TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
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Chapter10
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GlobalcompetitionpromptstheUnitedStatestoexpanditsinfluenceandterritory,engageinconflictsaroundtheglobe,andbuildthePanamaCanal.
AmericaClaimsanEmpire
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
SECTION1 ImperialismandAmerica
SECTION2 TheSpanish-AmericanWar
SECTION3 AcquiringNewLands
SECTION4 AmericaasaWorldPower
AmericaClaimsanEmpire
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
ImperialismandAmericaSection1
Beginningin1867andcontinuingthroughthecentury,globalcompetitioncausestheUnitedStatestoexpand.
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
GlobalCompetition• Imperialism—policyofextendingcontroloverweakernations• In1800s,EuropeansdivideupmostofAfrica,competeforChina• JapanjoinsraceforChina;U.S.decidestoexpandoverseas
ImperialismandAmericaSection-1
Continued…
AmericanExpansionism
DesireforMilitaryStrength• AdmiralAlfredT.Mahan urgesU.S.tobuildupnavytocompete• U.S.buildsmodernbattleships,becomesthirdlargestnavalpower
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
AmericanExpansionism {continued}
ThirstforNewMarkets• U.S.farms,factoriesproducemorethanAmericanscanconsume• U.S.needsrawmaterials,newmarketsforgoods• Foreigntrade:solutiontooverproduction,unemployment,depression
Section-1
BeliefinCulturalSuperiority• SomecombineSocialDarwinism,beliefinsuperiorityofAnglo-Saxons• ArgueU.S.hasdutytoChristianize,civilize“inferiorpeoples”
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
EarlyExpansion• WilliamSeward—SecretaryofStateunderLincoln,Johnson• 1867,arrangespurchaseofAlaskafromRussiafor$7.2million
— hastroubleconvincingHousetofundpurchase— Alaskacalled“Seward’sIcebox,”“Seward’sFolly”
• Alaskarichintimber,minerals,oil
TheUnitedStatesAcquiresAlaska
Section-1
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
TheUnitedStatesTakesHawaii
Section-1
Continued…
TheCryforAnnexation• Since1790s,U.S.merchantsstopinHawaiionwaytoChina,India• 1820s,Yankeemissionariesfoundschools,churchesonislands• Mid-1800s,American-ownedsugarplantations75%ofislands’wealth• 1887,U.S.pressuresHawaiitoallownavalbaseatPearlHarbor
— becomesrefueling station• 1890McKinleyTariffeliminatesduty-freestatusofHawaiiansugar• PlanterscallforU.S.toannexislandssowillnothavetopayduty
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
TheEndofaMonarchy• 1887,businessmenforceKingKalakauatolimitvotetolandowners• QueenLiliuokalani triestoremovelandowningrequirement• Withhelpofmarines,businessgroupsoverthrowqueen• SetupgovernmentheadedbySanfordB.Dole• PresidentClevelandcannotmakeDolesurrenderpowertoqueen
— recognizesRepublicofHawaii• UnderPresidentMcKinley,CongressproclaimsHawaiiU.S.territory
TheUnitedStatesTakesHawaii{continued}
Section-1
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
TheSpanish-AmericanWarSection-2
In1898,theUnitedStatesgoestowartohelpCubawinitsindependencefromSpain.
AN EXAMPLE OF YELLOW JOURNALISM/PROPAGANDA
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
AmericanInterestinCuba• U.S.longinterestedinCuba;wantstobuyCubafromSpain• During1868–1878warforindependence,AmericansympathieswithCuba• 1886abolitionofslaveryleadstoU.S.investmentinsugarcane
TheSecondWarforIndependence• JoséMartí—poet,journalist—launchessecondrevolutionin1895• GuerrillacampaigndestroysAmerican-ownedsugarmills,plantations• U.S.publicopinionsplit:
— businesswantstosupportSpain— othersfavor Cubancause
Section-2
TheSpanish-AmericanWarCubansRebelAgainstSpain
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
WarFeverEscalates
Section-2
Continued…
SpainTakesAction• 1896,GeneralValeriano Weyler senttoCubatorestoreorder• Putsabout300,000Cubansinconcentrationcamps
HeadlineWars• NewspapersexploitWeyler’s actionsincirculationwar• Yellowjournalism—sensationalwritingusedtolure,enragereaders
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
WarFeverEscalates{continued}
Section-2
ThedeLôme Letter• HeadlinesincreaseAmericansympathyforindependentCuba• McKinleywantstoavoidwar,triesdiplomacytoresolvecrisis• PrivateletterbySpanishministerEnriqueDupuy deLôme published
— callsMcKinleyweak,swayedbypublic• Spainapologizes,deLôme resigns;Americanpublicangry
TheU.S.S.MaineExplodes• U.S.S.Maine senttopickupU.S.citizens,protectU.S.property• ShipblowsupinHavanaharbor;newspapersblameSpain
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
TheWarinthePhilippines• FirstbattlewithSpainoccursinSpanishcolonyofthePhilippines• CommodoreGeorgeDewey destroysSpanishfleetinManilaharbor• Filipinos,ledbyEmilioAguinaldo,supportDewey• August1898,SpanishtroopsinManilasurrendertoU.S.
WarwithSpainErupts
Section-2
TheU.S.DeclaresWar• SpainagreestomostU.S.demands,publicopinionstillfavorswar• U.S.declareswarApril1898
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
WarwithSpainErupts{continued}
Section-2
TheWarintheCaribbean• U.S.blockadesCuba;SpanishfleetinSantiagodeCubaharbor• Unlikenavy,U.S.armyhassmallprofessionalforce,manyvolunteers
— volunteersill-prepared,ill-supplied
RoughRiders• RoughRiders—LeonardWood,TheodoreRooseveltleadvolunteercavalry• RooseveltdeclaredheroofattackonstrategicSanJuanHill• Spanishfleettriestoescapeblockade,isdestroyedinnavalbattle• U.S.troopsinvadePuertoRicosoonafter
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
Section-2
TreatyofParis• Spain,U.S.signarmisticeAugust1898;meetinParistomaketreaty• SpainfreesCuba;handsGuam,PuertoRicotoU.S.;sellsPhilippines
DebateovertheTreaty• TreatyofParis touchesoffgreatdebateoverimperialism• McKinleytriestojustifyannexationofPhilippinesonmoralgrounds• Opponentsgivepolitical,moral,economicargumentsagainst
WarwithSpainErupts{continued}
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
AcquiringNewLandsSection-3
Intheearly1900s,theUnitedStatesengagesinconflictsinPuertoRico,Cuba,andthePhilippines.
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
MilitaryRule• DuringSpanish-AmericanWar,GeneralNelsonA.Milesoccupiesisland• PuertoRicoundermilitarycontrol• Peoplesplitonindependence,statehood,self-governmentunderU.S.
ReturntoCivilGovernment• PRstrategicaspostinCaribbean,forprotectionoffuturecanal• 1900,ForakerAct setsupcivilgovernment
— presidentappointsgovernor,upperhouse• 1917,PuertoRicansmadeU.S.citizens;electbothhouses
Section-3
AcquiringNewLandsRulingPuertoRico
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
Section-3
CubaandtheUnitedStates
AmericanSoldiers• U.S.recognizesCubanindependencefromSpain• TellerAmendmentsaysU.S.hasnointentionoftakingoverCuba• AfterwarU.S.occupiesCuba;hassameofficialsinofficeasSpain
— Cubanprotestorsimprisonedorexiled• Americanmilitarygovernmenthelpsrebuildthecountry
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
Section-3
CubaandtheUnitedStates{continued}
PlattAmendment• U.S.makesCubaaddPlattAmendment toits1901constitution• PlattAmendmentdoesnotallowCubatogointodebt;alsostipulates
— notreatiesthatletforeignpowercontrolland— U.S.hasrighttointervene— U.S.canbuy,leaselandfornavy
• Protectorate—countrywhoseaffairspartlycontrolledbystrongerone
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
Section-3
FilipinosRebel
Philippine-AmericanWar• FilipinosoutragedatTreatyofPariscallforannexation• 1899,EmilioAguinaldo leadsfightforindependenceagainstU.S.• U.S.forcesFilipinostoliveindesignatedzonesinpoorconditions
— whiteU.S.soldiersseeFilipinosasinferior— blacktroopstroubledatspreadingprejudice
• 20,000Filipinosdieinfightforindependence
AftermathoftheWar• U.S.presidentappointsgovernorwhoappointsupperhouse
— peopleelectlowerhouse• July4,1946,Philippinesbecomeindependent
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
Section-3
ForeignInfluenceinChina
U.S.InterestinChina• U.S.seesChinaasvastpotentialmarket,investmentopportunity• France,Britain,Japan,Russiahavesettlements,spheresofinfluence
JohnHay’sOpenDoorNotes• U.S.SecretaryofStateJohnHay issuesOpenDoornotes• NotesaskimperialistnationstosharetradingrightswithU.S.• Otherpowersreluctantlyagree
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
Section-3
ForeignInfluenceinChina{continued}
TheBoxerRebellioninChina• EuropeansdominatemostlargeChinesecities• Chineseformsecretsocieties,includingBoxers,toexpelforeigners
• Boxerskillhundredsofforeigners,ChineseconvertstoChristianity• U.S.,Britain,France,Germany,JapanputdownBoxerRebellion
ProtectingAmericanRights• HayissuesnewOpenDoornotessayingU.S.willkeeptradeopen• OpenDoorpolicyreflectsbeliefsaboutU.S.economy:
— growthdependsonexports— U.S.hasrighttokeepmarketsopen— closingofareathreatensU.S.survival
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
Section-3
TheImpactofU.S.TerritorialGains
TheAnti-ImperialistLeague• McKinley’sreelectionconfirmsmostAmericansfavorimperialism• Anti-ImperialistLeaguehasprominentpeoplefromdifferentfields• Forvariousreasons,agreewrongtoruleotherswithouttheirconsent
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
AmericaasaWorldPowerSection-4
TheRusso-JapaneseWar,thePanamaCanal,andtheMexicanRevolutionaddtoAmerica’smilitaryandeconomicpower.
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
AmericaasaWorldPower
Continued…
Section-4
TeddyRooseveltandtheWorld
RooseveltthePeacemaker• RooseveltdoesnotwantEuropeanstocontrolworldeconomy,politics• 1904,Japan,RussiadisputecontrolofKorea• RooseveltnegotiatesTreatyofPortsmouth:
— JapangetsManchuria,Korea— RooseveltwinsNobelPeacePrize
• U.S.,Japancontinuediplomatictalks— pledgetorespecteachother’spossessions
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
TeddyRooseveltandtheWorld{continued}
PanamaCanal• U.S.wantscanaltocuttraveltimeofcommercial,militaryships• U.S.buysFrenchcompany’sroutethroughPanama• NegotiateswithColombiatobuildPanamaCanal;talksbreakdown• FrenchcompanyagenthelpsorganizePanamanianrebellion
— U.S.givesmilitaryaid• U.S.,Panamasigntreaty;U.S.pays$10millionforCanalZone
Section-4
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
TeddyRooseveltandtheWorld {continued}
ConstructingtheCanal• RooseveltnegotiatesTreatyofPortsmouth:
— fightdiseases,geographicobstacles— atheight,43,400workersemployed
Section-4
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
TeddyRooseveltandtheWorld {continued}
TheRooseveltCorollary• RooseveltfearsEuropeaninterventionifLatinAmericadefaults• RemindsEuropeansofMonroeDoctrine,demandstheystayout• RooseveltCorollary—U.S.touseforcetoprotecteconomicinterests
Section-4
Continued…
DollarDiplomacy• Early1900s,U.S.exercisespolicepoweronseveraloccasions• Dollardiplomacy—U.S.guaranteesforeignloansbyU.S.business
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
WoodrowWilson’sMissionaryDiplomacy{continued}TheMexicanRevolution
• Missionarydiplomacy—U.S.hasmoralresponsibility:— willnotrecognizeregimesthatareoppressive,undemocratic
• UnderdictatorPorfirio Díaz,muchU.S.investmentinMexico
• 1911,peasants,workersledbyFranciscoMaderooverthrowDíaz• GeneralVictoriano Huertatakesovergovernment;Maderoismurdered• WilsonrefusestorecognizeHuerta’sgovernment
Section-4
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
WoodrowWilson’sMissionaryDiplomacy{continued}
InterventioninMexico• Huerta’sofficersarrestU.S.sailors,quicklyreleasethem• WilsonordersMarinestooccupyVeracruz• Argentina,Brazil,Chilemediatetoavoidwar• Huertaregimefalls;nationalistVenustiano Carranzanewpresident
Section-4
RebellioninMexico• Francisco“Pancho”Villa,EmilianoZapata opposeCarranza
— Zapatawantslandreform— Villaafiercenationalist
• WilsonrecognizesCarranza’sgovernment;Villathreatensreprisals— Villa’smenkillAmericans
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
WoodrowWilson’sMissionaryDiplomacy{continued}
ChasingVilla• Brig.Gen.JohnJ.Pershing leadsforcetocaptureVilla• CarranzademandswithdrawalofU.S.troops;Wilsonatfirstrefuses• U.S.faceswarinEurope,wantspeaceonsouthernborder
—WilsonordersPershinghome• Mexicoadoptsnewconstitution:
— governmentcontrolsoil,minerals— restrictsforeigninvestors
• 1920,AlvaroObregón newpresident;endscivilwar,startsreforms
Section-4
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10
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