads showed much better performance (about 30%). The acetic and butyric acids accompanied production of hydrogen. The more basic surface the better activity was observed. Average hy-drogen content in gaseous products was close to 70%. The measurements of ΔCOD confirmed higher consumption of starch in presence of cellulosic supports.

ConlusionCellulose and amine modified cellulose beads are the effective supports for immobilization of dark fermentative bacteria in hydrogen production.

Deployment – Fuel cell systems for CHP and UPS

ESD-CS-P148

Development of stationary fuel cell systems at HySA systems competence centreP. Bujlo1, M. Malinowski1, C. Sita1, S. Pasupathi11 University of the Western Cape, HySA Systems Competence Centre, Cape Town, South AfricaHySA Systems Competence Centre is part of a long-term (15-year) Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies (HFCT) Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) strategy established by the Department of Science and Technology in South Africa. The Centre is hosted by the South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry at the University of the Western Cape. The Centre’s R&D work focuses on devel-opment of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell systems, prototypes and products; execution of technology validation and system integration as well as system oriented material research.


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Fig. 1: Developed at HySA Systems stationary fuel cell system.This paper describes recent achievements in stationary hydrogen and fuel cell systems development at HySA Systems Competence Centre. The activities related to the development and integration of stationary hydrogen and fuel cell systems is described and main sub-systems are characterized. The main energy source of the presented units is low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack. The unregulated DC voltage generated by the stack is converted by power conditioning system and a useful AC voltage is supplied to the end user. The control system is based on programmable logic controller (PLC) that enables data storage as well. The field trial and testing is on-going and the results obtained are presented and discussed.The support of the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies RDI Programme (HySA), funded by the Department of Science and Technology in South Africa (Key Programme 1 Combined Heat and Power, Project KP1-S03) and the DST 3 Centre Fuel Cell System Project (DST/CON 0053/2016) are gratefully acknowledged.

ESD-CS-P149

Comparison of different commercially available filters for treatment of air for PEM fuel cells stack for mobile UPSJ. Mališ1, M. Paidar1, K. Bouzek1

1 University Of Chemistry And Technology Prague, Department Of Inorganic Technology, Praha 6, Czech RepublicRescue and military units require nowadays for their efficient work numerous electronic devices. Number of these devices is rapidly growing in time. Whereas in fifties of the last century the typical equipment consisted of one lamp, in 21st century it was extended e.g. by walkie-talkie, GPS, night-glass and other electronic systems. Energy supply of these units during outdoor application may be in some cases problematic. UPS based on PEM fuel cell as an energy-producing unit represents promising solution of this problem. It possesses several important advantages in comparison to the alternative solutions as high efficiency, process intensity, flexibility and no recharge time.Ambient air serves as an oxidant on the cathode side of the fuel cell. The impurities present in the air represent main obstacle from this point of view. They can reduce lifetime of fuel cell. Solid impurities, like dust of pollen can block gas distribution channels and electrode. Platinum particles serving as a catalyst of the fuel cell electrodes reactions can be easily poisoned by various air pollutants, like hydrogen sulfide, sulfide oxides or VOC. Promising approach to solve this problem represents use of filters with interlayer of active carbon. Important parameter in this respect represents pressure drop over the filter. It is because it is directly related to the overhead consumption of electrical energy produced by the UPS.In this study were characterized and compared different type of commercially available air filters. Investigated parameters were pressure drop, ability to capture of pollutants dimensions and final price. On the base of these data filter suitable for operating fuel cell powered APU unit was selected when accounting for the typical air pollutants and desired fuel cell life time.This work was supported by Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic within the framework of the project No. VI20152019018.

ESD-CS-P151

Current progress in the design and setup of a SOFC/GT hybrid power plant for generating electrical energy at DLRC. Schnegelberger1, S. Steilen1, M. Henke1, M. Tomberg1, M. Heddrich1, K.A. Friedrich1,2

1 German Aerospace Center DLR, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Stuttgart, Germany2 University Stuttgart, Institut for Energy Storage, Stuttgart, GermanyThe German Aerospace Center (DLR) is setting up a hybrid power plant with 30 kW electrical power output. It consists of a SOFC and a micro gas turbine (MGT). The hybrid power plant can reach electrical system efficiencies greater than 60 % throughout a wide operating range.


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Due to the SOFC’s high operation temperature and incomplete fuel utilisation, the exhaust gas will always contain usable energy. The MGT will use this energy to provide compressed and preheated air for the SOFC and generate electricity. Before entering the cathode the compressed air will be preheated in the turbine exhaust heat exchanger. The SOFC will be operated at elevated pressure, which has positive effects on its efficiency. Therefore the SOFC is located in a pressure vessel to allow for an operating pressure of up to 0.3 MPa. The hot SOFC exhaust is led to the combustion chamber of the MGT where the unused fuel is burned. The gases are then expanded via the turbine.At the moment testing of different peripheral components is being performed. The power plant start-up is planned for 2017 starting first with a standalone SOFC- as well as a MGT-system. In both systems the behaviour of the missing component will be emulated. These standalone systems will be used to test control strategies and create experimental performance data. The data is further used for model validation, to predict the operating range, heat losses and pressure losses of the combined system and for development of hybrid system control strategies. Once the standalone systems are tested sufficiently, the combined system will be build-up in 2018.The build-up progress, the technical challenges and the design decisions will be explained on the poster. Additionally, an overview of all major system components will be presented.

Deployment – Power to Gas

ESD-PG-P152

Degradation of solid oxide cells during electrolysis and co-electrolysis operationG. Schiller1, M. Hörlein1, A. Nechache1

1 German Aerospace Center DLR, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Stuttgart, GermanyHigh temperature steam and co-electrolysis has a high potential for the efficient production of hydrogen or syngas. For a further develop-ment of this promising technology, development work on materials and cells as well as extensive operational experience is still needed. A main objective is to develop highly efficient and long-term stable cells and stacks using novel electrode materials and to improve the degradation behaviour by elucidating the relevant degradation mechanisms. Fuel electrode supported cells containing perovskite-type air electrodes were fabricated by ceramic processing and sintering techniques to be electrochemically characterized in electrolysis and co-electrolysis operating mode. I-V curves and electrochemical impedance spectra have been recorded for cell characterization. For a systematic investigation of the influence of relevant operating parameters such as temperature, current density and fuel gas humid-ification on long-term degradation a special test bench has been established which allows electrochemical characterization of 4 cells simultaneously under relevant SOEC conditions. This arrangement allows for variation of one distinct operating parameter while keeping other parameters strictly constant. A series of measurements over 1000 hours each in the temperature range 750-850 °C with different fuel gas humidity (40-80 mol%) and different current densities between 0 and 1.5 A/cm2 has been performed in steam electrolysis mode. Additionally, a second series of measurements has started in co-electrolysis mode at different operating temperatures and different steam-to-CO2 ratios. The progress of degradation was monitored in-operando approximately every 150 h by impedance spectroscopy. Post-mortem investigations have been conducted to localize and identify the limiting processes and to clarify the correlation between degradation processes and operational parameters. In this paper results of electrochemical cell characterization performed at different operational conditions in electrolysis and co-electrolysis mode are shown and degradation phenomena observed and their underlying mechanisms based on different electrochemical processes are explained.

ESD-PG-P153

“Extrinsic” decoration against “instinct” segregation on perovskite oxides to enhance electrode activity and stability in solid oxide cellsB. Yu1, W.Q. Zhang1, J. Chen1

1 Tsinghua University, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Beijing, China

SOCs (solid oxide cells) are widely applied for energy conversion between chemical fuels and electrical power with high efficiency. Cation segregation is a wildly existed phenomenon in perovskite (ABO3) materials, which has detrimental effects on its electrochemical perfor-mance of electrode for solid oxide cells (SOCs). However, there has been no widely accepted explanation for its origin, which hampers our efforts in suppressing segregation and enhancing electrode performance.In this study, perovskite-structured La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ (LSC) is investigated as a typical representative. AFM, AES, and XPS are employed to investigate the surface morphology and chemistry in the modified LSC systems, while 18O isotope exchange with SIMS and a high-tem-perature micro-contact conductivity measurement setup are applied to obtain the conductivity (σ) and surface oxygen exchange rate (k*). Typically, the LSC film decorated by extrinsic A-site Sr2+ and B-site Fe3+ with a suitable ratio exhibits much faster k* (~ 2 times) and higher σ (~ 4 times) in a broad temperature range (400 °C ~ 600 °C) together with lower segregation level. Other films modified by unsuitable Sr&Fe ratio, however, exhibit even worse performance due to more serious segregation. We find that surface segregation in these films may arise from two typical mechanisms, which can be called “intrinsic segregation” and “extrinsic segregation,” referring to cation migration from perovskite lattice and that induced by surface modification, respectively. In this sense, excessive Sr at the surface can increase the valence of B-site Co by charge compensation along with causing more extrinsic segregation, while excessive Fe at the surface can reduce Co valence, and lead to more instinct segregation. Both segregation modes lead to a downshift on O 2p center and larger energy gap, thus significantly decreasing k* and σ. Therefore, the results revealed a ‘volcano’ relation between the electrochemical performance and B-site oxidation state.


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Deployment – Hydrogen storage, handling, and distribution

ESD-HH-P154

Coupled particle and euler method for hydrogen leakage with crack propagation in pressure vesselJ. Ishimoto1, T. Sato2, A. Combescure3

1 Tohoku University, Institute of Fluid Science, Sendai, Japan2 TonenGeneral Group, W Building, Tokyo, Japan3 INSA de Lyon, LaMCoS UMR CNRS, Villeurbanne, FranceThis computational study provides useful information for predicting crack propagation accompany with hydrogen leakage in pressure vessels as an important part of assessing hydrogen as an energy vector . The present study was conducted by using a hybrid of the coupled particle and Euler methods.The computational analysis procedures consisted of two main parts. The first part was crack propagation analysis of a thin square plate, which simulated the wall of a high-pressure vessel by using a particle method. The plate was stainless steel, which is widely used for hydrogen vessels. Initially, it was assumed that the plate contained a defect, and then tension was applied to three sides of the plane uniformly, inducing crack propagation. These phenomena were simulated by using peridynamics theory, which is a particle method.After crack propagation analysis, the particle coordinate values of the partition wall were converted to Euler mesh data. The data were fitted to Euler numerical space, which was used for simulating high-pressure hydrogen leakage into air at atmospheric pressure.The second part of the analysis procedures was high-pressure hydrogen leakage through cracks in the barrier wall. Two-phase com-pressible flow calculated by the volume of fluid (VOF) method was considered. VOF is an advection scheme that allows the programmer to track the shape and position of the leaked hydrogen interface from the generated crack in pressure vessel wall. Hence, the Navier-Stokes equations with the VOF algorithm, a continuity equation, and an energy equation were solved simultaneously in the study.Finally, the hydrogen concentration in outer space was numerically predicted with different boundary conditions and crack propagation shapes in the high-pressure tank wall. Two types of boundary conditions were applied to investigate the differences in time variation of the hydrogen concentration, temperature, velocity, and pressure after crack propagation (Fig. 1).

ESD-HH-P155

High temperature hydrogenation of dibenzyltoluene using alumina supported platinum catalysts – a key step for efficient hydrogen storageH. Jorschick1, A. Bösmann2, P. Wasserscheid1

1 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy IEK-11, Erlangen, Germany2 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Erlangen, GermanyIn order to decouple the growing fluctuating energy supply by renewable sources from steady energy consumption, flexible energy storage technologies are required. Recently, Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) systems have gained significant attention to store energy over long periods of time without losses (Figure 1).[1,2]


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Figure 1: Storage and transport of hydrogen by reversible catalytic hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of dibenzyltoluene/perhydro-dibenzyltoluene.Present investigations aim to improve the hydrogenation of dibenzyltoluene and to enable the heat integration between exothermic hydrogenation and endothermic dehydrogenation at an appropriate temperature level. The heat of dehydrogenation, approx. 65 kJ/molH2 for hydrogen release from perhydro-dibenzyltoluene, could thus be partly covered by stored hydrogenation heat in integrated, stationary systems. Platinum-based catalysts are currently used in dehydrogenation reactions at a temperature level of 280 °C to 310 °C. The hydrogenation of dibenzyltoluene is carried out with ruthenium-based catalysts at 180 °C with a recently reported initial productivity of around at 30 bar hydrogen pressure.[3]In our contribution we demonstrate that Pt on alumina catalysts, typically used in LOHC dehydrogenation processes, can also serve as very efficient hydrogenation catalyst if reaction temperatures above 220 °C are applied. We show that operating the hydrogenation at 30 bar hydrogen pressure an effective exothermic hydrogen loading is possible. The higher reaction rates due to the higher temperatures make the hydrogen storage process more flexible and suitable for peak shaving of load peaks. Furthermore, the high temperature level creates suitable boundary conditions for the use of hydrogenation heat for dehydrogenation if an appropriate heat storage system is used.[1] T. He, Q. J. Pei & P. Chen. Chen, J. Energy Chem. 2015, 24, 587-594.[2] P. Preuster, C. Papp & P. Wasserscheid. Acc. Chem. Res. 2017, 50 (1), 74-85.[3] S. Dürr, M. Müller, H. Jorschick, M. Helmin, A. Bösmann, R. Palkovits & P. Wasserscheid. ChemSusChem 2017, 10, 42-47.

ESD-HH-P158

Power management control based on state machine strategy for fuel cell stacks arrayT. Wang1, Y. Han1, Q. Li1, W. Chen1

1 SouthWest Jiao Tong University, School of Electrical Engineering, Chengdu, ChinaIn order to satisfy high-level power demand, a fuel cell stack array connected in series parallel has been developed. The power from fuel cell stacks changes dynamically with variations in different operating parameters resulting in mismatch in their output characteristics. If one of the series parallel stacks is under performing, the output power is reduced and the performance of the whole stack array is fur-ther influenced. This paper proposes a power management control approach based on state machine strategy to coordinate each fuel cell stack appropriately and improve the efficiency of stack array. According to different operating conditions and fuel cell stacks output characteristics, the average output power, the maximum output power and the maximum efficiency of the fuel cell stacks are managed by using full bridge topology DC-DC converters. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to achieve the optimal power output, ensure the stability and enhance the efficiency of the stack array.

Transportation Systems

New Trends – Fuel cell & fuel cell stacks

TSN-FS-P115

Degradation of PEMFC at low Pt loadingsP. Gazdzicki1, J. Mitzel1, A. Dreizler1, M. Schulze1, A. Friedrich1

1 German Aerospace Center DLR, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Stuttgart, GermanyOur presentation focuses on investigations of fuel cell durability and degradation at low Pt-loadings. Major motivation is the need to re-duce the amount of Pt in MEAs down to 0.2mgPt/cm2 in order to make PEMFC more competitive and sustainable. The particular challenge is to maintain high performance and long-term durability concurrently with the Pt-loading reduction which are conflicting goals.In this context, a general problem is the lack of common procedures to reliably determine voltage loss rates in durability tests. This issue leads to severe difficulties in the comparison of results obtained by different institutions or within different projects. Accordingly, special attention is devoted to the discrimination between so called irreversible and reversible voltage losses. The first are permanent and determine the lifetime of a fuel cell. The latter strongly depends on the chosen operation conditions and can be recovered by specific procedures [J. Power Sources, 327, 85, 2016].


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Regarding the influence of Pt-loading on PEMFC performance and durability our study shows that for cathode loadings below 0.2mgPt/cm2 and for current densities >1A/cm2, a sudden increase of mass transport resistance is observed. The same threshold value is found for the increase of irreversible voltage losses which lead to a reduction of PEMFC durability for cathodic loadings below 0.2mgPt/cm2.Another durability issue at cathodic Pt-loadings <0.4mgPt/cm2 is the acceleration of reversible degradation, which leads to a significant voltage drop at fuel cell operation (without recovery interruption). Such an increased reversible degradation is less important for automo-tive application where regular refresh is performed by shutting down the system. Nevertheless, the accelerated reversible voltage decay may be very significant and should not be neglected.The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union‘s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative under Grant No. 621216 and 303452.

TSN-FS-P116

Growth of nanoparticles for fuel cells catalysts application by low pressure plasma treatment of a solid precursorE. Haye1, Y. Busby1, M. Da Silva Pires1, J.J. Pireaux1, L. Houssiau1

1 Université de Namur, Département de Physique- LISE-PMR, NAMUR, BelgiumRecently, a novel method using platinum or nickel acetylacetonate solid precursors treated by low pressure plasma has been reported to deposit nanoparticles on different carbon supports (xerogel, carbon black, graphene, CNTs), for fuel cells catalyst applications[1,2]. The method consists on treating simultaneously a solid organometallic precursor (Ni(acac)2, Pt(acac)2) and a carbon support in an oxygen (reactive) or argon (inert) radio-frequency plasma discharge. It results in a low-temperature deposition method allowing the synthesis of small metallic particles (diameter of 1-4nm), with a dense and homogeneous distribution that meets requirements for fuel cells catalysts. In the present study, nanoparticles nucleation during an Argon plasma treatment has been investigated in-situ using optical emission spectroscopy and ex-situ using X-Ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. The dissociation of the precursor was followed by the OES signal at 387 nm, which is related to CH species[3], which lowers with the plas-ma treatment time. Ex-situ XRD, XPS and TEM measurements performed at different treatment time allow concluding on the nucleation mechanisms, the morphology evolution, the structural and chemical composition evolution during the plasma treatment. A three-steps process is proposed for:(i) the creation of defects on the carbon support acting as anchoring sites(ii) the nucleation of nanoparticles(iii) the full thermochemical decomposition of the organometallic precursorThe influence of the plasma power, the treatment time, plasma chemistry (trough O2, Ar, N2 and NH3) will be discussed.[1] Busby et al. Low pressure plasma synthesis of Pt/C catalysts for fuel cells applications, 22nd International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry (2015).[2] Laurent-Brocq et al. Pt/C catalyst for PEM fuel cells: Control of Pt nanoparticles characteristics through a novel plasma deposition method, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 147,453–463 (2014).[3] Lin et al. New Insights into Plasma-Assisted Dissociation of Organometallic Vapors for Gas-Phase Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles, Plasma Processes and Polymers 9,1184-1193 (2012).

TSN-FS-P117

Using synchrotron radiation small angle X-ray scattering for quantitative characterization of MWNTs-supported Ru-Pt nanocatalysts for fuel cell applicationsY.D. Chien1, T.L. Lin1, U.S. Jeng2

1 National Tsing Hua University, Engineering and System Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan- Province of China2 National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Beamline 23A, Hsinchu, Taiwan- Province of ChinaThe development of the acidic-electrolyte, low-temperature fuel cell catalysts almost relies on the use of noble metals. Especially, Pt-Ru is a widely used noble metal combination for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) anodes and proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) anodes because of the improved CO tolerance and the long-term stability. However, to improve the performance, it concerns not only the metal part of the catalyst but also the support (usually carbon). Recently, Functionalized carbonaceous materials have been investigated as supports of electrocatalysts for fuel cells. Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been developed as a promising ma-terial due to their remarkable thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful technique for investigating the synthesis of nanocatalysts in real time and under realistic sample environments. Herein, we focus on the use of SAXS to characterize the structure of the supported catalyst materials. In 2015, Tobias Binninger et al. developed a new model of supported catalysts incorporating the particle-support interference that allows successful fitting of the experimental data. The model was success-fully used in the analysis of ASAXS data of a Pt/IrO2-TiO2 PEFC catalyst. Comparing with the sphere support, we investigate the structure of the Pt and Pt-Ru nanocatalysts grown on the carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We compare the structure and morphology of the synthesized nanocatalysts at various concentrations and synthesis conditions by synchrotron SAXS and transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Keywordsfuel cell, small angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscope, platinum, ruthenium, carbon nanotube, electrocatalyst


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TSN-FS-P118

Study of liquid water onset condensation in gas diffusion layer of a PEM fuel cellP.Y. Chuang1

1 University of California- Merced, Mechanical Engineering, Merced, USASince the first crude fuel cell developed by Welsh Physicist William Grove in 1839, fuel cell technology had gain significant attention from scientists and researchers. Thanks to the advancement in nanotechnology, fuel cell technology had made substantial improvement in performance, durability and cost. Despite the fact that the last decade has witnessed a number of important advances in the estab-lishment of fuel cells as technologically viable solutions for clean energy, significant challenges remain in fundamental understanding of the mechanism(s) of interfacial oxygen, proton, and water transport under realistic in-situ operational situations, especially at high current density (> 1.5 A/cm2). This issue is more evident under cold operating conditions due to condensation of liquid water. In this study, we employed both experimental and analytical methods to study the nature of onset liquid water condensation with two gas diffusion layers, which have different thermal properties. Experimental data from limiting current showed different trend of increasing oxygen transport resistance in the gas diffusion layer when increasing current density. The cause for this phenomena remains unclear until our recent findings from neutron radiography study. The visualization data reveal that this cause was due to the location difference of onset liquid water condensation in the gas diffusion layer. To further understand this phenomena, we constructed a 1-D fuel cell model for performance simulation and achieved reasonable agreement between the experimental data and modeling results. Our study showed that the coupling of gas diffusion layer thermal and transport properties has a decisive factor in liquid water condensation, which in turn, determines the high current density performance of a PEM fuel cell.

TSN-FS-P119

Morphology of the Nafion agglomerate affects the water uptake catalyst layer and fuel cell performanceT.H. Kim1, S.C. Yi1,2

1 Hanyang University, Chemical Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea2 Hanyang University, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell, Seoul, Republic of KoreaSeveral key factors such as facilitating mass transport, catalyzing electrochemical reactions, providing sufficient hydration, etc., are required to achieve high performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Especially, a catalyst layer (CL) in PEMFC consists of the Pt/C catalyst, Nafion binder and pore pathway, which depend on the solvents of the catalyst ink. Numerous researchers have been investigated to improve the cell polarization by varying the solvents and thereby the CL microstructure. However, only few researchers discussed a solvent effect on the water-uptake (WU) behavior of CL.In this paper, the solvent effect on the WU of CL was investigated regarding the Nafion mobility. The CL was fabricated through the modified decal-transfer method. Herein, glycerol, IPA and NMP were used for the solvent in catalyst ink. Morphologies, WU of CL and the electrochemical properties were examined with SEM, dynamic vapor sorption experiment and fuel-cell test station, respectively.In comparison to other CLs, the NMP CL (Fig. 1) shows the less-clustered and well-distributed agglomerate structure owing to a high main-chain mobility.

Figure 1: SEM images of CL. a: Glycerol, b: IPA and c: NMP CLs.From Fig. 2 and 3, it is clearly observed that the NMP CL exhibits significantly improved WU behavior and catalytic-activation polarization compared to the other CLs. These are attributed to a high degree of phase separation owing to a close contact between Nafion and Pt/C.


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Figure 2: Water-uptake isotherms of CLs.

Figure 3: Cell polarizations of the CLs.From the above results, the Nafion mobility clearly affects the morphologies and WU behavior of CL. Despite enhancing the WU of CL using the solvent with high main-chain mobility, it deteriorates the ohmic polarization due to the less-clustered microstructure. Consequently, the highly phase-separated CL with improved ohmic resistance is beneficial for achieving high fuel-cell performance.

TSN-FS-P120

Fault detection of PEMFC based on relevance vector machineJ. Liu1, W. Chen1, Q. Li11 Southwest Jiaotong University, School of Electrical Engineering, Chengdu City, China

IntroductionThe bottleneck problems of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), such as reliability and durability, still exist and hinder the large-scale commercial application of PEMFC products. Fuel cell failure can cause system performance degradation and even shorten life of the stack, monitoring and diagnosis of PEMFC become an urgent problem to be solved.


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AimIn order to develop the on-line fault diagnosis strategy of fuel cell vehicle, a PEMFC fault detection method based on relevance vector machine (RVM) is proposed.

MethodsThe schematic diagram of experimental platform is shown in figure 1. The stack consists of 5 single cells with an active area of 100 cm2. The system operates stably with the extraction current of 70 A, during which high frequency ripple current (5 kHz) is injected.The 200 sets of datum of normal state and high frequency ripple (5 kHz) current state are selected respectively, the first 50% of the two states is used as the training set and the other is the test set. Feature extraction is from the six dimensional fault feature vector composed of five single cell output voltages and stack current. The datum of test set and training set are normalized on interval [-1, 1]. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduces its dimensionality to two-dimension, as shown in figure 2. RVM based on Gauss kernel function is used to classify faults.

Fig. 1: The principle diagram of the 1 kW PEMFC test platform system.

Fig. 2: Rseults of PCA dimension reduction.

Results and ConclusionClassification results are shown in figure 3. The numerical results show that RVM based Gauss kernel function can detect the high frequency ripple current fault with the classification accutacy of 100%.

Fig. 3: RVM classification results chart.


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TSN-FS-P122

Synthesis and characterization of homogeneous-distributed platinum nanoparticles from block copolymer template for membrane electrodeY. Gan1, Z.D. Wang1, C.F. Yan1, C.Q. Guo1

1 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion- CAS, Hydrogen Production and Utilization Lab., Guangzhou, ChinaDue to the scarcity of platinum resources, the Pt amount will seriusly limit the development of fuel cells for commercial applications, while the excellent catalytic performance of Pt nanoparticle catalyst makes it impossible to be totally replaceed in the short term. To resolve the conflicting issue, both the availability and the durability of Pt nanoparticle catalyst need to improve significantly and Pt loading need to be reduced sharply. Pt-based alloy catalysts is the feasible way to improve the availability of Pt nanoparticle catalyst by optimizing the bonding energy for oxygen atom and reducing the Pt amount simultaneously. However, a method to achieve the highly durable Pt catalyst needs still be explored. One of the main reasons is that the problem of nonuniform distribution of Pt NPs remains unsolved, thus leads to a high possibility for nanoparticle aggregation on the surface of support materials. Unfortunately, most of the existing technologies for synthesis of Pt nanoparticle catalyst, such as electrodeposition, microwave-assisted process and thermal reduction, can not achieve the homogeneous distribution of Pt NP catalyst successfully.Self-assembly of block copolymers (BCs) to form nano-structured templates has been considered as one of the most important methodol-ogy for preparation of functional and homogeneous-distributed nanopatterns. However, up to now, the preparation and electrochemical testing of homogeneous-distributed Pt nanoparticle arrays from BCs for fuel cells have less been reported, let alone the investigation of the advances of durability in fuel cell application. In this work, homogeneous-distributed arrays of Pt nanoparticle catalysts have been obtained through a block copolymer route for the stability and longevity of the application of fuel cell.

TSN-FS-P123

Ti-support highly uniform Pt nanoparticle catalysts from self-assembled block copolymers templatesY. Gan1, C.F. Yan1, Z.D. Wang1

1 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion- CAS, Hydrogen Production and Utilization Lab., Guangzhou, ChinaBlock copolymers (BCs) were self-assembled as nano-structured templates for synthesis of platinum nanoparticle (Pt NP) catalysts. The lifting speed of 5mm/min was carried out to form the templates on titanium plates during copolymers dip-coating process. SEM, XRD and electrochemical characterization were performed to investigate the morphology, phase constitution, electrochemistry activity and durability of the titanium support Pt catalysts. The results show that the high uniformity of Pt NPs closed to a homogeneous distribution is observed. Besides, the catalyst is found with an electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 46.7m2.g-1, which is closed to the report-ed carbon-support Pt or Pt-based catalysts even with a dominant particle size around 30nm. A great applied potential of Pt NP catalysts from BCs route in fuel cell use is demonstrated via well morphology control and high electrochemical activities.

TSN-FS-P124

Increasing PEM fuel cell power with humidity and temperature control using fuzzy logicW.W. Yuan1, K. Ou1, M.H. Choi2, Y.B. Kim1

1 Chonnam National University, Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju, Republic of Korea2 Korea Electric Power Company, Research and Development Department, Daejon, Republic of KoreaWhen the fuel cell works, heat and water will be produced. Usually the PEM fuel cell would work at relatively high temperature to optimize the output power. However, the water content of membrane would be vaporized faster than the degradation of fuel cell product caused by the dried membrane due to high temperature [1]. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce an external humidifier to moisturize the input hydrogen to keep the high relative of humidity of the membrane. The power of PEM fuel cell is mainly affected by the temperature, water content of the membrane, hydrogen/oxygen partial pressure, oxygen excess ratio and other physical effects. In the case, the partial pressures of hydrogen and oxygen are given, the fuzzy rule is used to control the temperature and water content of the membrane of the open cathode PEM fuel cell [2, 3]. The relative humidity of hydrogen is controlled by an external bubble humidifier which is employed to regulate the water content of the membrane while temperature is regulated by an external air supply fan speed [4].The temperature model of the fuel cell and the transport model of the water molecule in the membrane are introduced. The impacts of temperature and water content of the membrane on the power of fuel cell are clarified by experiments. Finally, an experiment is implemented with a 2KW open cathode PEM fuel cell using Labview real-time system to verify its validation.


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References[1] K. Nikiforow, J. Ihonen, T. Keränen, H. Karimäki, V. Alopaeus . Int. J. Hydrog. Energy.2014;39(18):9768-9781.[2] YX Wang, FF Qin, K Ou, YB Kim. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.2016 ; 31(2):667-675.[3] S. Strahl, A. Husar, P. Puleston, J. Riera. Fuel cells.2014; 14(3):466-478.[4] A. Headley, V. Yu, R. Borduin, DM Chen, W Li. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 2016;21(3):1775-1782.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (15H1C1A1035825 and 15R1A4A1041746) and Korea Electric Power Company (KEPRI-16-07).

TSN-FS-P161

IK4-CIDETEC – Unit of Materials for Energy: Fuel Cell & Hydrogen PlatformF. Alcaide1, H.J. Grande2, O. Miguel1, I. Urdampilleta1

1 IK4-CIDETEC, Energy Storage Area, San Sebastián, Spain2 IK4-CIDETEC, Research and Technology, San Sebastián, SpainThe Unit of Materials for Energy (UME) at IK4-CIDETEC is centered on the development of materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage (fuel cells and electrolysers, RFBs, LiB, post-Li technologies, supercapacitors,…) and related electrochemical technologies. The value chain of its activities covers from synthesis of materials to full size cell.Concerning Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technologies, the activities focus on hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis and PEM fuel cells, emphasizing improved durability, cost and performance. Particular attention is given to electrocatalyst synthesis and characteriza-tion, electrode engineering, their integration in advanced membrane-electrode assemblies and testing, supported by modelling, which help to understand phenomena as well as to integrate components into systems.Based on the broad experience of UME in synthesis and scale-up of noble and non-noble metal electrocatalysts, electrode processing and manufacturing in pre-industrial coating pilot line, and development of advanced membrane electrode assemblies, the Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Platform at IK4-CIDETEC offers scientific-technical support to those partners from industry and academia, interested in devel-oping innovative products and concepts interested in taking them to the next technology and manufacturing readiness level.


167

New Trends – Fuel cell for powertrain

TSN-FP-P125

Coordinated energy management sSystem based on bus-signaling and droop control for fuel cell hybrid tramwayG. Zhang1, W. Chen1, Q. Li1, S. Yu1

1 Southwest Jiaotong University, School of Electrical Engineering, Chengdu, ChinaThe combination of a fuel cell and an energy storage system has been successfully applied in rail transit transportation field to reduce fuel consumption. In this paper, a hybrid power system which consists of multiple proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems, batteries and supercapacitors is modeled. In this hybrid system, a three phase asynchronism motor model is employed as the replace-ment of commonly-used load model which is usually achieved through equivalent resistance and controlled voltage source, to accurately simulate the real motor characteristics. The bus voltage change of hybrid system has influence on the motor output torque and efficiency, and also play a vital role for the energy management among different sources. An energy management based on bus-signaling and droop control is developed to coordinate multiple power sources, maintain the bus voltage and improve system efficiency. In addition, the proposed control algorithm has nothing to do with demanded power, improving the robustness of hybrid system. The proposed strategy is evaluated with a real driving cycle of LF-LRV tramway in Turkey. Finally, the real- time simulation results show the energy management strategy is able to guarantee a coordinated power distribution among power sources based on their own natural characteristics and satisfy rapid changes of demand power. Therefore, the rationality and validity of proposed strategy are verified.

Fig. 1: Configuration of PEMFC-battery-SC powered hybrid system for the tramway.

References[1] O. Erdinc and M. Uzunoglu, “Recent trends in PEM fuel cell-powered hybrid systems: Investigation of application areas, design archi-tectures and energy management approaches,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 2874-2884, Dec. 2010.[2] Qi Li, Hangqing Yang, Ying Han, et al. A state machine strategy based on droop control for an energy management system of PEMFC-battery-supercapacitor hybrid tramway. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. pp. 1-12, 2016.

Deployment – Road vehicles

TSD-RV-P126

Demonstration of dual fuel technology with intake air-mixed hydrogen-CNG in diesel engine vehicle – fuel economy & emission benefitsP. Kumar1, A.K. Kachhawa1

1 Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Vehicle Testing Fuels & Emissions, Faridabad, IndiaThe increasing number of vehicles on the road, particularly in big cities, has considerable negative effects on environment in terms of toxic emissions. Although, there have been significant improvement in emissions with development of catalytic converters, electronic injection equipment and other advanced systems for on-road vehicles. However, the burden on environment caused by road transport is still high and constantly increasing. Under these circumstances, substitution of conventional fuels by the “clean fuel” hydrogen with natural gas could help reduce emissions and lead to an effective improvement of air quality, particularly in urban areas. Hydrogen with natural gas (H2-CNG) can be used in normal four-stroke spark ignition engines without any technical problems. Diesel engines, however, require to be converted to H2-CNG combustion. Indian Oil Corporation Limited has been always in forefront for utilization of cost effective alternative energy options endowed with benefits to environment. Under this program we have done retro-fitment in diesel vehicles by fixing a reducing pressure gas kit which is capable of regulating the amount of gaseous fuel with intake air in engine during combustion.


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In present study, we have generated baseline fuel economy (FE) and mass emissions data for vehicle without retro-fitment and then completed the required fine tuning, adjustment and mapping of diesel-H2CNG dual-fuel kit installed in vehicle. The validation of mapped data was afterwards done on chassis dynamometer facility which provided an idea on regulation of H2-CNG in intake air for desired performance. During the comparative studies on performance evaluation in same vehicle it was found out that combustion of H2-CNG combined diesel fuel in engine leads to release of overall fewer toxic substances. Comparing with conventional diesel fuel operation it was found out that there is a slight increase in carbon monoxide (CO) and performing better in terms of NOx, CO2 and HC emissions.

TSD-RV-P127

NOx prediction by quasi-dimensional combustion model of HCNG engineA. Rao1, H. Duan1, F. Ma1, R. Mehra1

1 State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaPresently, a large part of the transportation vehicles is dependent on the fossil fuels, which is not abundant on earth, and soon it will be exhausted. The compressed natural gas (CNG) emerged as a promising fuel for ICEs, but it acquires lower thermal efficiency. To achieve higher thermal efficiency, hydrogen enrichment to CNG is an attractive option as shown by various studies. The experiments of HCNG engine have been performed at the various operating conditions of different spark timing, equivalence ratio, MAP with different load and engine speeds. A quasi-dimensional combustion model has been used for the simulation purpose. In order to study the NOx emission, NO mechanism has been connected to the quasi-dimensional combustion model of HCNG engine. The thermal NO, prompt NO and NO by N2O mechanisms have been used to analyze the total NOx emission of HCNG engines. The ouput of the mechanisms are displayed in the form of NOx curve vs the crank angle plot. In order to validate the simulated results, a model has been developed which is based on the packet formation and three zone approach. The NO packets have been developed on the basis of temperature duration whereas, the width is considered as the ratio of the crank duration. The three zone approach includes that the burned zone has been divided into three zones and each zone is considered as the product of the summation of packets and widths .The percentage contribution of each NO mechanism has also been calculated further the accuracy of the model has been checked. The percentage error is in the range of ±6% and ±10% for the lean burn and stoichiometric condition respectively.

TSD-RV-P160

TCO-based differential cost comparison between FCEVs and BEVs with additional analysis on possible synergy effects by complementary system applicationsJ. Wohlmuther1, M. Ullrich1, R. Stanek1

1 P3 Automotive GmbH, E-Mobility Consulting, Stuttgart, GermanyConsidering the mobility sector, a variety of alternative drive systems and technical solutions is already available on the market and further announcements have been made by e.g. car manufacturers for passenger vehicles or public transportation. Apart from varying technological assets and drawbacks, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV) are perceived and discussed as competing drive concepts, whereby the last-mentioned technology already has a significant lead concerning public perception and user acceptance as well as cost and technical performance.In order to realize a successful market launch, and thus ensure compliance with international climate targets, innovation barriers need to be identified and demand for action derived. Among other superordinate topics – such as required infrastructure and transnational standardization – cost competitiveness needs to be achieved to attract the early and late majorities. The total-cost-of-ownership (TCO) approach is considered as a suitable method to compare and evaluate large and long-term investments from the user’s perspective. Accordingly, the P3 TCO model enables the direct comparison of real reference vehicles under realistic environmental conditions for specified user profiles. Based on these results, market barriers can be assessed and appropriate measures defined.Furthermore, first pilot projects pointed out a potential of synchronous fuel cell and battery application in one system. Based on their different operating properties, a reasonable combination of both technical energy supply solutions can be investigated. Apart from higher costs, possible synergy effects might lead to an increased system efficiency and lifetime. Such complex interdependencies should be thoroughly analyzed and evaluated to exploit the full complementary potential between both technologies.The P3 operates as a consulting company in the automotive sector and addresses a diversified customer network worldwide by dealing with a broad variety of technical, economic and strategic challenges e.g. in the battery and fuel cell industry.


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Deployment – Refuelling infrastructure

TSD-RI-P128

Hydrogen purity – developing low-level sulphur speciation measurement capabilityS. Bartlett1, T. Bacquart1, A. Morris1, A. Murugan1

1 National Physical Laboratory, Gas and Particle Metrology, Teddington, United Kingdom

IntroductionEuropean Directive (2014/94/EU) stipulates, from November 2017, that all hydrogen provided to fuel cell vehicles in Europe must comply with the hydrogen purity specifications listed in ISO 14687-2; this includes total sulphur-containing compounds. This requirement poses great analytical challenges due to the instability of some of these compounds in calibration gas standards at relatively low amount fractions and the difficulty associated with undertaking measurements of groups of compounds rather than individual compounds.

AimDevelopment of a validated analytical methodology for the measurement of speciated sulphur-containing compounds in hydrogen at low amount fractions (parts-per-billion to parts-per-trillion) to allow measurement of what the actual sulphur-containing impurities are in real samples of hydrogen.

MethodsProduction of new gravimetric gas standards containing even lower amount fractions of sulphur-containing compounds in hydrogen used in conjunction with novel dynamic dilution facilities to enable generation of ppb to ppt level gas mixtures. Method development and optimisation using gas chromatographic techniques assisted by cryo-trapping technologies and coupled with sulphur chemiluminescence detection to allow improved qualitative and quantitative analyses of sulphur-containing impurities in hydrogen.

ResultsThe presentation will review the state-of-the art gas standard preparation techniques, including the use and testing of dynamic dilution technologies regarding reactive chemical components in hydrogen. Method development will also be presented highlighting the advanc-es in the measurement of speciated sulphur compounds in hydrogen at low amount fractions.

ConclusionThis work could be used to recommend to ISO/TC 197 to revise purity requirements of hydrogen fuel for use with PEM fuel cell electric vehicles, replacing “total sulphur-containing compounds” with the actual impurities and allow quality control (evaluation of trueness, and interferences) of the total measurements that will be performed for hydrogen purity analysis in routine laboratories.

TSD-RI-P129

Dynamic simulation software for prediction of hydrogen temperature and pressure during refueling processT.K. Kuroki11 Kyushu university, Research Center for Hydrogen Industrial Use and Storage HYDROGENIUS, Fkuoka, JapanAt hydrogen stations, understanding the temperature and pressure of the hydrogen flowing inside filling equipment and influence of the filling equipment on the hydrogen are important to accomplish the safety filling. However, a numerical or an experimental approach to know the state of the hydrogen at each piece of the equipment during filling have not developed yet. The purpose of the present study is to develop a simulation software to understand the hydrogen temperature and pressure at each piece of filling equipment during hydrogen filling process. We first replicate numerical analysis supposing an actual hydrogen station, which consists of hydrogen storage tanks, pipes, a pre-cooler, and a vessel inside a FCVs as shown in Figure 1. In our analysis, based on the specific internal energy, the specific enthalpy flowing in and out, and mass flowing in and out, the heat and mass balances inside each piece of the equipment are analyzed. By the heat and mass balances, we are able to obtain the hydrogen temperature and pressure at each step of the filling as shown in Figure 2. The simulation results by the present software agree well with transient pressure and temperature of actual refueling. The present software is a useful tool for preliminary design of the hydrogen refueling stations.

TSD-RI-P130

Hydrogen refuelling station network and route optimisation of trucked-in hydrogen in GermanyT. Mayer1, A. Haiber2, J. Berger2, S. Hopmann1, J. Wind1

1 Daimler AG, Fuel Cell Advanced Engineering and Hydrogen Infrastructure, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany2 NuCellSys GmbH, Fuel Cell Advanced Engineering and Hydrogen Infrastructure, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany

IntroductionFuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) fuelled with hydrogen have the potential of a greenhouse gas and air pollutants free mobility without compromising comfort compared to vehicles with combustion engines. For a successful market launch of FCEVs, a hydrogen refuelling station (HRS) network, hydrogen production facilities and transportation concepts need to be built up.


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AimAim of this study is to forecast location-based future hydrogen demand in Germany and to conclude the numbers, capacities and optimal locations of future refuelling stations to satisfy customer requirements. Another aim is the determination of locations for hydrogen pro-duction facilities covering future hydrogen demand and the calculation of optimal routings to deliver the HRSs from central production facilities.

MethodsFor identification of location-based, future hydrogen demand, real GPS-data of conventional cars are used (assuming today´s convention-al vehicles will be substituted by FCEVs). Based on these data, the minimal number and locations of HRSs fulfiling customer´s acceptable driving time (determined by a survey) are calculated by an ArcGIS-algorithm (see Figure 1 as example for liquid hydrogen).

Figure 1: Liquid Hydrogen Refuelling Station Network 2050.The area-covering HRS network is assumed to be achieved in 2050. Starting from current HRS infrastructure new HRSs before 2050 are positioned in a way to reach the maximum number of vehicles in a certain radius. Future production facilities are positioned based on future hydrogen demand and delivery minimization aspects. The cost-efficient route delivery of liquid and gaseous hydrogen scenarios are calculated by ArcGIS for selected years until 2050.

Results and ConclusionAssuming a 7 minute (10 minute) driving time to the HRSs, 83% (66%) of the customers are satisfied and 7.921 (5.457) HRSs are necessary to achieve an area-covering network.In the final paper the number and locations of future hydrogen production facilities, the average route lengths and average transportation costs (liquid, gaseous) will be shown and discussed.


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TSD-RI-P131

Freeze lock mechanism of nozzle after pre-cooled hydrogen fillingE. Yamada1, W. Hiraki21 Japan Automobile Research Institute, FC-EV Research Division, Ibaraki, Japan2 Iwatani Industrial Gases Corp., Gas Business Division Hydrogen Station Promotion Dept., Osaka, JapanRepeating hydrogen filling using a pre-cool system can cause a freeze lock after filling. A nozzle cannot be released normally from a re-ceptacle on fuel cell vehicle (FCV). In this study, a simulated pre-cooled hydrogen filling is repeated experimentally to clear the freeze lock mechanism. The experiments are carried out with one nozzle and three receptacles inside a chamber as shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1: “Experimental setup to simulate the freeze lock“.The nozzle connects first receptacle and simulate the filling through the interface for 3 minutes. Next filling with second receptacle is per-formed after a fixed period. Three receptacles are used in turn to recover to the original temperature by next use. As far as the nozzle is released without any problems, filling and release are repeated. If the nozzle is not released ordinary within 30 seconds, it is recognized that the freeze lock is happened. The number of successful releases represents easiness of freezing.The temperature and humidity inside the chamber are kept at constant throughout each experiment. It is found that the number of suc-cessful releases depends on the time between fillings, and the environmental humidity and temperature.Temperature distributions after the first filling are shown in Fig. 2 captured with a thermographic camera (TH9100PWV, NEC San-ei Instruments, Ltd). The surface temperature at connection part falls to about −20°C, and gradually increases. Vapor is condensed on a connection surface of cold nozzle after releasing. It is possible that the condensed water freezes during next filling. A locking mech-anism of nozzle does not work properly after the filling. Therefore it is important to prevent the water condensation at the connection part of the nozzle, and to prevent the condensed water entering the interior of the nozzle.

Figure 2: “Temperature distributions of connection part at the nozzle after first filling (Emissivity:1.0)“.


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Deployment – Maritime, rail and aviation applications

TSD-MR-P132

Research and development of temperature sensor for an ocean-going liquid hydrogen carrierA. Nakano1, T. Shimazaki2, M. Sekiya3, H. Shiozawa3, A. Aoyagi4, K. Ohtsuka5, T. Iwakiri5, K. Kinoshita6, T. Matsuoka7, Y. Takayama8

1 AIST, Department of Energy and Environment- Research Institute for Energy Conservation- Thermofluid System Group, Tsukuba, Japan2 AIST, National Metrology Institute of Japan NMIJ- Research Institute for Physical Measurement- Frontier Thermometry Research Group, Tsukuba,

Japan3 Meiyo Electric Co.- Ltd., R&D Division, Shizuoka, Japan4 Meiyo Electric Co.- Ltd., Technical Division, Shizuoka, Japan5 Meiyo Electric Co.- Ltd., Design Department, Shizuoka, Japan6 Netsushin Co.- Ltd., Technical Sales, Miyoshi-machi- Saitama, Japan7 Netsushin Co.- Ltd., Technical Development Division, Miyoshi-machi- Saitama, Japan8 KEI System Co.- Ltd., Technical Division, Ikuno-ku- Osaka, JapanKawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI), Ltd. drafted the CO2-free hydrogen energy supply chain plan that the hydrogen is transported from Victoria State in Australia to Japan in the form of liquid by a dedicated ocean-going liquid hydrogen (LH2) carrier 1). The KHI, Ltd. have built a technical demonstration LH2 carrier with the LH2 capacity of 1250 m3. For the pelagic demonstration experiment, the accuracy of the temperature measurement in the LH2 cargo container is required ±50 mK or less.The temperature sensors for the technical demonstration ocean-going LH2 carrier were investigated and developed in this study. The platinum 1000 (PT-1000) resistance thermometer element was adopted for the LH2 temperature sensor. The preproduction sensors were manufactured and tested in the LH2 test facility in AIST as shown in Fig. 1. The preproduction sensors and a PT-1000 resistance thermometer, which was calibrated at the National Metrology Institute of Japan in AIST, were installed in the cryostat. The temperatures measured by the sensors were compared with the temperature measured by the calibrated thermometer. Fig. 2 shows the time variation of temperatures measured by the preproduction sensors and the calibrated thermometer (R14-Standard). The temperature of the R14-standard is indicated in red in the figure. It is noted that the average temperatures of all sensors were lain between two dashed lines which show the temperatures of ±50 mK from the average temperature of the R14-Standard, 20.321 K. It is confirmed that all preproduction temperature sensors satisfy the required measurement accuracy for the technical demonstration LH2 carrier.

References[1] Kamiya S, Nishimura M, Harada E, Study on introduction of CO2 free energy to Japan with liquid hydrogen, Physics procedia. 2015; 67: 11 -19.


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Index of AuthorsAbanades, S. ENS-O37Abigail S.O., M. TRS-O10Acharya, G.K. ESN-CU-P078, ENS-O68Ahmed, S. CCI-O04Aihara, M. ENS-O32Akhtar, N. CCI-O04Akiba, E. ENS-O66Akyuz, D. ENS-O74Alcaide, F. TSN-FS-P161Aly, A. ESD-GB-P133Andre, V. ESN-HP-P041Ao, Y.H. ESN-CU-P051Aoki, H. ENS-O45Aoyagi, A. TSD-MR-P132Arakawa, Y. ESN-CU-P059Archer, S. ENS-O61Arlt, W. ENS-O29Arpornwichanop, A. ESD-GB-P134Arrhenius, K. CCI-O01Arul, M. TRS-O10Atsumi, R. ESN-HS-P103Austin, J. CCI-O04Authayanun, S. ESD-GB-P134Ayakawa, H. ESN-CU-P087Bacquart, T. TSD-RI-P128, TRS-O10, CCI-O01Badhe, R. ESN-CU-P078Bae, J. ESN-HS-P099, ENS-O65Bae, J. ESN-CU-P058Bai, Y. ENS-O40Bajohr, S. ENS-O08Banhart, J. ENS-O44Baraj, E. ENS-O10Barbir, F. ENS-O19Barron, O. ESN-HP-P010Bartlett, S. TSD-RI-P128Bashiri, R. ESN-CU-P053Baturin, A. ESN-HS-P090Belloc, J. ESN-HP-P015Bellouard, Q. ENS-O37Bělský, P. ENS-O49Bera, T. ESN-CU-P078, ENS-O68Berger, J. TSD-RI-P130Biswas, I. ESN-HP-P032Bladergroen, B. ESN-HP-P010Blanch-Ojea, R. CCI-O04Blinov, D. ENS-O86Blumentritt, R. ENS-O08Boaventura, M. ESN-HP-P039Bohn, U. ENS-K02Borzenko, V. ENS-O70, ENS-O86Bose, R. ENS-O05Bösmann, A. ESD-HH-P155, ENS-O31, ENS-O29Botas, J.A. ENS-O67Bouzek, K. CHD-O03, ENS-O82, ESD-CS-P149Bouzek, K. ESN-CU-P073, ESN-CU-P056, ENS-O49, ENS-O26Brabandt, J. ENS-O08, ENS-O15

Brack, P. ESN-HP-P011Braz, B. ENS-O36Brehmer, R. ENS-O29Brinkmeier, J.P. TRS-O02Brisse, A. ENS-O17Büchner, S. ENS-K05Budac, D. ESN-CU-P073Buergler, T. ENS-O94Bujlo, P. ESD-CS-P148, ENS-O34Bürger, I. ESN-CU-P055, ESN-HS-P092, TRS-O03, ENS-O48Burheim, O. CCI-K01Busby, Y. TSN-FS-P116, ESN-HP-P012Büsselmann, J. ENS-O50Bystroň, T. ENS-O49Calleja, G. ENS-O67Carreira, E. TRS-O17Casero Cabezón, P. TRS-O20Chang, B.K. ESN-HS-P109Chang, M.B. ENS-O38Chang, M.B. ESN-HP-P022Chatzikyriakou, D. TRS-O12Chavez Flores, D. ENS-O52, ESN-HP-P019Chen, T.Y. ESN-HP-P029Chen, J. ESD-PG-P153, ENS-O25Chen, S. ESN-HP-P044, ESN-HP-P020Chen, S.Y. ESN-CU-P051Chen, W. TRS-O11, TRS-O05, ENS-O35, TSN-FS-P120, ENS-O22,

CCI-O03, TSN-FP-P125, ESD-HH-P158Chernov, I. ESN-HS-P093Chi, Y.M. ESN-CU-P061Chica, A. ENS-O42Chien, Y.D. TSN-FS-P117Chin, T.K. ESN-CU-P061Choi, M.H. TSN-FS-P124Choi, H.J. ESN-HP-P025Choi, J.K. ESN-HS-P108Chuang, P.Y. TSN-FS-P118, ESN-HP-P021Chung, J.Y. ESN-HS-P109Chung, W.C. ESN-HP-P022, ENS-O38Ciahotný, K. ENS-O10, ESN-CU-P076Cleve, U. ESN-CU-P054Coleman, D. ENS-O11Colin, A. TRS-O19Collins Martínez, V.H. ENS-O52, ESN-HP-P019Combescure, A. ESD-HH-P154Corti, H. ENS-K01Cui, X. ESN-HS-P103d’Ippolito, G. ENS-O62Da Costa, J.F. ENS-O42Da Silva Pires, M. TSN-FS-P116, ESN-HP-P012Dalmazzone, D. TRS-O14Dann, S. ESN-HP-P011de Valladares, M.R. CHD-K01Delobelle, B. CCI-O01Deng, H. ENS-O35, CCI-O03Diakoulaki, D. TRS-O12


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Dieterich, M. ESN-HS-P092, ENS-O48, ESN-CU-P055Dillig, M. ENS-O18Dincer, I. ENS-K04Dobrotvorskii, M. ESN-HS-P093Dolan, M. ENS-O87Dolman, M. TRS-K01Dorn, C. ENS-O89Doucek, A. ENS-O10, ENS-O28Drakselová, M. ESN-CU-P056Dreizler, A. TSN-FS-P115Drescher, I. TRS-O02Dreschke, G. ENS-O62Duan, H. TSD-RV-P127Dubau, M. ENS-O54Dufour, J. ENS-O90, CCI-O08Dvořák, J. CHD-K03Dyck, A. ENS-O50Eduardo, V. TRS-O13Eguchi, K. ENS-O56Ekspong, J. ESN-HP-P014El-Emam, R. ENS-O75Elangovan, S. ENS-O76, ENS-O13Elets, D. ESN-HS-P093Ellamla, H.R. ENS-O34Elwell, J. ENS-O76, ENS-O13Endo, N. ESD-GB-P142Engelmair, R. ENS-O94Ent, H. CCI-O01Esposito, G. ENS-O62Fai Kait, C. ESN-CU-P053Feng, P. ENS-O43Fiala, R. ENS-O54, ENS-O16Figiel, H. ENS-O44Fikrt, A. ENS-O29Fino, D. ENS-O63Fischer, U. ENS-O09, ESN-HP-P041Fontana, A. ENS-O62Franceschini, E. ENS-K01Frayssines, P.E. ENS-O37Friedrich, A.K. ESN-CU-P085, ESD-CS-P151, TSN-FS-P115Fritz, S. ENS-K03Frost, L. ENS-O76, ENS-O13Fujimura, Y. ENS-O58Funez Guerra, C. TRS-O13Furushima, Y. TRS-O18Furutani, H. ESN-CU-P065Gabis, I. ESN-HS-P093Gan, Y. TSN-FS-P123, TSN-FS-P122Gaul, A. ENS-K02Gazdzicki, P. TSN-FS-P115Geburtig, D. ENS-O31Genchi, Y. CCI-O06Georgios, S. ENS-O78Germer, W. ENS-O50Gianotti, E. ESN-HP-P015Gimpel, T. ENS-O06Gkanas, E. ENS-O78, ENS-O85Godoy, A. TRS-O13Gomez Vidales, A. ENS-O03Gómez, M. ENS-K01Gondek, Ł. ENS-O44

Goshoume, K. ESD-GB-P142Goto, Y. ESN-HP-P016Gracia-espino, E. ESN-HP-P014Gracia, E. CHD-TIS-P002Grande, H.J. TSN-FS-P161Grasham, O. ENS-O64Gruber, M. ENS-O08Guo, C.Q. TSN-FS-P122, ESN-HP-P046Gurylev, V. ESN-HP-P031Haiber, A. TSD-RI-P130Hájek, J. TRS-O01Hájek, P. ENS-O28Halbmeier, U. TRS-K02Haller, J. ESN-CU-P057Haloua, F. CCI-O01Hamajima, T. ESN-CU-P087Han, G. ESN-CU-P058Han, Y. ESD-HH-P158, ENS-O22Harth, S. ENS-O08Hartvigsen, J. ENS-O13Hasegawa, K. ENS-O81Haug, P. ENS-O06, ENS-O83Hayakawa, A. ESN-CU-P065, ESN-CU-P059, ENS-O55Hayakawa, Y. ESN-HP-P024, ESN-HP-P016Haye, E. TSN-FS-P116, ESN-HP-P012Heddrich, M. ESD-CS-P151Helmly, S. TRS-O03Henke, M. ESD-CS-P151Herguido, J. ESN-HP-P037, ENS-O39Herrera Peraza, E.F. ENS-O52Herrmann, A. ENS-O63, ENS-O89Heubner, F. ENS-O44Hienuki, S. CCI-SET-P005Hildebrandt, C. ENS-O89Hilger, A. ENS-O44Hinde, C. CCI-O04Hino, K. ENS-O58Hiraki, W. TSD-RI-P131Hiraoka, K. ENS-O58Hlinčík, T. ENS-O10, ESN-CU-P076Hocevar, S. CHD-O02Holeček, M. ESN-CU-P060Hollweck, B. TRS-O04Holmes, N. ENS-O20Honda, K. ENS-O58Hong, Z. TRS-O11Hopmann, S. TSD-RI-P130Horikawa, A. ENS-O88Hörlein, M. ESD-PG-P152Hou, Z.H. ESN-HS-P114Hou, T. ESN-HP-P018Hou, W. ENS-O40Houssiau, L. TSN-FS-P116, ESN-HP-P012Hu, G. CHD-TIS-P002Hu, S. ESN-HP-P044Huang, Y.S. ESN-CU-P069Huang, S.L. ESN-HP-P046Hung, Y.Y. ESN-CU-P061Hwang, J. ENS-O65Hyde, K. ENS-O20Ibrahim, S. ENS-O59


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Icardi, U. TRS-O17Iglesia, C. ESN-CU-P051Ihara, M. ENS-O81Ihm, J. ENS-O65Ihonen, J. CCI-O02Iida, S. ESN-CU-P079Ikeda, A. ESD-GB-P145Iki, N. ESN-CU-P065Inagaki, Y. ENS-K07, ESN-HP-P023Inazu, K. ENS-O58Inoue, T. ESN-CU-P065Ioannidou, E. ENS-O14Ioka, I. ESN-HP-P023, ENS-K07Iordache, I. CHD-O04Ireland, B. CCI-O05Iribarren, D. ENS-O90, CCI-O08Ishihara, A. ENS-O02Ishii, Y. ESN-CU-P087Ishimoto, Y. ENS-O58, ESN-CU-P079Ishimoto, J. ESD-HH-P154Isomura, T. ENS-O56Iwakiri, T. TSD-MR-P132Iwatsuki, J. ENS-K07, ESN-HP-P023Jaen, M. TRS-O13Jasiński, P. CHD-O05Javaid, R. ESN-HS-P095Jeng, U.S. TSN-FS-P117Jenn, A. ENS-O21Jeong, A. ESN-CU-P082, ESN-CU-P052Jhuang, J.W. ESN-CU-P066, ESN-CU-P069Jiang, J. ENS-O27Jisoon, I. ESN-HS-P099Job, N. ESN-HP-P012Jones, D. ESN-HP-P015Jorschick, H. ESD-HH-P155Jung, J.H. ENS-O65Jung, U.H. ESN-HP-P048Kachhawa, A.K. TSD-RV-P126Kaisalo, N. ENS-O51Kaji, Y. TRS-O18Kambara, S. ESN-HP-P024, ESN-HP-P016Kamiji, Y. ENS-K07Kaneko, T. ENS-O47Kao, H.M. ENS-O73Kapkin, S. ESN-HP-P036Kardjilov, N. ENS-O44Karl, J. ENS-O18Kato, E. CCI-SET-P003Kattenstein, T. CHD-K02Kawakami, Y. ENS-O45Kawamoto, A. CCI-SET-P003Kawasumi, A. ESD-GB-P142Kazakov, A. ESN-HS-P096Kazari, M. ENS-O88Khalakhan, I. ENS-O54, ENS-O16Khamis, I. ENS-O75Khayrullina, A. ENS-O86, ENS-O70Khzouz, M. ENS-O85Kieback, B. ENS-O44, ESN-HP-P038Kihara, T. CCI-SET-P003Kikuchi, Y. ENS-O81

Kilwon, C. ESN-HS-P099Kim, D.K. ENS-O65Kim, D.O. ENS-O65Kim, T.H. ESN-HS-P099, ENS-O65Kim, Y.B. TSN-FS-P124Kim, C.J. ESN-CU-P082, ESN-CU-P052Kim, J.H. ESN-HS-P098Kim, S.D. ESN-HP-P025Kim, T.H. TSN-FS-P119, ENS-O05Kinoshita, K. TSD-MR-P132Kitagawa, N. CCI-O06Kiyotaka, M. CCI-SET-P004Kiyotaka, T. ENS-O92Kluczowski, R. ESN-CU-P067Kobayashi, D. ESD-GB-P143Kobayashi, H. ESN-CU-P065, ESN-CU-P059, ENS-O55Koca, A. ENS-O74Kodaira, T. ESN-HP-P045Kodým, R. ESN-CU-P056, ENS-O49, ENS-O26Kofler, I. ENS-O94Koh, B. ENS-O05Koj, M. ENS-O06, ENS-O83Koji, Y. CCI-SET-P004Kojima, H. ESD-GB-P143, ENS-O01Kojima, Y. ENS-O47, ENS-O57Kolls, G. TRS-O04Komagome, T. ESN-CU-P087Koo, K.Y. ESN-HP-P048Kopasz, J. PL 3Kopp, M. ENS-O11Korb, T. TRS-O04Koski, P. ENS-O51, CCI-O02Krause, H. ENS-O89, ENS-O63Krautz, H.J. ENS-O09, ESN-HP-P041Krauz, M. ESN-CU-P067Kubo, H. ENS-O56Kubo, S. ESN-HP-P045, ESD-GB-P145, ENS-K07, ESN-HP-P023Kudiyarov, V. ESN-HS-P090Kudo, T. ESN-CU-P059Kudoh, Y. ENS-O92, CCI-O06Kuleshov, V. ESN-HS-P096Kumar, P. TSD-RV-P126Kunze, K. TRS-O08Kupecki, J. ESN-CU-P067Kurata, O. ESN-CU-P065Kurban, Z. CCI-HRE-P159, CCI-O07Kuriki, Y. ESN-HP-P023Kuroki, T.K. TSD-RI-P129Kúš, P. ENS-O54, ENS-O16Kvasnicka, A. CCI-O04Kwon, O.J. ESN-CU-P080Lacconi, G. ENS-K01Lachén, J. ESN-HP-P037, ENS-O39Lahnaoui, A. TRS-O14Lai, Y.C. ESN-HP-P029Laijun, W. ENS-O77Lamb, K. ENS-O87Łaniecki, M. ESD-GB-P146, ENS-O60Lanzini, A. ESN-CU-P067Laperche-Riteau, Y. CHD-K04Laptev, R. ESN-HS-P090


176

Laurenczy, G. ENS-O69Le Mauguen, O. TRS-O19Leben, J. CHD-O02Lee, C.H. ESN-HP-P029Lee, J.S. ENS-O65Lee, K.R. ESN-CU-P069, ESN-CU-P066Lee, S.W. ESN-CU-P069Lee, T.H. ESN-HS-P099, ENS-O65Lee, Y.H. ESN-HS-P099, ENS-O65Lee, C.Y. ESN-CU-P068Lee, K.B. ESN-HP-P047Lee, S.W. ESN-CU-P066Lei, L. ENS-O72Leighty, W. ENS-O12, ESD-GB-P144Leites, K. ENS-K05Lens, P.N.L. ENS-O62Letkovský, A. ESN-CU-P083Leturia, M. ESN-HS-P104Li, H.W. ENS-O66Li, J. ESN-HS-P109Li, Y.Q. ESN-HS-P114Li, G. ESN-HP-P021Li, J. ENS-O23Li, P. ESN-HS-P100Li, Q. TSN-FP-P125, ESD-HH-P158, TRS-O11, TRS-O05,

ENS-O22, ENS-O35, CCI-O03, TSN-FS-P120Li, S. ENS-O40Li, Y.E. ESN-HP-P022, ENS-O38Liang, Y.H. ENS-O71Liao, C.W. ESN-HS-P109Limonta, S. ENS-O51Lin, H.J. ENS-O66Lin, J. ENS-O23Lin, T.L. TSN-FS-P117Linder, M. ESN-CU-P055, ESN-HS-P092, ENS-O48Lindner, F. ENS-K02Link, T. ESN-CU-P057Linssen, J. TRS-O14Liu, H. ENS-O46Liu, J. TSN-FS-P120Liu, L. ENS-O22, ENS-O35Lobko, E. ENS-O16López-Barranco, B. ENS-O39Lotkov, A. ESN-HS-P090Lu, R. ENS-O84Lu, Z. ENS-O04Ma, F. TSD-RV-P127Maag, T. TRS-O03Mädlow, A. ENS-O89Maeda, T. ESD-GB-P142Makridis, S. ENS-O78Malinowski, M. ESD-CS-P148Mališ, J. ESD-CS-P149, ENS-O82Manai, M.S. ESN-HS-P104Manke, I. ENS-O44Marquez Montes, R.A. ENS-O52Martin, K. ENS-O78Martos, C. ENS-O67Matolin, V. ENS-O54, ENS-O16Matolínová, I. ENS-O54Matsuda, T. ESD-GB-P143, ENS-O01

Matsumoto, H. ESN-HS-P103, ESD-GB-P143, ENS-O01, ESN-HS-P095

Matsunuma, T. ESN-CU-P065Matsuo, T. ENS-O56Matsuoka, T. TSD-MR-P132Matsushita, Y. ENS-O45Matsuzawa, K. ENS-O02, ENS-O32Matthew, L. ENS-O87Mayer, T. TSD-RI-P130McDonald, Z. ESD-GB-P144, ENS-O21Meeyoo, V. ESN-CU-P075, ESN-HP-P030Mehra, R. TSD-RV-P127Mendes, A. ESN-HP-P039Miguel, O. TSN-FS-P161Milewski, J. ENS-O33Miranda, P. ESN-CU-P070, TRS-O17Mishra, M. ESN-HP-P031, ENS-O71Mitsushima, S. ENS-O02Mitzel, J. TSN-FS-P115, ESN-HP-P032, TRS-O03Miura, T. ESN-HP-P024, ESN-HP-P016Miyagi, D. ESN-CU-P089, ESN-CU-P087Miyajima, R. ESN-CU-P089Miyamoto, M. ESN-HS-P098Mohd, N.S. ENS-O59Molenda, J. CHD-O05Møller-Holst, S. TRS-O16Montes-Andrés, H. ENS-O67Montinos, I. TRS-O12Moretto, P. CHD-O06Morris, A. TSD-RI-P128Moullion, M. TRS-O04Movsisyan, G. TRS-O08Müller, C.I. ESN-HP-P038Müller, K. ENS-O29Murakami, H. ENS-O66Muraki, S. ENS-K06Muramatsu, R. CCI-O06Murphy, R. ENS-O61Murugan, A. TSD-RI-P128Muti Mohamed, N. ESN-CU-P053Myagmarjav, O. ESD-GB-P145, ENS-K07Nagai, M. ENS-O41Nakamichi, M. ESN-HS-P098Nakano, A. TSD-MR-P132Nakayama, R. ENS-O32Nam, J.H. ESN-CU-P082, ESN-CU-P052Nanba, T. ESN-HS-P103, ESN-HS-P095, ENS-O58Navas, C. CHD-O06Nechache, A. ESD-PG-P152Neofytidis, C. ENS-O14Neophytides, S. ENS-O14Neuner, T. TRS-O04Newell, A. ESN-HP-P034Niakolas, D. ENS-O14Nieto, B. TRS-O13Nigbur, F. CCI-O04Nishi, M. ESN-HS-P095Nishimiya, N. ENS-O47Noguchi, H. ENS-K07Noguchi, K. CCI-SET-P005Nomura, M. ESN-HP-P045, ESD-GB-P145


177

Novotný, P. ESN-HP-P035Nunes, G. TRS-O17Nunes, H. ESN-HS-P105Nurkaliyev, M. ESN-HP-P036Oberholzer, S. CHD-K01Ødegård, A. TRS-O16Offermann, B. TRS-O03Ogden, J. ENS-O21Oh, B.S. ESN-CU-P080Ohgi, Y. ENS-O32Ohtsuka, K. TSD-MR-P132Oishi, A. ENS-O02Okabe, A. ENS-O56Okada, K. ENS-O88Okada, Y. ENS-O93Okumura, M. ENS-O45Olavarrieta, J. ESN-CU-P071Oldenbroek, V. ENS-O80Oliveira, V. ENS-O36Omanovic, S. ENS-O03Ono, K. CCI-SET-P003, CCI-LPR-P006Orcajo, G. ENS-O67Orozco Mena, R.E. ENS-O52Ortiz Cebolla, R. CHD-O06Ostroverkh, A. ENS-O54, ENS-O16Ostroverkh, Y. ENS-O54Ota, K.I. ENS-O02, ENS-O32Ou, K. TSN-FS-P124Oubraham, J. ESN-HS-P104Oyama, S. TRS-O18Ozawa, A. ENS-O92, CCI-O06Paidar, M. ESN-CU-P073, ENS-O49, ENS-O26, ENS-O82,

ESD-CS-P149Palacin Arizón, F. TRS-O20, ENS-O20Panagakos, G. ENS-O78Panagiota, M. ENS-O78Panico, A. ENS-O62Papurello, D. ESN-CU-P067Pasupathi, S. ESD-CS-P148, ENS-O34Peh, S. ESN-HP-P030Peña, J.A. ESN-HP-P037, ENS-O39Perez Vega, S.B. ENS-O52Perng, T.P. ESN-HP-P031, ESN-CU-P061, ENS-O53, ENS-O71Pharoah, J.G. CCI-K02Phongprueksathat, N. ESN-CU-P075Pilinski, N. ENS-O50Pinto, A. ESN-HS-P105, ENS-O36Pireaux, J.J. TSN-FS-P116Pivac, N. ENS-O19Pohlmann, C. ESN-HS-P104Polák, L. ENS-O10, ESN-CU-P076Poláková, J. ESN-CU-P076, ENS-O28Poran, A. ESN-CU-P086Posdziech, O. ENS-O08, ENS-O15Preuster, P. ENS-O29Prokop, M. ENS-O49Promta, P. ESD-GB-P134Pulkkinen, V. ENS-O51Qi, Y. ESN-HS-P114Qi, T. TRS-O06Ramos Sanchez, V.H. ENS-O52, ESN-HP-P019

Rangel, C. ESN-HS-P105Rao, A. TSD-RV-P127Rastedt, M. ENS-O50Rath, P.C. ENS-O73Rau, F. ENS-O63Rauscher, T. ESN-HP-P038Ravel, S. ENS-O37Relvas, F. ESN-HP-P039, ENS-O51Reyes, L. TRS-O13Reynolds, C. CCI-O04Rodat, S. ENS-O37Rodionov, I. ESN-HS-P090Rokni, M. ENS-O24Romanov, I. ESN-HS-P096Röntzsch, L. ENS-O44, ESN-HP-P038Roziere, J. ESN-HP-P015Ruiz Romero, M.J. ESN-HP-P019Saburi, T. CCI-SET-P003Sachdev, S. ESN-CU-P078Sadler, D. ENS-K09Saito, Y. ENS-O45Saito, A. TRS-O18Sakaba, N. ENS-K07, ESN-HP-P023Sakairi, S. ENS-O47Sakamoto, T. ENS-O41Sakata, K. ENS-O58, ESN-CU-P079Saleh, K. ESN-HS-P104Sam, B. TRS-O10Sandström, R. CHD-TIS-P002Sang, L. ENS-O72Santarelli, M. ESN-CU-P067Sasakura, M. ESN-CU-P079Sato, T. ESD-HH-P154Sattler, C. PL 5Sawada, S.I. ESN-HP-P045Schade, W. ENS-O06Scheffer, K. ENS-O94Schefold, J. ENS-O17Scheppat, B. ENS-O11Schiller, G. ESD-PG-P152Schnegelberger, C. ESD-CS-P151Schollenberger, D. ENS-O08Schoof, R. ENS-O07Schott, S. TRS-O08Schulze, M. TSN-FS-P115, ESN-CU-P085, ESN-HP-P032,

TRS-O03Schumacher, M. ESN-CU-P081Schwartz, C. TRS-O07Schwarze, K. ENS-O15Segovia Guzman, M.O. ESN-HP-P019Seifert, K. ESD-GB-P146, ENS-O60Sekiya, M. TSD-MR-P132Seo, D.W. ESN-HP-P025Sevcikova, K. ENS-O16Shang, H.W. ESN-HS-P114Sharifi, T. ESN-HP-P014Sharma, A. ESN-CU-P078Sharma, A. ENS-O68Shchukarev, A. ESN-HP-P014Shen, J. ENS-O27Shi, Y. ENS-O04


178

Shibata, A. ESD-GB-P145Shikin, I. ESN-HS-P093Shim, J.H. ESN-HS-P108Shimazaki, T. TSD-MR-P132Shimizu, T. ENS-O81Shin, H.S. ESN-CU-P080Shiozawa, H. TSD-MR-P132Simón, J. ENS-O20, TRS-O20Simunovic, J. ENS-O19Sita, C. ENS-O16, ESD-CS-P148, ESN-HP-P010, ENS-O34Skala, T. Smeets, F. PL 4Smink, G. ENS-O80Šnajdrová, V. ENS-O10, ESN-CU-P076Šnita, D. ESN-CU-P056Somarathne, K.D.K.A. ESN-CU-P059Song, J. ESN-CU-P082, ESN-CU-P052Song, J. ENS-O40Song, Y. ENS-O23Songzhe, C. ENS-O77Srivastava, U. ESN-CU-P078Stanek, R. Staňo, Ľ. ESN-HP-P040Stano, M. ESN-CU-P083, ESN-HP-P040Stefanescu, I. CHD-O04Stehlik, K. CHD-O03, CHD-CEE-P001Steilen, S. ESD-CS-P151Steinberger-Wilckens, R. ENS-O61Stergiopoulos, V. ESN-HP-P012Stodolny, M. ESD-GB-P146, ENS-O60Stubos, A. ENS-O78Stürmer, J. ENS-K02Suguro, Y. ENS-O32Suifan, S. ESN-CU-P053Sun, L. ENS-O27Sun, W. ENS-O40Sung Chul, Y. ENS-O05Suzuki, S. ESD-GB-P142Świerczek, K. CHD-O05Syrovátka, Z. TRS-O09Taillades-Jacquin, M. ESN-HP-P015Takagi, H. ENS-O58, ESN-HS-P095Takahashi, Y. ENS-O56Takano, S. ENS-O93Takáts, M. TRS-O09Takayama, Y. TSD-MR-P132Takeshima, T. ENS-O32Taki, K. ENS-O45Tallgren, J. ENS-O51Talukdar, K. ESN-CU-P085Tamura, Y. CCI-SET-P004Tanaka, N. ESN-HP-P045, ESD-GB-P145, ENS-K07Taninokuchi, R. ENS-O66Tannert, D. ENS-O09, ESN-HP-P041Tartakovsky, L. ESN-CU-P086Teichmann, D. ENS-O30Thampi, K.R. ESN-HP-P034Thawko, A. ESN-CU-P086Thomas, V.U. TRS-O06Tinkhauser, G. ENS-K03Tkáč, M. CHD-CEE-P001

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Wilde, P. TRS-O08Wildrath, B. ENS-K05Wind, J. TSD-RI-P130, TRS-O15, TRS-O04Wisutiratanamanee, A. ESN-CU-P075, ESN-HP-P030Wohlmuther, J. TSD-RV-P160Woo, S.K. ESN-HP-P025Wu, Y. ESN-HS-P112Wu, Z. ENS-O43Wulf, C. TRS-O14Xing, X. ENS-O23Xu, J. ESN-HP-P020Xu, L. ENS-O46Xu, L. ESN-HP-P044Yakovlev, Y. ENS-O54Yamada, E. TSD-RI-P131Yamaki, T. ESN-HP-P045Yamasaki, H. ENS-O56Yamashita, S. ENS-O41Yan, C.F. TSN-FS-P123, TSN-FS-P122, ESN-HP-P046, ENS-O04Yan, Y. TRS-O11, TRS-O05Yang, Y.W. ESN-HP-P029Yang, C. ENS-O21Yang, F. ENS-O43Yang, Y. ENS-O27Yi, S.C. TSN-FS-P119Yin, L. ENS-O35Yonekura, D. ESN-CU-P087Yoon, H.J. ESN-HP-P047Yoon, W.L. ESN-HP-P048Yoshida, K. CCI-SET-P003Yoshida, M. CCI-SET-P003Yu, B. ESD-PG-P153, ENS-O25Yu, S. TSN-FP-P125Yuan, W.W. TSN-FS-P124Yuan, H. ESN-HS-P111, ESN-HS-P110Yuan, J. ESN-HS-P112Yuan, W. ENS-O40Yuzhen, G. ENS-O84Zagrodnik, R. ESD-GB-P146, ENS-O60Zainal, B. ENS-O59Žaitlík, D. ESN-HP-P035Zang, L. ESN-HS-P111, ESN-HS-P110Zauner, R. ENS-O94Zenith, F. TRS-O16Zhang, Y.H. ESN-HS-P114Zhang, Z. ESN-CU-P087, ESN-CU-P089Zhang, B. ESN-HS-P112Zhang, G. TSN-FP-P125, CCI-O03Zhang, P. ENS-O27Zhang, P. ENS-O77, ESN-HP-P044, ESN-HP-P020Zhang, W.Q. ESD-PG-P153, ENS-O25Zhang, Z. ENS-O43Zhao, D.L. ESN-HS-P114Zhao, X.Y. ESN-HP-P046Zheng, L. ENS-O40Zhou, S. ESN-HS-P112Zhu, B. ESN-CU-P066Zhu, L. ENS-O43Zhu, Y. TRS-O11Zinatizadeh, A.A. ENS-O59

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