The assassination of Maurice Sarraut. Plays a political crime

Who today remembers the assassination, on a cold night in December 1943, Mauritius Sarraut, director of the Dispatch and patron of southern radicalism? This murder committed by the LVF killer supervised by the militia was overshadowed by the conditions of issue of the Dispatch between 1940 and 1944, followed by its rebirth in 1947 under the name of the Depeche du Midi. This is not the fate of the newspaper in Toulouse, which was played that night, but an event of any scale, a political project that did not share the original nor the Vichy regime, nor the strength, internal or external to namely restoration of the Third Republic. That is probably why the package of 2 December 1943 has hardly registered in the national collective memory.

The political crime is not a French tradition. Certainly, the murder of Henri III and Henri IV at the public execution of Louis XVI, France has many regicide. There are still echoes of them in the execution of the Duc d'Enghien, Napoleon Bonaparte and the assassination of the Duc de Berry by Louvel, two "strikes" would say Chateaubriand who are also political acts, namely the will break the chain of the ancien regime. This vein runs out soon asserts itself or universal suffrage, with the ensuing parliamentary representation. While it will count with the anarchist of the late nineteenth century and attempts to assassinate General de Gaulle during the war Algeria. A time exception to the rule of the Vichy regime, which sees multiply the killings and summary executions of politicians. This is particularly the case in 1944: among other assassinations of Georges Mandel, Jean Zay and Victor Basch, the Militia, performances of Philippe Henriot, Albert Chichery or Algiers Pierre Pucheu. Anatole Monzie not entirely wrong when he speaks in these "standard operations," a "political crime [...] is unprecedented in our history." Two major political assassinations have occurred in previous years, the Darlan in Algiers December 24, 1942, that of Maurice Sarraut boss Dispatch in Toulouse, December 2, 1943. If these two crimes are so loud, their posthumous fate is very different. The death of Grand Admiral and the vicissitudes of the years of 1942-1943 Algiers have raised a considerable literature constantly enriched, which intersect at a turning point of World War II, French ambitions and international maneuvers. The latter will rapidly lose its national character to become a mere episode Regional promised, except a few references in the histories of Vichy, the indifference of oblivion. With the sole exception of the Dispatch, the newspaper Mauritius Sarraut, became the South (...)in 1947 and family policy embodied in the newspaper of Toulouse, who will maintain the long memory of the politician and press baron gunned down in late 1943. It was as if the crime of December 2, 1943 had not attained a proper historical dimension, which would give him his place in national history. It is the purpose of our article.

A MAN IN THE LVF IN GERMAN HELD BY ARMED MILITIA

Night has already fallen on Toulouse in tonight's cool and rainy December 2, 1943. Maurice Sarraut leaves, as usual, his office on the Rue Bayard. Meanwhile, a car carrying four men took place, Albert Barthe, Yves Téoulet or TEOULE, Marcel

Saint-Jean and Maurice Dousset, starts. The first three are militiamen from the region, the latter a member of the Legion of French Volunteers (LVF) from Paris. They follow the car in a moment of Mauritius Sarraut gasifier, then exceed it. Arrived at 100 meters from the villa of Linden, in the Saint-Simon de Toulouse, the home country of residence of Maurice Sarraut and his family since 1920s Maurice Dousset out of the car and hides in a corner of the wall (still visible today). Barthe is driving, the other two individuals crouched face down in the ditch along the road. Surrounded by the district today Mirail, the villa still exists and has more or less preserved the status was that of a bourgeois property in 1943, excluding the sale of part of the garden at the time of sale in 1980s by the family-Caujolle Sarraut, heiress of Maurice Sarraut. It is now a restaurant, where was preserved the memory of the attack and where it is not difficult, with a little imagination, to restore the spirit of the place in 1943. At 6:20 p.m. The car Mauritius Sarraut appears before the gate of the villa of Lindens. His driver, Rene Portola honk three times that the caretaker gardener, Charles Fourlon come and open the gate. At this moment, Maurice Dousset emerges from the shadows, gun in hand. He approached the vehicle, fires several bursts forwards on the left side of the car at the height of the ice, then returned to running another car waiting, idling, ready to go back to Toulouse. Rene Portola barely had time to shout "Attention protect you" before shelter under the steering wheel. He later noted that "After honk, as usual, I saw a man lying on the right, which was closed, which came after the left wing and took aim. At this point, I fell, I have taken Mr. Sarraut, the boss, the sleeve but did not have the reflex to duck, and he shot at us. "Surprised, Mauritius Sarraut did not have time.. move. Touched by the bullets passing through the armored vehicle, he collapsed. Two projectiles reach the temple and jaw, through the skull from side to side. Four other bullets hit his chest. Portola only wounded although his life will keep the legacy of the attack. Two bullets through his right calf and another scratches her left shoulder. Alerted by the crackling of automatic weapons, Sarraut, the youngest of Mauritius, which is on the first floor of the house, accompanied by the prefect Larquet is worn soon to help his brother: "His pulse was still beating, but he did not utter a word, his face hit in the jaw, forehead, dripping blood. I was taking them in my arms, I drank his blood on his cheek. "Maurice Sarraut expires in the arms of his brother, without regaining consciousness. Dr. Ducuing, called immediately, can only find death. At the scene of the attack, the police will report a score of 9 mm cartridges. The gunman emptied his clip on the car. This would be during a meeting held at the Hotel Lutetia Abwher headquarters, attended by Joseph Darnand, the leader of the Militia Ferdinand Brinon President the LVF, several leaders of the collaborationist parties and German officials, that the fate of Maurice Sarraut have been sealed. It seems more likely that the decision of the crime was taken by the same participants at the headquarters of the LVF, rue de Tilsit. Several reasons converge to designate Sarraut Maurice, who suffers the indignities since 1940 the Vichy regime, for whom he played with his newspaper, La Depeche, this "démocrassouille" (the word is from Pierre Pucheu) laïcarde and Freemason who would be the origin of the misfortunes of France. The radical newspaper man also faced since the occupation of the southern zone in

November 1942, distrust and hostility of the German occupiers, who sees him as "the representative of the International Masonry" working for "the clan [politicians] Americanophile [s]" located in Algiers. On the morning of January 8, 1943, Mauritius Sarraut, aged 74, was arrested with brutality before being released the next day and undergo a police custody at his home for a week. According to the argument advanced by the Commissioner of Government, Mr. Pech at the trial of the killers after the liberation, the idea of crime come from Ferdinand Brinon (for political reasons discussed below) and Darnand, eager to avenge the militiamen executed by the Resistance by elimination of a personality representative of the republican regime. On November 28, 1943, he states at the Palais des festivals in Nice, in front of nearly 1,200 militiamen and supporters: "I can not sacrifice yourself in vain, I decided toto pay our opponents their crimes. We forget, not even our enemies! "This meeting about a similar idea in Toulouse, where the militia has long been considering action against people that are Republican or Dr. Maurice Sarraut Ducuing. From August 3, 1943, Henry Frossard, the departmental chief of the Militia of Haute-Garonne, denounces in public. In the fall, calls to "get Maurice Sarraut" multiply.

RENE BOUSQUET

There will be no trial of Vichy. The assassination of former Secretary General Petain's police action off the court at the same time, after many delays, the proceedings against Bousquet was about to arrive. Conan tells how and why this man intelligent and confident, partly responsible for the deaths of thousands of Jews had been able to continue in private, a brilliant career. It is at 34 Avenue Raphael in the sixteenth arrondissement of Paris, where he was murdered last Tuesday, we met Rene Bousquet April 1990. The old man took no special precautions. The name and address have never left the Minitel and he himself opened the door in the absence of his servant Asia. Despite his age and a recent operation, the former great servant of the state law remained, proud, with a direct gaze, intelligent. And confident. At the time, he was the subject of a complaint for crimes against humanity. We had asked him what he thought. He replied, very sarcastic, "Yes, I read it in newspapers, like everyone else! But you know, today we live in a society where anyone can file a complaint against anyone! "While we did note that his complaints of crimes against humanity were infrequent, he smiled:" It's the same, mixing everything, "Asked about a possible indictment, he smiled again, specifying the air:" Wait, wait, you'll see if there is a trial ... He posted a security self coupled with a slight contempt for this hypothesis: "If you bored, well, we will resume the trial as of 1949: I will defend myself! And I have enough to defend myself! But that would surprise me greatly that there is a trial ... "

It is difficult to know where it came this confidence in the future, but Rene Bousquet suspected of having one day answer for his activities as head of police in Vichy, from April 1942 to December 1943. But he was ready. More likely than not was France itself. For it is the combination of extraordinary slowness of justice - sometimes encouraged and justified at the highest level of government - and his assassination which allows the country to escape once in the remembrance of Vichy's crimes court . The toll, devastating the French memory, is now frozen in a caricature final two-tier justice. While procedures to trample the French for nearly fifteen years, it took four years to settle the case of German Klaus Barbie, "recovered" in legal terms discussed in Guyana in 1983, and spectacularly held in 1987. There will be no trial of Vichy. For the return of Paul Touvier in felony court, recently decided by the Court of Appeal of Versailles, can lead - during 1994 - as the trial of a young soldier's Vichyism activist, member of this cohort of ideologues vociferous but few powers. The real "problem" of Vichy lies rather in the historical responsibility (and possibly judicial) of the State, its institutions and its officials who have taken or assumed the important decisions, some of which were tragic. Two individuals could respond to this policy: Rene Bousquet, a friend of Pierre Laval police chief with the rank of minister, and Jean Leguay, his deputy for the occupied zone. Co-organizer of the raid on the Winter Velodrome, Jean Leguay was indicted in March 1979. The procedure floundered for ten years until his death in July 1989. Remained Rene Bousquet, already held in 1949. His record enjoyed a slow same institutional and was even the subject of a development official, by the very authoritative voice of the Secretary of State for Justice Georges Kiejman, declaring October 19, 1990: "Beyond the necessary fight against forgetfulness, it may seem important to preserve civil peace. There are other ways that a trial to denounce the cowardice of the Vichy regime. "For the first time, the discomfort evident at all levels of these procedures was a political rationalization: the precise description of the record would jeopardize the Vichy "civil peace". OLD MISUNDERSTANDING The risk was well appreciated by Georges Kiejman. Because there is an old misunderstanding about Vichy French. The current memory is often the regime as a bunch of right-wing ideologues, isolated criminal. The reality is quite different: the challenge of Petain and Laval had to negotiate a place for France in Europe committed to the Nazi victory. Such was the challenge of

collaboration offer made by French officials. Some could do so by ideological complicity, but many did so, especially in the wake of Pierre Laval, in the name of extreme conception of "political realism". Therefore the truth of Vichy lies less in the noisy activity, but no major practical consequences barkers style Brasillach Doriot Touvier or, as in making available to the occupiers, the French ruling elite, the administrative and police needed to hunt resisters, Jews and foreigners. Some like to draw parallels between Rene Bousquet and Jean Moulin to evoke the mystery of personal destiny revealed during the Occupation. Their proximity is obvious career before the war. From both the radical circles in South-West, very bright, really brave and very ambitious young prodigies from the prefecture, one of the other dethrone even as the youngest prefect in France. The parenthesis totally oppose the war. But with a surprising continuity, the life of Rene Bousquet, both before and after full occupancy, is a slice of recent history. NATIONAL HEROES TO 21 YEARSThe career of this official model of the Third Republic "jackrabbit starts. It starts at the unique and remaining there. Its just right over, this son of a notary radical socialist Montauban is already chief of staff of the prefect of the Tarn-et-Garonne dramatic when the floods of March 1930 turned into national hero with a friend (who will perish) This saves personally sporting dozens of people from drowning. President Doumergue deliver to the young man of 21 years the medal of knight of the Legion of Honour and Gold Medal of deeds. This earned him early distinction of being integrated into the clan of the emperors of radical socialism Toulouse Maurice Sarraut (Senator and boss of "The Dispatch") and his brother Albert (Deputy Minister almost constant during the Third). They will accelerate his career. By jealous. His appointment as sub-prefect in 26 years will be contested, then reconfirmed. After he had passed in the cabinets of ministers radicals in 1936, Roger Salengro, Interior Minister of the Popular Front, chose this young - but already big - committed radicalism to entrust the responsibility of the central file to the Security National: his reputation in Republican anticagoulard then made a particularly "safe". Named by Sarraut, sub-prefect of Vitry-le-François in 1938, he became the following year, Secretary General of the Prefecture of Chalons-sur-Marne, then prefect in 1940, after the armistice. And then Regional Governor (the youngest in France, at age 31) in September 1941. From never-saw: three years, the career of the most explosive story of the prefectural ..

As the sponsors of the Sarraut this official prodigy has accepted the establishment of the French state and work in the Marne, to the "restoration of the administrative sovereignty. Without following the obsessions Petainists completely: it now stands in the elected according radicals and freemasons, including the mayor of Reims, revoked by the Germans in July 1940. "I am everywhere" and regrets because of him "Freemasons [have] won their battle of the Marne" ... He skillfully managed to save the department the German system of Ostland (economic colonization). It also takes the opportunity to revolutionize the structure of production and trading of champagne in setting up the Interprofessional Committee of Champagne wines, which always holds the current system. These successes earned him to be offered in early 1942, the Ministries of Food and Agriculture. He twice refused. On his return to power in April 1942, Pierre Laval, who is both the title of prime minister and portfolios of Foreign Affairs and Interior, immediately thought of him for the Secretariat to the police. Just when the SS took in the occupied zone, the responsibility for maintaining order, previously held by the army of occupation. For twenty months, the head of all the repressive forces of Vichy, Rene Bousquet - which has a general and permanent delegation of signature of the Head of Government - will get drunk at age 33, this caricature of "sovereignty state "that was the bet Petain. The Germans readily concede him some symbols illusory, in exchange for great services that they will. Pledging to maintain "public order" (threatened by intrigues, he said, "more anti-national qu'antiallemandes"), it takes glory of the occupants claimed the end of the direct subordination of the French police and a little autonomy. But by agreeing to meet his best, as he stated, June 18, 1942, in a letter to his main partner, Karl Oberg, the SS commander in France: "You know the French police. It undoubtedly has its faults, but also its quality. I am convinced that reorganized along new lines and energetically directed, it is likely to render the greatest service. Already, in many cases, you may have noticed the effectiveness of its action. I'm sure she can do more. "This trap of" autonomy "quite appropriate to the occupants, who considered that the claims were for them Bousquet assets. Accessed at the time, Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Central Reich Security, "said his experiences in Czechoslovakia and concluded that a large autonomy of the police and administration would realize the best results," declared Karl Oberg in 1950, when his trial. The SS then decided on the basis of "camaraderie police" to leave

some autonomy to the Secretary General to the Vichy police, provided he leads his troops "in the same spirit that the German police, is to say the fight against communism, the spoilers of all kinds, the terrorists ". The beneficial nature of this choice will be confirmed a year later by Heinrich Himmler himself, after his secret meeting - for more than five hours - with the head of French police in Paris in April 1943, "The Reichsführer has was impressed by the personality of Bousquet, and now shares the view put forward so far by Oberg, that Bousquet was a key contributor on the part of police cooperation and would be dangerous if an adversary was pushed into the other side ", concluded the visit Rudolf Schleier, Deputy Ambassador of Germany, Otto Abetz. Rene Bousquet played a determining role in the involvement of police operations to deport Jews. On July 2, held his decisive meeting with Karl Oberg for preparation of the arrests of 16 and 17 July in the Paris region (roundup Winter Velodrome). For the occupants, it was enough, once again, to give the illusion that it ceded provisionally to one of his requests. In exchange for the postponement of the deportation of French Jews, Rene Bousquet proposes "to stop foreign Jews throughout France." The Germans, seeing all the interest to do "steps", jump at the chance. "Since the Jews of French nationality were not for the moment, not be arrested, Bousquet said he was ready to arrest foreign Jews, throughout France, by an action carried out jointly and quantity desired by us," brought they like a victory. This commitment will be approved Rene Bousquet July 3 by Pierre Laval. France became the only country in Europe where Jews residing in a territory not occupied by the Germans were deported. "BREAK ALL RESISTORS" The roundup Paris being less successful than expected thanks to some friendly police, Rene Bousquet increased the expected return of raids in the southern zone. On the one hand, by eliminating a number of exemptions, particularly on children. On the other handby recommending a circular to the prefects to take action against officials lacked zeal: "You will not hesitate to break all resistance you will encounter in the people and to report those staff members whose indiscretions, passivity or poor control have complicated your task. "He also decided that the operations would be massive but quick, as stressed Ernst Heinrichsohn, the Gestapo, in a report dated August 17:" These raids are large, because Mr. Bousquet believes it is better to stop all Jews into one big roundup that are subject to multiple isolated raids, which would enable Jews to hide or flee to countries border neutral. "In the

competition it brought the deportation of Jews, the French logistics was crucial: Arrests by the police, through their file, transport and confinement in French concentration camps. This specific commitment, careful, head of all policies of France Rene Bousquet does not play an essential role of advisor to Pierre Laval. When ritual, about 18 hours, the prime minister leaves for the Park Hotel Chateldon his home, only three people trusted filter his calls: John Garden, Charles Rochat, secretary general of the Quai d'Orsay, and Rene Bousquet ... "I was the closest collaborator of Laval, confirm there after the war. That role, coupled with the first cop of France (his nickname then "the Fouche of Laval), making it one of the stars of the All-Vichy. Worshipping to show large, carrying an excessive care to his attire, he is one of the best examples of this collaboration of brilliant technocrats and cold. What it is, in addition to regular death sentences by Radio London, the enmity of the old dinosaurs Petainists such as Joseph Bartholomew, Minister of Justice, who will talk about this man in his memoirs' ambitious and pushy, very pretty boy stylish and admired by women who like pretty boys, especially in winter when the fur collar of his coat was a framework for its beauty, "and his" childish joy to show off his list of successes: the number of arrests. " Bousquet did not find favor with extremists collaborationist newspapers as "the pillory," denouncing the "fop Montalbanais" by mocking the "high society women who are a glory to accept this gift favors Juan de Toulouse bazaar. Internal conflicts in the small world of collaboration will lead to its downfall. After the assassination of Maurice Sarraut by militiamen, Rene Bousquet designs their arrest as a personal matter. The Militia and the Ultras yelling treason and demand his dismissal in Berlin. Knowing he was lost, the war took a new turn, Bousquet gives panache to his departure, some orders release and destroyed its records before resigning, December 31, 1943. It will be immediately replaced by Joseph Darnand, head of the militia and pro-Nazi zeal. The close political and emotional Rene Bousquet and Pierre Laval last until the end. After liberation, he will prepare at Fresnes, notes that the former prime minister needs to prepare his case and he passes him a party the night before his execution. After three and a half years in prison and a few months of bail, Rene Bousquet will be one of the last Vichy tried by the High Court of Justice in June 1949. Five years after the Liberation and the Cold War, the government wants to end the treatment, trial and

illustrates the desire of political justice, so do not stress the role played by the elite of technocrats collaboration. Minutes amazing: it only lasts three days, the press does not cover practically, and discussions are led by Rene Bousquet itself, which binds formula on formula: "It seems that I have served the policy of racial persecution. Well, gentlemen, if I supported this policy, I supported as the rope supports the hanged man, and truly I think if we can speak in this area, my cooperation, one should rather think collaboration of the lightning and thunder. "By a clever sleight of hand, it retracts the agreement Oberg-Bousquet July 2, preparatory to the Velodrome d'hiver roundup (this anomaly is considered as a "new fact" absent from the 1949 trial, which will be judicially his indictment in 1991). He blamed mainly assisting in the arrest of German radio operators in the Resistance in the southern zone. Found guilty of "crime of national indignity" and sentenced to five years of "national degradation", it is immediately relieved of the penalty by the court for "acts of resistance" in the form of information given to scrub at the end of war. A QUIET CONVERSION After these historical vicissitudes, the great career again very soon. Also thanks to the radical chain. His daddy Sarraut (former minister of colonies) makes it integrate in 1950, the Bank of Indochina (close radicals), where he became director of the international network in 1952, then Deputy Director General in 1960. The merger of the Bank of Indochina and Suez in 1975, causing one of the few small incidents in his career, a board member of Suez, former resistance, refusing one day, in public, shaking hands . Alongside his career as a director, he tried several conversions. One was short: it comes before the elections of November 1958 in Marne, under the label of the Republican Center Andre Morice, which brings antimendésistes radicals. It only gets 9% of the vote against the Gaullist candidate. The other was more serious. After the death in 1959, his friend John Baylet, Radical deputy and owner of "La Depeche du Midi", he settled in life and diary of his widow. Officially became the director of "The Dispatch", he directs, in reality, the Toulouse daily throughout the 60s, closely monitoring his Gaullist political line, and there placing his men crowding the opponents (including Jean-Pierre Amalric). As he searches again a drop point election a quarrel with Evelyne Baylet terminates its projects and is now geared Indosuez. In October 1978, Darquier interview in L'Express of Pellepoix upsets this quiet conversion. The former Commissioner General for Jewish Affairs reveals that the co-organizer of the raid on the

Winter Velodrome has become a brilliant Parisian banker. The controversy is intense. Antoine Veil, CEO of UTA, admits to discover that this time the identity of the man cold and unpleasant "- but he always listened to the" global brilliant and useful "- that is, seven years , Indosuez's board of directors. Forced to resign, Bousquet disappears from the next edition of Who's Who ... It will keep for a while yet, as his duties as director of Baccarat crystal, a company apartment Rene de Cham, son of Pierre Laval. After the indictment of Jean Leguay in 1979, Rene Bousquet went testify to the judge in favor of his deputy stating that he was only carrying out his orders. After the death of Jean Leguay Serge Klarsfeld, on behalf of the Association of son and daughters of Jews deported from France, filed a complaint against Rene Bousquet, who was indicted on 1 March 1991. The procedure followed its course without speeding. The judge, already in charge of Touvier case, and also submerged (burglary, prostitution, narcotics), asked to be relieved of routine business to meet the deadlines in the case Bousquet, as was the case in Lyon for Klaus Barbie. This was refused. Then, an unlikely story has trampled the investigation for months: one translator had been appointed to translate 1,000 pages of German. Task he acquitted himself does not even ... On the occasion of the appointment of a new magistrate in late 1992 that the institutional reluctance was passed, five translators are required to perform the work in two months. For its part, the prosecutor had already prepared a draft indictment, which concluded the dismissal of René Bousquet before a criminal court to answer for acts which "consisted of inhumane acts and persecution committed in a systematic name and on behalf of a State practicing a policy of ideological hegemony against people because of their belonging to a racial or religious hatred and have thus assumed the character of crimes against humanity. " To sign the official version of this indictment, the prosecutor only waiting for the judge communicates its entire investigation file, now in the state. The judge had to call Rene Bousquet, to serve him, according to new rules of procedure, he transmitted his case to prosecutors and to notify him of the "deemed dependent". The appointment was set for Friday, June 11 ... PHOTOS: Rene Bousquet outside his home in Paris in 1990. OFFICIALS EFFECTIVE 1930: aged 21, Bousquet was awarded the Legion of Honor for rescuing several people from drowning. Youngest prefect in

France, he was appointed to the return of Laval in 1942 (above), Secretary General of Police and was one of the most powerful men of the French state (bottom, a journal, 1943). THE CRIME OF SUMMER 42 After "negotiated" with the SS commander in France Karl Oberg (top center), Rene Bousquet organize the roundup of Vel'd'Hiv '16 and July 17, 1942 (above), which should lead thousands of Jews from deportation and death. Many children pass through the camps Pithiviers (below) and Beaune-la-Rolande. THE COURT OF HISTORY In 1949, René Bousquet is sentenced than five years of "national degradation 'by the High Court of Justice. Klaus Barbie (top right) will be sentenced in 1987 for crimes against humanity. It remains to consider Paul Touvier and Maurice Papon (above). There will never be a Bousquet trial.

THE MEMORY OF JEAN ZAYThe 16 JUIN 1994

Speech by Mr PL EMERY, Professor History Lycée Jean ZAY Orleans, at the inauguration of the new plaque dedicated to John the ZAY Hall High School.

        On June 20, 1944, Jean ZAY, MP Orleans, former Minister ofEEducation National, convicted and imprisoned in RIOM by the Vichy regime, was assassinated by three militiamen near CUSSET in Allier.        In 1954 a plaque was placed in the lobby of the modern college and technical school has become Jean ZAY. The inscription ends with a "victim of Nazi death for France ...".        This formulation does not clearly identifying the real perpetrators of the murder, proved, over time, more and more shocking, both for the family of Jean ZAY for historical truth.        We are gathered today to celebrate the memory of Jean ZAY and thereby changing the plate, exposing the facts more accurately.        For who was Jean ZAY, why and by whom he was murdered, why did he change after so many years of plaque?        ZAY Leon, his father, Alsatian Jewish and whose family had chosen France and Orleans in 1871, was editor of the newspaper Le Progrès du Loiret "later became" The central France. His mother was a teacher and Protestant. Jean ZAY, excellent student, scholar, joined the youths early secular and republican, while studying at school Pothier.        With some friends he participated in the drafting of the "Attic" literary magazine Orleans. During law school he worked as a journalist for "The central France. He joined the Radical Party. It is located on the left wing, supported the alliance with the Socialists, as well as his future colleagues, were called the "Young Turks", Pierre Cot, Pierre MENDES-FRANCE ...        Good speaker, he was noticed in the box Etienne Dolet, the Grand

Orient of France. His political commitments divert a legal career which promised yet brilliant. 27, 1932, he was elected to Orleans. His political rise was meteoric.        Appointed Deputy Secretary of State in the government's radical Sarrault Albert, from January to June 1936 he was re-elected for the first constituency of Loiret in May 1936, despite a campaign of hatred that anti-Semitism is a big part, from both his political opponents that a large fraction of the local press.        Chairman Leon Blum's Socialist Popular Front government takes in his 31 years, youngest minister of the Third Republic, in charge of Education and the cultural policy of France Jean ZAY is already passionate about these issues and three years left in this position. He knows to surround himself with old friends and outstanding skills such as Marcel ABRAHAM, Jean Perrin, Jean CASSOU that inspire, support or organize political action. He receives encouragement from Leon Blum himself and takes projects led by various political and trade union left.        Thus, after Jules Ferry, Jean ZAY can be considered as the new founding of the school. Republic.        It pursues two complementary objectives and mounting in numbers, young people attend school. He first wants to further open the school as the extension of scholarships and their increase by what we call today, renovation teaching.        He then wants to go beyond the stage of the founding fathers and "republican elitism" to go through the approximation of different sectors, to a single school, democratization.        Without real support in Parliament, including his own party, and not being able to pass a comprehensive reform, it must proceed by regulations and local experiences.        In doing so, we can state that establishes the foundation for the school after the war and most of the reforms for thirty years.        Its action is also determinedmtransacted in the cultural, scientific, sports for which we all have examples in mind.        In these circumstances, why the assassination, as said Antoine Prost in 1982, committed "against the French, by other French"?        Although a pacifist, anti-fascist Jean ZAY was an advocate of firm against HITLER, supported aid to Republican Spain, which opposed the Munich Agreement. Discret these disagreements in public, he decided, encouraged by Leon Blum to continue its work in Education.        Since the war began in September 1939, he resigned from his post of Minister and is uniform. His behavior as a second lieutenant was praised by his superiors when they testified before a military judge who accused him of desertion!        Indeed, during the debacle, authorized by Colonel POINTOU to do, as he wrote, "free movement" he tells the convening of Parliament in Bordeaux. He went, taking his family on the way. Opposed to the armistice, he sailed 20 June 1940 with 27 other MPs on the SS Massilia for Casablanca, chartered by the government and by order of Admiral Darlan. In any legally, the necessary permissions. It has, therefore, like DALADIER, DELBOS, MANDEL, Mendes-France, Pisani ... continue the fight from North Africa which will also travel, for its part, the government. In fact a trap closes. The affair began, the myth of the alleged fugitives of Massilia is constructed, sometimes even taken from today. slanders die hard!        The camp of naysayers, denounced by Paul Reynaud resigned before the June 16, launching a press campaign against those it accuses of

starting the war and who want to pursue it. They include Jean PROUVOST of Le Figaro, Philippe Henriot of GRINGOIRE. The hostility of the French authorities in Morocco is obvious. The birth of Helen, the second daughter of Jean ZAY, is complicated. The government, fearing the influence of these parliamentarians, preventing them from returning home to facilitate the vote of confidence July 10 PETAIN Vichy regime change and its consequences. Jean ZAY was arrested in Morocco August 16, 1940, charged with desertion ... The day after the signing of PETAIN the first anti-Jewish, he is sentenced Oct. 4, 1940 to transportation for life. The verdict, pre-signed, is made after six minutes of deliberation! His co-defendants before the military court in Clermont-Ferrand benefit for WILTZER, non-place, for VIENOT 8 years probation. But they are not Jews! Pierre MENDES-FRANCE, he was sentenced to six years in prison. It goes without saying, and trial of rehabilitation of 1945 confirms that the charge of desertion was political and baseless. They are in fact , the first resistant, parliamentarians and supporters of the Popular Front that wanted to break.        Imprisoned in a few months RIOM Jean ZAY has for almost two years of political status and can accommodate family, friends, and communicate with Jean and Marcel ABRAHAM CASSOU with organized resistance. During this period and until 1943 he writes, among other works, this beautiful book "Memories and Solitude" where he describes his thoughts and analysis. It is also a great literary work. On June 19, 1944 he wrote to his wife Madeleine, a letter full of hope . The liberation of France began, he is young, forty years, his political future may not be that bright...        And now suddenly June 20, three militiamen come and get a false transfer, murder and make her body disappear.        On July 5, 1945, the military court in Clermont-Ferrand to rehabilitate. Celebrating its submission to Parliament in Orleans. His body was discovered and identified until 1946. It was finally buried in Orleans in 1948.        His widow, Madeleine Jean ZAY fights for his memory does not fade. MONGIBAUX She wrote to the judge instructed the trial PETAIN in 1945. He refuses to read the letter in court where she denounced the responsibility of the Vichy government in the assassination of her husband. He is, I quote, "passionate and sentimental" and "will not be intimidated by cries of revenge and retaliation." Unquote.        In 1948 one of the assassins, devel, was arrested after a long hunt and brought back to France. He was brought before a military tribunal, so that Madeleine Jean ZAY can bring civil actions. The amnesty law for crimes of collaboration is voted DEVEL but after a long battle procedure saved his head to the astonishment of all. He was sentenced in 1953 to life imprisonment and probably paid a long time.        Subsequently, Orleans, he loved his city seems a bit, forget it. A school bears his name, the school also became old EPS and this is the college retains the name of Joan of Arc, which does not lack spice! It took until 1994 for a street named after him!        And why these incomplete and ambiguous wording on plaques? Why change now, because it is not our only high school. It can read:                - Rue de Grenelle (the Department of 1 'IN) "Killed by the accomplices of the enemy."                - A school of Carters, as on his grave at the cemetery in Orleans: "Murdered by the enemies of France".                -  Even here one could read "a victim of Nazi barbarism".

        The ambiguity is troublesome and the facts are simple. ZAY John was murdered by three militiamen, on the orders of their superiors. The Prison Service has agreed to transfer false. The militia leader, Joseph Darnand is Minister of policing the Vichy government.        So why such formulations?        Upon release, the Gaullists to the Communists, we want to rebuild the country. We must rally and mobilize all the French in these difficult times.        If Vichy militia and are treated as the enemy is, of course, for ideological closeness. But the more important to establish in the eyes of allies first, and the French themselves, the myth of a France united in resistance to Nazism. And yet this period was also that of a civil war between the French, between the Republic and its enemies.        Evoking responsibilities in defeat, the conditions of the coming to power of Pétain and Laval, the nature of this regime, seems so dangerous, inappropriate, premature.         Fifty years later, we can calmly take stock.        If historians, politicians, citizens can explain facts and events, make comments, which differ over time, if the assessment in 1954, 1994 and later can change the facts themselves do not change not.        The erosion of time on memory is especially dangerous if it is based on incomplete facts. We can make history in the confusion. Officials remain, victims are not to be forgotten.        Not only because evements, movements in Europe, the Lyon trial Tuvia remind us, as Brecht said that "The belly is still fertile where is the vile beast," but because it is simply that historical truth is clearly established need to change the wording of the plaque.        Assessing the importance of facts, men, acts may change. Their sequences are tragic or glorious they were.        We make a point of principle and intellectual rigor. We owe it to victims, we owe it to our students, future citizens for generations to come.        It is our credibility is at stake in other countries, now or at any other time; we wanted to write an "official" story, a truth or consensual state. We can no more ignore such period or disturbing. It is the country's democratic health.        We are particularly proud to work in this school, rich with this surname meaning and history: Jean ZAY. Twenty institutions only share this privilege.        Our students, after work conducted earlier this year that now know that he suffered martyrdom was the work of men who could not bear to see free and promoted to a bright future who symbolized the freedom of thought, youth, resistance of the first hour, intelligence and culture, secular education and the Republic, who, though young, had a stature of a statesman.

For them as for us, it is, it will be a reference.

Joseph Darnand

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Joseph Darnand

Birth March 19 1897Coligny

Death October 10 1945 (To 48 years)

Origin French

Allegiance French Republic French State

(Vichy) Third Reich

Weapon ArmyFrench MilitiaWaffen-SS

Grade 1917 Corporal1918 adjutant1921 Lieutenant1939 lieutenant (French Army)1943 SS-Obersturmführer1944 SS-Sturmbannführer

Service 1914-1945

Conflicts WWIWWII

Command General Secretary French Militia (1943-1944)

Feats Second Battle of ChampagneBattle of France

Honours Military MedalBelgian Croix de Guerre

Officer of the Legion of Honour

Other functions

Secretary-General to maintain order (French State), 1943-1944Secretary of State for the Interior (French State), 1944

Aime Joseph Darnand is military and politician french born Coligny in theAin the 19 March 1897 and firing squad at Fort ChâtillonAt Fontenay-aux-Roses, Seine (Current department Hauts-de-Seine), The 10 October 1945. It was a major figure in the collaboration French.

Veteran Great War and 1939-1940Activist ofextreme right in thebetween the two world wars, Early and active support of Marshal Petain and VichyHe became an honorary member of the SS in 1943. Despite some attempts to move to ResistanceIts main historical role was to be the founder and leader of the French Militia, Paramilitary type fascist, The residual Gestapo and charged with stalking resistant, Of Jews and refractory STO.

The abuses of his men earned Darnand to be considered one of the most jusquauboutistes of collaboration and sentenced to death after the war.

Summary[hide]

1 WWI 2 Between the two world wars 3 WWII

o 3.1 Petain and the SOL o 3.2 The Birth of the Militia o 3.3 The activity of the Militia o 3.4 The flight to Germany o 3.5 Death sentence

4 Family 5 Honours 6 References 7 Appendices

o 7.1 Bibliography

WWI

"Coming from a modest family of Ain whose father was a railroad worker, the young Joseph Darnand is steeped in traditional values of Catholicism" says historian Max Lagarrigue 1 . Darnand Joseph is a student of the school in Bourg St. Louis to 11 years2,3

then from October 1911 to March 1913 at the College of Belley Lamartine4. He

returned to Coligny3 and worked as a baker at the mental hospital and then returned to Bourg apprenticed Mr.Dumarchy cabinetmaker3.

On January 8, 1916, he was drafted at 35e Infantry Regiment. He was promoted to corporal in April 1917, a sergeantst June 1917, finally sergeant in 19183. It is several times wounded3 and received six citations, including two in army orders for his courage as "cleaner trenches. On July 14, 1918, his squad captured a regimental headquarters and seized German German documents which identify key terms of the enemy offensive of July 15, 19183Which will fail immediately due to general Mangin. Darnand receives Military Medal in July 1918 from the general Petain 3 , Then to whom he dedicates a boundless affection. For this feat of arms, it will be made a knight of Legion of Honor in 1927 by the President in person, Poincare, Who greet him as an "architect of victory"3,1,5.

In September 1919, he enlisted for two years in the army, after a stint in the army of occupation in Germany, he participated in the campaign against the forces of Atatürk in Cilicia 3 . He went on leave disbursed in July 1921. He left the army with the rank of lieutenant3.

Between the two world wars

In 1923, he became a salesman for the factory decorative furniture Chaleyssin in Lyon and then it becomes carrier6. He fought first in the context of theFrench Action from 1925-19286,7 then to Croix de Feu and from 1936 to French Popular Party (WP)8. He then conspires against the Republic in association with the conspiracy "The Hood, "Which he is responsible Nice 6 . Arrested July 14, 19386, Released December 21, 1938 and has held a non-6.

WWII

"At the time of the declaration of war, September 1939The forties had hardly settled down, he enlisted as veteran volunteer immediately. It is a Freikorps illustrated and still fighting1". He served as lieutenant in a body free from 150 men 24e Rifle Battalion of the 29the Division, in charge of commando actions and intelligence behind enemy lines8. He was named first soldier of France "and an officer of the Legion of HonorBy General GeorgeTo be fetched in the hands of the enemy, 8 February 1940, the body of his chief and friend, Captain Agnely8. Coverage Match8,9. of March 21, 1940 he even devoted10,11. After many battles during the Battle of France, The Sum to Loire 8 He was captured June 19, 1940, he managed to escape from Pithiviers camp in August 1940 and to reach Nice8,1. After the Liberation, Georges Bernanos say, "if there had been more Darnand in 1940, there was no militia in 1944"12.

Petain and the SOL

June 1940When Pétain came to power he supported the "National Revolution"13. In fall 1940, Darnand takes the head of the new French Legion of combatants (CFLs) in Alpes-MaritimesWhich count up 70,000 members in this department13. After the opening of the bulb to young supporters of the regime who have never fought, he

founded in August 1941In his department, Service Order Legionnaire (SOL)14Where certain elements are introduced the "middle" Nice. The SOL, later extended to all the unoccupied zone and theNorth Africa, Advocates Collaboration working with the occupying Nazi 14 . Several leaders and activists engaged in SOL brutal actions against real or suspected opponents of the regime and trigger a wave of denouncement which spares neither the civil or religious authorities of the French state.

When the National Command of the SOL is assigned to Darnand in January 1942He moved to Gingham and it displays open positions collaborationist and ultra-racist 15 While still remaining very close to Petain14,16.

According to the resistant Claude Bourdet17, Resisters of the Alpes-Maritimes in 1940 tried to convince Darnand entering dissent and base groups of CHF Resistance. Hesitated for a moment, Darnand refused to name his absolute allegiance to Petain. In 1943In a time of difficult negotiations with Laval and Germans, Darnand a time discouraged, made some holes in the direction of Free France 18 Then finally abandoned any idea of changing sides. Without doubt the opinions they grew much more to enjoy a diet that allowed him to satisfy his resentment Semitic, anti, anti-Masonic and anti-republican.

The 5 January 1943Marshal Petain glorifies "patriotism"SOL of which would, alongside the African Army, fired on the Americans following the Allied landings in November 1942 in North Africa. In reality, only a few dozen men Darnand, in thousands, fought to Oran and MoroccoWhile only Algiers the SOL were captured without any resistance left at the putsch of November 8, 1942.

The Birth of the Militia

The emblem of Militia.

Petain announced January 5, 1943 the autonomy of the SOL and its transformation into French MilitiaUnder the orders of his chief national Darnand. This is formalized by a law19.

The autonomy of the SOL is determined to allow Darnand and his men to act in their own way20.

On January 30, 1943, the foundation of the militia held in Vichy and a ceremony was held on ast February20. Laval is the official president20But the current management and return to the true direction Darnand20. Petain and Laval does not contradict their public support for the militia and its actions. In November 1943, Laval still remember that it

is "hand in hand with Darnand" because he said "democracy is the antechamber of Bolshevism."

The oath of the Militia mentions among others the struggle against the "Jewish leprosy"21. The movement was intended to both anti-Semitic, anti, anti-capitalist and revolutionary. According to historians Henry Rousso or Jean-Pierre AzemaThe draft Darnand and his men was to make the militia a substitute partyAnd ultimately the backbone of a genuine regime totalitarian. The growing strength of the Darnand VichyHitherto foremost authoritarian and reactionary, a milestone in the fascism final plan, and in its orbiting by the Germans22.

August 1943, Darnand appointed SS-RWF-Obersturmführer (Lieutenant) of the Waffen-SS 23 (Too many sources, even serious damage he received mention in the grade Sturmbannführer (Commander), it does not really receive that grade as ast November 1944) and he vows to Hitler 23 ,24At the German Embassy, rue de Lille in Paris. It rarely endorse the SS uniform, including the oath and when he appeared in November 1944 filing of the Wildflecken Division Charlemagne for duty (it will also pushed back, the German authorities not wanting Policy). His involvement in the SS is followed by that of fourteen of his close collaborators, October 11, 194323. Then, November 6, 1943, in an article published on the front page of the weekly of the Militia FightsUnder the title "Alert militia!", He appealed to his men to engage in the Waffen-SS to fight against "Judaism Triumphant" and "destroy Bolshevism," which he says is the most useful way to serve the "French cause"23.

The 30 December 1943At the request of the Germans, he was appointed by Petain "Secretary-General Policing", replacing Bousquet 25 ,26. January 1944The Militia is extended to Northern France27And the henchmen of various collaborationist parties in the bank27. The 14 June 1944A few days after the Allied invasion, his title was changed to ministerial "Secretary of State for the Interior"28.

The activity of the Militia

Darnand comes Paris Research and comfortable accommodation. He throws his heart on a flat of 16e district, in a building belonging to the Jewish family Héricourt Schwob, whose rightful occupants, including small children, are forced into hiding.

The French MilitiaThat Darnand calls "new chivalry"Conducts a series of violent actions: as auxiliaries of the Germans, they struggle against the Resistance 29 ,30 and participate in the liquidation of bush Glières 31 ,29,32. Destabilized by their unpopularity with the clear majority of French, the militiamen to redouble their extremism. The buildings of the Militia, starting with the Petit Casino Gingham 33 Become places torture systematic. The militiamen also practice denouncementContribute to the organization of raids, and sometimes engage in authentic massacres, Thus Saint-Amand-Montrond (11 June 1944) Where more 80 dead civilians will be removed from a well. Against the resistance, Darnand establishes end of January 1944 also MartialWhere no guarantee of basic rights are respected34,35. They take care of such death sentence and to enforce the rebels of the Central Prison Eysses (April 1944), who saves the life had been promised in exchange for their surrender36.

In early 1944, the militia also shot to Lyon octogenarians Victor Basch Basch and his wife Helene, charging the former chairman of the League of Human Rights decades of Dreyfus and Republican activist, and her Jewishness. Men Darnand involved in the hunt for Jews, and in themurder politicians, who, like Zay 37 , Mandel 38 and Maurice Sarraut, Tried to oppose Nazi Germany. The militias also engaged in summary executions: Following the assassination by the resistance of the Secretary of State for Information and Propaganda Philippe HenriotThe 28 June 1944 39 , Members of the militia roam the streets by car Chateauroux shooting randomly at passers. In Rillieux-la-Pape, Paul Touvier arbitrarily been shot seven Jews 40 and militia leader Joannes keyboard makes shooting seven others to Macon 40 And these actions are disavowed by Laval, fearing the reaction of public opinion largely gained Allies and Resistance, Darnand reprimand and was imprisoned briefly Keyboard Box Montluc 40 He will be sentenced to death and executed in 194541.

Missing men, Darnand never appear more 30,00030 to 34,000 activists29, Many of which are not armed or active. Also shows he just looking on the recruitment of young men seeking to escape STOBut also a large number of adventurers, fugitives from justice, of criminals. The abuses of political militias are coupled so many robberies, burglaries, racketeering, extortion, assault on a public road or against officials, who complete totally discredit the militia in the population.

On August 6, 1944, PetainIn a letter to Laval eventually worry about the atrocities of the militia, while acknowledging its role in collaboration with the German police42. Laval send this letter to Darnand responding to Petain: "For four years I have received your compliments and praise. You have encouraged me. And today, because the Americans are at the gates of Paris, you start to tell me that I will be the spot of the History of France? We could do it sooner42".

The flight to Germany

In ReleaseThe militia take the path of theGermanyWhere they are assigned to the Waffen SS (Division Charlemagne). But Darnand must give the command to a senior German officer. In charge of the "Interior" in the Committee Sigmaringen, It starts soon on the ground, Republic of Salò, Hunt supporters43. There he was arrested on 25 June 1945 by BritishAnd handed over to French authorities.

Death sentence

Transferred to France, Darnand was tried and sentenced to death44 the 3 October 1945 by High Court of Justice. It is executed 10 October 1945 45 ,46.

Family

The 25 February 1922He married the niece of Mr.Descher give him two children: a daughter who died in infancy and a son, Philip4 himself a member of Vanguard and presenter at Radio Vatican, French teacher Tucuman in ArgentinaFinally engineer CologneIn Germany 32 .

The nephew of Joseph Darnand Robert Darnand was resistant and was deported to Neuengamme.

Honours Legion of Honor (April 7, 1927) Military Medal (July 23, 1918), given by General Petain War Cross 1914-1918 (6 citations, including two in army orders)47 Belgian Croix de Guerre 1914-1918

References1. ↑ has, b, c and d Max Lagarrigue, "Joseph Darnand, a zealous collaborator[archive], Arkheia-

revue.org. 2. ↑ "The head of Law Enforcement: Darnand"[archive], 39-45.over-blog.com. 3. ↑ has, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i and j Andre Brissaud (preface Robert Aron) The last years of Vichy (1943-1944),

Academic Bookstore Perrin, Paris, 1965, 587P. (ASIN B0014YAW8Q), P.108-114. 4. ↑ has and b Daniel Lawrence and Roger Lenevette, "The Militia"[archive], Histoquiz-

contemporain.com. 5. ↑ Jean Mabire, Division CharlemagneJ. Grancher, 1998 P.48. 6. ↑ has, b, c, d and e Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.114-116. 7. ↑ Gisele and Serge Berstein Historical Dictionary of Contemporary France, Volume I: 1870-

1945, Editions Complexe, 1995 (ISBN 2870275498and ISBN 978-2870275498) [Online submission[archive]]. 8. ↑ has, b, c, d, e and f Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.116-119. 9. ↑ Former title Paris Match. 10. ↑ Dominique Venner, New Journal of HistoryMarch 2010 no47 P.30. 11. ↑ Coverage Match of March 21, 1940 [archive]See also: "The Magazine MATCH - MATCH

Covers 1938-1940"[archive]On the site chevallet.eu. 12. ↑ Dominique Venner History of Collaboration, Pygmalion, 2000 P.84. 13. ↑ has and b Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.119-121. 14. ↑ has, b and c Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.122-124. 15. ↑ Jean-Pierre Azema, Olivier Wieviorka, Vichy, 1940-1944, Ed. Perrin, Paris, 1997, repr.

Perrin, et al. "Tempus, 2000 and 2004, 374 p. (ISBN 978-2-262-02229-7), P.184. 16. ↑ Jean-Pierre Azema, Olivier Wieviorka Vichy, 1940-1944, op. cit., P.141. 17. ↑ Claude Bourdet Adventure uncertain, Seuil, 1975. 18. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.135-136. 19. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.127: Gazette 31 January 1943 (no27 P.260). 20. ↑ has, b, c and d Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.127-128. 21. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.562. 22. ↑ By Paxton and Stanley Hoffmann. 23. ↑ has, b, c and d Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.136-138. 24. ↑ Jean-Pierre Azema, Olivier Wieviorka Vichy, 1940-1944, op. cit., P.110. 25. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.227-228, 231-232, 235 and 267-268. 26. ↑ Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France 1940-1944 (Preface by Stanley Hoffmann, translation

Claude Bertrand), Editions du Seuil, 1973, repr. 1997; REIMP. Seuil, coll. "Points History", November 1999 475 P. (ISBN 978-2-02-039210-5), P.294-295 and 310.

27. ↑ has and b Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.273-274. 28. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.408. 29. ↑ has, b and c Robert O. Paxton Vichy France 1940-1944, op. cit., P.349-350. 30. ↑ has and b Jean-Pierre Azema, Olivier Wieviorka Vichy, 1940-1944, op. cit., P.114. 31. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.306-313. 32. ↑ has and b Eric Conan "The mare of the damned"[archive]On the site lexpress.fr, August 12, 1993. 33. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.314. 34. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.270-273. 35. ↑ A law of January 20, 1944 Darnand had authorized to establish martial summary (there was

no prosecutor or lawyers): three judges, all militia, Sat anonymously in a few minutes and pronounced death sentences immediately executable.

36. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.274-275. 37. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.415-417. 38. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.428-438. 39. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.417-423.

40. ↑ has, b and c Eric Conan, Henry Rousso, Vichy, a past that does not, Ed. Fayard, Paris, 1994, new edition Gallimard, coll. "Folio story," Paris, 1996, 513P. (ISBN 2-07-032900-3and ISBN 978-

2070329007), P.210-212. 41. ↑ Andre Brissaud Last year Vichy, op. cit., P.438

In this book the name of the warlord is spelled "Claves".

42. ↑ has and b Eric Conan, Henry Rousso, Vichy, a past that does not, op. cit., P.215. 43. ↑ Jean-Pierre Azema, Olivier Wieviorka Vichy, 1940-1944, op. cit., P.317. 44. ↑ Jean-Pierre Azema, Olivier Wieviorka Vichy, 1940-1944, op. cit., P.332. 45. ↑ Robert O. Paxton Vichy France 1940-1944, op. cit., P.400. 46. ↑ His trial is the subject of a long chapter of historian Roger Maudhuy, The Great Trial

Collaboration (Lucien Souny). 47. ↑ Jean-Louis Cremieux-Brilhac, Here in London, 1940-1944 - The world on fire, December 8,

1941 to November 7, 1942, French Literature, 1976 Vol.2 P.182.

Appendices

Bibliography

Jean-Pierre Azema , From Munich to the Liberation,ed. Points-Seuil, 1978. Jean-Pierre Azema, "The Militia" Twentieth Century. History Review, no28,

October-December 1990, P.83-105. Henry Charbonneau , The Memoirs of Porthos (2 volumes),ed. The French

Bookstore, Paris, 1979 (rééd.). Publishing Chronicles Chronicle of the Second World War. Jacques Delperrie of Bayac , History of the Militia, 1918-1945,ed. Fayard,

Paris, 1969, repr. 1994, 698P. (ISBN 2213592888and ISBN 978-2213592886). Pierre Giolitto , History of the Militia,ed. Perrin, Paris, 2002. Hugh Viel Darnand or death singing,ed. Jean Picollec, Paris, 1996 (ISBN

2864771276). Max Lagarrigue , 99 questions ... France under the Occupation, Montpellier,

CNDP, October 2007 (ISBN 978-2-86626-280-8). Roger Maudhuy, The Great Trial Collaboration,ed. Lucien Souny, al.

"History", 2009, 378 p. (ISBN 2848862289and ISBN 978-284886228).

There are those who stayed and those who are left. Most remained. Often to their death, after a second life, peaceful and comfortable. Very far from their eternal subject of discussion, passion and resentment, France. The France that has frightened them away. And who has lost. Nobody has given the chronic silent exile: in the late '40s, hundreds of French landed in Buenos Aires, fearing justice of the Liberation, or want to avoid it if it had already pronounced.The Argentine exile remains a French tradition. Several generations of outlaws have failed here: Communists, anarchists, Jews fleeing Vichy collaborators, soldiers of the OAS. Jean-Michel Boucheron, the Socialist deputy Ripou, is the last shipment of brand ... This tropism is primarily due to the absence of an extradition treaty between France and Argentina, which makes the serenity to many fugitives. In addition, Buenos Aires, real European city, with its vast areas reassures copied over Paris, Madrid and Brussels, and its population as its cuisine offers a nice sample of silhouettes and traditions of the Old Continent. Everything was easy long, and the French very well received. Especially since the local tradition that one Please do not migrants about the reasons that may push them to suddenly thousands of miles to

settle in a country they do not know ...Upon arrival, many of these French, however, take the cleaning to be explained, giving a retouched version of events that led them to leave France, they are resistant, but because of De Gaulle, the Communist Party took power and made the hunt for true patriots. In danger of death, they had to flee ... Version little discussed in Peronist Argentina believes that while the impending third world war ... They are from Switzerland, Italy or Spain, countries where many shelters have been waiting to know their trial in absentia before deciding to go elsewhere. Some landed in Buenos Aires with his wife and children, such as provincial notables committed late in the madness of the Militia of 1944. Many had to abandon everything. The divide is between those who have fast money, easy to grow in Argentina, and those who have nothing. They often begin with toil as stevedores in the port before finding better. Bishop Barrere, Bishop of Tucuman and close to the French action was helpful for some. But between them there was never any real solidarity, except perhaps in the important tribe of former journalists, "I am everywhere" Charles Lesca, editor of the weekly, sentenced to death in absentia in May 1947 had dual French and Argentine and a small fortune inherited from a father in the meat merchant in Buenos Aires. But he died in 1948, immediately after his arrival.A small group of nostalgic yet tried to maintain the atmosphere of the former "new Europe". In the Belgrano, an association Casa Europa (the "European House") directed by Radu Guen, a former Romanian ambassador in Madrid, allowed them to meet: French, Germans, Romanians, Italians, Croats, Belgians, Hungarians met and followed through the foreign press developments in the Cold War in Europe. They chose as their headquarters Adam's Brewery, near the port, where the evenings were often prolonged till late in the cheerfulness and good humor. It was then less than nostalgia for optimism is the third world war seemed a sensible assumption, and its onset would have allowed them to return to Europe to participate in the final battle against communism. Hope that most definitely lost after the end of the crisis in Korea in 1953. The mass demonstrations in Adam's become less regular. "I quickly realized that he had it on their own, says a former Waffen SS French. More at Adam's, was the best way to get noticed. And at that time was still dangerous. "For in those postwar years, the Embassy of France remains active, as reported by a former member of the special services to the military attache "We needed to identify those who arrive and prepare reports on their identity, behavior and activities. According to them? Caliber?, Several had to be a physical removal. It was the task of commandos, on the basis of our intelligence, acted independently. Some even came especially from France. The work was difficult, because it was absolutely not arouse the suspicions of the Argentines, very finicky about their sovereignty and their hospitality. Many operations have thus failed at the last moment. "A dozen French have finally been" neutralized "without noise and without noise: natural deaths and especially apparent in various accidents.CLEANING SECRETJohn Vaugelas, one of the main leaders of the militia, is one of the most famous victims of this secret treatment. Cited by Laval in the order of the Nation July 8, 1944 ("commander of the Free-Standing Guard Militia French. Militiaman Head very large class), the aristocrat, a former air force officer monarchist, was a time the head of the business school in the Militia in Uriage (Isère), before taking the head of one of the most feared units of the Free-Guard (Militia army) called for action against the guerrillas more important. He ran the 600 and 5,000 militiamen accompanying the Germans destroyed the underground Glières in March 1944. The following month, he

is responsible for keeping the order that will sow terror in the region of Limoges. Then in the bush of the Massif Central. When the debacle became clear, he does not hesitate, August 10, 1944, to reach by plane more than 1,000 militiamen surrounded by the bush around Limoges, to organize the evacuation, before leaving with Charlemagne as division chief Staff. Prisoner of the Soviets in Lithuania, he escapes in the company of militia leader Jean Bassompierre, and with it, through Lithuania and Germany to reach Italy. There, they are betrayed. Bassompierre be arrested (and shot in France), while Vaugelas escapes again and managed to reach Buenos Aires in 1948 with a passport from the Red Cross. His journey ends abruptly in 1954 in Mendoza, wine country, where he became director of Bodegas Franco-Argentine: it is performed in a staged car accident.This condemnation ever in the 50s, the Embassy for a few years merely to "suggest" to the French companies operating in Argentina not to use some undocumented compatriots. And the consulate, to remember from time to time some members of the French community in the aftermath of dinner parties: "When you invite the consul, avoid death row!"What can a political exile in Argentina? Among those who never have imagined change jobs and those who have passed a radical conversion, the nuances are many. Especially since some have developed new skills while keeping their old obsessions (1).Among the former was necessary first of the famous Dewoitine: he spent his life building airplanes. For the French, Germans, Spaniards. And the Argentines. One of the greatest French designers of the aircraft between the wars with Henry Potez and Marcel Bloch (DS), Emile Dewoitine founder aircraft factories in Toulouse (2) and father of D 520 (the last hunter France could only oppose the Messerschmitt in 1940) had made during the occupation of his talents to the German firm Arado, conducting, in Paris, a consulting firm of 200 employees (part of which came from the factory in Toulouse ). At the same time, he also worked for Spain and Japan. When looking at the Liberation, for "intelligence with the enemy" and "undermining the external security of the state", it is a long time in Spain. And when Argentina, February 9, 1948, the court of the Seine sentenced in absentia to twenty years hard labor at the national indignity for life and confiscation of his property. He has not wasted any time upon his arrival in Buenos Aires in May 1946, he set about building the first jet Argentina! The prototype Pulqui (Arrow) has stolen Aug. 9, 1947: thanks to him, the Peronist Argentina is the fifth country in the world with a jet. The impact is enormous, including in the corridors of the Air Ministry in Paris. But Dewoitine, who created his company, Dewoitine Aviacion, and brought in Toulouse a dozen French specialists to move to the industrial phase, will be ousted by the German engineer Kurt Tank (former Luftwaffe engineer, designer of the famous Focke Wulf 190), who came to Argentina with fifty German experts, will develop the Pulqui II. Disappointed, Emile Dewoitine wrote to his friend Charles Lindbergh to offer its services to the United States. Junk, he was refused an entry visa. He scrapes by developing a light aircraft for flying clubs in Argentina (El Boyero), before leaving in 1951 to offer its services in Uruguay. In vain. He then returned to Spain to answer a call for bids for the Air Ministry for a trainer. It is again outdone by a German aircraft manufacturer, this time the great Willy Messerschmitt in person!BACK NEGOTIATEDThe amnesty laws were passed, he may consider returning to France and is negotiating his return five years after his conviction, he was acquitted in a trial Express - Commissioner of the Government abandons the prosecution, and we not

even hear the witnesses. But Emile Dewoitine pushes it a bit far and annoys his patrons by demanding the return of illicitly acquired profits under the Occupation ... Very quickly, he offers his services to his former competitor Marcel Dassault, who refuses to receive him, saying that "Dewoitine no longer in the loop" ... He then tries his luck in Japan. No results. Annoyed, he returned to Argentina and settled in Patagonia in order to create a breeding sheep 8000 and indulge his favorite pastime: fishing. He retired in the 60s in Montreux, Switzerland, and Toulouse, where, in the late '60s, the aerospace community grant him his place of ancestor of the French aircraft. It's missing an Air Show in Toulouse (it will even be sitting at dinner one day to the right of Pierre Messmer, Armed Forces Minister ... and former Free French Forces). He was invited to one of the first flights of the Concorde Mach 2 (but refuses to participate in an inaugural flight of Airbus, by resentment against its leader, Henri Ziegler, a former engineer of the Air Ministry had rallied to Free France ...). The year of his death, in 1977 the promotion of school learning Toulouse bears his name.Even professional obstinacy in the former state councilor Jean-Pierre Ingrand. The obsession of the state service under the Occupation led to administer and cons to everything. In exile, he had a passion: the administration, and he died in December last president of the French Alliance of Buenos Aires. Representative of Ministry of Interior in Paris with Fernand Brinon, July 1940-January 1944, he had at least 40 years, the 48 prefects of the north under its control. This role of intermediary between the Minister of Interior and the German military authorities (including political bargaining power) has come to play an essential role in August 1941, the establishment of the Special Section of Paris , special court who denied the principle of non-retroactivity of laws. Anticipating his fate, he hides in the Liberation. Denounced, arrested, released on bail, he preferred to escape to Switzerland before his trial, which took place in 1948 (see The Express August 8, 1991). And in Argentina, where, thanks to a friend Inspector of Finance, he became director of Compagnie Financiere de Santa Fe, before investing in agriculture and porcelain. While devoting himself quickly to the dramatic French Alliance: in twenty years, he is the jewel in the world, with over 30,000 students and a multitude of branches throughout the country. Situation that does not advantage the other exiles: "There was no question of going to seek help Ingrand, this puppet of Laval, the tool of the bourgeois order of Vichy!" Said a former of "I am everywhere . The only reminder of the past to former delegate in the occupied zone Pierre Pucheu: during the visit of General de Gaulle during his grand tour in Latin America in October 1964, Christian Margerie, the Ambassador of France to Argentina was summoned asked, "to avoid any incident, not to participate in ceremonies and go take a vacation, for example in Brazil ... Refusal of the former State Councillor revoked in 1944: he is at home in Buenos Aires, it is home to the French Alliance. In addition, it has been de Gaulle in Bordeaux in June 1940 when he was undersecretary of state for war in the Reynaud government, and it is interesting reunion. Everything will go well, General merely send an apostrophe very Gaullist "So Ingrand, it works, the French Alliance in Buenos Aires ?»...The spirit of continuity up to the absurdity, as in Mordrel Olier, former head of the Breton National Party (GNP) allied with the Nazis: he spent part of his years of exile in the depths of the South America, to reinvent a pure language from Breton Renaissance to replace the spoken dialect, which he considered too vulgar ... Architect, the Breton Autonomist has the distinction of having been sentenced to death twice, in May 1940 and 1946. In August 1939 he was sent to Berlin a manifesto proclaiming the neutrality of Britain and calling on Britons to desertion. Before returning home with the Nazis, who offered his opinion to "higher beings" what were

the sailor and the Breton peasant historic opportunity to finally be freed from the "capitalist exploitation and French Jew." His delusions of party and state Breton only take the form of blood, in 1943, a regional militia (the "Militia Perrot) and will end with the pathetic episode of the Protocol signed on ... February 15, 1945, on Lake Constance, with Jacques Doriot (self-proclaimed leader of the French State), which designates it as a governor in exile to Britain finally recognized as a state associated with France ... Mordrel landed in Buenos Aires in June 1948 and bought at a former Nazi, a hotel in Cordoba. His linguistic studies, extended to the Celtic languages, and some connections with the Britons occupy much of his twenty-three years of exile. He left for Spain in 1969, pending the pardon that will allow him to return to Britain in 1971. After trying to reconnect with the Breton regionalist movement (who prefers not to use culture to that awkward phenomenal ancestor), he will deal with a time of one pancake, before dying in 1985.Some have resorted to the only operating asset that remains to be an exile: his language. As Philip Darnand, which gave long courses of French at the French Alliance. Son of the chief of the militia, Joseph Darnand, and himself a former member of the Avant-garde (youth militia who were on guard at Sigmaringen, the castle on the Danube which had fled in 1944 the Government Petain), he fled to Italy, where he worked as a presenter at Radio Vatican. After the execution of his father in 1945, and on the advice of John Vaugelas, he went with his mother in Argentina, Tucuman, where he teaches French. Uncomfortable in the country, he decided at age 28, to pass her exams, undertake studies and left Argentina in 1960 with an engineering degree to work in Germany, in Cologne, where he finds a place at Hoechst through a German friend of his father, former secretary of the Reich Embassy in Paris.IF THE VIGANThe French language was also the livelihood of some players. Maurice Rémy, the PPF, which played an important role in the propaganda film "Forces occult" and animated skits political issue "The Rhythm of Time" on Radio Paris, found work in radio in French The Voice of Argentina. In the company of another former Radio-Paris, Lola Robert. But if the most famous - and most ironic - is that of Robert Le Vigan. For the dark interpreter "Port of Shadows" and "Hands Goupi red, recycled in propaganda broadcasts for Radio-Paris and author of an antisemitic delusion worthy of Celine (he was the friend who will accompany in Sigmaringen), has not escaped the purge: he went into exile after being sentenced in 1946 to ten years hard labor. Released in 1949, and went against the boycott of French cinema, he seeks his fortune in Spain, then England. In vain. In Argentina, two tests will run short, and he must quickly settle to give French lessons and diction, in Tandil, a few hundred kilometers from Buenos Aires, where he painfully drags her figure, with his cape and sword, ruminating his obsession with victory coming of communism. Faced with costly health problems, it hardly survive until his death in 1972, with financial support from benefactors in Paris: Pierre Fresnay, Madeleine Renaud, Jean-Louis Barrault, Maurice Ronet, Fernand Ledoux and Archer ( who visited him in 1966).The actual conversions are more or less spectacular. Many former militia leaders have simply traded a significant status in France against the province of La Pampa significant. This is the case of X, a former engineer, Central Industrial, head of the militia in the South-West, who managed to organize the escape of the militia of Toulouse in the Rhone Valley in August 1944, before directing the Battalion of the last 500 "soldiers" of the French government to Sigmaringen. He arrived in Argentina via Italy, he returned to France in the 60s. Or Dr. Y., a former head of the Militia of

Limoges, mixed with the looting and the killing of Magnac-Laval (Haute-Vienne) July 8, 1944, but best known through his wife, exuberant and excitable militia, who participated in bloody operations of the free-guard and liked to say publicly that he needed a "handbag skin resistance fighter.Among the most original conversion, that of Henry Queyrat deserves to be quoted. Delegate of Jacques Doriot's PPF for the whole of North Africa, he returned illegally to Tunisia after the Allied landings in November 1942, to form, in 1943, a German spy network. He then became a federal secretary of the PPF of the Seine, he founded in March 1944, "Action Groups PPF", trained by the Germans in Taverny (Val-d'Oise), specialize in hunting resistant, resistant to the STO, Jews, and known for their extortion and looting. Engaged in the Waffen SS in May 1944, he was condemned to death in absentia. In Argentina, he performs various tasks for the Larousse publishing house, wrote the journal of the Chamber of Commerce Franco-Argentine and worked several years as a reporter for the AFP (where it will be replaced by Jean Dumazeau, a former militiaman North) before devote himself to his new passion is winemaking. It has become one of the best specialists of Argentine wines, it will be until his death recently, the very influential advisor to several wineries in Mendoza (which are still far from achieving the quality of Chilean production). And the author, Hachette, very good reference books on the wines (and cheeses) from Argentina.The brotherhood tumultuous Alumni "French Action" and "I'm everywhere" or "Cri du Peuple" (The Daily Doriot's PPF) came out strong in the late '40s. There was this particular Pierre Daye, a former reporter of the "Evening in Brussels and the Belgian correspondent of" I am everywhere "since 1932, while MP and chairman of Rexists Parliament in Brussels. Sentenced to death in 1946 he was professor of French literature at the University of La Plata, before dying in 1960.Georges Guilbaud, a former Marxist who joined the PPF, he became the manager in Tunisia, ran the newspaper "Tunis-Journal, organ of collaborationism in Tunisia. Come to France after the Allied invasion of 1942, he was commissioned by Pierre Laval to organize the militia in the northern zone. He will try to make a single body, trying in vain to merge all the collaborationist organizations. Initially very active in Buenos Aires, in the group of nostalgic for the Adam's Brasserie, he launched the mid-50s, in financial activities, where he excelled in working with home exchange Piano. Win lots of money, he became director of a famous palace in Buenos Aires before leaving in the 60s, exercise his financial talents in Switzerland.Unlike the Germans and Flemings, rare was the French who were passionate about local politics. But there were some serious exceptions. Like W., a former activist of the French action followed the PPF and hyperactive journalist (columnist, "I am everywhere," Shout "the people" and one of the chroniclers of the "Radio Journal" Radio-Paris). Violently antivichyste (three months he will be detained on the orders of Laval, before being released on German pressure), ending the war by enlisting in the SS brigade Wallonia, which stops the crusade to Krakow in 1945. Arrived in Switzerland, he is looking forward to his conviction in absentia to life imprisonment in 1948 and moved to Buenos Aires, where he landed with 50 francs in his pocket. He immersed himself in the intricacies of Peronism and made the acquaintance of Victor Paz Estenssoro, leader of the National Revolutionary Movement (MNR) party of Bolivian nationalist left in exile in Buenos Aires, where he became an active political adviser. When Victor Paz Estenssoro conquered the presidency of the Republic of Bolivia, in 1952, W. follows the Quemado Palace, where he served for three years as official adviser, before his wife, who resents La Paz, forced him to return to Buenos Aires. He then began a career in food advertising, while remaining passionate about

Argentine politics. In the 70s, he participated in "Segunda Republica", journal Marcello Sorrendo old Maurrassian nationalist and one of the founders of the Montoneros, dissident Peronist left-wing guerrillas in the past.Even political passion in Jacques de Mahieu, a philosophy professor, formerly of the French action, where he was the theoretician of maurrassisme social corporatism. Having ended the war in the ranks of the Division Charlemagne, he arrived in 1946 with his family in Buenos Aires. He became professor versatile (economics, French and ethnology) at the University of Cuyo and director of the Institute for Studies and Research of the market, he published several books on trade unionism, social problems and corporatism. It had its heyday during the period of military governments from 1966, when he became the leading thinker on social issues and youth association of law professors and political science at nearby soldiers. It was very intimate with another intellectual, William Gueydan Roussel Germanist philosopher engaged in the fight against the masonry, co-founder of the Aryan Circle in Paris with Paul Chack, and President's Circle of Judeo-Masonic studies, whose main objective was to prove the Jewish origin of the masonry. Headquartered in El Bolson, Gueydan Roussel began his scholarly literature in the service of the National Library of Buenos Aires.THE VIKINGS, GODS INCASBut Jacques de Mahieu is also known in France as a successful author of the collection The riddles of the Universe, at Robert Laffont. In "The Agony of the Sun God," published in 1974, he claims to reveal that South America was discovered by the Vikings. He had climbed in the late 60s ethnographic expeditions to Paraguay and found, on the border of Brazil, the frescoes of great fellows fair for him unquestionably "Aryan race". It scaffolding theory that the continent was discovered in the tenth century by Vikings, who had civilized the Indians and founded the Inca Empire, they became the "white gods". The current Guayaki would, in theory, their last representatives, unfortunately "degenerate bymiscegenation.Some exiles have not experienced the joys of a second life because they have not supported Argentina and returned as soon as possible. There were two waves of returns: in the 50s, after the amnesty laws of 1951 and 1953, and mid-'70s, thanks to the exemption from prosecution. Thus Henry Lèbre who was both director of the Cri du Peuple "and a leader of" I am everywhere, "newspapers in which he railed against the softness of the anti-Jewish policies of Vichy (the status of Jews and Aryanisation), which he called "ridiculous solution. He arrived in Argentina in 1947 with a passport from the Red Cross, after being sentenced to death in absentia in France, it does not fit and leaves the country soon to Portugal, where he awaits the amnesty law which will return to France in the 50s to resume service "Rivarol" and "show the world". During the same period also left Buenos Aires Pierre Villette, founder of "I am everywhere," the PPF and journalist Shout "the people", who finished his career as a journalist at Radio-Patrie committed to Sigmaringen and " Petit Parisien, published in Constance at the end of 1944, before being sentenced to death in absentia in 1947. Marc Augier, a journalist with the weekly "La Gerbe", formerly of the LVF and the Division Charlemagne fled to Mendoza, a time will help to organize the Argentine military experiences of resistance to cold mountainous area before returning to France in the 50s, to start a second career as a writer and columnist in the right-wing press, under the pseudonym Saint-Loup. It was later, in the early 70s, Janières Henry returned to France. Former "Paris-Soir 'and' Our fight" body working for "a Socialist France in the new Europe" dandy obsessive held in Buenos Aires correspondent of the coveted

"World" from 1961 to 1969, while being very close to the Syrian Embassy. Another character particularly affected by the homesick Sabiani Simon, the famous WP mayor of Marseilles and true emperor of the town, systematic bleeding during the occupation in favor of his henchmen Corsican Clan of Simon and Mema underworld Carbone and Spirito. Sentenced to death in absentia and fled to Rome, this character famous for his love of luxury and opulence was in a small guesthouse in Buenos Aires, lives by working in real estate. Do not carry more than live so far from its old Corsican mother, he moved in 1952 to Barcelona, where devotees came to see Sabians coach of Marseille where he made several clandestine trips to Corsica to see his mother. At his death in 1956, hundreds of people attended his funeral in the little cemetery Casamaccioli near Corte.The benefits are long passion for most of the exiles remained in place and still alive. "From time to time, we had hot flashes like women of 40 years, says a former? I am everywhere?, When the war Algeria, panicked when the Embassy of France in believing that had created a? Committee French Algeria? Buenos Aires, then in May 68, when young people in Paris have failed fuck up de Gaulle. But that's all. And it's all over. "Today, most come regularly holiday in France. "The French live well is a beautiful country, well maintained, and you have a good president, you finally got rid of the Communists," says a former French SS.(1) We have preserved the anonymity of those still living that we have mentioned.(2) See Emmanuel Chadeau, "History of the aeronautical industry in France, 1900-1950", Fayard.PHOTOS:EMILE DewoitineThe famous manufacturer in German service, and Peron (above, in his office in Buenos Aires) will return to Toulouse in the 60s (the cons, at his home in 1977, the year he died).JEAN-PIERRE INGRANDDelegate of the Minister of the Interior in Paris (above, in his office), the German authorities, between 1940 and 1944. Died in Buenos Aires last December, where he led the French Alliance (the cons).THE ROBERT VIGANThe interpreter of "Port of Shadows" (the cons before the war) will be sentenced(Below, during his trial) for hosting the propaganda broadcasts for Radio-Paris. Struggled along for French lessons in Argentina (above), where he died in 1972.HENRI QueyratResponsible to Doriot's PPF (above, holding a meeting in April 1944 Salle Wagram), engaged in the Waffen SS, sentenced to death, he fled to Argentina. After a few years to the AFP, he launches into the winemaking in Mendoza (top) and publishes reference books on wine (the cons).PIERRE DayeJournalist "I am everywhere," Belgian member of the extreme right (center of photo, 1944). Sentenced to death, he taught French literature at the University of La Plata. Died in 1960.GEORGES GUILBAUDUploaded by Laval to organize the militia in the northern area (here, at a conference at the Theatre des Ambassadeurs, Paris, March 1944), it will then fortune in Argentina and Switzerland.JACQUES DE MAHIEUIntellectual of the French action and theorist of social corporatism, he landed in 1946

in Buenos Aires. Professor, influential with the Argentine military in the social field, he became known in Europe for his ethnological theories, published by Laffont (the cons): according to him, South America was discovered by the Vikings founders of the Inca empire.HENRI LEBRASDirector of "Cri du Peuple", the newspaper of Doriot, sentenced to death. Short stay in Argentina, and amnesty and return to Paris in the 50s. He joined the editorial staff of "Rivarol" and "Show the world".SIMON SABIANMayor of Marseilles, that he shared with the famous gangster Carbon (to the left, above) and Spirito, near Doriot (the cons, the right of the head of the PPF). Sentenced to death, moved to Barcelona after an unhappy exile in Argentina.

Henry Charbonneau

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Henry Charbonneau (Pseudonym occasionally: Henry Charneau) (1913-1982) was a activist ofextreme rightA collaboratorA journalist and writer nationalist french.

Summary[hide]

1 Biographical o 1.1 French In Action in collaboration o 1.2 Activities of militant nationalist and Adventure is over for them o 1.3 The Memoirs of Porthos

2 Publications

3 References

Biographical

French In Action in collaboration

After starting theFrench Action as Camelot King in the 30s he joined the National Committee. In 1935, he organized (in the company, including Maulnier and Jean-Pierre Maxence) A meeting with the militant anti-Semite Louis Darquier de Pellepoix which brings together 4,000 young French. He then join the adventure The Hood before following Deloncle to CSAR.

Close Joseph DarnandWhich he was the nephew by marriage, he enlisted in 1941 in Legion tricolor, An organization set up by the Government of the French state, before becoming one of the leaders of the African Phalanx, Fighting under the German uniform Tunisia. He was also editor of Fights, Organ of the French Militia to Paris. In ReleaseHe is on trial for collaboration and intelligence with the enemy and he barely

escaped conviction. Old friend Robert BrasillachCharbonneau gave his support to the "Association of Friends of Robert Brasillach.

Activities of militant nationalist The adventure is over for them

From the 1950s until his death, Henry Charbonneau continues its involvement in various battles nationalists. It adheres to New Order and New Forces Party and he continued his journalistic work by collaborating AuroreAt Crossroads and CurrentAt "Parisien Libéré" '. Between 1952 and 1956, he published several books to Publishing and Literary Tourism; He published two books Pierre-Antoine Cousteau and a book about controversial X signed to be prohibited (For the militia, Justice!, Foreword by General Lavigne-Delville)

In 1960, Charbonneau published in collaboration with Henri Gault and Francis BrigneauA book of portraits and interviews (The adventure is over for them) On various controversial figures: Leon Degrelle, TheAbbe Pierre, Otto SkorzenyThe Colonel RémyThe Campesino, Leni Riefenstahl, Turco, Westerling and Arthur Koestler.

The Memoirs of Porthos

Charbonneau tells his story in 1966 in a book of memories, The Memoirs of Porthos1. The two volumes bring together memories that cover about a quarter of a century (Volume 1 is devoted to the years 1920 to WWII, Expectation of any part of the French youth "right"After such environments French ActionHe also reconsiders the event February 6, 1934On CagouleOn the defeat of 1940 and attempts to revive the name of National Revolution).

The second volume paints a picture of the prisons ofPurification and prisons Republicans post-war where were thrown pell-mell all those that, according Charbonneau, the Communists designated as "traitors" to their design patriotism. Against all odds, the author tackles the subject with humor and with astonishing simplicity. It also reconsiders the figure of Joseph Darnand and its daily life Fresnes. This book is a major source of anecdotes about right French twentieth century and it shows that Charbonneau has remained true to his convictions ofextreme right as well as his comrades in the collaboration. It will remain an activist nationalist intransigent until his death in 1982.

His son, Jean Charbonneau Romee (Born 1952) was Regional Adviser National front of Deux Sevres. Shortly before his death, Henry Charbonneau had moved with her son to Landeronde in Vendee.

Publications (With Francis Brigneau and Henri Gault) The adventure is over for them.

Paris, Gallimard, Collection L'air du temps, 1960. Republished under the title: When the guns are silent. Memories. Meetings. InterviewsParis, Publications F.B.1992

The Memoirs of Porthos (1920-1943), T. 1 Paris, Editions du Clan, 1967.

The Memoirs of Porthos. The thriller of the French right (1944-1946), T. 2, Paris, publisher Robert Desroches, 1969.

B. and G. Delluc: Jean Filliol, Perigord the hood, the Militia at OradourPérigueux, Driver 24 edition, 2005.

1. ↑ The first volume appeared in 1966 editions of the Clan, led by Francis Brigneau. The result is published in 1969 under the title The Hardboiled of the French rightAt Robert Desroches editor. The two volumes are then combined in a reprint, by Publishing Shire).

Jean Filliol (May 12, 1909 -?), Activist and member of French nationalism Cagoule.

Biography [change]

Militant ofFrench Action(He ran the 17e Team Camelots King), It is very active during the demonstration of leagues, the February 6 1934 to Paris.

Following this event, he founded with the engineer Eugene Deloncle, The Hood or Secret Committee of Revolutionary Action (C.S.A.R.), a group ofextreme right which from 1935 moving in shares of increasingly violent in order to overthrow the republican regime. On February 13, 1936, he tries to carry a bayonet to Blum. In 1937He participated in the murder of brothers Carlo and Nello Rosselli to Bagnoles-de-l'Orne on behalf of Mussolini in 1937 and fled to Italy and Spain.

In 1941, he returned to France and joined the management team of Revolutionary Social Movement Deloncle of where he is in charge of intelligence. On May 14, 1942, he organized a "coup" to oust Deloncle. But Laval, Smarting from the assassination attempt which he has suffered from Collette In August 1941, sees him as a murderer in power and interned in November 1942 at Camp St. Paul to Eyjeaux.

Joseph DarnandSecretary of State for policing and Chief MilitiaThe release is early 1944 and affects Plain edge of Militia in the Limousin, in charge, even intelligence. In this capacity he became the key figure in the tragedy ofOradour-sur-Glane for he shall indicate the name of this village to the Germans as hosting a bush.

Jean Filliol, refugee Spain, Was sentenced in absentia to death. He works for the Spanish branch of L'Oreal.1

For the historian Robert O. PaxtonIt is obvious that Jean Filliol is one of those French marginal "have ticked off the secret funds of theGermany and theItaly in the late 30s "(Vichy France, 1940-1944).

It is unknown what became of Jean Filliol, probably died in Spain where he had established.

Bibliography [change]

Brigitte and Gilles Delluc Jean Filliol, Perigord the hood, the Militia at OradourPérigueux, Driver 24 edition, 2005.

Jean-François Miniac, Major criminal cases of OrneOf Boreas, Paris, 2008,(ISBN 978-2-84494-814-4

Jean Filliol, the hood, the extreme right, collaboration, Oradour sur Glane, L'Oreal, Spain ...

Vox populi publish this weekend an interview with Gilles and Brigittes Delluc, authors of "Jean Filliol, the Perigord in the hood, the Militia in Oradour.

As confusion reigns in their minds, the merit of history as it was and as it is for us lies in its "facts" and "truths" eternal: the zealous collaborator of the Nazis in France will never even by grace an official revisionism (if France became ...) a "resistant". The choices made in life, like writing words that draws on a blank, can not be cancelled as in children's games. Jean Filliol is totally unknown in France. In the 30s, he was one of the main leaders, but also human labour, but also a theorist of the extreme right who wanted take At any price, power. Wish granted with the defeat of 40 - the extreme right, it was political, economic (bosses), they have servants to small strikes, thugs in the middle, high ranking military or not, .. ., saw its arrival time. She had prepared actively. The 50 million deaths, violent deaths, the WWII, Civilians, victims of random paths mown through SS divisions, not "will not die for nothing", to quote the famous words fool, if we can think of the tragedy civil war Franco-German (since Franks and Germans are brothers), from a French Revolution, which inaugurated the punishment necessary, the ancient nobility. However, his "reaction" Continues, mainly Catholic, since the Revolution in France, and Germany, had the heart, spiritual, hatred of the people and peoples, "civilians". The WWII is the prolongation, hidden, secretive, hate "aristocratic" against subversives who threaten people because of subversion and extinction. The accumulated hatred, annealed, were prepared for that murderers of National Socialism and the Vichy government perform these acts for which we can have forgiveness or forgetfulness. Jean FilliolSentenced to death in absentia three times, escaped prison and execution, fled to Spain in the service of L'Oreal ...