The iron in the hemoglobin that runs through your veins is
stardust.
HS-ESS1-2.Construct an explanation ofthe Big Bang theory based
onastronomical evidence of light spectra,motion of distant
galaxies,and composition of matterin the universe.[Clarification
Statement: Emphasis is on the astronomical evidence of the red
shift of light from galaxies as an indication that the universe is
currently expanding, the cosmic microwave background as the remnant
radiation from the Big Bang, and the observed composition of
ordinary matter of the universe, primarily found in stars and
interstellar gases (from the spectra of electromagnetic radiation
from stars), which matches that predicted by the Big Bang theory
(3/4 hydrogen and 1/4 helium).]THE BIG BANGShelley KauffmanAlbright
[email protected]://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzhIfN4UQv81
It all started with a Big Bang!(Maybe more of a buzz than a
bang)
http://faculty.washington.edu/jcramer/BBSound.html2
http://scaleofuniverse.com/Appreciate how deep into time you are
able to see with the HUDF image on the last two slides3
~ 4.6 billion-year-old earth
4
~ 13.7 billion-year-old universe4In your own words, describe the
Big Banghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNDGgL73ihY
ROOM: 799311http://b.socrative.com/
Or download the app on your ipadAll of the matter in the
universe was condensed into a particle smaller than an atom called
a singularity, the singularity then exploded, rapidly sending
matter out into empty space, creating the universe. Adam,
12According to the big bang theory, the universe began by expanding
from an infinitesimal volume with extremely high density and
temperature. The universe was initially significantly smaller than
even a pore on your skin. With the big bang, the fabric of space
itself began expanding like the surface of an inflating balloon
matter simply rode along the stretching space like dust on the
balloon's surface. The big bang is not like an explosion of matter
in otherwise empty space; rather, space itself began with the big
bang and carried matter with it as it expanded. Physicists think
that even time began with the big bang. Today, just about every
scientist believes in the big bang model. The evidence is
overwhelming enough that in 1951, the Catholic Church officially
pronounced the big bang model to be in accordance with the
Bible.5
According to the Big Bang model, the universe, originally in an
extremely hot and dense state that expanded rapidly, has since
cooled by expanding to the present diluted state, and continues to
expand today.
But how do we know this? NASAs image of the Big Bang.
The theory is the most comprehensive and accurate explanation
supported by scientific observations.
6
The expansion of the universeEdwin Hubble's1929 observation that
galaxies were generally receding from us provided the first clue
that the Big Bang theory might be right.
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiationThe early
universe should have been very hot. The cosmic microwave background
radiation is the remnant heat leftover from the Big Bang.
The abundance of the light elements H, HeThe Big Bang theory
predicts that these light elements should have been fused from
protons and neutrons in the first few minutes after the Big
Bang.
These three measurable signatures strongly support the notion
that the universe evolved from a dense, nearly featureless hot gas,
just as the Big Bang model
predicts.http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_tests.htmlThe Big
Bang Model is supported by a number of important
observations:7ObservationInferenceAlmost all galaxies are
red-shifted.Almost all galaxies are moving away from the Milky
Way.The most distant galaxies exhibit the greatest red-shift.The
most distant galaxies are moving away the fastest.The ratio of
recessional velocity to distance is between 50 and 100 km/s per
kiloparsec and is called the Hubble Constant.The Universe has been
expanding for 8 to 15 billion years.The Cosmic Background Explorer
(COBE) found that the temperature of intergalactic space was not
zero.The universe has not yet cooled from the rapid Big Bang
expansion.8
http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/wonders-with-brian-cox/videos/wonders-of-the-universe-the-big-bang.htmBRIAN
COX video: first seconds of the Big Bang
The Big Bang10-43secondsThe universe begins with a cataclysm
that generates space and time, as well as all the matter and energy
the universe will ever hold. For an incomprehensibly small fraction
of a second, the universe is an infinitely dense, hot fireball. The
prevailing theory describes a peculiar form of energy that can
suddenly push out the fabric of space. At10-35to 10-33secondsa
runaway process called "Inflation" causes a vast expansion of space
filled with this energy. The inflationary period is stopped only
when this energy is transformed into matter and energy as we know
it.The Universe Takes Shape10-6secondsAfter inflation, one
millionth of a second after the Big Bang, the universe continues to
expand but not nearly so quickly. As it expands, it becomes less
dense and cools. The most basic forces in nature become distinct:
first gravity, then the strong force, which holds nuclei of atoms
together, followed by the weak and electromagnetic forces. By the
first second, the universe is made up of fundamental particles and
energy: quarks, electrons, photons, neutrinos and less familiar
types. These particles smash together to form protons and
neutrons.Formation of Basic Elements3 secondsProtons and neutrons
come together to form the nuclei of simple elements: hydrogen,
helium and lithium. It will take another 300,000 years for
electrons to be captured into orbits around these nuclei to form
stable atoms.The Radiation Era10,000 yearsThe first major era in
the history of the universe is one in which most of the energy is
in the form of radiation -- different wavelengths of light, X rays,
radio waves and ultraviolet rays. This energy is the remnant of the
primordial fireball, and as the universe expands, the waves of
radiation are stretched and diluted until today, they make up the
faint glow of microwaves which bathe the entire universe.Beginning
the Era of Matter Domination300,000 yearsAt this moment, the energy
in matter and the energy in radiation are equal. But as the
relentless expansion continues, the waves of light are stretched to
lower and lower energy, while the matter travels onward largely
unaffected. At about this time, neutral atoms are formed as
electrons link up with hydrogen and helium nuclei. The microwave
background radiation hails from this moment, and thus gives us a
direct picture of how matter was distributed at this early
time.Birth of Stars and Galaxies300 million yearsGravity amplifies
slight irregularities in the density of the primordial gas. Even as
the universe continues to expand rapidly, pockets of gas become
more and more dense. Stars ignite within these pockets, and groups
of stars become the earliest galaxies. This point is still perhaps
12 to 15 billion years before the present.
9QUARKS? This is starting to feel a bit more like science
fiction, so lets have a look at the current state of the
SCIENCE
In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble made a truly startling
discovery. By examining the light emitted from neighboring galaxies
and making detailed observations of an electromagnetic property
calledREDSHIFT, Hubble showed that other galaxies appeared to be
accelerating away from the Milky Way. The Universe is
actuallyexpanding...
THE EXPANDING UNIVERSEIn 1929, Edwin Hubble announced that his
observations of galaxies outside our own Milky Way showed that they
were systematically moving away from us with a speed that was
proportional to their distance from us. The more distant the
galaxy, the faster it was receding from us. Hubble observed that
the light from a given galaxy was shifted further toward the red
end of the light spectrum the further that galaxy was from our
galaxy (the red shift).
As a geologist, it is amazing to me that in the same decade we
confirmed the universe is expanding, the theory of plate tectonics
was introduced!!
11LETs SEE FOR OURSELVES HOW REDSHIFT WORKS:Cut the rubber band
so it's no longer a loop.
Stretch the elastic and secure its ends to sturdy supports
(chair rungs/pencils will work).
One one side, mark the elastic into 1 cm lengths.These marks
will represent wave crests.
Mark a star in the center of the band. Notice how the wavelength
marks are the same distance apart on both sides of the star.
Grasp the star or center mark and stretch it in the direction of
one of the supports.
http://www.pbs.org/safarchive/4_class/45_pguides/pguide_501/4551_universe.html
12QUESTIONSWhat happens to the 1 cm markings?
What happens to the waveforms?
Considering that this model represents red shift, on which side
of the star would the observer on Earth most likely be?
What happens to the temperature as the wavelength
increases?13
What Na looks like in the labWhat Na looks like in a star moving
away from youWhat Na looks like in a star moving away from you at
an even faster rate14
What happens to the wavelength as we shift toward the red end of
the spectrum?15
1617
Redshift evidence for expanding universe17
18The Big Bang model was a natural outcome of Einstein's General
Relativity as applied to a homogeneous universe. However, in 1917,
the idea that the universe was expanding was thought to be
absurd.
In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced that his observations of
galaxies outside our own Milky Way showed that they were
systematically moving away from us with a speed that was
proportional to their distance from us. The more distant the
galaxy, the faster it was receding from us.
The specific form of Hubble's expansion law is important: the
speed of recession is proportional to distance. The expanding
raisin bread model illustrates why this is important. If every
portion of the bread expands by the same amount in a given interval
of time, then the raisins would recede from each other with exactly
a Hubble type expansion law. In a given time interval, a nearby
raisin would move relatively little, but a distant raisin would
move relatively farther - and the same behavior would be seen from
any raisin in the loaf. As the bread doubles in width (depth and
length), the distances between raisins also double. In other words,
the Hubble law is just what one would expect for a homogeneous
expanding universe, as predicted by the Big Bang theory.
-from NASA19
:
1. Inflate the balloon until it is approximately 10 cm across.
Twist and fold over the mouth of the balloon. Have your partner
secure it to keep it from deflating. Using the permanent marker,
make 9 dots randomly across the balloons surface. Avoid making any
marks near the part of the balloon where you blow it up. Label each
dot with the letters A thru F. 2. Using the string/ruler, measure
the distance between point A and every other point (B thru F).
Record this information in the row labeled 1st measurement. See the
table below for a model. LetterBCDEF1st measurement (cm)10 yr.
measurement (cm)Distance increase (cm)Rate of increase
(cm/yr)20
3. Carefully inflate the balloon until it has a diameter twice
as large as the first. Secure the balloon to prevent it from
deflating. Once again, use the string to measure the distance
between point A and every other point. Record this information in
your table under 10 yr. Measurement. 4. Using the data from your
table, calculate the difference between the 1st and 10 yr.
measurements for all points, and enter the answer under Distance
increase. LetterBCDEF1st measurement (cm)10 yr. measurement
(cm)Distance increase (cm)Rate of increase (cm/yr)*An extension,
given more time, PREDICT where the dots will be after 20 years of
inflationWhat would happen to the wavelength of light released from
your dots as space expands?21
Hubble constant ~68km/sec/megaparsec~42miles/sec/megaparsec
1 megaparsec = 3.3 million light years (megaparsecs)km/s22
23
During the first 380,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe
was so hot that all matter existed as plasma. During this time,
photons could not travel undisturbed through the plasma because
they interacted constantly with the charged electrons and baryons,
in a phenomenon known as Thompson Scattering. As a result, the
universe wasopaque.
After this dark period, light emergesCOSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND24Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson with the Horn Antenna
used to discover the Cosmic Microwave Background.
Accidental DiscoveryIn 1964, Bell Laboratory scientists Arno
Penzias and Robert Wilson were trying to detect sources of
radiation that might potentially harm satellites. Their data,
however, showed background noise from a microwave signal
corresponding to a temperature of approximately 2.7 K that appeared
to be emitted from every direction. This apparent aberration was
recognized by scientists at Princeton as remnant radiation from the
earliest observable moment in the evolution of the universe, now
called the Cosmic Microwave Background.Arno Penzias and Robert
Wilson with the Horn Antenna used to discover the Cosmic Microwave
Background.
(One of their first theories was that pigeon droppings may have
been the culprit, but a simple cleaning disproved that
theory)25https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mZQ-5-KYHw#t=92
26
Light from theCMBis redshifted as the universe expands, cooling
it over time.TheCMBis a perfect example of redshift.
Originally,CMBphotons had much shorter wavelengths with high
associated energy, corresponding to a temperature of about 3,000 K
(nearly 5,000 F). As the universe expanded, the light was stretched
into longer and less energetic wavelengths.Light from theCMBis
redshifted as the universe expands, cooling it over time.
TheCMBis a perfect example of redshift. Originally,CMBphotons
had much shorter wavelengths with high associated energy,
corresponding to a temperature of about 3,000 K (nearly 5,000 F).
As the universe expanded, the light was stretched into longer and
less energetic wavelengths.27
9-Year Microwave Sky: The detailed, all-sky picture of the
infant universe created from nine years of WMAP data. The image
reveals 13.77 billion year old temperature fluctuations (shown as
color differences) that correspond to the seeds that grew to become
the galaxies. This image shows a temperature range of 200
microKelvin. (When the CMB was initially emitted it was not in the
form of microwaves at all, but mostly visible and ultraviolet
light. Over the past few billion years, the expansion of the
universe has redshifted this radiation toward longer and longer
wavelengths, until today it appears in the microwave band.)
Credit: NASA / WMAP Science Team WMAP # 121238 Image Caption 9
year WMAP image of background cosmic radiation (2012)
28http://phdcomics.com/comics.php?f=1691
https://www.ted.com/talks/david_christian_big_history#t-312816Abundance
of H and He are what was predicted based on the Big Bang modelIn
the 1950's and 60's the predominant theory regarding the formation
of the chemical elements in the Universe was due to the work of
G.Burbidge, M.Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle. The BBFH theory, as it
came to be known, postulated that all the elements were produced
either in stellar interiors or during supernova explosions. While
this theory achieved relative success, it was discovered to be
lacking in some important respects. To begin with, it was estimated
that only a small amount of matter found in the Universe should
consist of helium if stellar nuclear reactions were its only source
of production. In fact, it is observed that upwards of 25% the
Universe's total matter consists of helium---much greater than
predicted by theory! A similar enigma exists for the deuterium.
According to stellar theory, deuterium cannot be produced in
stellar interiors; actually, deuterium is destroyed inside of
stars. Hence, the BBFH hypothesis could not by itself adequately
explain the observed abundances of helium and deuterium in the
Universe.3031Abundance of hydrogen and helium
Stellar processes are unable to produce the abundances of H and
He observed
H and He are observed at levels that are predicted by the Big
Bang Theory
The Big Bang theory predicts that the early universe was a very
hot place. One second after the Big Bang, the temperature of the
universe was roughly 10 billion degrees and was filled with a sea
of neutrons, protons, electrons, anti-electrons (positrons),
photons and neutrinos. As the universe cooled, the neutrons either
decayed into protons and electrons or combined with protons to make
deuterium (an isotope of hydrogen). During the first three minutes
of the universe, most of the deuterium combined to make helium.
Trace amounts of lithium were also produced at this time. This
process of light element formation in the early universe is called
Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN).
In the very early Universe the temperature was so great that all
matter was fully ionized and dissociated. Roughly three minutes
after the Big Bang itself, the temperature of the Universe rapidly
cooled from its phenomenal 10^32 Kelvin to approximately 10^9
Kelvin. At this temperature, nucleosynthesis, or the production of
light elements, could take place. In a short time interval, protons
and neutrons collided to produce deuterium (one proton bound to one
neutron). Most of the deuterium then collided with other protons
and neutrons to produce helium and a small amount of tritium (one
proton and two neutrons). Lithium 7 could also arise form the
coalescence of one tritium and two deuterium nuclei.
The Big Bang Nucleosynthesis theory predicts that roughly 25%
the mass of the Universe consists of Helium. It also predicts about
0.01% deuterium, and even smaller quantities of lithium. The
important point is that the prediction depends critically on the
density of baryons (ie neutrons and protons) at the time of
nucleosynthesis. Furthermore, one value of this baryon density can
explain all the abundances at once. In terms of the present day
critical density of matter, the required density of baryons is a
few percent (the exact value depends on the assumed value of
theHubble constant). This relatively low value means that not all
of the dark matter can be baryonic, ie we are forced to consider
more exotic particle candidates.
The fact that helium is nowhere seen to have an abundance below
23% mass is very strong evidence that the Universe went through an
early hot phase. This is one of the corner-stones of the Hot Big
Bang model. Further support comes from the consistency of the other
light element abundances for one particular baryon density and
anindependentmeasurement of the baryon density from the
anisotropies in thecosmic microwave backgroundradiation. It seems
like we really understand the physical processes which went on in
the first few minutes of the evolution of the Universe!
Elements heavier than lithium are all synthesized in stars.
During the late stages of stellar evolution, massive stars burn
helium to carbon, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, and iron. Elements
heavier than iron are produced in two ways: in the outer envelopes
of super-giant stars and in the explosion of a supernovae. All
carbon-based life on Earth is literally composed of stardust.
We still have large amounts of H on earth today because of its
ability to bind with other elements (H2O for example) and smaller
amounts of He because it is a radioactive decay product of U and Th
(we will get to the concept of radioactive decay later in the
semester).31
Elements heavier than lithium are all synthesized in stars.
During the late stages ofstellar evolution, massive stars burn
helium to carbon, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, and iron. Elements
heavier than iron are produced in two ways: in the outer envelopes
of super-giant stars and in the explosion of a supernovae.
All carbon-based life on Earth is literally composed of
stardust.
http://www.amazingspace.stsci.edu/eds/
