THE ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN MINT OF WARWICK BNJ... · By N. J. EBSWORTH THE first recorded history...

THE ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN MINT OF WARWICK By N. J . EBSWORTH

THE first recorded history of the town was written by John Rous. He was a native of Warwick who resided for many years as Chantry Priest at Guys Cliffe, which is about one mile to the north of the town, during the latter part of the 15th century. Rous died at Warwick on January 14th 1491 and was buried in St. Mary's Church.

Unfortunately the greater part of his writings are lost but one work Historia Begum Angliae was published by Hearne at Oxford in 1716, a more complete second edition following in 1745. This work contains a history of the origin of the town; to quote the words of H. A. Cronne, Professor of Medieval History, University of Birmingham, . . . 'we need not linger over the fabulous origins of the town, which are recounted with such charming naivete and wealth of circumstantial detail. . . This work does however include a description of the mint and its moneyers which, based upon some early 12th century charters recently transcribed, is extremely accurate.

Rous states:— 'The min t of Warwick was in earlier t imes a t a place towards the E a s t of the churchyard (St. Mary's)

as I have discovered in legal writings of the Collegiate Church of St. Mary, Mother of God, where as I knew in m y own days was a lane now stopped u p and t ransferred to the south of the churchyard. Also I have of ten read in writings the names of moneyers lawfully abiding there then and earlier, as Baldred, Evera rd and other moneyers of the same sort . Their accustomed dwelling place was certainly a t the site where the vicars of the College now live. '2

Rous must have been writing of charters dated after 1123 A.D. as the Church of St. Mary was not made Collegiate until that year. This is further confirmed by coins of the moneyer Everard being known for Stephen (1135-1154). The confirmatory charters are mentioned later.

There is no authentic evidence to show that the site of Warwick was a place of importance before Saxon times and the first positive record is for the year 914 A.D. when the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle3 states . . . .

' In the year 913, b y the Grace of God, iEthelflaed the " L a d y of the Mercians" went with all the Mercians to Tamwor th a n d buil t the fortress there early in the summer, and af terwards t h a t a t Stafford before Lammas .

Then in 914 was fortified the fortress a t Eddisbury in early summer, and later in the same year, late in au tumn , t h a t a t Warwick . '

This was one of a series of fortresses built for the defence of Mercia against the Danes. There exists in the castle grounds a mound which bears the name Êthelfited's Mound but today it is considered that this is not the original fortress but of Norman origin. Although considerable Danish activity was evident in Mercia there is no positive evidence that Warwick was involved until 1016 A.D. when the town was sacked by Cnut on his way north to conquer Northumbria.

1 The Borough of Warwick in the Middle Ages b y H . A. Cronne, Dugdale Society Occasional Pape r No. 10, 1951.

2 Transla ted f rom Historia Regum Angliae by

J o h n Rous : 2nd edn. Thos. Hearne, Oxford. 1745, p. 194.

3 The Anglo Saxo?i Chronicle ed. G. N. Garmons-way, Everyman ' s Library, No. 024, 1962.

54 T H E ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN MINT OF W A R W I C K

In 1068 Warwick Castle was founded and Henry de Beaumont entrusted with its keeping. He was created Earl of Warwick shortly after the Domesday Survey. William the Conqueror was in the town in 1068 and the founding of the castle was probably a direct result of the visit. J . H. Round considers that the castle was founded at this date and not just restored, and bases his opinion upon the statement in the Domesday Survey that four houses had to be pulled down to make room for the castle.1 If this is correct we must look elsewhere for the site of the Anglo-Saxon mint.

The Domesday Survey gives us the first detailed information regarding the town2 but, as is so often the case, the information for Warwick is unsatisfactory and provides us with very little idea of its life and activities. I t is obvious however that the town was of considerable size as it lists 113 houses of the King and 112 belonging to the Barons. In addition there are a further 23 houses mentioned as being in Warwick but belonging to various rural manors in the county. These are listed, not in the entry for the town, but in the respective entries relating to the manors. Together this makes a total of 248 houses which must imply a popu-lation of at least 1,000 people.

Warwick is the only town in the county for which burgesses are listed—22 in all including 3 from rural manors—and whilst no mention is made of its possessing a mint a comparison with the surrounding area shows that in a total of 8 counties 16 towns only are listed as having burgesses and of these 12 are known to have struck coins in the Norman period. Of these 12 only 5 are mentioned in Domesday as possessing a mint and furthermore in the 8 counties there are only two other towns known to have been striking coins during this period. The particulars are shown in Appendix A.3

I t has been suggested4 that the mint probably dates from the time when the burgesses acquired the right to hold the town by military custom, namely supplying 10 burgesses to the King's army against the Danes, but what weight should be given to this theory is not easy to determine, and the advice of a Domesday specialist would be desirable. If this is correct, however, it would not come under the scope of Domesday for it was one of the privileges of the burgesses. Consequently there would be no record of its contributions in the survey and the creation of the Earldom of Warwick would not disturb these ancient privileges. In other words the King could not grant to the Earl what was no longer his to give.

The history of most boroughs before 1086 is obscure, but whilst the growth of many can be followed from then on Warwick is an exception. There is practically no information about the borough for the whole of the 12th century although it was the shire town. I ts importance mainly derived from the fact that the castle was a military centre of the first rank and it seems probable that the town's trade and industry depended very largely upon the needs of the castle.

Mention has previously been made of John Rous and his writings describing the mint and its moneyers. Mrs. D. Styles is currently transcribing some 12th century charters dealing with the foundation and early years of the Collegiate Church of St. Mary, Warwick, and in two cases has discovered moneyers signing as witnesses to documents.5

1 Victoria County History of Warwickshire, Vol. 1, Terrett , Cambridge University Press, 1954. p. 277. 4 A Numismatic History of Henry I by W. J .

2 Domesday Book for the County of Warwick. Andrew, 1901, p. 444. Translated b y Wm. Reader, 2nd edn, ed. E . P . 5 I am indebted to Mrs. Styles for allowing me to Shirley, c. 1879. quote here f rom her as y6t unpublished research in

3 Details extracted f rom The Domesday Geography this mat te r . of Midland England, ed. H . C. Darby and I . B.

55 THE ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN MINT OF WARWICK

This is of first importance as not only does it confirm Rous' writings but for two moneyers, Everard and Ricard, we have both coins and signature extant. In the case of the other moneyer mentioned, coins are not known but attribution of doubtful pieces can possibly be confirmed if and when they appear.

The charters are: (A) Register of St. Mary's. Public Record Office. Exchequer. Kings Remembrancer.

Miscellaneous Books Series 1. (E.164) Vol. 22. (A.l) Folio 8 verso and 9.

Charter of Roger, Earl of Warwick (1119-1153) in which he gives Chapel of St. James in pure and perpetual alms to God and the Canons of St. Mary's. Witnesses include Everardus monetarius

Ricardus monetarius The probable date of this charter is 1125-1129 A.D., based upon the fact that the gift was confirmed by Bishop Simon of Worcester who was in office 1125-1150 A.D. (Confirmatory charter in same register, folio 13 and 14).

(A.2) Folio 9 verso and 10. Charter of Robert De Curie granting Budbrooke Church to St. Mary's. Witnesses include Ricardus filius Badret monatarii

Everardus monetarius This charter cannot be dated with certainty but it belongs to either Henry I's or Stephen's reign and is therefore before 1154 A.D.

Both the above are 13th century copies of the actual charters and the following extract is taken from an 18th century manuscript now in the Birthplace Trust Library at Stratford-upon-Avon.

(B.) Saunders' Collections relating to Warwickshire. Volume 1, No. 140, pp 129-130. Charter of Earl Roger of Warwick (1119-1153) in which he grants to the Hospital of St. John in Warwick two houses in Northgate Street, one of which belongs to Richard, son of Everard the moneyer. Amongst the many witnesses is listed Everard the moneyer.

St. Mary's Church stands at the south end of Northgate Street and on the west side. It is interesting therefore to consider John Rous's statement . . . 'The mint is . . . at a place . . . towards the east of the Churchyard' and conjecture if it was contained originally in the house of Richard. Rous also gives Baldred as a moneyer, relying no doubt on the same source in which he has equated Badret with Baldred, seemingly correctly.

Turning to the coins issued by the mint at Warwick I have listed them under the separate kings. Under each reign any comments of particular interest are included, notably where coins have been re-attributed to Warwick. Also noted are coins that are no longer considered to be of Warwick together with the reasons for the re-attribution where this is not obvious.

The information given for each coin includes:— (a) Obverse inscription (b) Reverse inscription (c) Moneyer (d) Weight (e) Provenance.

Although Mr. Dolley in his article 'The Significance of Die-Axis in the Context of the Later Anglo-Saxon Coinage' (BNJ XXVII, pp. 167-172) makes a plea that die-axis should

56 T H E ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN MINT OF WARWICK

be noted wherever possible, I have not included it here as it has proved impossible to ensure that a consistent method has been employed in the case of coins that I have not been able myself to examine. Consequently rather than include information which is possibly incorrect, in a few cases only it is emphasized, I have omitted this detail.

In view of the fact that Warwick was a comparatively minor mint it has been thought desirable to list every coin that had come to my attention as at 1st April 1965 and has been examined personally or from photographs. This has enabled a pattern of die-links to be drawn up and these are shown on the plates. These throw up some interesting points which are discussed later.

The complete pedigree, where known, of every coin has been given so that its history from find-spot to present day location can be seen immediately. A considerable number of the coins have been illustrated in this Journal and various sale catalogues and these references have also been given. With few exceptions none of these particular coins are illustrated here. Abbreviations have been used and I have followed those used by Mr. H. H. King in his articles 'The Coins of the Sussex Mints', (ref. BNJ vol. XXVIII , pp. 60-61.). Some additional ones have had to be used and the complete listing is given in appendix 'B'.

There are a few instances where coins of importance are currently in private collections and the owner wishes to remain anonymous. In these cases I have used the word Private against the coin.

I t will be noted that several of the coins from Edward the Confessor onwards originate from English find-spots. These are also shown grouped together in appendix 'C' together with the hoard reference number quoted by J . D. A. Thompson in his Inventory of British Coin Hoards, A.D. 600-1500. There are certain tentative references given to coins possibly of Warwick in this book which on present evidence appear incorrect and these are discussed later in the paper.

I t appears that the mint commenced operation during the reign of iEthelstan and issued coins more or less continually through to the time of Stephen. There is at least one baronial issue of Matilda that has always been given to Wareham that I consider should be re-attributed to Warwick and the same applies to certain coins issued during the reign of jEthelrsed II . These are discussed under the various reigns.

IETHELSTAN

Both BMC type I I I coins (PI. V, 1A.) are from the same pair of dies and all three coins are currently attributed to Warwick on the strength of the floral decoration on the reverse of the type I I I coins, this form of decoration only being found on coins of the Midland mints. However prior to this both types had a chequered career and although the mint signature V E R I on the BMC type Vc coin (PI. V, 2B.) coidd represent Warwick I consider that there are, at the moment, insufficient grounds for positively associating the coins with this mint.

The first mention of the type I I I coins is in Ruding Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain. Here one is engraved (3rd edn. vol. 3, plate XVII No. 12) and listed as being in the Tyssen collection. The weight is given as 23-70 grains which is midway between the two coins known today. The coin illustrated is in fact the British Museum specimen which was acquired with the Tyssen collection in 1802. Ruding attributed this coin to Wareham but W. A. Cotton in The Coins, Tokens and Medals of Worcestershire states 'Mr Edward Hawkins late Keeper at the British Museum, states that coins of iEthelstan on which the words V E R I and W E


appear have generally been assigned to Worcester. I t seems more reasonable to suppose that they were struck at Wareham'. The Worcester attribution is the one given in the third edition of Hawkin's The Silver Coins of England, published in 1887 and edited by his grandson R. LI. Kenyon, but Cotton who was writing two years before this date says 'the present day authorities in the British Museum also attribute the coin to Wareham'.

In the B.M. Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Coins (vol. 2, p. 114) H. A. Grueber lists the type Vc coin under Warwick but G. C. Brooke in English Coins re-attributes both coins to Wareham without, unfortunately, giving his reasons.

The type Vc coin was first mentioned by Valentine Green in History and Antiquities of the City and Suburbs of Worcester (1796) and he gives an engraving of it. Hawkins in his corres-pondence with Cotton appears to have been influenced in his decision to change his attri-bution to Wareham by the evidence of the law enacted byiEthelstan at Grateley which assigned a quota of 2 moneyers to the borough. At the time coins supporting this statement were probably not known to Hawkins but we now have coins of type V of the moneyers Wulfsige and iElfred. These bear the impeccable mint signatures PEKHAM and W E R H A and this, I suggest, must positively destroy any foundation for attributing coins bearing the mint signature VEKI to this mint.

Although it has been suggested that the present Warwick attribution should be treated with caution it is the only known town other than Wareham where the mint signature P E R I — was used during Anglo-Saxon times. Furthermore it was not unknown for the letter w to be represented by a 'v' on coins of iEthelstan, e.g. coin in the Fitzwilliam Sylloge No. 576 with the moneyer's name spelt JBLFVIENE.

EADMUND

At a meeting of this Society held on the 26th January 1949 Mr. L. S. Forrer exhibited a cast of a BMC type I penny (PI. V, 3C.) having the inscription:—

Obv. EADMUND R E X

Rev. + M O N D GNM (in two lines, rosette top and bottom). The present location of this coin is unknown. The moneyer's name would appear to

represent MONTHEGN and if this supposition is correct the coin should be bracketed with the coins struck during iEthelstan's reign.

EADRED

No coins of Warwick can be identified.

EADWIG

No coins of Warwick can be identified. For both these reigns no mint-signed coins of Warwick are known but as probably about

95% of the coins of this period are without mint signature it is possible that some are of the town.

EADGAR

Represented by a solitary coin of BMC type VI, (PI. V, 4D.) previously unpublished; this is at Stockholm. The moneyer OSWERD is known only by this specimen but the mint

58 T H E A N G L O - S A X O N A N D N O R M A N M I N T O F W A R W I C K

signature is absolutely impeccable. There are charters dated 1001 in which the town's name is spelt WIERINC WICUM and this particular coin has the signature PÊRINC.

A moneyer of this name is known to have struck coins during the reigns of Eadred and Eadwig and may possibly be the same person. A moneyer OSWARD is recorded for BMC type Ic of Eadgar.

EDWARD THE MARTYR

Also represented by a solitary coin (PLY, 5E.) which is in the British Museum. The moneyer OSMAER struck coins at Warwick for every substantive type, other than Second Hand, up to and including the Helmet issue of iEthelrsed II .

JETHELRIED I I

Surviving coins of iEthelrsed reflect the expansion and enlargement of the minting system throughout the country, largely no doubt to cope with the need for monejr to meet the demands of the Viking Invaders. This is well illustrated by Warwick where only one moneyer is known for the first substantive type but a total of four are known to have issued coins of the Long Cross and Last Small Cross types, a number that was never exceeded during the life of the mint.

Coins of Warwick are not known for the First Small Cross, Second Hand, Benediction Hand, Intermediate Small Cross or Agnus Dei varieties but of these only the Second Hand can be considered a substantive type.

The first type known is First Hand of the moneyer OSMAER (PI. V, 6F & 7G) only. This is followed by the CRUX where apart from a solitary coin of a moneyer LYFINC all the coins were of the same man. The LYFINC coin (PL V, 12M) has an almost certain Warwick mint signature, this being PAERI , but a disturbing feature is that the obverse legend ends with the words R E X AILO. True CRUX coins invariably end R E X ANGLOX and I have been unable to locate a further specimen ending AILO.

The Long Cross issue is represented by four moneyers, OSMAER, /ETHELRIC, JSTHELSTAN

and BYRHSIGE. Of these ^ T H E L R I C is also known for the two following issues and his coins have been attributed to both Warwick and Wareham. His Long Cross coins (PI. V, 13N) all of which come from the same pair of dies, bear the mint signature PER which could represent either mint and indeed all the coins of this particular issue have to date been attributed to Wareham. However coins of this moneyer are known for both the succeeding types bearing the mint signature PAERINC which is, I suggest, an impeccable Warwick signature.

The Last Small Cross issue of the moneyer JDTHELRIC is represented by a solitary coin of the Southwestern style (PI. VI, 6F) and is incidentally the only Warwick coin of this variety. Mr Dolley states in his article Some Reflections on Hildebrand Type 'A' of JEthelrced II that the dies for this variety were almost certainly cut at Exeter. This might suggest that Wareham was a more likely attribution for this moneyer, were it not that coins of both Leicester and Huntingdon are also known of this style, both being a further distance from Exeter than is Warwick. I t seems sensible therefore to place JETHELRIC in the canon of Warwick moneyers for all three issues. If this is accepted the following coins need to be re-attributed:—

(а) Hild. 3949. (б) Stavanger Museum from Josang, Bokn (Tysvaer) find, Rogaland.


(c) Copenhagen Sylloge, 1294 from Enner find, Jutland. (d) BMC 344. ^LTHELSTAN is known for coins of Long Cross type only but all have an indisputable

Warwick signature. Returning to OSMAER all the Long Cross coins have positive Warwick signatures but for

some reason Hildebrand attributed two, Hild. 3957 (PI. V, 20W) and Hild. 4386 (PI. V, 17R) to Wareham. Mr. Dolley suggested in Spink's N.C. of January 1959 that these should be transferred to Warwick and any doubt as to this postulation is completely removed by an obverse die link between Hild. 4386 (mint signature PAER) and Hild. 3879 (mint signature PiERiNc). In consequence the two following coins should be transferred to Warwick:—

(а) Hild. 3957. (б) Hild. 4386. The fourth moneyer known for coins of the Long Cross type, BYRHSIGE, is the most

difficult moneyer to place positively in the canon of Warwick names throughout the existence of the mint.

Coins bearing this moneyer's name are attributed to both Warwick and Wareham and from the evidence available it appears likely that there were two moneyers striking more or less concuri'ently. Coins of the First Hand, Second Hand and Crux were attributed to Wareham and only one type, that of Long Cross, to Warwick.1 Due to the fact that these four types run in sequence it has been conjectured that they possibly all emanate from the same mint.

The position is that the coins attributed to Wareham, with one exception, bear the mint signature P E R , the exception being a solitary First Hand which is inscribed PERHAM. The Long Cross coins, a total of eight all from the same pair of dies (PI. V, 14.0) bear the mint signature PIERI .

I t would appear therefore that both mints possessed a moneyer bearing this name, but whilst it seems sensible to place the First Hand to Wareham and the Long Cross to Warwick the position is complicated by the fact that moneyers of this name struck coins at two other mints only, Exeter and Barnstable, both being West Country mints.

Unfortunately the BYRHSIGE Long Cross coins of either mint do not die-link with any of Wareham or Warwick and it is therefore impossible positive^ to allocate these coins to either mint. Based upon the mint signature, Warwick is the obvious attribution bat the last letter of P^SRI could be the first stroke of what was intended to be an 'H'. I have however tentatively allocated them to Warwick purely on the basis of the mint signature.

The Second Hand and Crux types could also belong to either mint. I have already suggested that coins of iEthelric bearing the mint signature PER should be attributed to Warwick and on this basis the doubtful Byrhsige should also be placed there. I have however traced coins of Wareham issued during the reign of Edward the Confessor which also bear the same mint name and there is no doubt whatsoever that this attribution is correct. These two types must, I suggest, await more confirmation before being firmly attributed to one or the other but on the present evidence Wareham appears to be the more likely place of issue.

No comment is necessary on the coins of the Helmet issue except to note that OSMAER

ceases to strike with this type. Of two coins known of this moneyer one weighs 15-8 grains only which is considerably below the weight standard for the type.

The Last Small Cross issue is represented by four moneyers of which three, WULFRIC,

HYSE and LEOFWOLD, are new with the last two only striking coins of this issue. From the 1 in e .g . H i l d e b r a n d , BMC a n d Brooke .


small number of ten coins in all so far traced three distinctive regional styles are represented and both by weight and variation of the normal copulative the coins confirm Mr. Dolley's groupings contained in his paper Some Reflections on Hildebrand type 'A' of JEthelrced II The coins are tabulated below:—

Coin No. Moneyer Regional Style Copulative Weight

P I . V I . 6F . 1 Êthelric Southwes te rn ON 25-0

PI. V I . 7G. I2 Wulf r i c N o r t h e r n 'A ' M _ 0 19-0 PI. V I . 7G.

\ 3 Wul f r i c N o r t h e r n 'A ' M~0 20-4

PI . V I . 8H. {1 H y s e Sou the rn 'B ' ON

ON 25-0 25-2

PI . V I . 81. 6 ,, ,, ON 26-2

f 7 Leofwold ,, ON 26-5 PI. V I . 9 J .

to j) i) ON

ON 26-2 24-7

PL V I . 10J. 10 Leofwold Sou the rn ' B ' ON 25-5

Hildebrand lists a coin of the moneyer EADRIC (Hild. 689) of the Last Small Cross issue which he attributed to York but which in Anglo-Saxon Coins Miss G-. van der Meer lists as being probably of Warwick. This is doubtful and Mr. Stewart Lyon has discovered that the coin die-links with Cambridge, Dover and London. If it is in fact of Warwick it would be the only coin so far discovered to die-link with any other mint and I suggest that we do not add this coin to the Warwick mint until more substantive evidence comes to light.

CNTJT

Whilst coins are known for the first three substantive types of Cnut and the Quatrefoil issue is represented by four moneyers, only one, WULFRIC, is known for any preceding type. Of the other three moneyers only LEOFWIG appears to have struck succeeding issues. The two moneyers known for the Quatrefoil issue only are each represented by two coins, those of JSTHELWINE coming from the same pair of dies (PI. VI, l l .K) whilst GODRic is rather surprisingly represented by different dies for each coin. The GODRIC coins are extremely light in weight, being 10-0 and 15-3 grains respectively (PI VI, 17.It & 18.S).

The WULFRIC coins include a reverse die having an impeccable Warwick signature PAERIN

(PI. VI, 15.P.) and the same applies to one die of the moneyer LEOFWIG (PI. VI, 12.L) which reads PAERINC. The Quatrefoil coins of this moneyer, with one exception, all bear the name LEOFPI and Parsons lists the name as LEOFWINE. However it will be seen from the chart of types and moneyers that this latter name is not to appear again until the Jewel Cross issue of Harthacnut (1035-6) whilst LEOFWIG is known for every Warwick-issued tj 'pe up to the PACX of Edward the Confessor. The latter is therefore almost certainly the Quatrefoil moneyer.

Both Pointed Helmet and Short Cross types are known for three moneyers, LEOFWIG,

LIFINC and GODWINE. For the latter type there are two coins, from the same pair of dies (PI. VII, 5.E.) one at Stockholm and the other in Mr. Elmore Jones's collection, with the moneyer's name spelt LEOFINC which I have attributed to LIFINC.

The coins of this moneyer of the Pointed Helmet type are of interest in so far that out of a total of twelve coins known nine use one obverse die and only two are known in all. In three other issues where a number of coins of a moneyer of this name is found the same

61 THE ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN MINT OF WARWICK

feature is apparent. This is shown up on the chart of dies for types and moneyers. There appears to be no logical reason for this and it must be, I suggest, a freak of circumstances.

HAROLD I

For this reign we have two moneyers only, one—LEOFWIG—continuing his activity commenced during the reign of Cnut. The other is GODD or GODA and is known for both issues of Harold I and a unique Arm & Sceptre coin of Harthacnut. He is represented by three coins in each case which in each issue emanate from one pair of dies (PI. VII, 8.H & 10.J). Fortunately the mint signature cannot be faulted and suggestions made that the coins may be of Worcester can be dismissed. A moneyer or moneyers named GODA or GOD

was striking coins at the latter mint during the previous two reigns. Parsons in vol. XV of this Journal lists a coin of the moneyer LEOFRIC for Warwick (p.

43, No. 962) of the Fleur-de-lys type and if he is correct this would, of course, be another moneyer for the type. He lists a total of 8 Warwick coins of Harold I all of which, with this exception, were taken from Hildebrand. Unfortunately he does not give his sources of informa-tion and it coulcl be assumed to be a false reading except for the fact that three years later Spink listed a coin for sale having an identical reading. (S.N.C 1923, p. 260, No. 18646). This coin has not been located and the possibility of a new moneyer should therefore be treated with some reserve but certainly not dismissed out of hand.

HARTHACNUT

The Jewel Cross issue of Harthacnut is represented by two coins only and both are of particular interest. One has the reverse inscription LEOEPN ON PERNC (PI. VII, 14.N) and the other SIPERD ONN PAR (PI. VII, 15.0).

In both cases the mint spelling is new and furthermore, if we can ignore the Parsons sugges-tion of LEOFWINE being known for coins of the previous reign, so are both moneyers. Siwerd is known only by this coin which appears to be definitely of English origin but the mint signature PAR could represent either Warwick or Wareham.

The Arm & Sceptre issue is represented by several coins and three moneyers all of whom are known previously. One, LIFINC, is represented by a cut halfpenny (PI. VII, 18.R) and this coin is the first in a series consisting of every type up to the Sovereign type of Edward the Confessor (except for Radiate Small Cross) for which coins of this moneyer exist. A moneyer of this name struck coins of Cnut of the Pointed Helmet and Short Cross types also and, if the same man, represents a working span of from c. 1023 to c. 1059. Alternatively it may be father and son and as coins bearing the same name are known up to William I PACX type it is interesting to conjecture if the total span of approximately 65 years was covered by three generations of the same family.

The moneyer GODA is represented by a solitary coin (PL VII, 19.S) at Stockholm and like the coins of Harold I struck by the same man the mint signature is impeccable.

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR

In the reign of Edward the Confessor we have the most important coin struck during the entire life of the mint and probably one of the most significant coins of the whole of the Anglo-Saxon series. This is of course the gold penny of type BMC V (PI. VIII, 7.G) which

E


is fully discussed by Mr. Derek Allen in his article in vol. XXV of this Journal, 1947, Edward the Confessor's Gold Penny.

No specimen has yet come to light from either the same obverse or reverse die. A further five coins of this type and moneyer are known from three pairs of dies and they show a con-siderable divergence in weight from 16-9 to 26-2 grains.

Each substantive type is represented by at least one coin and in general the coins through-out the reign can be given to Warwick with confidence. There are a few items of particular interest and these are noted below.

(А) LEOFWIG, who was striking almost continually from the Quatrefoil of Cnut, closes his account with the FACX issue of the Confessor.

(Б) The moneyer .^SLFSIGE is known only by a solitary coin of the Radiate/Small Cross issue (PI. VIII, l.A). This coin is in the British Museum and bears the impeccable mint signature of PIERINC.

(c) Of only two coins of the Trefoil-Quadrilateral type one has the moneyer's signature LYFFE (PI. VIII, 3.C). This has been interpreted as LYFINO on the strength of a coin of the Expanding Cross type reading LTJFFINC. From the table of moneyers it would also appear to be a sensible attribution.

(id) An interesting coin now in the collection of Commander Mack has the reverse inscription + E I J E F R I C O I E P I E F R (PI. VIII, 2.B). I t is of the Radiate/Small Cross type and does not die-link with any of the other coins of this type. I t is tentatively attributed to Warwick on the basis of the mint signature but more positive identification is required before we can put it under this mint with confidence.

(e) The Pointed Helmet type is represented by 3 coins. One, of the moneyer ASTAN

is unique and is discussed in NC 1960 (pp. 183 to 190). The other two coins are struck by LYFINC. Only one coin was known until recently of LYFINC and this came from the Sedlescombe find and was originally attributed to Reading. Mr. Dolley in vol. X X X of this Journal (1960, pp. 74-5) postulated that this coin should be re-attributed to Warwick. At the time the article was written no other coin of this type and moneyer was known and indeed the Sedlescombe coin was re-attributed on purely instinctive grounds to Warwick as it disappeared during the latter half of last century.

In 1964 Miss G. van der Meer brought to my notice a coin from the Stora Sojdeby hoard that entirely corroborates Mr. Dolley's attribution (PI. VIII, 14.M). Indeed the reverse reading is identical to that given, including stops, and if the Sedlescombe coin re-appears it will probably prove to be from the same pair of dies.

(/) The Sovereign type coin of the moneyer THXJRCIL is the first issue struck by him and is one of only two coins of the type known for Warwick. Its existence in a minor museum such as Stow-on-the-Wold is indicative of the considerable amount of important material still to be discovered in minor collections.1

(ig) The Facing-Small Cross type is represented by a unique coin of WTTLFWINE in the British Museum (PI. VIII, 20.S). I t is listed in the B.M. Catalogue under Wallingford but is re-attributed by Mr. Elmore Jones to Warwick. Whilst the mint signature PEA is not in itself absolutely definite, and indeed different to any previously recorded, the Warwick attribution can be positively determined by the pattern of the succeeding issues, both as regards moneyer and mint signature. The variety of mint signature, particularly during

1 T h e coin was first publ i shed b y Mr. Dol ley in t h e Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 1964.


the period from Edward's Facing-Small Cross type to William I's Two Star type, is vividly illustrated in the following list which gives all the readings on coins of Warwick so far recorded.

Reign

E d w a r d t h e Confessor

H a r o l d I I .

W i l l i a m I .

BMG type X I I I X V

I I I I I I I V V

Reverse reading

PULFPINE ON PEA PULFPINE ON PEAB BEODBIC ON PAEB BUECIL ON PAEBI

BURCIL ON PEABPI LYFINC ON PEABP WULFWINE ON PEI BUBCLL ON PAEBINC PULFWINE ON PEBPC BUECIL ON PERINC LYPPINO ON PIEEI BUBCIL ON PEEIC PULFPIGE ON PEEIC BUECIL ON PIEE LYFIO ON PEENIO LYFIC ON PEBICPIC

P I . V I I I , 20.S. P I . I X , l . A . P I . V I I I , 23 .U. P I . V I I I , 21 .T .

22 .T

P I . I X , 2. B . P I . I X , 3.C.

PI . I X , 6 .F . P I . I X , 7.G. PI . I X , 8 .H . P I . I X , 9 . K . PI . I X , 9.M. PI . I X , 9 .L. PI . I X , 9.1.

(h) The five coins of the Pyramids type include the unique coin of THEODRIC in the British Museum (BMG 1271, ex Chancton find of 1866), three coins of THURCIL from the Harewood find (NG 1959, pp. 187-192) and an unpublished coin of WULFWINE in Mr. Elmore Jones's collection.

HAROLD N

3 moneyers are known for the reign and all struck during the preceding reign and except for LYFINC the preceding type, LYFINC'S last known type was struck about eight years previously and it could possibly be the son now in operation.

WILLIAM I

Warwick coins are known for six of the eight types of William I, only coins of the Sword and Profile/Cross and Trefoils types being unknown.

Five moneyers are represented, three of whom, THURCIL, WULFWINE and LYFINC, struck coins in the previous reign. Of the two new moneyers LIFRIC and AELRIC the latter is known only for a solitary coin of the PAXS type in the British Museum (BMG 1043) (PI. IX, l l .R) the obverse of which die-links with coins of LIFRIC. Furthermore the reverse die appears to have been modified at an early date as the letters IEL were recut to LIF. Coins from the modified die (PI. IX, 11.Q) are in the British Museum (BMC 1044 and 1045) and it may be that the die was originally incorrectly cut and we can strike AELRIC from the canon of Warwick moneyers. However no less an authority than G. C. Brooke lists the coins to separate moneyers and it therefore seems sensible to accept his opinion.

THURCIL is striking intermittently throughout the reign and his last known type is the PAXS issue. He is first known of the Sovereign type of Edward the Confessor which means that he was operating from c. 1056 to c. 1087.


W U L F W I N E is known for two coins only, of the Bonnet and Two Stars types respectively, and closes a curious career with the latter issue; he is known from five coins only, each of different issues.

LYFINC ends his career with the PAXS type and so ends a remarkable run of coins struck by moneyers of this name commencing with the CRUX type of Mtheir sed II . Over a period of 95 years this name repeatedly appears on the coins of Warwick.

WILLIAM I I

Apart from a solitary coin of BMC type I of LIFRIC (PI. IX, 16.Z) all the coins of this reign are struck by new moneyers. Coins are known of the first three types only, the third type being represented by a unique coin of the moneyer GOLDINC (PI. IX, 15.Y) who also struck both the preceding issues. The other two moneyers are TI I IDRED and SPERHAVOC who struck types I and I I and type I I respectively.

From a total of 17 coins known for this reign 12 are known to have originated from the Tamworth Hoard of 1877. P. W. P. Carlyon-Britton lists ( B N J II, pp. l l l f f . ) four type I and thirteen type I I and fortunately also gives quantities for each moneyer. The details are:—

Type

I I

Moneyer

GOLD INC LIFRIC THIDRED GOLDINC SPERHAVOC THIDRED

No. of coins listed 1 1 2 5 3 5

No. of coins traced 1 1 2 4 + 1 t y p e 3 3 5

In view of the fact that not one coin can be traced back further than the Tamworth hoard and the quantities tally, the provenance of all the Warwick coins of this reign can, I suggest, be given to the Tamworth hoard with confidence.

H E N R Y I

Warwick is very sparsely represented in this reign, only four types being known plus the unique mule of types V/VI that has a pedigree back to the Tyssen sale of 1802. This coin is struck by the only moneyer surviving from the previous reign, Sperhavoc, and he is also known from single specimens of types I (PI. X, 8.H) and X (PI. X, l l .K) both in the British Museum.

Apart from SPERHAVOC, type X is also represented by the moneyer AILWINE (PI. X, 10.J) who is known only for this issue.

Coins of type X I I I are known of two men, GOD W I N E and RICARD. GOD W I N E is also known for the succeeding issue whilst RICARD is one of the two moneyers for whom we have docu-mentary evidence also. He is represented by a solitary coin (PI. X, 13.M) discovered by Mr. F. Banks in the Leeds University Collection.

Finally the last issue of Henry I for which Warwick coins are so far known is type XIV and for this we have three moneyers, GODWINE, EDRED and ESSUWI. The last is known by one coin only (PI. X, 15.0) whilst EDRED also struck the Watford type of Stephen. The ESSUWI coin is in very poor condition but it has an obverse die-link with one of the GODWINE


coins (PI. X, 15.P). I t is also of interest in that the mint signature is WAR, the first occasion that the initial mint letter is 'w' instead of 'p' although both forms are common in the Warwick coins struck during the time of Stephen.

STEPHEN

For the reign of Stephen coins are known for types I and VII only, the latter being repre-sented by a unique coin of the moneyer EVERARD. This particular coin was advertised in Spink's Numismatic Circular of 1939 (pp. 270, No. 82510) as type I I but to date no coins of this issue are known.

For type I three moneyers are known, EVERARD, LEFRIC and EDRED, only the last being known for the previous reign. A total of 15 coins of this type have so far been recorded, a qirantity exceeded by only three other types throughout the life of the mint. This quantity is entirely due to the discovery of the Watford find of 1818 and the Nottingham find of 1880. Five coins are from the latter hoard, eight from the Watford hoard.

This type is unusual for Warwick in that one obverse die was shared by two moneyers, EVERARD and LEFRIC, and it is noticeable that the reverse dies are not used with any other obverse die.

The type VII coin is discussed by Mr. F. Elmore Jones in his article Stephen Type VII in vol XXVIII of this Journal, pp. 537-554, and it is a significant stepping-stone to a coin of the same moneyer previously attributed to Wareham. This is a baronial issue of Matilda defaced to read Stephen. The coin is in the collection of Mr. L. Cabot Briggs and is discussed by him in vol. XXIV of this Journal, pp. 50-53 (PI. X, 17.Q).

Mr. Briggs gave the coin to Wareham 'with some misgivings' mainly upon Brooke positively giving other baronial issues with the mint spelling WAR to Wareham (BMC ( N K ) vol 1, pp. cxx and cxxxi). However EVERARD is a definite Warwick moneyer, the mint spelling WAR

is known for coins of LEFRIC also and finally a Henry I type XIV coin of ESSTTWI with the mint signature WAR has an obverse die-link with a coin of GODWINE that has the mint signature PARPI . We can therefore be positive that in this case WAR can be attributed to Warwick although it can be also of Wareham.

From an historical viewpoint also Warwick has a strong case. Roger de Newburgh was created Earl of Warwick in 1123 upon the death of his father (20 June 1123). Although he witnessed two charters of Stephen at London and Oxford he joined Empress Matilda shortly after her arrival in this country in Sept. 1139. He was taken prisoner at Winchester in July 1141 and exchanged together with Robert, Earl of Gloucester, for Stephen. From then until his death on 12 June 1153 the only knowledge we have is that he went on a crusade, but in 1154 his widow Gundrada, daughter of William, Earl of Warenne, is recorded as having turned Stephen's soldiers out of Warwick Castle and welcomed Henry II .

Historically therefore it appears that the Earl of Warwick was a strong supporter of the Angevins and the issuing of a coin of Matilda could be reasonably expected from a mint already in operation. Added to this is the indisputable fact that EVERARD is a known Warwick moneyer and it seems reasonable that the coin should be re-attributed to Warwick. I have therefore included it in the list of coins of the mint without any hesitation.

Dies and Die-linking One of the significant aspects of this mint is the complete lack of die-linking between

different moneyers throughout the whole of the Anglo-Saxon period. Up to and including

66 T H E A N G L O - S A X O N A N D N O R M A N M I N T OF W A R W I C K

coins of Harold I I I have not discovered one single case where two moneyers use the same obverse die.

There is a complete reversal with the Two-Star issue of William I of which a total of seven coins are known from three moneyers. In this instance one obverse die only is used by all three moneyers.

This pattern could have been expected therefore for the PAXS type but in this type, apart from one altered reverse die which can be ignored for die-linking, there is not one instance of the same obverse die being used by any two moneyers. Out of a total of 32 coins recorded for three moneyers, LIFRIC has 10 coins and 2 obverse dies, LYFINC 11 and 1 and TIIURCIL 11 and 1. The altered reverse die is of AELRIC altered to LIFRIO and the solitary AELRIC coin uses one of the LIFRIC obverse dies.

The only issues, apart from the William I type V mentioned above, where two moneyers use the same obverse die are in Henry I type XIV and Stephen type I. In the former one obverse die is used by GODWINE and ESSUWI and in the latter another by EVERARD and LEFRIC.

I have also carried out a small amount of checking with other local mints such as Worcester and Tamworth but have not been able to discover an example of the same die being used at Warwick.

There are naturally several cases where the same moneyer uses a different combination of obverse and reverse dies but the total number of coins of any one type and moneyer are insufficient to draw any positive conclusions. They are recorded below, however, as comparison with other mint data may be of use.

Note—All moneyers for whom two or more coins are recorded are given below.

Reign BMC type Moneyer No. of coins Obv. dies Rev. dies

j E t h e l s t a n I I I MON BEGN 2 1 1 ÊthelrEed I I I l . a OSMiEB 3 2 2

I l l . a OSM-3SB 7 4 5 I Y . a iETHELBIC 5 1 1

iETHELSTAN 6 2 2 BYBHSIGE 8 I 1 OSMjEB 8 4 6

V I I I . OSMiEB 2 2 2 ÊTHELBIC 4 3 3

I . WTJLFBIC 2 1 1 HYSE 3 1 2 LEOFWOLD 4 2 1

C n u t V I I I . jETHELWINE 2 1 1 GODBIC 2 2 2 LEOFWIG 6 3 4 WULFBIC 4 2 2

X I V . GODWDStE 3 2 2 LEOFWIG 3 1 1 LIFnSTC 12 2 3

X V I . LEOFWIG 3 2 2 LIFINC 4 2 2

H a r o l d I . I . GODA 3 1 1 Vc. GODA 3 1 1

LEOFWIG 5 3 3 H a r t h a e n u t n . LEOFWIG 5 2 2


Reign BMC type Moneyer No. of coins Obv. dies Rev. o

E d . Con. I V . LEOFWINE 2 1 1 LIFINC 4 1 1

I . LEOFRIC 4 2 2 V. LEOFRIC 4 3 2

LYFINC 6 4 4 X I . ASTAN 2 1 1

THURCIL 6 1 1 X V . THURCIL 3 2 1

H a r o l d I I . I . LYFINC 2 1 1 Wi l l i am I . V. THURCIL 2 1 2

LYFINC 4 1 2 V I I I . LIFRIC 10 2 4

LYFINC 11 1 3 THURCIL 11 1 2

Wi l l i am I I . I . THIDRED 2 I 1 I I . GOLDINC 4 1 2

SPERHAVOC 3 3 2 THIDRED 5 2 2

H e n r y I . X . AIL WINE 2 1 1 X I V . GODWINE 2 2 1

EDRED 3 1 1 S t ephen I . EVERARD 9 4 3

LEFRIC 4 I 1 EDRED 2 1 1

Hoards and Find Spots On the chart (p. 68) I show the actual number of coins known to me as at June 1965.

Whilst coins of the Warwick mint are not prolific, it does attempt to indicate the output of coin throughout the mint's history. There must still be a large quantity not recorded, particularly in Scandinavian collections, but nevertheless the chart conforms to the general pattern of known Anglo-Saxon mint output.

There are, at first glance, two rather surprising peaks, these being the type I I of William I I and the 'Watford' type of Stephen. In both cases however there is a simple explanation for this apparent anomaly. In the case of the William I I type I I the majority of the coins came from the Tamworth hoard of 1877. J . D. A. Thompson in his Inventory lists a total of 13 Warwick coins of this type and of the 12 so far located 8 are definitely from this hoard and I strongly suspect that the other 4 are also.

Turning to the 'Watford' type of Stephen out of a total of 15 coins 5 are from the Nottingham find of 1880 and a further 4 at least are almost certainly from the Watford find of 1818 as they all were in the Rashleigh sale of 1909.

On this chart I have also shown the provenance of the coins as far as is known and have divided them into three distinct groups.

(а) All the coins that are in the Scandinavian collections even if the hoard location is not known. I suggest that we can safely assume that the majority of the coins in this group,, with the possible exception of 5 coins from the Bruun collection are from Scandinavian hoards. Included in this group are any coins in British collections known to have been dis-covered in Scandinavia.

(б) All the coins for which a positive find spot is known in this country. (c) All the coins in non-Scandinavian collections for which no find spot is known.


WAKWICK M-IMT.


For the reigns of /Ethelrsed I I and Cnut the coins from the Scandinavian hoards pre-dominate but these rapidly fall away until they cease midway through the reign of Edward the Confessor. The first known English find spot is of a single coin of the Long Cross issue of iEtheirsed I I discovered in the Shaftesbury hoard of 1940 {NO. 1956, pp. 267-80). Unfortun-ately this coin cannot now be traced and the only coin with the reverse inscription listed that could possibly be the Shaftesbury coin is the one now in Warwick Museum. However this is highly problematical. The second known English find spot is of a single coin of the Pointed Helmet issue of Cnut which was in the Wedmore hoard of 1853. This hoard also included Warwick coins of Harold I (type I) and Harthacnut (type II) and it appears to be only the second British hoard to include Warwick coins prior to c. 1050. From this date onwards the coins from the Scandinavian hoards cease completely and the British find spots become more pronounced. Out of 24 types from the Expanding Cross type of Edward the Confessor for which coins of Warwick are known there are known English finds recorded for half. I t is very interesting to note that the twelve types for which we have no provenance all consist of a single coin.

In appendix C all the known British find spots of coins of the Warwick mint are listed. Certain of the hoards listed by J . D. A. Thompson have been omitted and the reasons are:—

(a) A W B R I D G E (no. 1 6 ) . A Stephen penny of the moneyer STAN ? is listed. I t is also suggested that the mint may be Norwich of the moneyer Stanchil as the mint letters ER are legible. I would suggest that it may be of the moneyer Thurstan of York who was known to have struck Stephen type I coins and furthermore Mr. Elmore Jones lists him as a possible type VII moneyer in his article in vol. XXVIII of this Journal, pp. 537-554.

('B) L I N T O N (no. 2 3 5 ) . A Stephen type I penny of the moneyer STAN. . is listed as possibly being of Warwick although no details of the mint signature are given. I suggest this should be rejected and considered as a York possibility also.

Under the same hoard a Stephen type I I of the moneyer ANULF is listed as possibly being of Warwick due to the mint signature reading PER. Apart from the fact that there is no moneyer of that name known for Warwick, I have not been able to trace a single coin of Stephen with this mint signature, all examples having the signature either WAR or PAR. I have therefore tentatively rejected this coin as being of Warwick but cannot suggest a possible location.

(c) SIIILLINGTON (no. 3 3 0 ) . A very tentative suggestion is made that Warwick may be the mint for a coin of William I I of the moneyer DECLIR the mint signature apparently being STEPNE. Neither the mint signature nor moneyer is known and I suggest we can dismiss this from our list of find spots.

Very little information of a positive nature can be drawn from a study of the Warwick coin find spots and perhaps the most significant feature is the indication of the rapid move-ment of coin throughout the country. Reference has been made by Mr. Dolley in his descrip-tion of the small hoard of coins discovered at Penrice, Glamorgan, to this feature (NO 1959, pp. 188) and this is noticeable with the Warwick coins. In several cases we have records of coins that were deposited within one or two years at the most from the moment of striking and in certainly one instance, that of the Pyramid type of Edward the Confessor in the Chancton hoard, the coins must have been deposited within months of striking.

A further factor that emerges is that in practically every case the coins were secreted when there was general unrest throughout the land, i.e. the Sedlescombe, Chancton and Soberton hoards were all secreted at the time of the Conquest whilst the Beaworth hoard


was deposited upon the accession of William Rufus to the throne. Similarly the Nottingham hoard, estimated to have been deposited c. 1141, was probabty the direct result of the activities of Queen Matilda's supporters in that area. I t may be recalled that Rannulf, the Earl of Chester, sacked Lincoln on the 2nd February 1141 and W. J . Andrew in The Numismatic History of Henry I gives an interesting theory of the deposit of this hoard.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This paper could not have been written without the generous co-operation and help I have received from all the owners of the coins listed, both private collectors and Museums. I t is not possible to thank all by name but I would like to record the assistance given to me by the staff of the Coin Room of the British Museum and Mrs. Westermark at Stockholm.

Miss G. van der Meer has brought to my notice many coins of importance and Mr. Elmore Jones's advice has helped me on many occasions. I would like to record a special word of thanks to Mr. Dolley who started me on this project and whose assistance has been invaluable. Finally I would thank Mr. Blunt who has had a material part in turning a series of notes into the final paper.

The extensive illustration of the coins discussed in this paper has been made possible by a contribution towards the cost of the plates of £25 each by two anonymous donors. I t is to be regretted that spaces and numbers were reserved on the plates for a few coins of which the material for the illustrations did not arrive in time to be included.

A P P E N D I X A

County

Warwickshire

Northamptonshire

Leicestershire

Staffordshire

Worcestershire

Shropshire

Town

Warwick

Nor thampton

Peterborough

Leicester

Stafford

Tamworth

Tu tbury

Worcester

Pershore

Droitwich

Shrewsbury

Quatford

Mentioned in Domesday Booh as having Coins struck in Norman Period

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Mint

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

W.I . , W.I I . , H . I . & St.

W.I . , W.I I . , H . I . & St.

W.I . , W. I I . & possibly St.

Yes W.I . , W.I I . , H . I . & St.

W.I . , W. I I . & St.

W.I . , W.I I . , H . I . & St .

Possibly Stephen.

W.I . , W.I I . , H . I . & St.

Ed . Con. only.

W.I . , W.I I . , H . I . & St.

E d w I I

Êthelrsed I I I l a I l i a I V a V I I I

Cnut . I V I I I X I V X V I

Har . I . I Vc

Har thacnut l a I I IV

E d w a r d t he Confessor I I I I I I V V I I I X X I X I I I X V

H a r . I I

Wi l l i am I . I I I I I I I V V V I I I

Wi l l i am I I . I I I I I I

H e n r y I . I V V I X X I I I X I V

S tephen I V I I

O S M i E R + + + + + L Y F I N C &c + + + + + + + + + + + + + J E T H E L R I C + + "T i E T H E L S T A N 4-B Y R H S I G E -f

W U L F R I C + + H Y S E + L E G E W O L D + j E T H E L W I N E + L E O F W I G + + + + + + G O D R I C + G O D W I N E -{- -J-

+ + G O D A + + + L E O F W I N E

+ t + + S I W E R D + L E O F R I C H- + + + + + + j E L F S I E + A S T A N + + T H U R C I L + + + + + + + + + W U L F W I N E + + + + + T H E O D R I C + j E L R I C + G O L D I N C + + + X H I D R E D + + V / V I

S P E R H A V O C -{- mule -f~

A I L W I N E nr

R I C A R D +

E D R E D

E S S U W I +

E V E R A R D

F O R N A -

— . _ —

- f t

f Coin recorded which I h a v e n o t been able t o t race .

County

Gloucestershire

Oxfordshire


Mentioned in Domesday Town

Burgesses Mint

Gloucester Yes Yes

Bristol Yes No

Winchcombe Yes No

Tewkesbury Yes No

Berkeley Yes No

Oxford

Book as having Coins struck in Norman Period

W.I. , W.I I . , H . I . & St.

W.I . , W.I I . , H . I . & St.

William I only.

Ed . Con. only.

W.I . , W.II . , H . I . & St. Yes Yes

A P P E N D I X B.

Ashmolean

A.H.B.

N.C.B.

Birm. 000

B.M.

BMC 000

Bruun

Cambridge

Copenhagen

N . J . E .

Glasgow

Guildhall

Harewood

Hild. 000

P . E . J .

R.P.M.

Oslo

Stavanger

Abbreviations used in Location

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

Mr. A. H . Baldwin.

Mr. N. C. Ballingal.

City Museum and Art Gallery, Birmingham 3. and accession number.

British Museum, (coin acquired since the catalogue).

Brit ish Museum Catalogue and number. Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum. Anglo-Saxon Series b y C. F. Keary and H . A. Grueber. 2 vols. London, 1887-93. or Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum. Norman Kings by G. C. Brooke. 2 vols. London, 1916.

L. E. Bruuns Gave til den Kongelige Mont-og Medaillesamling. Copenhagen. 1928

Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, National Museum, Copenhagen.

The author 's collection.

The Hunte r and Coats Collections, Glasgow University.

The Guildhall Museum, London.

Ear l of Harewood.

Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm: number in Hildebrand's Anglo-sachsislca Mynt i Svenska Mynt-kabinettet. 1881.

Mr F . Elmore Jones.

Commander R . P. Mack

Universitetets Myntkabinet t , Oslo.

Stavanger Museum, Norway.


Stockholm (Inv. 000) Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm, number of hoard in the Tn-

ventar ium' of deposits; not in cabinets.

Stow St. Edward ' s Hall , Stow-on-the-WoId, Gloucestershire.

Visby Gotlands Fornsal, Visby, Gotland, Sweden.

Warwick 000 The County Museum, Warwick; and catalogue number.

Other Abbreviations

Argyll Duke of Argyll.

H u n t The late B. W. H u n t collection.

P.C-B. Mr. P . W. P . Carlyon-Britton sale, Sothebys.

R.C.L. Mr. R . C. Lockett sale, Glendinings.

Staunton Mr. William Staunton, Longbridge, Warwick. A noted antiquarian, b. 1765,

d. 1848.

BNJ British Numismatic Journal.

NC Numismatic Chronicle.

SNC Spinks' Numismatic Circular.

A P P E N D I X C.

Approx. date of deposit

1002

1043

1065

1066

1066

1066

1068

1068

1086

1090

1133

1140

1141

Doubtful

1110 1140

1165

Location of English Find Spots including Warwick coins

Location of Find

Shaftesbury

Wedmore, Somerset

Harewood, Yorks.

Chancton, Sussex

Sedlescombe, Sussex

London, Walbrook

Soberton, Han t s

Rotherham, Yorks.

Beaworth, Han t s

Tamworth, Staffs.

Canterbury

Watford, Herts .

Nott ingham

Shillington, Beds.

Linton, Ken t

Awbridge, Han t s

Warwick coins

iEthelrsed I I

Cnut Harold I Har thacnu t

Edward Con.

Edward Con.

Edward Con.

Edward Con.

Harold I I .

Harold I I .

William I .

William I I .

Henry I .

Stephen

Stephen

Inventory Hoard No.

374

81

327

255

334

318

37

350

71

372

295

330

235

16

Obverse BMC type I I I

1 -)-iEBELSTAN BEX

2 same die

BMC type V.c. 1 -r -EDELSTAN BEX TOI BE

Reverse

BMC type I . 1 -j- EDMUND BEX

BMC type VI. 1 -fEADGAE BEX ANGLOX

BMC type I. 1 -j- EADPEABD BEX ANL(lig.)

BMC type Ha. First hand. 1 -fiEDELBED BEX ANGLOX 2 same die

3 + .^DELBJED BEX ANGLOX

BMC type Ilia. CRVX.

1 -f.EDELBJED BEX ANG(lig.)LOX 2 +JEDELE.*:D BEX ANG(lig.)LOX 3 same die

MON BEGN

same die

-fMONDIGN MOJST VEBI 'N'S are reversed Reve r sed 'S ' in field.

MOKD GNM

J 3 T H E L S T A N

Moneyer

Monthegn

M o n t h e g n

Mon thegn

E A D M U N D

Mon thegn ?

Weight Plate refs)

24-2

23-0

22-7

E A D G A R

-OSPEED M~O pa5BiNC(lig.)- Oswerd 221

E D W A R D T H E M A R T Y R

+ OSNER M _ 0 PEEIN

-j-OSMiEE M~0 PJEEIC-same die -j- OSMiEE M—O PJEEINC

'N' reversed.

+ OSMJ3E M—O PÊBI same die + OSMAEB M~~O PAEBI1S"

Osmaer

^ E T H E L R , E D I I .

Osmaer »

Osmaer

18-3

26-4 24-2 25-S

V . l . A .

(V.I .A.)

V .2 .B .

V.3.C.

Collection

BMC 137 (pi. X , N o . 8). ex Tu le t , 1786. Sou thga t e , 1795. Tyssen , 1802.

R . P . M . ex Cuff, 1854-504. Murchison, 1866-258. Bergne , 1873-195. R a s h -leigh, 1909-254. P .C-B, 1913-378. (pi. X I ) . R y a n , 1952-756.

BMC 85. I l l u s t r a t e d 1796.

E x h i b i t e d a t B r i t . N u m . Soc. 26.1. 1949 b y Mr . L . S. For re r .

V .4 .D. S tockho lm S H M I n v . 16200/4.

V .5 .E . B .M. ex Mon tagu . 1895-760.

(V.6.F.) B .M. ex R.C.L. , 1960-3728. V .6 .F . S tockho lm S H M I n v . 23040/7. V.7.G. S tockho lm S H M I n v . 21613/5.

23.5 V .8 .H . H i ld . 3875. 24-0 (Y.9.H.) W a r w i c k 61/1961/A. ex Argyl l . H u n t . 26-5 V.9.I . Hi ld . 3876.

1 "Where p la te references are n o t in b racke t s t h a t pa r t i cu la r die is i l lus t ra ted . All references in b r a c k e t s a re f r o m t h e same die as t h e coin i l lus t ra ted .

h3 0 H > O f 9 ic >

O

i> !zl e iz: o i> 3

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•-1 & CO 1-2

t-CO CO

cS £

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X 5 © CO s a « w

r—I > !>

d bo 0 P5

1 o pq £ c3 CO

"o 1-5 X o f5 C O crj to g Ti S I -p CO

tJ I 1 f-3

§ c H

OS CM

a T) o a a « O o

o o "o

6 S * S CD 1

00 CO © bO c3 (3 H

w tfl

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X m

o »o o ^ e« CO ^

Cq Ph W o £ ti c3 3 ^

CO M o •% s § H ^ Pr

d a bo 0 a CO 1 >

e» H CD 00 X

. CO © 31* • f

tfl

1

x ® D

CO 00 t -00 00

T3 s tfl

co S

tfl

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§ g <J ca a tJ bo bo X eg 0 ©

tfl X X © ©

o tfl X 0

CO

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rt ti • • • 0 (D CO CO OJ bO W) t> oo t> d ca oo co co •3 3 "" " o _9

(3 ti h . © 0 CO t-60 bD ,, 1Q _ — 03 d r̂ O d H S . o o £ J ft ft § ~

s o o o o o o o 6 ft ft ft d CO CO CO CO ni icj ici lO lO r—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 i—1 i—i i-H r—H i—l •—i icj i-t 1—1

i-H > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

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t> t> >

w E-j oo > 00 oo ci o

(M > > > >

lO 00 i-H TH lO -i CO M IM IN CM CM

O CO CO OJ o> CM m o O 00 i-l 00 If r-l 1(5 CO CO I> CO CO CO ia IC CO CO o 1C5 CM CM CM CM <M CM CM CM IM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM

» lO Ci CO O rtf

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o s s s s

Ph PH O T) O O !. S L !.

-3 ^ CO t> O rf + +

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+

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© © © © M » 2 T3 T) w p? ^ 0 © © ©

w p? ^ <D

a a a a n 3 s CO cS

CQ c3 CO 3

03 + a

CO

H s Si P4 O a

O 0 <D 0 © TJ ^ T3- T3

© 0 0 0 s s s a Cj Cj dj fzl mm oi m

s B 3 % P4 H!

P4 S G

< "

^ 0 0 P3 0 .2 s 0 0 § 0 ® ^ a a § g s

< H 0 0 | « %

© Q © 0 a ^ a a ^ a a o g g b o c 3 4 - c 3 c 8 4 - i S c 3 a - c S g 4 . 4 -m T to a i ram i coco 1 1

A « ^ ^ Ik fM o o "a s « « s g co en

S S B 2 F4 h

P O § a a a ? ? ^ ^ ^ o o o + + +

y, x o o H!

tj) O o S5 f5 •3 X X H A M « A A q fS « a A H H A A 6? 3 + +

X o

Co 1 1 « <!

§ W

>2 1 n a ® s

o +

A -

2 © © T5 >3 <D ©

® a a a cS 3 (3 ra CO ra CO U5

0 0 © © © © ©

>3 '•5 ®

© © © © 0 © a S a a § £ 3 CC 03 S cS d w CO CQ CQ CO M w 1> 00 OS o _ <M CO

r-H i-H rH 1—1

© © © ©

''B -3 © © © ©

a n i £ s s CS CO CQ CQ CQ 1C5 CO c- CO i-H rH i-H rH

o o •J 1-1

a a % a <! <! X X H H K PS A A 3 I S S .2 H H -S 0 ® „ H W © „ " • 8 c3 -l- -I- c6 W I I CO

0 <D a a c3 3 ra ra

"3" S x H PS

S .2 A u © " a + §

_bp ¥» X M H W S M A A PS cj j a H W A A + +

N CO Tfi lO CD t>

BMC type V I I I . Helmet. 1 + iEDELB^D BEX ANG(lig.)LO 2 same die

: +'.ffiDELBIC M'O P./EBINC(lig.) s ame die

3 + JEDELRJED BEX ANGL. 4 -f/EDELB-asD BEX ANGLO 5 +JEBELBÊD BEX ANG(lig.)LO 6 +JEBELBiED BEX ANG(lig.)L-

T + J E D E L B I C MOO P ^ B I

- F I E D E L B I C M ' O P J E B I

+ O S M / B E M ' O P ^ B I C

+ O S M E R MO P ^ B I N O

B M C type I . Las t small cross 1 + -/EDELBJED BEX ANGLOB 2 + iEBELBiED BEX ANGLO 3 same die 4 + JEBELBiED BEX ANGLO 5 same die 6 same die 7 + ÊDELBJED BEX ANGLO 8 same die 9 same die

10 -r-EDELBAED BEX ANGL'

-l-^DELBIC ON P^BINC + PVLFRIC M—O PiEBINC(lig.) s ame die + H Y S E O N I P ^ R L N G P I C A

same die + HYSE ON P^SBINGPICA-: + LEOFPOLD ON PiEBINPI same die same die

same die

BMC type V I I I . Quatrefoil. 1 + C N U T B E X A N G L O B V M : -

2 same die

3 - F C N V T B E X A N G L O B V

4 same die 5 same die C - F C N V T B E X A N G L O B V :

7 same die

S 4 - C N V T B E X A N G L O B V I -

9 - F C N V T B E X A N G L O B V M

+ iEDELPINE(lig.) ON P.iEBIC same die

+ L E O F P I M ' O P I E B I N C ( I i g . )

s ame die same die

+ L E O F P I M ' O P E K

( + L ) E : O P P I M ' O P J E B

-fLOFPIC ON PÊBIC -fPYLFRIC M'O P.iERIN

Êthelric 20-7 VI . l .A. Hild . 3867. ft 22'2 (VI. l .A.) Warwick 46/1960/B. ex R.C.L. , 1960-

3742. Bushe, 1960-76. ft 21-6 VI .2 .B. Hi ld . 3866. It 23-4 VI.3.C. B.M. ex E v a n s & Morgan.

Osmaer 15.8 VI .4 .D. Stockholm SHM 9342/49. »» Visby. I n v . GEC 9851/53. 111. in

Got landskt Arkiv. 1957.

iEthelric 25-0 VI .6 .P. Hi ld . 3865. Wulfr ic 19-0 (VL7.G.) B.M. ex Stockholm, 1913-57. „ 20-4 VI.7.G. Hild . 3880. Hyse 25-0 VI.(8) .H. Hild . 3871.

ft 25-2 (VI.8.H.) B.M. ex F . E . J . , 1953. tt 26-2 VI .8 . I . Hi ld . 3872.

Leofwold 26-5 (VI.9.J.) B.M. ex E v a n s and Morgan. »t 24-7 VI.9.(J) . Hi ld . 3873. ft 25-5 (VI.9.J.) Warwick 196/1955. ex R.C.L., 1955-

656. t> 26-2 VI .10.J . Copenhagen. Bough t Stockholm

Museum, 1854.

| > B O fi 9 in > o > g 0

o w g > 2

16-2

20-8

20-9 22-8 21-7 17-6

14-0 (chipped) 17-0 17-9

( V I . l l . K . ) Oslo, ex Arstad, Rogaland find. V I . l l . K . Copenhagen, ex Enner , J u t l a n d find,

1849. (VI.12.L.) Oslo, ex Horr , Rogaland find. VI.12.L. Hi ld . 3572 (VI.12.L.) BMC 547. ex Southgate , 1795 VI.13.M. Hild . 3903 supplement . 111. in Spink's

N.C. J a n . 1959. VI.(13).N. N . J . E .

B H O

£ 1H Q

VI .14 .0 . VT.15.P.

Hi ld . 3580. Bruun 964.

Obverse

10 s a m e die

Reverse

same die

11 +CNVT BEX ANGLORVM-12 same die 13 + CNVT BEX ANGLORV 14 + CNVT BEX ANGLORVI

+ PVLFRIC OK" PiERI same die + GODBIC MO PiEB -fGODBIC MO PJERII

BMC type XIV. Pointed Helmet. 1 + CNVT. BEX ASC. 2 same die

-{-LEOFPIG OK PiEBIC: same die

3 same die 4 -J-CNVT:• R-EX AN: 5 same die 6 same die 7 s a m e die

s a m e die -{-LIFINC: ON PJER-INC* s a m e die s a m e die same die

8 same die 9 same die

s a m e die same die

10 s a m e die 11 s a m e die

same die -4-LIFINC : ON P̂ DB'INC

12 same die 13 + CNVT:- BECX A: 14 same die 15 same die

s a m e die + LIFNC. ON PiE-BINC-. same die same die

16 -f- CNVT BECX AN 17 same die 18 -f-CNVT: BEX ANG(Iig.)

+ GODFINE ON PJER same die + GOD-PINE: ON PiER-I-

BMC type XVI. Short Cross. 1 -f-CNVT -BECX-.- +L-EOFPIG ON PJER-2 same die same die 3 -fCNVT -BECX A +L-EOFPIG ON PyER 4 -fCNVT RECX: -pL-EOFINC ON PJEP.I 5 same die s a m e die

Weight Plate refs. Collection

20-8 (VI.15.P.) Copenhagen, ex Enner , J u t l a n d find, 1849.

16-5 VI.16.Q. Copenhagen, ex Kelds t rup find, 18S9. 17-9 (VI.16.Q.) Hi ld . 3581. 10-0 VI .17 .R. Copenhagen, ex Hess. 1891. 15-3 VI.18.S. B r u u n 963.

17-9 (VI.19.T.) Hi ld . 3573. 1 7 1 YI.19.T. Copenhagen, ex Siokrona, Helsingborg

find, 1883. 17-0 (VI.19.T.) N . J . E . 17-4 (VI.20.U.) Bruun. 965. ex Montagu, 1895-813. 17-6 (VI.20.TJ.) Hi ld . 3576. 17-5 (YI.20.U.) B.M. 17-0 (VI.20.XJ.) Copenhagen. Bought f r o m Stockholm

Museum, 1885. 17-2 VI.20.U. Oslo, ex Arstad, Roga land find.

9-4 (VI.20.U.) F . E . J . (cut Id . ) 17-2 (VI.20.U.) N . J . E . ex E r n s t . 17-4 VI.(20).V. BMC 548 (pi. X I X , 12). ex Wedmore

find, 1853. 17-3 (VI.20.V.) Copenhagen, ex Kelds t rup find, 1859. 13-6 (VI.21.W.) B r u u n 966. 15-1 (VI.21.W.) Hild . 3579. 15-3 VI.21.W. Copenhagen, ex Enner , J u t l a n d find,

1849. 17-0 V I I . l . A . B.M. ex E v a n s and Morgan. 17-6 (VII . I .A.) Hi ld . 3568. 17-6 VII .2 .B. Hild . 3569.

i-3 a H > O t-< O oo t> X o

g o

o V g > Si

2

O

£ > b W Q hH

17-9 VII.3.C. Hild . 3574. 17-3 (VII.3.C.) Copenhagen. 17-9 VII .4 .D. Copenhagen. 17-3 VII .5 .E . Hi ld . 3571. 17-8 (VII.5.E.) F . E . J , ex P.C-B., 1913-554. Wells.

6 + CNVT R E C X A

7 same die 8 + CNVT -RECX

+ L I F I N C ON P A R I

s a m e die + G O D P I N E ON P I E R I

BMC type I. Jewel Cross. 1 + HAROLD REX 2 same die 3 same die 4 +HAR-OLD RC

BMC type Vc. Fleur-de-lys. 1 + HAROLD RECX 2 same die 3 same die 4 +HAR-.-OLD REX 5 same die 6 + HAROLD RECX 7 same die 8 +HAROLD EEC

+ GODD ON PJERINCP same die same die + LEOFPIG ON PIRI

GODA ON PiERINC(lig.) s a m e die same die + L E : O F P I G O PJER

same die + LEOFPII ON VJEl

s a m e die + LEOFPIG O PJE:

BMC type la. Jewel Cross. 1 +HARDACNVT RE 2 +HARDACNVT RE

BMC type II cfc 'Cnut' type 1 +HARDCCNVT(lig.) RE 2 +CNVT ll.ECX A 3 same die 4 same die 5 6 RE

+ L E O E P N ON P E R N C ( I i g )

+ S I P E R : D ONN P A R :

XVII. Arm and Sceptre. + L E O P I I ON PJERHICA

+ L E O P I I ON P ^ S R I N :

s ame die same die

+ L I F I JERII

7 + C N V T R E C X A + GODDA ON P-FERINC

Lifinc 15-3 (VII.6.F.) 15-4 VII .6 .F .

Godwine 18-7 VII .7 .G.

Hild . 3577. Copenhagen ex Store Valby find, 1839. Hi ld . 3570.

H A R O L D I .

Goda 17-0 VI I .8 .H . Hi ld . 961. 16-8 (VII.8.H.) Copenhagen. 16-3 (VII.8.H.) BMC 93. ex Wedmore find,

Leofwig 17-9 VII .9 . I . Hi ld . 962.

Goda 17-6 (VII.10.J.) Hi ld . 960. 18-0 (VII. 10. J . ) B.M. ex Montagu, 1896-83. 16-2 VII .10 .J . Copenhagen.

Leofwig 18-0 V I I . U . K . B.M. ex E v a n s and Morgan. 17-9 (Vi i . I L K . ) Hild. 964. 17-6 VII .12.L. Hi ld . 966.

»» 16-2 (VII.12.L.) Copenhagen 16-7 VII.13.M. Hi ld 963

i-3 w H >• Sj Q t"1 9 da • X o g t) * o £ g g 2!

H A R T H A C N U T

Leofwin Siwerd

15-6 17-9

VII .14.N. VI I .15 .0 .

Hi ld . 189. Hi ld . 190.

Hi O

S Ed

Birm 1527'85-386. ex Staunton , 1885. ^

Leofwig 16-6 VII .16 .P . Bi rm 1527'85-386. ex Staunton , 1885. w Q M t** ** 16-7 (VII.17.Q.) Hild. 3575. w Q M t**

,» 16-8 VII.17.Q. B r u u n 967. 16-1 (VII.17.Q.) BMC 549. ex Wedmore find, 1853. „ 16-6 (VII.17.Q.) Ashmolean 762.

Lifinc 8-6 VII .18 .R. Hi ld . 3578. (cut id . )

Goda 17-4 VII.19.S. Stockholm SHM Inv . 14091/699. ex. Stora Sojdeby find. Oi

Obverse

BMC type IV. PACX. 1 -fEDPASD BEX: 2 s a m e die 3 same die 4 same die

5 + EDPAED BEX :

6 s a m e die 7 + EDPAED BECX:

BMC type I. Radiate!Small Cross. 1 +EDPEBD BEX 2 same die

3 same die 4 +EDPEBD BEXX 5 + EDPEED BEX: 6 + EDPEBD BEX

E D W A R D T H E C O N F E S S O R

Reverse Moneyer Weight Plate refs.

+ LIFINC(lig.) ON PÊBI s a m e die s a m e die same die

+ LEOFPINE ON P ^ B

s a m e die + L E O F P I Q O - N P I E B I C

-fLEOFRIC ON PÊBII same die

same die + LEOFEIC ON P^3BI: - f ^ L F S I I E ON PjSBINC + EIJEFBIC OIE PIEPB

Lifine

Leofwine

Leofwig

Leofr ic

Aelfsie 1

17-3 15-3 17-3 14-0

17-2 15-4

15-7 17-3

14-2 17-6 16-8

VIX.20.T. (VII .20.T.) (VII .20.T.) (VII .20.T.)

18-0 (VII.21.tr.)

VII.2I.XJ. VI I .22 .V.

(VII .23 .W.) (VII .23.W.)

V I I . 2 3 . W . V I I . 2 4 . X . V I I I . 1. A . V I I I . 2 . B .

Collection

H i l d . 740. H i ld . 739. Copenhagen, ex H a a g e r u p find. W a r w i c k 46/1960/c. ex R .C.L . , 1960-

3799. Cambr idge 819. ex P .C-B. , 1913-593.

Y o u n g beques t , 1936. 111. in Fitz-william Sylloge, P I . 26.

N . J . E Hi ld . 750.

H i ld . 736. Copenhagen, ex Tor r ing , J u t l a n d find,

1830. W a r w i c k 61/1961/E. ex Argyl l . H u n t . H i ld . 736.A. BMC 1266 (pi. X X I X - 6 ) . R . P . M .

H w H > O t"1

9 in.

£ O

O !z{ o V g R a

BMC type I I I . Trefoil Quadrilateral. 1 +EDPERD BE 2 +EDBEBD BEX

BMC type I I . Small flan. 1 +BDPEBD BO 2 + EDPARD EC

BMC type V. Expanding Cross. 1 +EDPE.ED BEX

+ L V F F E O N N P ^ E I N L y f i n c ?

H-LEOFBIC ON P ^ R I : Leofr ic

+LEOFBIC ON PE: Leofr io + LVFINO ON PÊEINCllig.) Lyf inc

+ LVFINC ON P.ERINC

17-0 V I I I . 3 . C . H i ld . 741. 17-3 V I I I . 4 . D . H i l d . 738.

17-4 V I I I . 5 . E . H i ld . 737. 17-0 V I I I . 6 . F . W a r w i c k 61/1961/F. ex P .C-B, 1916-

1115B. R .C.L . , 1955-802. H u n t .

54-1 V I I I . 7 . G . B .M. Lyf inc Th i s is t h e u n i q u e gold p e n n y of Warwick . F o r fu l l discussion of t h i s coin see BNJ vol . X X V , 1947.

2 +EDPE-.-BD BEX. 4-LVFINC ON PjERINCPIC : Lyf inc 25-8 V I I I . 8 . H . W a r w i c k 61/1961/G. ex Argyl l . H u n t . 3 same die same die „ 26-2 (VI I I .8 .H . ) F . E . J , ex Ci ty find, 1872. R .C.L . ,

1955-819. 111. in BNJ vol . X X V , p . 276.

SI H O

i> W !—I o

4 + EDPE.ED EE.X

5 - F E D P . E D E E X

6

7 + E D P E . E D E E X

S same die 9 + EDPED EE.X

1 0 + E D P E E D E E X

+ L V E I N C O N P ^ S E I N

+ L V F F I N C ON P ^ J R I

+ L E O F R I C O N P I E E L :

s ame die

- J - L E O F E I C I O O O P E E '

s ame die

BMC type VII. Pointed Helmet. 1 + E D P A R D E E X + L Y F I N C O N P E E I N

2 possibly as above 3 + E D D A E E C X ( r e t r o g r a d e )

possibly as above + I E S . T A N O N P T E R I N

BMC type I X . Sovereign. 1 + E A D P A R D E E X A N G L O

' N ' reversed 2 - F E A D P A R D E E X A N G L O E

' N ' reversed

+ L V F F I N C O N P ^ R P I * 1

'N ' s ' reversed + B U R C I L O N P E E P I C

' N ' reversed

BMC type X I . Hammer Cross. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

+ E A D P A R E D E E

same die same die same die same die same die + E A D P A R E D E E

+ B V E G L O N PÊEINC*

same die same die same die same die same die + A S T A N : O N P E E I N :

S same die same die

BMC type X I I I . Facing Bust/Small Cross. 1 - J - E A D P A E D E E 4 " P V L F P I N E ' ON P E A

24-0

17-3

16-9

26-0

24-8 18-0

17-0

21-3

21-0

19-0

18-4 20-1 21-0

20-0 21-0 21-3 20-5

VIII .9 .1. BMC 1268. ex City find, 1872. Willett , 1876.

VI I I .10 . J . Hi ld . 742. (VIII .10.J .) Ashmolean 856. ex E v a n s bequest ,

1941. V I I I . U . K . Warwick 46/1960/D. ex R.C.L., 1960-

3807. ( V I I I . U . K . ) E . E . J , ex Argyll, Dawson. VII I .12 .L. BMC 1267. ex City find, 1872. Wil let t

bequest , 1876. VIII .13.(L.) N . J . E .

VIII .14.M. Stockholm SHM Inv . 14091/736. ex Stora Sojdeby find.

? ex Sedlescombe find. Guildhall, ex City find, 1872. Baily.

111. in NC 1960, pi. X I V - 1 1 .

VI I I . 16 .0 . Warwick 46/1960/E. ex P.C-B., 1916-1151. (Ill) R.C.L., 1960-3814.

Stow (111 in Trans, of Bristol & Glos. Arch. Soc. vol. 83, 1964, pi. I I , No. 4).

(VIII.18.Q.) (VIII.18.Q.) (VIII.18.Q.) VIII .18.Q. (VIII.18.Q.) (VIII.18.Q.) VI I I .19 .R .

18-3 (VIII.19.R.)

B.M. ex City find. B.M. ex Lawrence, 1923. Warwick 61/1961/H. ex Argyll. H u n t . Warwick 199/1955. E . E . J . A.H.B. BMC 1269. ex City find, 1872. Willet t ,

1876. Warwick 46/1960/F. ex R.C.L., 1960-

3820. City find, 1872.

i-3 w El >

O F 9 bi >

o > § a

o si g g iz;

H. O

!> SJ

Q HH

16-4 VIII .20.S. BMC 1295. ex City find, 1872. Willet t , 1876.

Obverse

BMC type XV. Pyramids. 1 + E A D P A R D E E X

2 s a m e die 3 -fEADPARD EEX 4 + EADPARD EEX

5 + EDPAR

Reverse

+ B U E C I L O N P I E E I

s a m e die same die + D E O B R I C O N P I E R

' N ' reversed + P V L F P I N E O N P E A E

Moneyer

Thuroi l

Theodr ic

Wul fwine

BMC type I. PAX. 1 + H A E O L D E E + A N G L O

2 same die

3 - F - K A E L D E E X A N

4 + H A E O L D R E X A N G L -

-F -LVFINC O N P E A R P

same die

+ P V L F P I N E O N P E I

+ D V E C I L O N P E A E P I

H A R O L D H .

Lyf inc

W u l f w i n e Thurc i l

W I L L I A M I . BMC type I. Profile/Cross Fleury.

1 + P I L L E L M V S R E X + B U E C I L O N P / E E I N C T h u r c i l

BMC type I I . Bonnet. 1 - F P I L L E M V E E X I + P V L F P I M E O N P E E P C W u l f w i n e

BMC type I I I . Canopy. 1 + P I L L E M V S E E X + B V R C I L O N P E E I N C T h u r c i l

BMC type IV. Two Sceptres. 1 + P I L L E M R E X A N G + L V F F I N C O N P I E E I L y f i n c

BMC type V. Two Stars. 1 + P I L L E M R E X A N L + L V F I O O N P E R N I O L y f i n c

20 same die s a m e die

Weight Plate refs. Collection

21-1 VII I .21 .T. Harewood. (111. in NO 1959, pi. X V I I I ) 20-8 (VIII.21.T.) Harewood (111. in NC 1959, pi. X V I I I ) . 20-3 VIII .22.(T.) Leeds, ex Harewood find. 19.5 VII I .23 .U. BMC 1271. ex Chancton find, 1866.

H 20-8 I X . l . A . F . E . J . H

H t> Q t"1

19 0 (IX.2.B.) Birm. 1527'85-389. ex S taunton , 1885. 9 21-2 IX.2 .B . BMC 88. (111. on pi . X X X I I - 9 ) . ex (>

Soberton find, 1851 ^ 20-4 IX.3.C. B.M. ex R o t h e r h a m find, 1939. 3 21-4 Glasgow 1213/H. 867. (111. in H u n - >

ter ian Sylloge, pi. X X X I X , No. 1213) g

O V g

Pr iva te , ex P.C-B., 1916-1196. (111.). > R.C.L., 1960-3830. (111.). ^

19-3 IX .6 .F . N . J . E . g

O 1 8 1 IX.7 .G. Warwick 197/1955. ex R.C.L. , 1955- ^

909. (111.). Drabble , 1939-569. (111.). > Ed

19-0 I X . 8 . H . Warwick 46/1960/G. ex P.C-B., 1918- ^ 1850. Wills, 1938-299. R.C.L. , ^ 1960-3845.

20-5 (IX.9.1.) Warwick 61/1961/L. ex R.C-B., Argyll. H u n t . (111. in BNJ vol . X I I , pi . IV/9).

21-0 IX.9.1. Warwick 46/1960/H. ex R.C.L. , 1960-3858. (111.).

3 s a m e die 4 s ame die 5 . same die

s a m e die - f L V F I C O N P E R I C P I C

V B C I L O N P E R I C

6 same die + B I U R C I L O N P I E R

7 s a m e die P V L F P I G E O N P E R I C

BMC type V I I I . PAXS.

1 + P I L L E L M R ( l i g . ) E X

2 same die + L I E R I C O N P E R E P

+ L I F R I C O N P E R P I

3 same die s a m e die 4 same die same die

5 same die same die 6 same die same die 7 + P I L L E L M R E X same die 8 same die + L I F R I C O N P E R P I

9 same die + L I F R I C O N P E R P I E

10 same die same die

11 same die + I E L R I C O N P E R P I E

12 + P I L L E L M R E X + L V F I N C O N P E R I



15 same die same die 16 same die same die

17 same die same die 18 same die same die 19 same die same die


Lyfinc 20-7 (IX.9.1.) F . E . J . „ 20-5 IX.(9) .J . N . J . E . ex R .P .M. Thurcil 18-4 IX.(9) .K. BMC 382. ex A. H . Baldwin, 1913.

(chipped) >> 20-5 IX.(9) .L. Warwick 61/1961/K. ex Argyll .

Lawson, 1954-131. H u n t . (111. in BNJ vol. X I I , pi . IY/8).

Wulfwine ? 20-0 IX.(9).M. Warwick 61/1961/1. ex Argyll. H u n t .

Lifric 21-1 IX.(10).N. BMC 1048. ex Beaworth find, 1833. »t 21-3 IX.IO.O. BMC 1047. ex Beaworth find, 1833. n 21-4 (IX.IO.O.) Birm. 150'55. ex R.C.L., 1955-989. a 21-2 (IX.IO.O.) Warwick 61/1961/0. ex Argyll. Law-

son, 1954-196. H u n t . it 21-1 (IX.IO.O.) N . J . E . ii 21-6 (IX.IO.O.) Birm. 1527'85-396. ex Staunton, 1885. ii 21-2 ( IX . l l .O . ) F . E . J . it 20-8 IX.(11).P. BMC 1046. ex Beaworth find, 1833. a 20-4 ( IX . l l .Q . ) BMC 1045. ex Sewening, 1878.

Lifric 21-0 IX.(11).Q. BMC 1044. ex Beaworth find, 1833. (111. in NC 1911, pi. XVII /10) .

Aelric 21-4 I X . l l . R . BMC 1043. (pi. X X V I , No. 8). Lyfinc (IX.12.S.) ex P.C-B., 1916-1274. (pi. X X X ) .

a 20-2 (IX.12.S.) Birm. 1527'85-397a. ex Staunton , 1885.

a 22-2 (IX.12.S.) Birm. 1527'85-397b. ex Staunton, 1885.

ti 20-6 (IX.12.S.) N . J . E . a 22-0 (IX.12.S.) BMC 1050. (pi. X X V I , No. 9). ex

Beaworth find, 1833. a 21-2 (IX.12.S.) Warwick 61/1961/M. ex Argyll. H u n t . tt 2 1 1 (IX.12.S.) Warwick 202/1955. ex Argyll. H u n t . a 21-3 (IX.12.S.) Warwick 61/1961/N. ex Argyll. Law-

son, 1954-196. H u n t . a 21'6 IX.12.S. A.H.B.

1-3 w H > % Q t* 9 CO > O

i» g O

0 S) P 1

H O

>

Q

21 22 23 24 25 26

Obverse

s a m e die s a m e die + PILLELM BEX s a m e die s a m e die same die

Reverse

4 - L I I F I N C O N P E B I C

+ L Y F I C O N P E B P I C

+ D B C I L O N P E B P I C

same die s a m e die s a m e die

Moneyer

Lyf ine >3

Thurc i l

27 s a m e die s a m e die

28 same die 29 same die

s a m e die s a m e die

30 31


s a m e die -(-BIIBCIL ON PEBPI

32 33



BMC type I . 1 + PILELMB(lig.)EXI 2 s a m e die 3 PILLELMB(lig.)EX 4 + PILLELMB(lig.)EX

-fBIDBED ONP(lig.)BPICE s a m e die + GOLDINC ON PEEP -fLIFEIC ON PBPIOE

W I L L I A M I I .

Th id red

Goldine Lifr ic

BMC type I I . 1 + PILLELMB(lig.)EX 2' s ame die 3 s a m e die

-f- GOLDINC(lig.) ON PEBP s a m e die s a m e die

Goldinc

4 • s ame die

5 +PILLELM BEX

+ GOLDINC ON PEBI

-BIDBIED ON PBIP Th id red


Weight Plate refs. Collection to

20-3 IX.(12).T. BMC 1049. ex Beawor th find, 1833 21-4 I X (12).IT. BMC. 1051. 20-8 IX.13.V. BMC 1053. ex Beawor th find, 1833.

(IX.13.V.) R .P .M. 20-7 (IX.13.V.) N . J . E . 19-0 (IX.13.Y.) Bi rm. 1527'85-394a. ex Staunton , ^

1885. W 21-7 (IX.13.V.) Bi rm. 1527'85-394b. ex S taunton ,

1885.

H > !2i

21-1 (IX.13.V.) Warwick 61/1961/Q. ex Argyll. H u n t . O 21-3 (IX.13.V.) Warwick 201/1955. ex Argyll. Lawson, Q

1954-196. H u n t . GO 21-5 (IX.13.V.) F . E . J . % 21-6 IX.(13) .W. BMC 1052. (pi. X X V I , No. 10). ex O

Beawor th find, 1833. 21-3 (IX.13.W.) Bi rm. 1527'85-393. ex S taunton , 1885. ^ 20-9 (IX.13.W.) Warwick 61/1961/P. ex Argyll . Law- tJ

son, 1954^196. H u n t . ^ O £ >

g 21-1 I X . 14.X. BMC 57. ex T a m w o r t h find, 1877. g 21-9 (IX. 14.X.) BMC 58. ex Tamwor th find, 1877. H 21-7 IX.15.Y. BMC 55. ex Tamwor th find, 1877. O 19-4 IX.16.Z. BMC 56. (pi. X X X , No. 7). ex ^

Tamwor th find, 1877. > 21-5 X.(1).A. BMC 161. ex Tamwor th find, 1877. M

(X.l .A.) ex P.C-B., 1916-761. (pi. X I X ) . ft (X. l .A.) ex T a m w o r t h find, 1877. E v a n s .

R.C.L., 1958-2895. (pi. VI I I ) . 21-1 X . l . B . BMC 162. (pi. X X X I I I , No. 10). ex

Tamwor th find, 1877. 21-6 (X.2.C.) BMC 164. (pi. X X X I I I , No 12) ex

Tamwor th find, 1877. (X.2.C.) ex P .C-B . , 1916-1302. (pi. X X X )

7 same die

8 same die

9 + PILLELM BEX 1 0 P I L L E L M B E X

1 1 + P I L L E L M B E :

1 2 + P I L L E L M B ( l i g . ) E

BMC type I I I .

1 + P I L L E L M B E

s a m e d i e

s a m e d i e

+ B I B B E D O N P E E

+ S P E B I I F I I C O N T ( l i g . ) R P

s a m e d i e

+ S P E H A F O C O N P ( l i g . ) E E

+ G O D D I N C O N P E E

BMC type I .

1 + H N E I B E + I

BMC type V/VI. ( m u l e ) .

1 + h E N E I O : E E +

+ S P E B H I I - C O N P ( l i g ) B

+ S P E B h A V O O : O N : P A B

BMC type X.

1 + h E N E I O V S B E X A N + A I L P I N E O N P A E P :

2 same die same die 3 + h E N B I C B E + A N G + S P E B h A V E C O N P A :

Thidred 20-4 X.2.C.

Sperhavoc

17-0 (X.2.C.)

19-0 20-6

20-5

19-6

X .3 .D . X.4 . (E) .

X . 5 . E .

Goldino

H E N R Y I .

Sperhavoc 22-3 X . 8 . H .

Sperhavoc 2 0 5

Warwick 198/1955. ex T a m w o r t h find, 1877. E v a n s . R.C.L. , 1955-1018. (pi. X X I I I ) .

N . J . E . ex T a m w o r t h find, 1877 R . P . M .

Warwick 61/1961/R. ex Argyll . H u n t . BMC 163. (pi. X X X I I I , No. 11). ex

T a m w o r t h find, 1877. Warwick 61/1961/S. ex T a m w o r t h

find, 1877. Evans . R.C.L. , 1960-3883 (pi. V I I I ) . H u n t ,

gow (Coats).

1916-1314. (pi. 1960-3890. (pi.

P r iva te , ex P.C-B., X X X I ) . R.C.L. , V I I I ) .

BMC. 17. (pi. X X X V I I I , No. 15.) ex Montagu, 1897-95

Pr iva te colln. ex Tyssen, 1802. Cuff., 1854-742. Murchison, 1866-26. Bergne, 1873-329. Brice, 1881. Montagu, 1896-303. P.C-B., 1916-1346. (pi. X X X I ) . R.C,L. 1955-1054 (pi. X X I V ) .

H M H > SS © IT1

9 in >

O izj > Si t)

o SJ

a H 0

1 &

M o W

Ailwine

Sperhavoc

16-2 (X.10 .J.)

chipped X . 1 0 . J . 20-6 X . l l . K .

B .M. F o u n d a t Colchester. (111. BNJ vol. X X V I , pi . A . 8).

R . P . M . BMC 72. (pi. X L I I , No. 3). ex P i t t ,

1893.

Obverse BMC type X I I I .

1 - F H E N R I C V S

2 + H E N B I C Y S

BMC type XIV. 1 + H E N R I C V S R :

2 same die 3 same die 4 + H E N R I C E X

5 same die

6 + H E N R I C V S

Reverse

+ G O D P I N E :ON : P A R P I C :

+ R I C A R D : O N " P A R P I

+ E D R E D V S :ON : P A R P :

s a m e die s a m e die + E S S V : \VAR :

-)- G O D P I N E :ON I P A R P I

s ame die

BMC type I .

1 + S T I E F N E R : + E V E R A R D : ON : P A R


3 same die same die

4 same die same die

5 -f STIEFNER same die 6 + S T I E F N E + E V E R A R D : O N : P A R :

7 same die same die 8 + S T I E F N E + E V E R A W A R :


10 same die + L E F R I C :ON : W A R :

Moneyer Weight Plate refs. Collection CO n*.

Goclwine

Ricard

Edred

n

Essuwi

Godwine

X.13.M.

21-0 (X.14.N.)

21-2 18-3 21-0

21-2

(X.14.N.) X.14.N. X . 1 5 . 0 .

20-4 (X.15.P.)

X.16.P .

Pr iva te colln. ex Andrew. P.C-B., 1918-1918. (pi. X L I ) . R.C.L., 1960-3912. (pi. I X ) .

Leeds Universi ty. ex Winchester Cathedral collection.

Ashmolean. ex Canterbury find, 1901 ? P.C-B., 1916- 1419. (pi. X X X I I I ) . Mayne.

BMC 185. (pi. X L V I . No. 11). Warwick 61/1961/T ex H u n t . B.M. ex P.C-B. R.C.L. , 1958-2937.

(pi I X ) Warwick 46/1960/1 ex Canterbury

find, 1901? P.C-B., 1918-1942. R.C.L., 1960-3916. (pi. IX) .

BMC 186.

H 3 is > Q t"1

9 bi >

o > g t) tzj o £ > 2

Lefric

21-4 X.18.(R). BMC 112. ex W a t f o r d find, 1818 Rashleigh, 1849.

21-8 (X.18.R.) Birm. 155'55. ex Rashleigh. R.C.L. , 1955-1118. (pi. X X V I ) .

19-6 (X.18.R.) BMC 111. (pi. L I I , No. 3). ex W a t f o r d find, 1818. Rashleigh, 1909-574.

20-9 (X.18.R.) N . J . E . ex Marshall, 1852. 21-3 X.19 .R . Warwick 61/1961/W. ex Argyll. H u n t . 21-6 X.20.S. BMC 112.A. ex Evans . Morgan, 1915. 22-0 (X.20.S.) E . E . J . 13-2 X.(21).T. Not t ingham. ex Not t ingham find,

1880. 13-7 (X.21.T.) Not t ingham. ex Not t ingham find,

1880. 12-9 X.21.U. BMC 112. B. ex Evans . Morgan, 1915.

a H O >

tH O w

11 same die 12 s ame die

13 s a m e die

14 -f- STIEFNER

15 s a m e die

BMC type VII. 1 + S I E F N E

same die same die same die

+ E D R E D : O N : P A R F I

s a m e die

+ E V E R A R D : O N : P A R P I

E d r e d

E v e r a r d

IRREGULAR ISSUE. 1 S A T P N E H E O

(over original inscr ipt ion + M A T I L D I C O )

+ E V E R A R D : O N : W A R E v e r a r d

BNJ vol. X X I V , pp . 50-53).

11-8 (X.21.U.) Not t ingham, ex Not t ingham find, 1880. 14-2 (X.21.U.) Not t ingham, ex Not t ingham find, 1880.

(X.21.U.) ? ex Not t ingham find, 1880. P.C-B., 1916-1493. (pi. X X X I V ) .

19-7 (X.22.V.) BMC 110. ex W a t f o r d find, 1818. Rashleigh, 1849.

22-1 X.22.V. Warwick 61/1961/U. ex Argyll. H u n t ,

| 21-5 F . E . J . ex Mills, -424 . (111. in ^

BNJ vol . X X V I I I , pi . X X X I / 2 0 ) . 3 O f 9

15-4 X.17.Q. L. Cabot Briggs. ex P.C-B. (111. in >

O !ZS > g t) fei O ss

6

0

1 SJ 3

CO ox

PLATE V

C O I N S O F T H E M I N T O F W A R W I C K I

PLATE VIII

C O I N S O F T H E W A R W I C K M I N T . 2

PLATE VIII


PLATE V I I I


PLATE VIII


PLATE X


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THE ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN MINT OF WARWICK BNJ... · By N. J. EBSWORTH THE first recorded history...

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