The Body in Health and Disease

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.

Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley

CHAPTER

Medical LanguageSecond Edition

The Body in Health and Disease

2




Chapter 2 - Part A: The Body In Health

-There are seven different ways the human body can be studied.

-Health is defined as all the body parts functioning correctly.




1. Body Planes and Body Directions:

Anatomical Position

Body Planes: coronal planesagittal planetransverse plane




Figure 2-1 Human body in anatomical position

Figure 2-3 Coronal and sagittal sutures of the cranium




Coronal plane




Sagittal plane




Transverse plane




The Coronal Plane and Body Directions:

Coronal Plane Directions:

Anterior or Ventral or Prone

Posterior or Dorsal or Supine




Figure 2-5 Posteroanterior direction




The Sagittal Plane and Body Directions:

Sagittal Plane Directions:

Midsagittal- is used when dividing the body into equal left and right sides.

Parasagittal- is used when the body is divided anywhere to the left or right of the midline.




Figure 2-7 Midsagittal view of the head on an MRI scan(DR Unique/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.) MRI Video Clip?




The Sagittal Plane and Body Directions:

Sagittal Directions:

Medial- moving towards the midline of the body.

Lateral- moving away from the midline.




The Transverse Plane and Body Directions:

Transverse Directions:

Superior- upper half of the body.

Inferior- lower half of the body.




Figure 2-10 Superior and inferior parts




The Transverse Plane and Body Directions:

Transverse Directions:

Cephalad- moving superiorly.

Caudad- moving inferiorly.




Other Body Directions and Positions:

Distal vs. Proximal

Superficial vs. Deep




2. Body Cavities

-A cavity is a hollow space that is surrounded by bones or muscles.1. Cranial2. Spinal3. Thoracic4. Abdominal & Pelvic




Figure 2-14 Body cavities




3. Quadrants and Regions

-The anterior surface of the abdominopelvic area can be divided into four quadrants or nine regions.

-The four quadrants include:Right upper quadrant (RUQ).Left upper quadrant (LUQ).Left lower quadrant (LLQ).Right lower quadrant (RLQ).




Quadrants and Regions:

-The nine regions include the:Right and left hypochondriac regions.Epigastric region.Right and left lumbar regions.Umbilical region.Right and left inguinal or iliac regions.Hypogastric region.




4. Anatomy and Physiology

-Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body.-Physiology is the study of the function of those structures.




5. Microscopic-to-Macroscopic

-Microscopic Diagnosis: using a microscope to study cells and cellular structures to test and diagnose what is occurring.

-Macroscopic Diagnosis: using the naked eye to study tissues, organs, and body systems to test and diagnose what is occurring.




6. Body Systems

-Studying the various organs and how they function together in a body system:

Gastrointestinal (Gl) systemRespiratory systemCardiovascular (CV) systemBloodLymphatic systemIntegumentary system




Body Systems:

Skeletal systemMuscular systemNervous systemUrinary systemMale genital and reproductive systemFemale genital and reproductive systemEndocrine systemEyesEars, nose, and throat (ENT) system




7. Medical Specialties

1. Gastroenterology2. Pulmonology3. Cardiology4. Hematology




7. Medical Specialties Cont.

5. Immunology6. Dermatology7. Orthopedics – Skeletal8. Orthopedics – Muscular9. Neurology10. Urology11. Male Reproductive12. Gynecology and Obstetrics13. Endocrinology14. Ophthalmology15. Otolaryngology (ENT)




Other Medical Specialties:

-Other medical specialties that are not directly related to a body system include the following:

Medical Specialty Descriptionpsychiatry study and treatment of the mind

oncology study and treatment of cancer

radiology and nuclear medicine

use of x-rays, sound waves, and other forms of radiation and energy to diagnose and treat disease

dentistry study and treatment of the teeth and gums




Other Medical Specialties

Medical Specialty Descriptiondietetics study and use of nutrition, nutrients, and

diet

pharmacology study of drugs used as medicines

neonatology study and treatment of newborn infants

pediatrics study and treatment of infants and children

geriatrics study and treatment of the elderly




Chapter 2 – Part B: The Body in Disease

-Preventive Medicine is the healthcare specialty that focuses on keeping a person healthy and preventing disease.

-Disease: any change in the normal structure or function of the body.

-Etiology is the cause or origin of a disease.




Disease Categories:

CongenitalDegenerativeEnvironmentalHereditaryIatrogenicIdiopathicInfectiousNeoplasticNosocomialNutritional




Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease

Patients will experience:Symptoms- any deviation from health

that is perceived or felt.

Signs- physical appearance that is able to be seen or detected by others.




-Syndrome is a set of symptoms and signs associated with, and characteristic of, one particular disease.

-Asymptomatic patients can still have a disease, but it can only be detected by medical tests.

-Symptoms and Signs Classification:– Acute (sudden and severe) – Subacute (less severe in intensity), or – Chronic (continuing for 3 months or more)




Course and Outcome of DiseaseTo fully understand the patient’s symptoms and signs, the physician does the following:-Medical history and physical examination.-Techniques used(as needed) during the physical examination: inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion.-Diagnosis is made that identifies the nature and cause of the disease or condition.-If the physician cannot make a diagnosis, the patient undergoes further diagnostic tests or is referred to a specialist.




Figure 2-18 Inspection(S. O’Brien/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)




Figure 2-19 Palpation(Michal Heron/Pearson Education/PH College)




Figure 2-20 Auscultation(Corbis RF)




Figure 2-21 Percussion(Michal Heron/Pearson Education/PH College)




-Exacerbation is a sudden worsening in the severity of the symptoms or signs.

-Sequela is an abnormal condition or complication that arises because of the original disease and remains after the original disease has resolved.

-Remission is a temporary improvement in the symptoms and signs of a disease without the underlying disease being cured.

-Relapse is a return of the original symptoms and signs of the disease.




-Therapeutic is defined as when treatment causes the symptoms or signs of the disease to disappear.

-Refractory is defined as when the disease does not respond to treatment.




-Diagnosis is the act of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms.

-Prognosis is the predicted course or outcome of a disease.

-The course of a disease can have one of three outcomes:

– Recuperation or recovery – Disability – Terminal Illness




Healthcare Professionals and Healthcare Settings

Physician-The leader of the healthcare team who examines the patient, orders tests, diagnoses diseases, and treats diseases by prescribing drugs or therapy.-Surgeons are physicians who complete additional training in surgery.-Primary care physicians (PCPs) specialize in family practice or pediatrics. -A physician who is on the medical staff of a hospital and admits a patient to the hospital is known as the attending physician.




Physician Extenders-PEs are healthcare professionals who work under the supervision of a physician.-PEs examine, diagnose, and treat patients and prescribe medications.-Physician extenders include: physician’s assistants (PAs), nurse practitioners (NPs), certified nurse midwives (CNMs), and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs).




Nurse-Examines patients, makes nursing diagnoses, and administers treatments or drugs ordered by the physician.-Gives hands-on care and focuses on the physical and emotional needs of the patient and the family.




Allied Health Professionals:-Technologists-Technicians -Therapists-Dietitians-Medical assistants-Phlebotomists-Dental hygienists-Audiologists




Healthcare Settings

1. Hospital-provides care patients who require medical or surgical care for longer than 24 hours.-physicians must write an order in the patient’s medical record to admit or discharge the patient.-a patient who stays overnight in a room/bed within the hospital is an inpatient.-ancillary departments -hospital types: general, specialty, government, university or college.




2. Physician’s Office (Medical Office)-A single or group of physicians that maintain an office.-Services: examinations, diagnostic, tests, diagnosis, rx.-Seriously ill patients who cannot be quickly diagnosed or adequately treated in the office are sent to a hospital.




3.Clinic-Provides general or specific healthcare services.-Convenience factors and drawbacks.-Example: well-baby clinic provides care to newborn infants.




4. Ambulatory Surgery Center (ASC)-An ASC is a facility where minor surgery is performed and the patient does not stay overnight. -Known as Outpatient Surgery Centers




5. Long-Term-Care Facility-A residential facility for elderly or disabled persons who are unable to care for themselves.-Provides 24-hour nursing care.-Persons in long-term care facilities are residents rather than patients.




6. Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF)-Long-term care facility that provides a high level of medical and nursing care for patients recently discharged from the hospital.




7. Home Health Agency-Provides a range of healthcare services to people in their homes.




8. Hospice-A facility (or in-home) for patients who are dying from a terminal illness.-Their physicians have certified that they have less than 6 months to live. -Hospice services include:

Patient care (quality of life) Counseling Emotional support for the patient and family




9. School Health Services-Generally staffed by nurses or athletic trainers.-Will treat minor injuries such as cuts, bruises, headaches, upset stomachs…ect.-Oversees school physicals to make sure students are ok to attend school and participate in extra-curricular events and sports.-Administer speech, hearing, and vision tests.-Flu shots




10. Dental & Optometry Offices-Provide care for the teeth such as cleanings and repair of cavities; treatment of gum disease.

-Provide care for the eyes such as exams and minor injuries; glasses, contacts…ect.




11. Emergency Care Services-Provide quick, on-site emergency care for victims of accidents or sudden illness.-Examples include: ambulance services, fire departments, clinics and centers, helicopter or airplane transport services.-Nurses, Doctors, & Emergency Medical Technicians




12. Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO)-Act as both health care delivery systems and types of health insurance.-Provide total health care directed toward preventative health care for a fee that is usually fixed or prepaid in addition to treating all medical needs.




13. Assisted-Living Facilities-Allow individuals who can care for themselves to rent or purchase an apartment in a facility.-Provide meals; house-keeping and laundry services; transportation; social events; basic on-site medical care.




14. Mental Health Facilities-Treat patients with mental disorders and substance abuse issues.-Inpatient and Outpatient services.-Examples include guidance and counseling; psychiatric; chemical abuse treatment; physical abuse.




15. Rehabilitation Facilities-Provide care to help patients with physical or mental disabilities obtain maximum self-care and function.-Services include: physical, occupational, recreation, speech, and hearing therapy.




16. Laboratory Services-Perform special diagnostic tests such as blood or urine tests.-Can be part of a hospital or separate private companies.




Government Agencies-World Health Organization (WHO)

-US Dept. of Health and Human Services (USDHHS)-National Institutes of Health (NIH)-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Indian Health Service (IHS)

-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Part of the Dept. of Labor

-State and Local Health Departments




Voluntary or Non-Profit Agencies-American Cancer Society-American Heart Association-American Diabetes Association-March of Dimes-American Red Cross




Health Insurance Terms:

Premium- fee an individual pays for health insurance coverage; Example: your work will deduct the premium due to the insurance company each paycheck.

Deductible- amounts in addition to the premium that must be paid by the individual before the insurance policy begins to pay.

Co-Insurance- specific percentages of expenses are shared by the patients and the insurance company; Example: insurance company pays 80% and the patient pays 20%.

Co-Payment- specific amount of money a patient must pay for a service; Example: you go to the doctor and pay a flat $10 at the time of service in addition to any amount insurance does not pay after the claim is filed.




Health Insurance PlansTypes:Employer Sponsored Insurance (Aetna, United, BCBS, Humana,

Wellpoint, Cigna)HMO (option)PPO (Preferred Provider Organization)Medicare (63 or older)Medigap Insurance (pays what Medicare does not.)Medicaid (low income)State Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)…IL- All KidsWorkers’ Compensation (hurt on the job.)TRICARE (military and their families)Affordable Care Act




HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (1996)

Five main components:1. Health Care Access within Group Plans2. Preventing Health Care Fraud and Abuse; Administrative Simplification and Medical Liability Reform; strict guidelines for maintaining confidentiality of medical records.3. Tax-Related Health Provisions (MSA, Flex Plans)4. Application and Enforcement of Group Health Plan Requirements5. Revenue Offsets




Abbreviations

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The Body in Health and Disease

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