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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century

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Chapter10

Copyright©byHoughtonMifflinHarcourtPublishingCompany

GlobalcompetitionpromptstheUnitedStatestoexpanditsinfluenceandterritory,engageinconflictsaroundtheglobe,andbuildthePanamaCanal.

AmericaClaimsanEmpire


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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st CenturyChapter10

SECTION1 ImperialismandAmerica

SECTION2 TheSpanish-AmericanWar

SECTION3 AcquiringNewLands

SECTION4 AmericaasaWorldPower

AmericaClaimsanEmpire


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ImperialismandAmericaSection1

Beginningin1867andcontinuingthroughthecentury,globalcompetitioncausestheUnitedStatestoexpand.


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GlobalCompetition• Imperialism—policyofextendingcontroloverweakernations• In1800s,EuropeansdivideupmostofAfrica,competeforChina• JapanjoinsraceforChina;U.S.decidestoexpandoverseas

ImperialismandAmericaSection-1

Continued…

AmericanExpansionism

DesireforMilitaryStrength• AdmiralAlfredT.Mahan urgesU.S.tobuildupnavytocompete• U.S.buildsmodernbattleships,becomesthirdlargestnavalpower


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AmericanExpansionism {continued}

ThirstforNewMarkets• U.S.farms,factoriesproducemorethanAmericanscanconsume• U.S.needsrawmaterials,newmarketsforgoods• Foreigntrade:solutiontooverproduction,unemployment,depression

Section-1

BeliefinCulturalSuperiority• SomecombineSocialDarwinism,beliefinsuperiorityofAnglo-Saxons• ArgueU.S.hasdutytoChristianize,civilize“inferiorpeoples”


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EarlyExpansion• WilliamSeward—SecretaryofStateunderLincoln,Johnson• 1867,arrangespurchaseofAlaskafromRussiafor$7.2million

— hastroubleconvincingHousetofundpurchase— Alaskacalled“Seward’sIcebox,”“Seward’sFolly”

• Alaskarichintimber,minerals,oil

TheUnitedStatesAcquiresAlaska

Section-1


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TheUnitedStatesTakesHawaii

Section-1

Continued…

TheCryforAnnexation• Since1790s,U.S.merchantsstopinHawaiionwaytoChina,India• 1820s,Yankeemissionariesfoundschools,churchesonislands• Mid-1800s,American-ownedsugarplantations75%ofislands’wealth• 1887,U.S.pressuresHawaiitoallownavalbaseatPearlHarbor

— becomesrefueling station• 1890McKinleyTariffeliminatesduty-freestatusofHawaiiansugar• PlanterscallforU.S.toannexislandssowillnothavetopayduty


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TheEndofaMonarchy• 1887,businessmenforceKingKalakauatolimitvotetolandowners• QueenLiliuokalani triestoremovelandowningrequirement• Withhelpofmarines,businessgroupsoverthrowqueen• SetupgovernmentheadedbySanfordB.Dole• PresidentClevelandcannotmakeDolesurrenderpowertoqueen

— recognizesRepublicofHawaii• UnderPresidentMcKinley,CongressproclaimsHawaiiU.S.territory

TheUnitedStatesTakesHawaii{continued}

Section-1


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TheSpanish-AmericanWarSection-2

In1898,theUnitedStatesgoestowartohelpCubawinitsindependencefromSpain.

AN EXAMPLE OF YELLOW JOURNALISM/PROPAGANDA


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AmericanInterestinCuba• U.S.longinterestedinCuba;wantstobuyCubafromSpain• During1868–1878warforindependence,AmericansympathieswithCuba• 1886abolitionofslaveryleadstoU.S.investmentinsugarcane

TheSecondWarforIndependence• JoséMartí—poet,journalist—launchessecondrevolutionin1895• GuerrillacampaigndestroysAmerican-ownedsugarmills,plantations• U.S.publicopinionsplit:

— businesswantstosupportSpain— othersfavor Cubancause

Section-2

TheSpanish-AmericanWarCubansRebelAgainstSpain


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WarFeverEscalates

Section-2

Continued…

SpainTakesAction• 1896,GeneralValeriano Weyler senttoCubatorestoreorder• Putsabout300,000Cubansinconcentrationcamps

HeadlineWars• NewspapersexploitWeyler’s actionsincirculationwar• Yellowjournalism—sensationalwritingusedtolure,enragereaders


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WarFeverEscalates{continued}

Section-2

ThedeLôme Letter• HeadlinesincreaseAmericansympathyforindependentCuba• McKinleywantstoavoidwar,triesdiplomacytoresolvecrisis• PrivateletterbySpanishministerEnriqueDupuy deLôme published

— callsMcKinleyweak,swayedbypublic• Spainapologizes,deLôme resigns;Americanpublicangry

TheU.S.S.MaineExplodes• U.S.S.Maine senttopickupU.S.citizens,protectU.S.property• ShipblowsupinHavanaharbor;newspapersblameSpain


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TheWarinthePhilippines• FirstbattlewithSpainoccursinSpanishcolonyofthePhilippines• CommodoreGeorgeDewey destroysSpanishfleetinManilaharbor• Filipinos,ledbyEmilioAguinaldo,supportDewey• August1898,SpanishtroopsinManilasurrendertoU.S.

WarwithSpainErupts

Section-2

TheU.S.DeclaresWar• SpainagreestomostU.S.demands,publicopinionstillfavorswar• U.S.declareswarApril1898

Continued…


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WarwithSpainErupts{continued}

Section-2

TheWarintheCaribbean• U.S.blockadesCuba;SpanishfleetinSantiagodeCubaharbor• Unlikenavy,U.S.armyhassmallprofessionalforce,manyvolunteers

— volunteersill-prepared,ill-supplied

RoughRiders• RoughRiders—LeonardWood,TheodoreRooseveltleadvolunteercavalry• RooseveltdeclaredheroofattackonstrategicSanJuanHill• Spanishfleettriestoescapeblockade,isdestroyedinnavalbattle• U.S.troopsinvadePuertoRicosoonafter

Continued…


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Section-2

TreatyofParis• Spain,U.S.signarmisticeAugust1898;meetinParistomaketreaty• SpainfreesCuba;handsGuam,PuertoRicotoU.S.;sellsPhilippines

DebateovertheTreaty• TreatyofParis touchesoffgreatdebateoverimperialism• McKinleytriestojustifyannexationofPhilippinesonmoralgrounds• Opponentsgivepolitical,moral,economicargumentsagainst

WarwithSpainErupts{continued}


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AcquiringNewLandsSection-3

Intheearly1900s,theUnitedStatesengagesinconflictsinPuertoRico,Cuba,andthePhilippines.


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MilitaryRule• DuringSpanish-AmericanWar,GeneralNelsonA.Milesoccupiesisland• PuertoRicoundermilitarycontrol• Peoplesplitonindependence,statehood,self-governmentunderU.S.

ReturntoCivilGovernment• PRstrategicaspostinCaribbean,forprotectionoffuturecanal• 1900,ForakerAct setsupcivilgovernment

— presidentappointsgovernor,upperhouse• 1917,PuertoRicansmadeU.S.citizens;electbothhouses

Section-3

AcquiringNewLandsRulingPuertoRico


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Section-3

CubaandtheUnitedStates

AmericanSoldiers• U.S.recognizesCubanindependencefromSpain• TellerAmendmentsaysU.S.hasnointentionoftakingoverCuba• AfterwarU.S.occupiesCuba;hassameofficialsinofficeasSpain

— Cubanprotestorsimprisonedorexiled• Americanmilitarygovernmenthelpsrebuildthecountry

Continued…


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Section-3

CubaandtheUnitedStates{continued}

PlattAmendment• U.S.makesCubaaddPlattAmendment toits1901constitution• PlattAmendmentdoesnotallowCubatogointodebt;alsostipulates

— notreatiesthatletforeignpowercontrolland— U.S.hasrighttointervene— U.S.canbuy,leaselandfornavy

• Protectorate—countrywhoseaffairspartlycontrolledbystrongerone

Continued…


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Section-3

FilipinosRebel

Philippine-AmericanWar• FilipinosoutragedatTreatyofPariscallforannexation• 1899,EmilioAguinaldo leadsfightforindependenceagainstU.S.• U.S.forcesFilipinostoliveindesignatedzonesinpoorconditions

— whiteU.S.soldiersseeFilipinosasinferior— blacktroopstroubledatspreadingprejudice

• 20,000Filipinosdieinfightforindependence

AftermathoftheWar• U.S.presidentappointsgovernorwhoappointsupperhouse

— peopleelectlowerhouse• July4,1946,Philippinesbecomeindependent


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Section-3

ForeignInfluenceinChina

U.S.InterestinChina• U.S.seesChinaasvastpotentialmarket,investmentopportunity• France,Britain,Japan,Russiahavesettlements,spheresofinfluence

JohnHay’sOpenDoorNotes• U.S.SecretaryofStateJohnHay issuesOpenDoornotes• NotesaskimperialistnationstosharetradingrightswithU.S.• Otherpowersreluctantlyagree

Continued…


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Section-3

ForeignInfluenceinChina{continued}

TheBoxerRebellioninChina• EuropeansdominatemostlargeChinesecities• Chineseformsecretsocieties,includingBoxers,toexpelforeigners

• Boxerskillhundredsofforeigners,ChineseconvertstoChristianity• U.S.,Britain,France,Germany,JapanputdownBoxerRebellion

ProtectingAmericanRights• HayissuesnewOpenDoornotessayingU.S.willkeeptradeopen• OpenDoorpolicyreflectsbeliefsaboutU.S.economy:

— growthdependsonexports— U.S.hasrighttokeepmarketsopen— closingofareathreatensU.S.survival


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Section-3

TheImpactofU.S.TerritorialGains

TheAnti-ImperialistLeague• McKinley’sreelectionconfirmsmostAmericansfavorimperialism• Anti-ImperialistLeaguehasprominentpeoplefromdifferentfields• Forvariousreasons,agreewrongtoruleotherswithouttheirconsent


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AmericaasaWorldPowerSection-4

TheRusso-JapaneseWar,thePanamaCanal,andtheMexicanRevolutionaddtoAmerica’smilitaryandeconomicpower.


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AmericaasaWorldPower

Continued…

Section-4

TeddyRooseveltandtheWorld

RooseveltthePeacemaker• RooseveltdoesnotwantEuropeanstocontrolworldeconomy,politics• 1904,Japan,RussiadisputecontrolofKorea• RooseveltnegotiatesTreatyofPortsmouth:

— JapangetsManchuria,Korea— RooseveltwinsNobelPeacePrize

• U.S.,Japancontinuediplomatictalks— pledgetorespecteachother’spossessions


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TeddyRooseveltandtheWorld{continued}

PanamaCanal• U.S.wantscanaltocuttraveltimeofcommercial,militaryships• U.S.buysFrenchcompany’sroutethroughPanama• NegotiateswithColombiatobuildPanamaCanal;talksbreakdown• FrenchcompanyagenthelpsorganizePanamanianrebellion

— U.S.givesmilitaryaid• U.S.,Panamasigntreaty;U.S.pays$10millionforCanalZone

Section-4


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TeddyRooseveltandtheWorld {continued}

ConstructingtheCanal• RooseveltnegotiatesTreatyofPortsmouth:

— fightdiseases,geographicobstacles— atheight,43,400workersemployed

Section-4

Continued…


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TeddyRooseveltandtheWorld {continued}

TheRooseveltCorollary• RooseveltfearsEuropeaninterventionifLatinAmericadefaults• RemindsEuropeansofMonroeDoctrine,demandstheystayout• RooseveltCorollary—U.S.touseforcetoprotecteconomicinterests

Section-4

Continued…

DollarDiplomacy• Early1900s,U.S.exercisespolicepoweronseveraloccasions• Dollardiplomacy—U.S.guaranteesforeignloansbyU.S.business


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WoodrowWilson’sMissionaryDiplomacy{continued}TheMexicanRevolution

• Missionarydiplomacy—U.S.hasmoralresponsibility:— willnotrecognizeregimesthatareoppressive,undemocratic

• UnderdictatorPorfirio Díaz,muchU.S.investmentinMexico

• 1911,peasants,workersledbyFranciscoMaderooverthrowDíaz• GeneralVictoriano Huertatakesovergovernment;Maderoismurdered• WilsonrefusestorecognizeHuerta’sgovernment

Section-4

Continued…


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WoodrowWilson’sMissionaryDiplomacy{continued}

InterventioninMexico• Huerta’sofficersarrestU.S.sailors,quicklyreleasethem• WilsonordersMarinestooccupyVeracruz• Argentina,Brazil,Chilemediatetoavoidwar• Huertaregimefalls;nationalistVenustiano Carranzanewpresident

Section-4

RebellioninMexico• Francisco“Pancho”Villa,EmilianoZapata opposeCarranza

— Zapatawantslandreform— Villaafiercenationalist

• WilsonrecognizesCarranza’sgovernment;Villathreatensreprisals— Villa’smenkillAmericans

Continued…


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WoodrowWilson’sMissionaryDiplomacy{continued}

ChasingVilla• Brig.Gen.JohnJ.Pershing leadsforcetocaptureVilla• CarranzademandswithdrawalofU.S.troops;Wilsonatfirstrefuses• U.S.faceswarinEurope,wantspeaceonsouthernborder

—WilsonordersPershinghome• Mexicoadoptsnewconstitution:

— governmentcontrolsoil,minerals— restrictsforeigninvestors

• 1920,AlvaroObregón newpresident;endscivilwar,startsreforms

Section-4

Continued…


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