The Canadian Migration Monitoring Network -
Réseau canadien de surveillance des migrations:
Ten-Year Report on Monitoring Landbird Population Change
Photo: Brendan Donaghey
Technical Report #1
by
Tara L. Crewe, Jon D. McCracken, Philip D. Taylor, Denis Lepage, & Audrey E. Heagy
December 2008
Canadian Migration Monitoring Network – Réseau canadien de surveillance des migrations
Steering Committee: Doug Collister (co-chair) Dr. David Hussell (co-chair) Brenda Dale Bruno Drolet Wendy Easton Dr. George Finney
Dr. Charles Francis Marie-Anne Hudson Lance Laviolette Jon McCracken Ted Murphy-Kelly Dr. Phil Taylor
Scientific Advisory Committee: Doug Collister Bruno Drolet Dr. Erica Dunn Dr. Charles Francis
Dr. Keith Hobson Dr. David Hussell Jon McCracken Dr. Phil Taylor
Member Stations and Affiliates: Albert Creek Bird Observatory, YK Amherst Point Migration Monitoring Station, NS Atlantic Bird Observatory, NS Ausable Bird Observatory, ON Beaverhill Bird Observatory, AB Brier Island Bird Migration Research Station, NS Bruce Peninsula Bird Observatory, ON Columbia River-Revelstoke Station, BC Delta Marsh Bird Observatory, MB Haldimand Bird Observatory, ON Inglewood Bird Sanctuary, AB Innis Point Bird Observatory, ON Last Mountain Bird Observatory, SK Lesser Slave Lake Bird Observatory, AB
Long Point Bird Observatory, ON Mackenzie Nature Observatory, BC McGill Bird Observatory, QC Observatoire d‘oiseaux de Tadoussac, QC Pelee Island Bird Observatory, ON Prince Edward Point Bird Observatory, ON Rocky Point Bird Observatory, BC St. Andrews Bird Banding Station, NB Tatlayoko Bird Observatory, BC Teslin Lake Bird Observatory, YK Thunder Cape Bird Observatory, ON Tommy Thompson Park Bird Research Station, ON Vaseux Lake Bird Observatory, BC Whitefish Point Bird Observatory, MI
Recommended Citation: Crewe, T.L., J.D. McCracken, P.D. Taylor, D. Lepage, and A.E. Heagy. 2008. The Canadian Migration Monitoring Network - Réseau canadien de surveillance des migrations: Ten-year Report on Monitoring Landbird Population Change. CMMN-RCSM ScientificTechnical Report #1. Produced by Bird Studies Canada, Port Rowan, Ontario. 69 pp.
Abstract The Canadian Migration Monitoring Network - Réseau canadien de surveillance des migrations (CMMN-RCSM) was formed in 1998 as a cooperative venture among a dozen independent migration monitoring stations, Bird Studies Canada and the Canadian Wildlife Service. Since then, the network has expanded to over 20 stations across Canada that monitor the spring and/or fall migration of over 150 species of landbirds, about 80 of which breed in Canada‘s boreal and other northern forests and are not well monitored by established breeding bird surveys. In addition to participating in special collaborative research projects on migration and stop-over ecology, CMMN stations conduct daily counts of migrants during spring and/or fall migration. Up until 2006, 10 years of migration count data had been collected at 14 stations during at least one migration season. Using migration count data, we estimated annual population indices using a generalized linear model which controls for effects of date. Population trajectories (trends) in annual indices were then modeled for each species and station using linear models for stations having less than 10 years of data, and polynomial models for stations having 10 or more years of data. Broad regional similarities in population trends were supported by positive between-station correlations of annual indices at relatively short interstation distances. However, correlations were zero or even negative beyond about 2000 km. Furthermore, trends within a region were more similar than trends among regions, with more positive trends in Ontario (spring and fall) and Western (fall) regions and more negative trends in Prairie (spring and fall) and Eastern (fall) regions. Taken together across the country, population trends were not affected by migration strategy (temperate vs neotropical migrant) or by ecoregional association (boreal vs non-boreal). Hence, at the national level, roughly equal proportions of neotropical migrants and temperate migrants were declining or increasing. However, we did see regional differences in these patterns. For example, more species in the Prairie region exhibited negative trends in spring and fall for both neotropical and temperate migrants (including species breeding in the boreal forest) than other regions of Canada. Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) coverage in Canada is primarily restricted to the southern part of the country. For species that have ranges that are predominantly within areas of high BBS coverage, good correlations would be expected between BBS regional trend statistics and those developed from migration monitoring. However, correlations would be expected to be weak or non-existent for species that breed predominantly in northern areas outside the main area of BBS coverage. To investigate this, we compared long-term annual indices and trends (1968-2006) at Long Point Bird Observatory with BBS statistics from Ontario. Results indicated that migration monitoring is indeed measuring a similar population signal to BBS for species breeding primarily in the south, particularly in spring. However, this relationship breaks down for species breeding primarily north of BBS coverage. By inference, these results further support the notion that migration monitoring can be used to effectively monitor the status of boreal/northern breeding birds where BBS coverage is weak. Further scientific advances in migration monitoring are underway with the development of new analytical approaches and a large collaborative isotope project that will help reveal the geographic origins of birds sampled at migration stop-over sites.
i
Résumé C‘est en 1998 que le Réseau canadien de surveillance des migrations (RCSM) a été mis sur pied, à titre d‘initiative conjointe. Il rassemblait une douzaine de stations indépendantes de surveillance des migrations, Études d‘Oiseaux Canada et le Service canadien de la faune. Le réseau est passé depuis à plus de 20 stations situées dans l‘ensemble du Canada qui assurent la surveillance des migrations du printemps ou d‘automne de plus de 150 espèces d‘oiseaux terrestres, dont environ 80 se reproduisent dans la forêt boréale ou dans d‘autres forêts du Nord et font l‘objet d‘une surveillance incomplète dans le cadre des relevés établis des oiseaux nicheurs. En plus de contribuer à des projets spéciaux de recherche conjointe portant sur les migrations et l‘écologie d‘étape, le personnel des stations du RCSM dénombre quotidiennement les oiseaux migrateurs au printemps, à l‘automne ou durant les deux périodes de migration. À la fin de 2006, des données de dénombrement sur 10 ans avaient été recueillies à 14 stations au cours d‘une période de migration au moins. À partir des relevés migratoires, nous avons établi des indices annuels de population en procédant par estimation au moyen d‘un modèle linéaire général qui tient compte des effets de la période de l‘année. Les projections (tendances) démographiques obtenues à partir des indices annuels ont ensuite été modélisées par espèce et par station, à l‘aide de modèles linéaires dans le cas des stations possédant des résultats pour moins de 10 ans et de modèles polynomiaux dans le cas des stations possédant des résultats s‘étendant sur au moins 10 ans. L‘obtention de corrélations positives par comparaison entre eux des indices annuels de diverses stations assez rapprochées les unes des autres a permis de confirmer l‘existence de grandes lignes de ressemblance entre les régions sur le plan des tendances démographiques. Toutefois, pour les stations situées à plus de 2000 km de distance les unes des autres, les corrélations prennent une valeur nulle ou même négative. De plus, les tendances observées au sein d‘une même région sont plus étroitement apparentées qu‘elles ne le sont entre les régions. Les tendances sont davantage positives dans les régions de l‘Ontario (au printemps et à l‘automne) et de l‘Ouest (à l‘automne), et elles sont davantage négatives dans les régions des Prairies (au printemps et à l‘automne) et de l‘Est (à l‘automne). À l‘échelle du pays, la stratégie de migration (populations migratrices des régions tempérées par opposition aux populations néotropicales) et l‘association écorégionale (populations boréales ou non boréales) n‘influent pas sur les tendances démographiques. C‘est donc dire que les migrateurs néotropicaux et les migrateurs des régions tempérées sont en déclin ou en hausse dans des proportions sensiblement égales dans tout le Canada,. Nous avons cependant observé des écarts régionaux quant à ces tendances. Par exemple, un plus grand nombre d‘espèces migratoires des Prairies (tant des régions néotropicales que des régions tempérées, y compris les espèces nichant dans la forêt boréale) que des autres régions présente des tendances négatives au printemps et à l‘automne. Au Canada, la couverture du Relevé des oiseaux nicheurs se limite en bonne partie au sud du pays. Lorsqu‘il s‘agit d‘espèces dont l‘aire de répartition se trouve principalement dans les secteurs où la surveillance est étendue, on est en droit de s‘attendre à de bonnes corrélations entre les tendances régionales associées à ces derniers et les tendances dérivées de la surveillance des mouvements migratoires. À l‘inverse, les corrélations devraient être peu marquées, voire inexistantes dans le cas des espèces se reproduisant surtout hors des principaux secteurs de couverture. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons comparé sur une longue échelle les indices annuels et les tendances (1968-2006) relevés à l‘Observatoire d‘oiseaux de Long Point et les statistiques du relevé de l‘Ontario. D‘après les résultats, la surveillance des mouvements migratoires permet effectivement de mesurer un signal démographique semblable à celui mesuré au moyen du relevé lorsqu‘il s‘agit d‘espèces nichant dans le sud, particulièrement au printemps. Toutefois, ce rapport ne se vérifie plus dans le cas des espèces nichant principalement au nord des secteurs ciblés par le relevé. Par inférence, ces résultats tendent à renforcer la notion à l‘effet que la surveillance des mouvements migratoires peut servir à suivre l‘état des populations des oiseaux nicheurs des régions boréales ou septentrionales, là où la couverture du relevé est incomplète. Grâce à la mise au point de nouvelles méthodes d‘analyse et à un important projet conjoint faisant appel à des isotopes pour aider à déterminer l‘origine géographique de migrateurs capturés dans leurs haltes migratoires, de nouvelles percées scientifiques dans la surveillance des mouvements migratoires sont à portée de main.
ii
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................... I
RESUME ...................................................................................................................................................... II
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. III
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1
THE CANADIAN MIGRATION MONITORING NETWORK ..................................................................................... 3 CMMN STATIONS: A BRIEF DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................... 3 BEYOND MIGRATION COUNTS: THE ROLE OF THE NETWORK IN COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH .......................... 7 SCOPE OF THIS REPORT .............................................................................................................................. 7
METHODS .................................................................................................................................................... 8
MIGRATION COUNTS ................................................................................................................................... 8 SEASONAL MIGRATION WINDOWS ................................................................................................................ 8 SPECIES SELECTION ................................................................................................................................... 9 SPECIES CLASSIFICATIONS AND GUILD CATEGORIES .................................................................................... 9 ANNUAL ABUNDANCE INDICES .................................................................................................................... 10 POPULATION TRENDS ................................................................................................................................ 10 REGIONAL COMPARISONS.......................................................................................................................... 11
Spatial Correlations of Annual Indices ............................................................................................... 11 Regional Trends of Neotropical, Temperate and Boreal Breeding Migrants ..................................... 11
SURVEY COMPARISON ............................................................................................................................... 11
RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 13
TREND ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................................... 13 REGIONAL COMPARISONS.......................................................................................................................... 21
Annual Index Correlations .................................................................................................................. 21 Regional Trends of Neotropical, Temperate and Boreal Breeding Migrants ..................................... 21
COMPARISON OF TREND RESULTS BETWEEN BBS AND MIGRATION MONITORING ......................................... 22 Annual Indices .................................................................................................................................... 22 Population Trends .............................................................................................................................. 22
DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................................. 29
INTERPRETATION OF ANNUAL INDICES AND POPULATION TRENDS ................................................................ 29 REGIONAL SPATIAL TRENDS ...................................................................................................................... 29
Annual Index Correlations .................................................................................................................. 29 Regional Trends of Neotropical, Temperate and Boreal Breeding Migrants ..................................... 29
COMPARISON BETWEEN RESULTS FROM MIGRATION MONITORING AND BBS ................................................ 29 FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION TREND ESTIMATES ............................................................................... 36 SOME SUGGESTED NEXT STEPS ................................................................................................................ 37
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 40
LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................................................................. 41
APPENDIX A. SPECIES CLASSIFICATIONS ........................................................................................... 43
APPENDIX B. SPECIES SAMPLED AT CMMN STATIONS IN SPRING AND FALL. ............................. 46
iii
Introduction In North America, the northward flood of millions of brightly coloured neotropical landbirds from their wintering grounds in Central and South America to their breeding grounds in the northern forest regions is one of the wonders of spring. In spring, neotropical migrants are preceded by temperate species, such as American Robin, that winter in the United States and southern Canada. In fall, the pattern of migration is generally reversed, with neotropical migrants preceding the hardier temperate species. Although the spring landbird migration generally attracts more attention than the fall migration, the number of migrants is actually much higher in fall with the addition of the new cohort of young birds.
The many species of warblers, thrushes, flycatchers, vireos, sparrows and other species that make up these bi-annual waves of migrants more than just mark the arrival of spring and fall, they are also considered to be barometers of the health of the diverse ecosystems of the Western Hemisphere. Their numbers fluctuate depending on the abundance of food and availability of suitable nesting habitat in the dynamic northern and boreal forest ecosystems, while their over-winter survival depends on the quality of habitat on their wintering grounds, which could be Andean cloud forests in Peru, tropical lowland forests in Central America, evergreen forests in Mexico, or dry scrublands in the Caribbean. These small migrants are also affected by habitat quality at migration stopover locations, where they stop to refuel while en-route through the United States and southern Canada. Given the rate at which habitat and ecosystems are changing throughout the Americas, it is no wonder that many species of neotropical landbird migrants that nest in North America‘s northern forest biome (hereafter ‗northern forest‘; Figure 1) are of high conservation interest.
The tri-national North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI) and Partners in Flight (PIF) both recognize the importance of monitoring the status of bird populations if species are to be conserved and managed effectively (e.g., Rich et al. 2004). The primary landbird monitoring program in North America is the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), which is a roadside count of birds on their breeding grounds. However, in Canada, the breeding range of about 80 landbird species is largely north of the road network and inaccessible. These species include northern breeding neotropical migrants such as Gray-cheeked and Swainson‘s thrushes, Alder and Yellow-bellied flycatchers, and Blackpoll, Cape May, Connecticut, Wilson‘s, and Tennessee warblers. For these and other species that breed in the northern forests, alternative population monitoring methods are required. Because these northern breeding birds migrate through southern Canada and the United States in spring and fall, where people and birders are concentrated, surveying birds on migration is a logical focus for monitoring their populations. Moreover, migration monitoring is particularly important for neotropical species that are not monitored on their wintering grounds, unlike temperate species which are monitored by programs such as Christmas Bird Count and Project FeederWatch. Over the past 50 years, numerous independent bird observatories and migration research stations have been established at migration hot spots in Canada and the United States. In 1994, a North American Migration Monitoring Council was formed in recognition of the need to expand and integrate migration monitoring activities under one umbrella program. While the North America-wide cooperative initiative is still in its early development, a Canada-wide network of bird migration monitoring stations was formally established in 1998 as the Canadian Migration Monitoring Network - Réseau canadien de surveillance des migrations (CMMN-RCSM; hereafter referred to as CMMN).
1
F
IGU
RE
1. A
VIF
AU
NA
L B
IOM
ES
IN
NO
RT
H A
ME
RIC
A.
IN
CA
NA
DA
, T
HE
NO
RT
HE
RN
FO
RE
ST
RE
GIO
N I
NC
LU
DE
S (
FR
OM
LE
FT
TO
RIG
HT)
BIR
D C
ON
SE
RV
AT
ION
RE
GIO
N (B
CR
) 4
(N
OR
TH
WE
ST
ER
N I
NT
ER
IOR
FO
RE
ST),
BC
R 6
(B
OR
EA
L T
AIG
A P
LA
INS),
BC
R 7
(T
AIG
A S
HIE
LD
AN
D H
UD
SO
N P
LA
INS),
BC
R 8
(BO
RE
AL
SO
FT
WO
OD
SH
IEL
D),
BC
R 1
2 (
BO
RE
AL
HA
RD
WO
OD
TR
AN
SIT
ION
), A
ND
BC
R 1
4 (
AT
LA
NT
IC N
OR
TH
ER
N F
OR
ES
T).
2
The Canadian Migration Monitoring Network
The CMMN was formed in 1998 as a cooperative venture between independent migration monitoring stations, Bird Studies Canada (BSC; a non-profit research organization), and the federal government‘s Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), an agency of Environment Canada. In addition to the formal member stations, several other stations contribute to the Network as associates (Figure 2). Collectively, over 25 stations in Canada now compile count information on millions of migrating birds each year, encompassing more than 250 species. Since 1998, the CMMN has continued to expand and evolve. In 2005, a formal Steering Committee – composed of representatives from member stations, BSC and CWS – was formed. This committee provides guidance and technical advice to member stations, and helps support the future development of the CMMN. In 2007, the CMMN adopted the following Vision and Mission Statements, respectively:
To be an essential component of bird monitoring, migration research and conservation planning in the Western Hemisphere.
To contribute to conservation, knowledge, and public understanding of Canadian migrant birds and migration through a collaborative network of independent migration monitoring and research stations.
The CMMN monitors population trends of over 30 species of boreal/northern migrant landbirds that are identified as a priority for monitoring by PIF (Rich et al 2004), as well as at least 45 other neotropical migrant landbirds. There is also a large amount of interest in monitoring birds associated with the northern Pacific coastal rainforest region (BCR 5), because of the large number of range-limited species and subspecies that occur there. The CMMN strives to address several recommendations made in the PIF North American Landbird Conservation Plan in regard to the development of migration monitoring in North America. These recommendations include: a) the need for continued improvement of migration monitoring to meet information needs of the large group of northern-nesting neotropical migrants that are largely inaccessible for monitoring; b) the need to conduct more evaluation and research on best analysis methods and precision estimation; and c) the institution of annual analysis and reporting (Rich et al. 2004). The CMMN also complements other high-priority actions that relate to migration monitoring, as identified in the Canadian Landbird Monitoring Strategy (Downes et al. 2000) and in PIF‘s High Priority Needs for Range-wide Monitoring of North American Landbirds document (Dunn et al. 2005).
CMMN Stations: A Brief Description
For the most part, stations included in the current suite of CMMN member stations (Table 1) were formed independently at sites where there was a fortuitous combination of large concentrations of migrating landbirds, a suitable site for doing migration counts, and sufficient local interest and capacity to organize and operate a migration station. Consequently, there is large variability in CMMN station organizational structure, history, and resources. All member stations are operated by a registered charitable organization or operate under a formal agreement with a larger organization. The majority of stations rely heavily on volunteers for data collection. Many stations also have a small paid staff (usually seasonal), who train personnel and oversee operations.
3
CMMN stations are often located at coastal sites or adjacent to inland lakes or river systems where large numbers of landbirds concentrate during migration. All stations have some form of enduring land-use arrangement that permits ongoing research at the site. Most are situated in protected areas such as National Wildlife Areas and regional or provincial parks, many of which are also designated as Important Bird Areas (IBAs). Although most stations are accessible by car, some are accessible only by boat or long hike. On-site accommodation is provided at the more remote stations, and most stations welcome volunteers and are open to the visiting public. More information on each station can be found on the CMMN webpage (http://www.bsc-eoc.org/volunteer/cmmn); most stations also have their own dedicated websites. Each station operates under a written protocol approved by the CMMN Steering Committee or its forerunner. These protocols describe a) the main groups of birds being targeted; b) the area being monitored, including station boundaries and location of survey routes, observation points and net or trap sites; c) the daily time period(s) during which the count(s) are conducted; d) the methods used to produce a migration count (e.g. ‗daily estimated total‘); e) procedures for recording stopover and resident individuals; f) local habitat; and g) how changes in habitat are to be monitored or controlled over time. This last point is of particular importance in order to monitor broad scale population trends of migrants. In cases where habitat succession is a concern, stations are asked to include a management approach that is designed to minimize succession and thereby reduce the likelihood that habitat change will influence population counts over the long term. To be effective, stations are expected to run at least 5 days per week (including down time due to weather) during a consecutive period of at least one month during spring and/or fall. Seasonal coverage must adequately sample migration passage of the target species. For each species, guidelines for ‗adequate‘ coverage are currently as follows: (a) a minimum annual coverage of at least 75% of the days is sampled during the target species' spring or fall migration period (the site-specific span of dates within which the middle 95% of individuals occur); (b) an average of at least 10 birds are recorded on an average of at least 5 dates per season; and (c) the majority of individuals detected are migrants and not breeding residents. For more details on field data collection, see Methods. At stations where bird banding takes place, relevant on-site personnel must hold a valid permit and operate in accordance with the North American Banding Council‘s Bander‘s Code of Ethics (North American Banding Council 2001).
4
1
Rocky P
oin
t 8
Ingle
wood
15
Bru
ce P
enin
sula
22
Innis
Poin
t
2
Te
slin
Lake
9
Lesser
Sla
ve L
ake
16
Pele
e Isla
nd
23
McG
ill
3
Alb
ert
Cre
ek
10
Beaverh
ill
17
Ausable
24
Ta
doussac
4
Ta
tlayoko
11
Last
Mounta
in
18
Long P
oin
t 25
St. A
ndre
w's
5
Mackenzie
12
Delta M
ars
h
19
Hald
imand
26
Brie
r Is
land
6
Vaseux L
ake
13
Th
under
Cape
20
Tom
my T
hom
pson P
ark
27
Atla
ntic
7
Revels
toke
14
Whitefish P
oin
t 21
Prin
ce E
dw
ard
Poin
t
F
IGU
RE
2. L
OC
AT
ION
OF
CM
MN
ST
AT
ION
S A
ND
AF
FIL
IAT
ES.
5
TA
BL
E 1
. Y
EA
RS
OF
OP
ER
AT
ION
BY
SE
AS
ON
FO
R E
AC
H C
MM
N M
EM
BE
R S
TA
TIO
N U
P T
O 2
006.
TO
TA
L N
UM
BE
R O
F Y
EA
RS
IN
CL
UD
ED
IN
SE
AS
ON
AL
AN
AL
YS
IS
AT
EA
CH
ST
AT
ION
IS
IN
CL
UD
ED
IN
‗YE
AR
S‘ C
OL
UM
N.
TH
E C
OU
NT
TY
PE
ON
WH
ICH
AN
NU
AL
IN
DIC
ES
AN
D P
OP
UL
AT
ION
TR
EN
DS
AT
EA
CH
ST
AT
ION
IS
BA
SE
D I
S P
RO
VID
ED
(E
T =
ES
TIM
AT
ED
TO
TA
LS;
BA
ND
= S
TA
ND
AR
DIZ
ED
DA
ILY
BA
ND
ING
; V
IS =
ST
AN
DA
RD
IZE
D D
AIL
Y V
ISU
AL
MIG
RA
TIO
N).
T
AB
LE
DO
ES
NO
T I
NC
LU
DE
ST
AT
ION
S T
HA
T A
RE
NO
T F
OR
MA
L C
MM
N M
EM
BE
RS.
Pro
vin
ce
Sta
tio
n
Co
de
Sta
tio
n
Sp
rin
g
Fa
ll
Years
of
Op
era
tio
n
Years
Y
ears
of
Op
era
tio
n
Years
C
ou
nt
Typ
e
British C
olu
mb
ia
RP
BO
R
ocky P
oin
t B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry
- -
1998-2
006
9
ET
M
NO
M
ackenzie
Natu
re O
bserv
ato
ry
- -
1996-2
006
11
ET
Alb
ert
a
BB
O
Beaverh
ill B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry
1992-2
006
15
1992-2
006
15
ET
IB
S
Ingle
wood B
ird S
anctu
ary
2001-2
006
6
1995-2
006
12
BA
ND
LS
LB
O
Lesser
Sla
ve L
ake
Bird O
bserv
ato
ry
1994-2
006
12
1994-2
006
13
ET
Saskatc
hew
an
LM
BO
Last
Mounta
in B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry
1994-2
006
13
1993-2
006
14
ET
Manitoba
DM
BO
-E
Delta M
ars
h B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry –
East (D
elta M
ars
h F
ield
Sta
tio
n)
1995-2
005
11
ET
D
MB
O-W
D
elta M
ars
h B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry –
West (U
of M
anitoba f
ield
sta
tio
n)
2006
1
1993-2
006
14
ET
Onta
rio
TC
BO
T
hunder
Cape
Bird O
bserv
ato
ry
1992-2
006
15
1991-2
006
16
ET
B
PB
O
Bru
ce P
enin
sula
Bird O
bserv
ato
ry
2000-2
006
7
2000-2
006
7
ET
P
IBO
P
ele
e Isla
nd B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry
2003-2
006
-
2003-2
006
-
ET
LP
BO
Long P
oin
t B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry
1961-2
006
46
1961-2
006
46
ET
H
BO
-SE
LK
H
ald
imand B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry –
Selk
irk
1996-2
006
10
1998-2
006
8
ET
H
BO
-RU
TH
H
ald
imand B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry –
Ruth
ven
1998-2
006
9
1998-2
006
9
ET
H
BO
-RO
CK
H
ald
imand B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry –
Rock P
oin
t 2001-2
005
5
2000-2
006
7
ET
T
TP
BR
S
Tom
my T
hom
pson P
ark
Bird R
esearc
h S
tatio
n
2004-2
006
-
2004-2
006
-
ET
P
EP
tBO
P
rin
ce E
dw
ard
Poin
t B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry
1995-2
006
9
2001-2
006
6
ET
IP
BO
In
nis
Poin
t B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry
1997-2
006
10
- -
ET
Quebec
MB
O
McG
ill B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry
2004-2
006
-
2004-2
006
-
ET
O
OT
O
bserv
ato
ire d
‘ois
eau
x d
e T
adoussac
- -
1996-2
006
11
VIS
Nova S
cotia
AB
O-B
P
Atla
ntic B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry –
Bon P
ort
age Isla
nd
1997-2
006
10
1997-2
006
10
ET
A
BO
-SI
Atla
ntic B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry –
Seal Is
land
1997-2
001
5
1997-2
006
10
ET
Mic
hig
an
WP
BO
W
hitefish P
oin
t B
ird O
bserv
ato
ry
-
1993-
inte
rmitte
nt
- E
T
6
Beyond Migration Counts: The Role of the Network in Collaborative Research
Although a primary focus of the CMMN is to count migrants for long-term population monitoring purposes, the scope of the Network is not restricted to monitoring bird population trends. All stations also collect banding data, which provides information on sex ratios, age structure, body condition (e.g. fat loads), and morphological measurements. In addition to other long-term research and education programs, some stations also participate in the MAPS (Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survival) program during the breeding season, which provides valuable information on survivorship and productivity of resident birds (see http://www.birdpop.org/maps.htm). Collectively, the large databases of information collected by CMMN stations are of great value to researchers studying bird migration and ecology. Indeed, CMMN stations can contribute to many broad-scale research projects which, in the absence of this largely volunteer-based Network, would not be otherwise possible owing to the prohibitive costs associated with obtaining special permits and specialized equipment, the need to acquire and train sufficiently skilled field staff, and the need for centralized coordination. The involvement of individual stations in such collaborative research projects is voluntary; most choose to participate if they have sufficient time and capacity to handle whatever extra work may be involved. Since 1998, CMMN stations participated in several broad-scale collaborative research studies that increased our understanding of migratory bird stop-over ecology (e.g., Dunn 2001, Dunn 2002), examined the effect of climate change on the seasonal timing of migration and stop-over site quality (Marra et al. 2005), assessed the role of migratory birds in the spread of diseases affecting wildlife and humans (e.g., Ogden et al. 2008a, Ogden et al. 2008b), and contributed to a large-scale DNA ‗bar coding‘ project. In 2007, following on the work of Dunn et al. (2006), CMMN stations across Canada collected over 18,000 feathers from 22 species in an extensive collaborative research project that is presently underway on feather isotope signatures, which will further our understanding of the geographic origin of birds passing through each station. Information from this particular project will help interpret population trend results and can more clearly define geographic areas in need of conservation measures.
Scope of this Report
CMMN stations have been in operation for variable time periods (see Table 1). In this report, we focus our analyses on those stations that have been in operation for at least 10 years (spring and/or fall), up to and including 2006. In addition to reporting on population trends, we also examine the influence of geographic region and migration strategy (temperate vs. neotropical migrants) on annual indices and population trends. Although a large focus of this report is placed on northern breeding species, we also report on migratory species that inhabit other biogeographic regions. We restrict our analyses almost entirely to landbirds, especially passerines and near-passerines.
7
Methods
Migration Counts
Each CMMN station conducts standardized migration monitoring through one or more approved approaches. Approaches include standardized captures using mist nets, ‗census‘ counts (which attempt to count all birds in a specified area during a specified time), and visual migration counts. Most CMMN stations employ a combination of approaches to derive a daily ‗estimated total‘ (ET) for each species. Inglewood Bird Sanctuary (IBS) and l‘Observatoire d‘oiseaux de Tadoussac (OOT) are two exceptions; they base daily count estimates on standardized daily banding and standardized daily visual migration, respectively (Table 1). ETs are estimates of the number of each species of migrant present within a designated area, on a given day, during a standard count period [see Hussell and Ralph (2005) for justifications for using ETs and advantages/disadvantages of different count methodologies]. ETs are normally based on three count estimation procedures (banding, census and general observation data), and can be based on a simple sum of the number of birds detected by the different methods or on an estimate of the number of birds present (which allows for extrapolation and/or adjustments made for multiple counting, stop-overs and residents). Though methods for estimating ETs vary among stations, stations maintain constant estimation procedures over time.
Seasonal Migration Windows
For each station, we first determined spring and fall migration windows for each species by examining plots of the daily mean log(count) across years sampled (see example in Figure 3; plots for additional species and stations are available online at http://www.birdscanada.org/birdmon/default/popindices.jsp). We restricted the bounds of migration windows to those days of the year when the station operated during at least 50% of total years in operation. If the number of years that each date was sampled varied widely during spring and/or fall, we excluded those days on the tail-end of the stations‘ coverage that were separated by four or more days with below 50% of years covered. If a clear peak in migration was apparent within the average seasonal coverage at a station, the species was included in analysis. If a peak in migration was not apparent, then this suggested that the migration counts were confounded by the presence of substantial numbers of local breeding (or wintering) residents. These cases can be analyzed at a later date after an appropriate method is established for separating out the station-specific periods during which the number of birds counted can be expected to consist primarily of migrants.
8
Delta Marsh Bird Observatory - Northern Waterthrush
FIGURE 3. EXAMPLE OF SPRING AND FALL MIGRATION WINDOWS USING THE MEAN DAILY LOG(COUNT) OF
NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH PASSING THROUGH DELTA MARSH BIRD OBSERVATORY, 1993-2006 (LEFT
AXIS). THE BLUE LINE REPRESENTS THE SMOOTHED PROPORTION OF YEARS NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH
WAS DETECTED EACH DAY; THE GREY LINE REPRESENTS THE PROPORTION OF YEARS THE STATION
OPERATED EACH DAY (STATION COVERAGE; RIGHT AXIS). VERTICAL RED LINES DEPICT THE ASSIGNED
MIGRATION WINDOWS FOR SPRING AND FALL.
Species Selection
Population trend analyses were restricted to migrants that were detected at a minimum rate of 10 individuals and 5 observation days per migratory season (spring or fall). Even with sufficient sample sizes, some species were excluded from analysis at particular stations because of the presence of local breeding populations or local roosts (especially swallows and blackbirds). Appendix B provides information on which species had sufficient sample sizes and were analyzed at each station.
Species Classifications and Guild Categories
Although several subspecies are routinely recognized and recorded by banders (e.g., Myrtle and Audubon‘s forms of the Yellow-rumped Warbler), we conducted all analyses at the species level. Because of the difficulty in distinguishing Alder and Willow flycatchers, however, we combined these two species as ―Traill‘s‖ Flycatcher. Species were classified into one of three migration strategies: neotropical migrants, temperate migrants, or ‗other‘ (resident/irruptive/nomadic) based on assignments given by Environment Canada‘s Project Wildspace (Environment Canada 2008; see Appendix A). Species classified as ‗intermediate‘ migrants by the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act were regarded as ‗temperate‘ migrants. Population trends were generally not produced for species classified as ‗Other‘, but exceptions were made on a station-by-station basis. We also classified species by broad ecoregional affiliation. Species were classified either as ‗boreal‘ if 50% or more of the estimated Western Hemisphere breeding population is found in northern forest regions, or as ‗non-boreal‘ if less than 50% of the estimated population occurs in
9
northern forest regions (Blancher and Wells 2005). The latter includes a few species that breed primarily in the tundra (e.g., Snow Bunting).
Annual Abundance Indices
For each station, annual population indices were estimated for each species in spring and/or fall by fitting a generalized linear model (GLM) with negative binomial distribution. In cases where a negative binomial provided a poor fit (model did not converge), a GLM with Poisson distribution was used. All models were fit using the GLM function in R-project (version 2.5.1; R Development Core Team 2007). Negative binomial models generally provide a good fit for aggregated data (e.g., data with many zero-count days, and other days with large counts). In a small number of cases (n=15) neither model provided good fit; these species/stations were not analyzed. All analyses were restricted to data collected within the defined migration season of each species. All models included effects of date (day of the year, using 1st to 5th order polynomial terms) to model the seasonal variation in daily counts. To account for variation in daily effort and species abundance (e.g. to model the influx of new migrants), we also included a binomial variable that classified daily totals of all species as either above or below the 25th percentile. Annual indices were calculated by using parameters from the fitted models to predict the number of individuals observed on the middle date of the season for each year, with a daily total number of birds above the 25th percentile.
Population Trends
Trends in annual abundance indices were calculated by fitting a regression model of the indices by year (described fully in Francis and Hussell 1998). For stations with less than 10 years of data, we fit simple linear models—regressing the annual index on year. For stations with more than 10 years of data, we included polynomial terms for year, reparameterized as described in Francis and Hussell (1998), to estimate the change between the average indices of the first three years to the average indices of the last three years (e.g., at LPBO: 1967-1969 to 2004-2006). Basing the trend estimate on the mean of the first and last three years reduced the sensitivity of the model to poor estimates of the shape of the curve at the endpoints of the polynomial-fit curve (Francis and Hussell (1998). The maximum number of polynomial terms included in the model was determined by dividing the number of years available for analysis by five. Thus, for the calculation of 10-year trends, first and second order polynomial terms were tested. The most parsimonious model was then chosen by minimizing the Akaike‘s Information Criterion (AIC). For stations that included 3rd or higher-order polynomials, we used a step-wise procedure that began with the linear model and added polynomial terms only if the addition of the next polynomial term resulted in a lower AIC score. If it did not, then higher-order polynomial terms were not tested. It should be noted that this approach differs from that of Francis and Hussell (1998), who fit all polynomial terms, and selected the model with the lowest AIC.
10
In these reparameterized models, the slope of the first-order term gives an estimate of the annual percent change in population size through time (Francis and Hussell 1998). For all species, the change in population index was calculated for both the full time-frame available for each station and over the most recent 10 years with data (1997-2006) to allow among station comparisons in population change. For the purposes of this report, we focus on the 10-year trends.
Regional Comparisons
Spatial Correlations of Annual Indices
Stations located in close proximity to one another are more likely to be sampling individuals from the same migrant populations than are stations separated by larger geographic distances. We would therefore expect that nearby stations would show positive correlations in their annual indices and that the strength of those correlations would decline as the distance between stations increased. We explored this spatial relationship by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient (cor.test, R Development Core Team 2007) for annual indices of all species-station pairs with sufficient data (1997-2006) and then plotting them against distance between stations.
Regional Trends of Neotropical, Temperate and Boreal Breeding Migrants
We also examined geographic trends in population change by fitting a logistic regression model that assessed whether the probability of a species showing a positive trend was related to migration strategy (i.e., neotropical migrant vs. temperate migrant), ecoregional affiliation (i.e., boreal vs. non-boreal), and longitudinal region. Five longitudinal regions were defined: Western (west of the Rockies); Prairies (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba); Ontario; and Eastern (Quebec and Atlantic).
Survey Comparison
In North America, the BBS is usually considered the best and most comprehensive long-term, broad-scale bird monitoring dataset with which to analyze bird population change. However, BBS coverage in the northern forests of Canada is very poor due to a lack of road coverage and the relatively small number of qualified volunteers available to run survey routes. If migration monitoring is measuring a population signal that is comparable to BBS, then we would expect correlations of indices and trend estimates that are derived from the two surveys to be strongest in southern Canada where BBS coverage is best. We might also expect that correlations against northern BBS data would be equivocal or weak, depending somewhat on the geographic scale of population fluctuations. For example, if population changes occur synchronously over broad geographic areas, we would expect positive correlations. However, if regional populations are asynchronous, we would expect weak or negative correlations for species breeding in northern Canada. We would also expect that the correlations between migration monitoring and BBS should be strongest in spring, when migrants are believed to follow a more direct north-south migration
11
axis, than in fall, when migrants are thought to originate from a broader geographic region (Dunn et. al 2006). We tested the above hypotheses by comparing annual indices and trends from Long Point Bird Observatory (LPBO) and Ontario BBS for the 1968-2006 time period. LPBO was chosen for this comparison because it is the longest-running CMMN station, with over 45 years of daily count data. Our analysis also updates a previous comparison conducted by Francis and Hussell (1998) by including an additional 10 years of data. We restricted our analysis to a subset of 12 ‗southern‘ species that breed primarily in BCR 13 (Great Lakes/St. Lawrence; see Figure 4), where BBS coverage is quite good, and a subset of 12 ‗northern‘ species that breed primarily in BCRs 8 and 7 (Boreal Softwood Shield and Taiga Shield/Hudson Plains, respectively), where BBS coverage is non existent or poor. Species‘ breeding ranges and abundance information were derived from Cadman et al. (2007). All 12 northern species chosen to represent BCRs 8 and 7 were also classified as ‗boreal‘ based on the classification described earlier. Finally, in addition to testing the correlation of population trends between the two survey types, we also examined the correlation of annual indices for each of the 24 species.
We obtained BBS annual indices and trends (1968-2006) for Ontario from the Canadian Wildlife Service‘s National Wildlife Research Center (Canadian Wildlife Service 2008). BBS annual indices were estimated using a three-factor model which includes terms for route, year and observer. A trend line was then fitted through the annual indices using estimating equations.
We used the cor.test function in R 2.5.1 (R Development Core Team 2007) with the option for Pearson‘s statistic for all correlations. A maximum type I error rate of 10% was used to judge whether a correlation was significantly different from 0 (α = 0.1).
FIGURE 4. LOCATION OF BIRD CONSERVATION REGIONS (BCRS) IN ONTARIO; BCR 7 = TAIGA SHIELD AND
HUDSON PLAINS; BCR 8 = BOREAL SOFTWOOD SHIELD; BCR 12 = BOREAL HARDWOOD TRANSITION; BCR 13 = LOWER GREAT LAKES / ST. LAWRENCE PLAIN.
12
Results
Trend Analysis
Eleven stations in spring and 12 stations in fall had sufficient data for the analysis of 10-year population trends for the period 1997-2006 (Table 1). Analyses involved 94 and 124 species in spring and fall, respectively (Appendix B). Population trends for the 10-year period are presented in Table 2 (spring) and Table 3 (fall). Trends for stations with only 9 years of data are presented with 10-year trends in Tables 2 and 3 because an additional year of data was not expected to have a large impact on the observed result. Longer-term trends (>10 years) and trends for stations with less than 9 years of data in one or both seasons can be found online at http://www.birdscanada.org/birdmon/default/popindices.jsp, and are not discussed further in this report. TABLE 2. POPULATION TRENDS (%/YEAR) OF LANDBIRDS DETECTED IN SPRING AT CMMN STATIONS OVER A 10-
YEAR PERIOD (1997-2006). TRENDS IN BOLD ARE SIGNIFICANT AT P < 0.05. TRENDS FOR HALDIMAND –
RUTHVEN STATION (HALD_RUTH), SHOWN IN ITALICS, ARE BASED ON NINE YEARS OF DATA (1998-2006). SPECIES ARE LISTED IN TAXONOMIC ORDER. SPECIES DENOTED BY ‘*’ INCLUDE PERMANENT RESIDENTS, IRRUPTIVE MIGRANTS, RAPTORS, SHOREBIRDS, SWALLOWS AND BLACKBIRDS; RESULTS FOR THESE
SPECIES SHOULD BE INTERPRETED WITH CAUTION. TABLE EXCLUDES SITUATIONS WHERE COUNTS WERE
LIKELY CONFOUNDED BY THE PRESENCE OF LOCAL RESIDENTS.
Region Prairies Ontario Eastern
Species
LS
LB
O
BB
O
LM
BO
DM
BO
TC
BO
LP
BO
HA
LD
_S
EL
K
HA
LD
_R
UT
H
PE
PtB
O
IPB
O
AB
O_
BP
NOHA* . . . . . 0.4 . . . . .
SSHA* . . . . . -9.5 . . . . .
AMKE* . . . . . 2.8 . . . . .
BBCU . . . . . 6.1 . . 19.2 . .
RTHU . . . 2.5 -0.9 3.0 8.7 . 11.8 5.3 .
RHWO . . . . . -3.3 . . . . .
YBSA -5.0 . . . . 7.7 -13.8 . 12.8 . .
NOFL 1.0 . . . . -1.1 -4.1 . 4.8 . -18.3
OSFL . . . . -18.0 . . . . . .
EAWP . . . . . -5.1 . . -1.2 . .
YBFL . . . . -10.4 1.2 . . 15.3 . .
TRFL . -13.0 . 1.3 -5.9 . . . . . 5.7
LEFL -7.0 . . . -8.5 0.7 -6.4 . 9.0 0.7 .
EAPH 10.1 . . 8.9 . 3.3 -6.6 . . . .
GCFL . . . . . -0.3 . . . . .
EAKI . . . . -10.9 . -20.3 . . . .
BHVI . . . . . 6.4 . . 17.6 . 8.8
WAVI . . . . . 9.5 2.5 . 17.0 . .
PHVI . . . . -6.7 3.0 . . 14.1 . .
REVI . -9.6 . . 0.1 -1.8 0.5 10.4 12.5 . -2.5
BLJA* 8.9 . . . 18.8 1.7 . . 12.1 . .
13
Region Prairies Ontario Eastern
Species
LS
LB
O
BB
O
LM
BO
DM
BO
TC
BO
LP
BO
HA
LD
_S
EL
K
HA
LD
_R
UT
H
PE
PtB
O
IPB
O
AB
O_
BP
TRES* 9.3 . . . . . . . . . .
BANS* . . . . . . -22.2 -21.1 . . .
BCCH* . . . . 41.0 . . . . . .
RBNU* -17.8 . . . 9.4 . 0.2 . . . .
BRCR . . . . . -14.5 -8.0 . -4.3 . .
HOWR . . . . . 3.4 . . . . .
WIWR . . . . . -5.5 1.7 . -5.0 . -1.9
MAWR . . . -33.0 . . . . . . .
GCKI . . . . . -15.9 -6.2 -0.1 -16.3 . -1.3
RCKI 20.6 -4.6 . -4.8 -6.2 2.7 0.4 2.4 4.3 8.3 -24.4
BGGN . . . . . -0.8 -5.1 . . . .
EABL . . . . 4.0 . . . . . .
VEER . . . . . -1.1 -1.5 . 14.5 . .
GCTH . . . -21.6 . 1.9 0.7 . 15.7 . .
SWTH 2.6 1.8 -0.6 -3.2 -2.7 -3.5 -9.2 -0.9 10.2 . -4.1
HETH 23.0 9.9 . -12.1 . 1.2 -0.7 7.4 -1.8 . 21.6
WOTH . . . . . -0.2 . . 19.4 . .
AMRO . . . . . 3.1 . . . . .
GRCA . . . . . 9.5 . . . . -5.1
BRTH . . . . . 4.6 1.4 . . . .
AMPI -2.1 . . . . . . . . . .
CEDW* . 12.3 . . . 2.6 . . 7.7 . .
TEWA 11.7 11.9 12.9 -1.7 3.1 -4.4 . . 6.6 . .
OCWA -0.2 -5.2 0.4 -8.2 11.3 . . . . . .
NAWA . . . -0.4 8.4 2.7 22.4 21.0 20.5 6.0 5.2
NOPA . . . . -3.7 . . . 20.9 . 4.0
YWAR 1.4 . . . -5.2 3.6 . . . . -3.9
CSWA . . . -10.9 -8.8 3.1 -2.7 13.2 9.7 -0.7 -1.9
MAWA -10.2 . . -21.6 -10.3 3.0 5.1 5.9 7.2 5.3 -2.5
CMWA . . . 2.5 -16.4 -8.9 . . . . .
BTBW . . . . -15.1 3.8 -3.1 . 5.7 . .
YRWA 1.5 -5.6 3.9 -12.6 -4.4 5.9 -2.7 3.7 14.0 -7.2 -1.0
BTNW . . . . -3.0 3.2 1.9 4.6 8.8 -5.0 -6.2
BLBW . . . . -4.8 2.4 . . 12.9 . .
PAWA -12.8 . . -10.9 4.4 5.8 -3.9 . 17.4 1.6 -3.8
BBWA . . . . -8.6 -6.8 . . 4.9 . .
BLPW . 12.3 6.2 -12.9 . 4.6 . -2.2 0.0 7.0 -3.4
BAWW 2.4 . . -12.9 -5.1 3.8 0.1 . 6.5 . 23.6
AMRE -0.7 9.5 . -13.2 -9.0 2.6 0.0 -6.6 2.7 -0.4 1.7
OVEN . . . -18.7 3.7 0.5 2.9 . 6.7 . .
NOWA -0.5 . . -2.4 -2.4 -1.2 . . 4.0 . .
MOWA -5.1 . . -11.6 5.9 1.1 3.2 . 0.8 . .
COYE -13.1 -6.4 . . -6.3 1.4 . . . . -6.9
WIWA -19.0 . . -14.7 -6.8 1.1 -3.8 1.9 9.3 9.7 .
14
Region Prairies Ontario Eastern
Species
LS
LB
O
BB
O
LM
BO
DM
BO
TC
BO
LP
BO
HA
LD
_S
EL
K
HA
LD
_R
UT
H
PE
PtB
O
IPB
O
AB
O_
BP
CAWA 0.5 . . 1.0 -9.3 -2.5 -4.3 -1.6 2.0 . .
SCTA . . . . . 0.1 . . 15.3 . .
WETA -23.5 . . . . . . . . . .
EATO . . . . . -3.9 . . . . .
ATSP -33.7 . . . . . 1.4 . . . .
CHSP . -7.1 2.0 -11.0 0.3 2.3 19.4 . . . -13.8
CCSP 0.6 . -1.7 -11.2 9.1 . . . . . .
FISP . . . . . 0.3 4.0 . . . .
VESP . 8.8 . . . -3.2 . . . . .
SAVS -0.7 . . -25.6 . -2.5 . . . -7.1 -12.4
FOSP . . . . . -4.8 6.5 . -4.2 . .
SOSP . -8.6 . . -1.3 -0.6 . . . . .
LISP 0.1 -7.4 4.1 -11.6 6.0 0.0 5.6 7.4 6.4 . .
SWSP . . . -11.9 -3.9 -1.2 . . 8.4 . 7.9
WTSP . 3.6 -6.9 -6.1 -2.8 -1.3 7.2 0.3 9.2 . 6.6
HASP . . . -16.1 . . . . . . .
WCSP -9.6 . -9.4 . 17.5 6.1 11.5 30.4 18.6 . -5.2
DEJU -12.3 -12.7 . -8.6 . -1.2 1.7 -8.5 3.9 . 6.0
RBGR 7.2 . . -26.6 4.1 1.0 5.2 . 19.2 1.2 -16.6
INBU . . . . 19.7 -0.4 . . 18.1 . .
RWBL* -1.3 . . . . . . . . . .
RUBL* . . . . . . . . 27.1 . .
COGR* -5.0 . . . . . . . . . .
BHCO* 10.4 . . . . . . . . . .
BAOR . -5.9 -4.3 . . 6.9 . . 13.3 . -19.3
PUFI* -1.1 . . . 11.2 . . . 19.3 . .
PISI* 0.4 . . . -16.1 . . . 23.1 . .
AMGO* . . -2.8 . 4.5 . . . 0.9 . .
EVGR* -6.7 . . . -24.9 . . . . . .
15
TA
BL
E 3
. P
OP
UL
AT
ION
TR
EN
DS
(%
/YE
AR
) O
F L
AN
DB
IRD
S D
ET
EC
TE
D I
N F
AL
L A
T C
MM
N S
TA
TIO
NS
OV
ER
A 1
0-Y
EA
R P
ER
IOD
(1997-2
006).
T
RE
ND
S I
N B
OL
D
AR
E S
IGN
IFIC
AN
T A
T P
< 0
.05
. T
RE
ND
S F
OR
RO
CK
Y P
OIN
T B
IRD
OB
SE
RV
AT
OR
Y (
RP
BO
), H
AL
DIM
AN
D B
IRD
OB
SE
RV
AT
OR
Y –
RU
TH
VE
N S
TA
TIO
N
(HA
LD
_R
UT
H),
HA
LD
IMA
ND
BIR
D O
BS
ER
VA
TO
RY
– S
EL
KIR
K S
TA
TIO
N (
HA
LD
_S
EL
K),
SH
OW
N IN
IT
AL
ICS,
AR
E B
AS
ED
ON
NIN
E Y
EA
RS
OF
DA
TA
(19
98-
2006).
S
PE
CIE
S A
RE
LIS
TE
D IN
TA
XO
NO
MIC
OR
DE
R.
SP
EC
IES
DE
NO
TE
D B
Y ‘*’
IN
CL
UD
E P
ER
MA
NE
NT
RE
SID
EN
TS,
IRR
UP
TIV
E M
IGR
AN
TS,
RA
PT
OR
S,
SH
OR
EB
IRD
S,
SW
AL
LO
WS
AN
D B
LA
CK
BIR
DS;
RE
SU
LT
S F
OR
TH
ES
E S
HO
UL
D B
E IN
TE
RP
RE
TE
D W
ITH
CA
UT
ION
. T
AB
LE
EX
CL
UD
ES
SIT
UA
TIO
NS
WH
ER
E
CO
UN
TS
WE
RE
LIK
EL
Y C
ON
FO
UN
DE
D B
Y T
HE
PR
ES
EN
CE
OF
LO
CA
L R
ES
IDE
NT
S.
R
eg
ion
W
este
rn
Pra
irie
s
On
tari
o
Easte
rn
Sp
ecie
s
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
LPBO
HALD_RUTH
HALD_SELK
OOT
ABO_BP
ABO_SI
NO
HA
* .
. .
. .
. .
. -2
.7
. .
. .
.
SS
HA
* .
. .
. .
. .
. 2.8
.
. .
. .
AM
KE
* .
. .
. .
. .
. -7
.2
. .
. .
.
SO
SA
* .
. .
2.2
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
BT
PI
13.8
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
BB
CU
.
. .
. .
. -3
0.2
.
1.2
.
10.3
.
. .
YB
CU
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. -1
1.0
.
. .
CO
NI
. .
. .
. .
. -1
5.5
.
. .
. .
.
RT
HU
.
. .
. .
. -6
.4
4.4
4.3
.
5.4
.
. .
RU
HU
-7
.6
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
BE
KI
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
-10.2
.
RH
WO
.
. .
. .
. .
. 3.3
.
. .
. .
YB
SA
.
. 9.6
.
. .
. -1
1.5
0.0
-8
.7
. .
29.6
-5
.3
TT
WO
* .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
30.6
.
.
BB
WO
* .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
17.0
.
.
NO
FL
8.0
.
. .
. .
. 8.3
0.8
.
-0.3
-1
.1
6.6
-6
.6
OS
FL
9.2
.
. .
. .
. -3
.7
. .
. .
. .
WE
WP
.
. .
0.1
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
EA
WP
.
. .
. .
. .
. 3.3
.
. .
. .
YB
FL
.
. .
. .
. .
-12.7
2.6
.
14.3
.
21.0
.
TR
FL
15.6
-4
.5
. 11.1
-7
.3
-5.1
-4
.3
1.2
.
. .
. 8.9
.
LE
FL
.
. -8
.3
10.0
.
. .
-3.9
0.1
.
5.2
.
3.0
.
16
Reg
ion
W
este
rn
Pra
irie
s
On
tari
o
Easte
rn
Sp
ecie
s
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
LPBO
HALD_RUTH
HALD_SELK
OOT
ABO_BP
ABO_SI
HA
FL
10.4
-1
.9
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
DU
FL
.
-0.7
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
EA
PH
.
. 16.4
.
. .
0.2
.
4.7
.
-4.0
.
. .
GC
FL
.
. .
. .
. -4
6.8
.
-1.8
.
. .
. .
WE
KI
. .
. .
. .
-0.1
.
. .
. .
. .
EA
KI
. .
-3.3
.
. .
. -6
.6
. .
-32.0
.
. .
NS
HR
* .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
3.3
.
.
CA
VI
-10.4
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
BH
VI
. .
. .
. .
. 4.0
3.4
.
0.0
.
20.2
-1
.7
WA
VI
4.4
-5
.9
. 4.0
.
. .
. 4.5
.
-2.8
.
. .
PH
VI
. .
-3.2
.
. .
-4.7
3.2
-1
.0
13.8
.
. .
.
RE
VI
. .
. .
1.0
2.6
-1
.4
3.4
-0
.8
1.8
6.2
.
10.7
4.8
ST
JA
* 30.1
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
BLJA
* .
. 2.9
.
. .
-19.0
28.3
6.5
.
. .
. .
HO
LA
.
. .
. .
. .
2.7
.
. .
2.3
.
.
PU
MA
* -1
3.3
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
NR
WS
* -1
4.9
-2
.6
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
BA
NS
* .
14.1
.
. .
. .
. .
. -2
2.6
.
. .
CLS
W*
-7.9
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
BA
RS
* 6.8
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
BC
CH
* .
. .
. .
. .
-7.5
.
. .
. .
.
RB
NU
* .
. -1
5.0
.
-8.2
-1
2.0
-1
6.6
1.2
.
25.6
16.7
8.1
.
.
BR
CR
.
. .
. .
. 1.3
16.4
1.5
-3
.6
19.0
.
14.8
-4
.4
HO
WR
.
. .
. .
. .
. 2.6
.
. .
. .
WIW
R
7.4
.
. .
. .
. -4
.8
-1.1
-9
.4
2.6
.
6.7
-1
0.1
MA
WR
5.8
.
. .
. .
-18.0
.
. .
. .
. .
GC
KI
0.4
1.9
-5
.9
. .
. .
2.3
5.0
-7
.6
7.8
.
0.6
-1
.9
RC
KI
13.6
8.1
18.6
6.8
16.6
0.1
-1
2.3
-2
.9
2.9
7.5
15.8
.
3.6
-1
1.8
BG
GN
.
. .
. .
. .
. 7.1
.
-14.1
.
. .
17
Reg
ion
W
este
rn
Pra
irie
s
On
tari
o
Easte
rn
Sp
ecie
s
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
LPBO
HALD_RUTH
HALD_SELK
OOT
ABO_BP
ABO_SI
VE
ER
.
. .
. .
. .
-12.9
0.5
.
-10.0
.
. .
GC
TH
.
. .
. .
. -1
.0
8.4
-1
.3
-5.3
-4
.4
. .
.
SW
TH
14.4
-2
.5
3.4
3.2
8.9
14.8
-5
.9
5.4
-1
.2
-1.6
0.8
.
-0.6
.
HE
TH
13.8
.
-6.2
.
1.3
4.6
-2
0.1
4.2
0.8
10.1
8.8
.
5.4
.
WO
TH
.
. .
. .
. .
. 2.4
.
. .
. .
AM
RO
5.9
8.0
-6
.5
1.1
13.4
.
-16.1
.
6.7
.
. -5
.7
. .
VA
TH
* 33.6
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
GR
CA
.
. .
. .
. .
. 11.3
.
. .
-1.1
-8
.9
BR
TH
.
. .
. .
. .
. -2
.6
. 7.5
.
. .
AM
PI
8.3
6.8
7.2
.
. .
. -1
2.3
.
. -2
2.3
0.1
-8
.6
-12.0
CE
DW
* .
. -3
.4
. -2
.1
. .
. 5.3
-6
.8
-10.0
.
. -2
.7
TE
WA
.
7.1
11.9
-0
.9
-10.2
7.1
3.5
25.2
-6
.7
0.6
8.5
.
. .
OC
WA
2.5
5.9
4.5
-0
.4
2.1
-3
.9
-10.2
26.5
.
. .
. .
.
NA
WA
.
. .
. .
. -6
.4
20.9
1.5
-5
.4
8.9
.
1.7
.
NO
PA
.
. .
. .
. .
3.3
.
. .
. 0.5
.
YW
AR
16.0
.
4.3
0.0
.
. .
7.9
3.9
.
. .
-1.7
.
CS
WA
.
. .
. .
. -1
5.4
3.3
0.9
4.2
5.5
.
-11.7
.
MA
WA
.
5.6
-9
.3
. 5.5
0.7
-2
1.1
2.8
1.4
3.7
3.0
.
-7.7
.
CM
WA
.
. .
. .
. -7
.9
10.4
-6
.2
. .
. .
.
BT
BW
.
. .
. .
. .
-4.6
3.3
.
-1.4
.
4.4
-1
3.8
YR
WA
6.6
10.8
9.5
-1
.2
3.1
-1
.4
-8.9
1.6
1.6
-1
7.9
10.8
-1
3.9
2.1
5.2
BT
YW
11.0
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
BT
NW
.
. .
. .
. .
-6.5
1.6
3.6
11.6
.
-7.9
0.5
TO
WA
9.8
1.8
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
BLB
W
. .
. .
. .
. -1
0.9
-4
.6
. .
. .
.
PA
WA
.
. -1
6.4
.
. -1
2.9
-1
3.4
-0
.1
1.5
9.5
-2
.6
. 7.9
-1
.2
BB
WA
.
. .
. .
. -5
.7
-7.9
-1
3.5
.
-6.0
.
. .
BLP
W
. 9.9
-7
.4
-4.7
-2
.6
-8.0
-1
8.8
18.3
2.2
-1
5.5
0.6
.
6.4
22.6
BA
WW
.
. .
. .
-3.3
-1
4.9
1.5
2.9
4.2
8.5
.
-4.9
.
18
Reg
ion
W
este
rn
Pra
irie
s
On
tari
o
Easte
rn
Sp
ecie
s
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
LPBO
HALD_RUTH
HALD_SELK
OOT
ABO_BP
ABO_SI
AM
RE
.
. .
0.0
1.1
0.4
-1
0.4
2.5
1.5
6.3
3.9
.
-3.2
.
OV
EN
.
. .
4.3
22.5
12.6
-9
.3
5.9
-0
.4
. -0
.3
. -5
.4
.
NO
WA
.
. -4
.8
2.8
6.9
-6
.0
-7.6
5.8
-1
.4
. -1
4.3
.
-5.1
.
MO
WA
.
. -8
.5
. .
-5.3
-1
6.2
-0
.7
-0.7
.
. .
-20.0
.
MG
WA
6.0
0.0
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
CO
YE
.
. -2
.1
. -1
4.9
-1
5.0
.
9.4
4.7
5.8
10.2
.
2.8
.
WIW
A
-2.1
4.3
-1
0.9
3.3
2.4
-5
.9
-19.4
2.0
0.7
6.0
-4
.7
. -8
.1
.
CA
WA
.
. -4
.1
. .
1.4
-8
.2
-4.8
-5
.0
. 3.2
.
. .
SC
TA
.
. .
. .
. .
. -1
.6
. .
. .
.
WE
TA
12.6
.
1.6
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
EA
TO
.
. .
. .
. .
. 8.4
.
. .
. .
AT
SP
.
3.6
-8
.4
. 0.8
-6
.9
. -3
.8
. .
-16.4
.
. .
CH
SP
-8
.3
-5.2
2.5
-8
.7
. -1
.0
-4.1
7.2
11.1
.
. .
2.8
-2
0.5
CC
SP
.
. .
-3.1
.
. -1
2.1
.
. .
. .
. .
FIS
P
. .
. .
. .
. .
5.3
.
. .
. .
VE
SP
.
. .
. .
. .
. 3.4
.
. .
. .
SA
VS
-8
.7
-2.9
-2
.8
. .
. -1
6.0
14.4
-3
.7
. .
. -1
2.8
-1
2.2
FO
SP
14.8
.
. .
. .
-6.2
.
4.4
33.0
28.7
.
. .
SO
SP
.
-2.2
.
-0.1
21.0
.
. 3.9
1.8
.
. .
. .
LIS
P
2.1
-1
.4
9.8
5.5
5.2
-7
.1
-7.5
2.8
-0
.4
6.8
-1
0.4
.
-3.7
-1
9.4
SW
SP
.
. .
. .
. -1
9.0
0.9
-1
.4
. .
. 0.0
-2
0.6
WT
SP
.
4.4
.
0.7
44.4
-1
.5
1.6
-3
.2
4.4
-0
.9
10.7
.
-7.0
-1
7.8
HA
SP
.
. .
. .
-3.0
-1
1.6
.
. .
. .
. .
WC
SP
.
5.5
-4
.9
0.3
.
-5.4
.
3.0
7.2
-5
.1
-4.0
3.6
-1
4.4
-3
0.6
GC
SP
13.8
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
DE
JU
1.6
.
20.7
7.3
8.3
3.5
4.6
-1
0.6
1.0
-1
1.0
5.4
2.5
-8
.3
-10.5
LA
LO
.
. 17.8
.
. .
. -1
.8
. .
. .
. .
SN
BU
.
. .
. .
. .
8.4
.
. .
. .
.
RB
GR
.
. 11.2
.
. .
-12.0
-1
2.1
-2
.7
. .
. .
.
19
Reg
ion
W
este
rn
Pra
irie
s
On
tari
o
Easte
rn
Sp
ecie
s
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
LPBO
HALD_RUTH
HALD_SELK
OOT
ABO_BP
ABO_SI
BH
GR
23.1
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
INB
U
. .
. .
. .
. .
-1.2
.
. .
. .
RW
BL*
7.7
.
-30.7
.
. .
. .
. 8.1
.
. .
.
RU
BL*
. .
. .
. .
. 5.5
.
-4.1
.
-7.4
.
.
CO
GR
* .
. -6
.5
. .
. .
10.4
.
-12.4
.
1.0
.
.
BH
CO
* -2
.9
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
BA
OR
.
. .
-10.0
2.7
-5
.8
. .
7.0
.
. .
15.1
.
PIG
R*
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. -1
0.3
.
.
PU
FI*
.
. 6.3
.
. .
. 6.5
.
. -2
.7
1.0
.
2.9
RE
CR
* .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
8.6
.
.
WW
CR
* .
. .
. .
. .
-35.9
.
. .
12.8
.
.
CO
RE
* .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
5.3
.
.
PIS
I*
-22.1
.
-7.2
.
. -1
1.3
.
3.1
.
. -2
8.6
-4
.2
. .
AM
GO
* .
. .
. .
. .
0.7
.
. .
. .
0.6
EV
GR
* 1.9
.
-12.1
.
. .
. -2
2.5
.
. .
-11.2
.
.
20
Regional Comparisons
Annual Index Correlations
In spring, the between-station correlation of species-specific annual population indices was positively correlated at short distances, and declined to no correlation at approximately 2000 km. At inter-station distances greater than 2000 km, we observed a negative correlation (Figure 5). A positive correlation of annual indices was also observed at shorter distances in fall, and declined to almost zero at approximately 1700 km (Figure 5). Beyond that distance, the correlation among stations remained relatively constant, but did show a slight positive increase.
FIGURE 5. CORRELATION OF SPECIES ANNUAL INDICES (1997-2006) BETWEEN STATION PAIRS, PLOTTED
AGAINST DISTANCE BETWEEN STATIONS (KM) FOR SPRING AND FALL. EACH VERTICAL LINE OF CIRCLES
REPRESENTS THE ANNUAL INDEX CORRELATION OF ALL SPECIES DETECTED AT BOTH STATIONS IN A
STATION-STATION COMPARISON. BLUE LINES REPRESENT THE SMOOTHED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ANNUAL INDEX CORRELATIONS AND DISTANCE BETWEEN STATIONS.
Regional Trends of Neotropical, Temperate and Boreal Breeding Migrants
For spring migration, data from stations in the Prairie, Ontario and Eastern regions were available for inclusion in the analysis (Tables 4 and 5). A significant effect of region was observed on the 10-year trends (F = 15.8, p(>F) = <0.0001), with more positive trends occurring on average in Ontario, and more negative trends in the Prairie and Eastern regions (Table 4).
Distance (km)
Co
rre
latio
n C
oe
ffic
ien
t
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1000 2000 3000
Spring
1000 2000 3000
Fall
21
In Ontario, spring trends were predominantly positive for all stations except TCBO, where there were more declining than increasing trends. In the Prairie region, the predominance of declining population trends in spring was driven primarily by the DMBO station, where 28% of migrants declined over the past 10 years (13% registered statistically significant declines). An interaction between region and migration strategy was not statistically significant (F = 0.20, p = 0.82; Table 5), nor was the effect of boreal vs non-boreal ecoregional affiliation (F = 3.06, p = 0.08; Table 5). In fall, stations in all four regions were available for inclusion in the analysis (Tables 4 and 5). Results support an effect of region (F = 6.18, p = < 0.0001), with predominantly positive trends in the Western and Ontario regions, predominantly negative trends in the Prairie region, and a comparable proportion of species with increasing and declining population trends in the Eastern region (Table 4). An interaction between region and migration strategy on population trends was not statistically significant in fall (F = 0.97, p = 0.41), nor was there an effect of boreal vs non-boreal ecoregional affiliation (F = 0.68, p = 0.41).
Comparison of Trend Results between BBS and Migration Monitoring
Annual Indices
The annual indices derived from LPBO migration data for the period 1968-2006 were more strongly correlated with BBS indices for the 12 southern species examined than for a comparable group of 12 northern species (Table 6; Figures 6 and 7). In spring, annual indices for 6 of the 12 southern species were significantly positively correlated, compared to 4 of 12 northern species. In fall, 8 of 12 southern species showed significant positive correlations compared to only 2 of 12 northern species. Taking spring and fall together, significant negative correlations between LPBO and BBS annual indices were observed more frequently with the northern species group (6/24) than with the southern species (1/24; Table 6).
Population Trends
As was found in the comparison of annual indices, population trend estimates derived from LPBO and BBS were also more highly correlated for southern-breeding than northern-breeding birds—both in spring (northern: -0.06, p = 0.85, southern: 0.81, p = <0.01) and fall (northern: -0.26, p = 0.41; southern: 0.63, p = 0.03; Figure 8).
22
TABLE 4. TOTAL NUMBER/PERCENT OF SPECIES WITH POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE SPRING AND FALL POPULATION
TRENDS (1997-2006) AT EACH CMMN STATION. NUMBER/PERCENT OF SIGNIFICANT TRENDS (P < 0.05) IS
SHOWN IN PARENTHESES.
Region Station
Spring Fall
Positive Negative Positive Negative
Western MNO 16 (0) 10 (0)
Western Total 16 (0) 10 (0)
Western Percent (%) 62 (0) 38 (0)
Prairies LSLBO 17 (4) 21 (3) 17 (1) 23 (5)
IBS 17 (2) 8 (0)
BBO 8 (1) 11 (4) 18 (6) 6 (3)
LMBO 6 (0) 6 (0) 10 (2) 19 (6)
DMBO 5 (0) 28 (13) 5 (0) 39 (12)
Prairies Total 36 (5) 66 (20) 67 (11) 95 (26)
Prairies Percent (%) 35 (5) 65 (20) 41 (7) 59 (16)
Ontario TCBO 19 (2) 30 (5) 42 (8) 25 (4)
LPBO 43 (28) 27 (14) 47 (27) 23 (12)
HALD_SELK 24 (3) 18 (3)
PEPtBO 48 (18) 7 (0)
IPBO 9 (0) 5 (0)
Ontario Total 143 (51) 87 (22) 89 (35) 48 (16)
Ontario Percent (%) 62 (22) 38 (10) 65 (26) 35 (12)
Eastern OOT 13 (2) 7 (0)
ABO_BP 10 (2) 20 (4) 21 (3) 20 (3)
ABO_SI 6 (0) 19 (3)
Eastern Total 10 (2) 20 (4) 40 (5) 46 (6)
Eastern Percent (%) 33 (7) 67 (13) 47 (6) 53 (7)
Overall Total 189 (58) 173 (46) 212 (51) 199 (48)
Overall Percent (%) 52 (16) 48 (13) 52 (12) 48 (12)
23
TABLE 5. TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIES WITH POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE SPRING AND FALL POPULATION TRENDS
(1997-2006) AT EACH CMMN STATION, SUMMARIZED BY MIGRATION STRATEGY AND AFFILIATION WITH THE
BOREAL/NORTHERN FOREST. NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT TRENDS IS SHOWN IN PARENTHESES.
Season Region Station
Neotropical Temperate Boreal Non-boreal
Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative
Spring Prairies LSLBO 8 (2) 8 (3) 9 (2) 12 (0) 9 (3) 10 (1) 8 (1) 11 (2)
BBO 4 (1) 5 (3) 4 (0) 6 (1) 5 (0) 6 (1) 3 (1) 5 (3)
LMBO 3 (0) 3 (0) 3 (0) 3 (0) 5 (0) 4 (0) 1 (0) 2 (0)
DMBO 4 (0) 16 (8) 1 (0) 12 (5) 3 (0) 20 (6) 2 (0) 8 (7)
Prairies Total 19 (3) 32 (14) 17 (2) 33 (6) 22 (3) 40 (8) 14 (2) 26 (12)
Prairies Percent (%) 37 (6) 63 (27) 34 (4) 66 (12) 35 (5) 65 (13) 35 (5) 65 (3)
Ontario TCBO 9 (1) 23 (4) 8 (1) 7 (1) 8 (0) 19 (2) 11 (2) 11 (3)
LPBO 26 (16) 13 (3) 17 (12) 14 (11) 20 (15) 10 (5) 23 (13) 17 (9)
HALD_SELK 13 (0) 10 (2) 10 (3) 8 (1) 12 (2) 8 (1) 12 (1) 10 (2)
PEPtBO 32 (14) 2 (0) 16 (4) 5 (0) 27 (6) 3 (0) 21 (12) 4 (0)
IPBO 7 (0) 3 (0) 2 (0) 2 (0) 7 (0) 2 (0) 2 (0) 3 (0)
Ontario Total 87 (31) 51 (9) 53 (20) 36 (13) 74 (23) 42 (8) 69 (28) 45 (14)
Ontario Percent (%) 63 (22) 37 (7) 60 (22) 40 (15) 64 (20) 36 (7) 61 (25) 39 (12)
Eastern ABO_BP 5 (1) 11 (1) 5 (1) 9 (3) 8 (2) 8 (1) 2 (0) 12 (3)
Eastern Total 5 (1) 11 (1) 5 (1) 9 (3) 8 (2) 8 (1) 2 (0) 12 (3)
Eastern Percent (%) 31 (6) 69 (6) 36 (7) 64 (21) 50 (13) 50 (6) 14 (0) 86 (21)
Overall Total 111 (35) 94 (24) 75 (23) 78 (22) 104 (28) 90 (17) 85 (30) 83 (29)
Overall Percent (%) 54 (17) 46 (12) 49 (15) 51 (14) 54 (14) 46 (9) 51 (18) 49 (17)
Fall Western MNO 7 (0) 7 (0) 9 (0) 3 (0) 9 (0) 3 (0) 7 (0) 7 (0)
Western Total 7 (0) 7 (0) 9 (0) 3 (0) 9 (0) 3 (0) 7 (0) 7 (0)
Western Percent (%) 50 (0) 50 (0) 75 (0) 25 (0) 75 (0) 25 (0) 50 (0) 50 (0)
Prairies LSLBO 6 (0) 10 (3) 11 (1) 12 (1) 8 (1) 11 (4) 9 (0) 12 (1)
IBS 12 (2) 4 (0) 5 (0) 4 (0) 11 (2) 5 (0) 6 (0) 3 (0)
BBO 9 (3) 4 (3) 9 (3) 1 (0) 11 (4) 3 (2) 7 (2) 3 (1)
LMBO 7 (2) 9 (5) 3 (0) 9 (1) 7 (1) 12 (5) 3 (1) 7 (1)
DMBO 1 (0) 25 (9) 4 (0) 13 (3) 3 (0) 23 (7) 2 (0) 16 (5)
Prairies Total 35 (7) 52 (20) 32 (4) 39 (5) 40 (8) 54 (18) 27 (3) 41 (8)
Prairies Percent (%) 40 (8) 60 (23) 45 (6) 55 (7) 43 (9) 57 (19) 40 (4) 60 (12)
Ontario TCBO 21 (3) 13 (2) 20 (5) 10 (1) 20 (4) 14 (2) 22 (4) 11 (2)
LPBO 22 (13) 17 (9) 25 (14) 6 (3) 18 (9) 12 (6) 29 (18) 11 (6)
Ontario Total 43 (16) 30 (11) 45 (19) 16 (4) 38 (13) 26 (8) 51 (22) 22 (8)
Ontario Percent (%) 59 (22) 41 (15) 74 (31) 26 (7) 59 (20) 41 (13) 70 (30) 30 (11)
Eastern OOT 8 (0) 6 (0) 5 (2) 3 (0) 8 (0) 4 (0)
ABO_BP 10 (2) 13 (3) 11 (1) 7 (0) 11 (3) 12 (2) 10 (0) 8 (1)
ABO_SI 3 (0) 3 (0) 3 (0) 16 (3) 3 (0) 9 (2) 3 (0) 10 (1)
Eastern Total 13 (2) 16 (3) 22 (1) 29 (3) 19 (5) 24 (4) 21 (0) 22 (2)
Eastern Percent (%) 45 (7) 55 (10) 43 (2) 57 (6) 44 (12) 56 (9) 49 (0) 51 (5)
Overall Total 98 (25) 105 (34) 108 (24) 87 (12) 106 (26) 107 (30) 106 (25) 92 (18)
Overall Percent (%) 48 (12) 52 (17) 55 (12) 45 (6) 50 (12) 50 (14) 54 (13) 46 (9)
24
TA
BL
E 6
. C
OR
RE
LA
TIO
N O
F S
PR
ING
AN
D F
AL
L A
NN
UA
L I
ND
ICE
S F
RO
M L
ON
G P
OIN
T B
IRD
OB
SE
RV
AT
OR
Y (
LP
BO
) W
ITH
AN
NU
AL
IN
DIC
ES
FR
OM
TH
E
BR
EE
DIN
G B
IRD
SU
RV
EY
(B
BS
– O
NT
AR
IO)
FO
R T
HE
1968-2
00
6 P
ER
IOD
FO
R N
OR
TH
ER
N A
ND
SO
UT
HE
RN
SP
EC
IES.
SIG
NIF
ICA
NT
CO
RR
EL
AT
ION
S (
P <
0.0
5)
AR
E I
N B
OL
D. B
IRD
CO
NS
ER
VA
TIO
N R
EG
ION
S (B
CR
S)
8 A
ND
7 R
EF
ER
TO
TH
E N
OR
TH
ER
N S
HIE
LD
AN
D H
UD
SO
N B
AY
LO
WL
AN
DS,
RE
SP
EC
TIV
EL
Y.
Guild
S
pecie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e
% o
f O
nta
rio
popu
latio
n in
BC
Rs 8
and 7
Spri
ng
F
all
Corr
ela
tio
n
p(t
) C
orr
ela
tio
n
p(t
)
Nort
hern
B
BW
A
Ba
y-b
reaste
d W
arb
ler
99
0.1
9
0.2
7
0.1
0
0.5
6
C
MW
A
Cape M
ay W
arb
ler
97
0.4
6
<0.0
1
-0.0
3
0.8
6
LIS
P
Lin
co
ln's
Sparr
ow
100
0.1
2
0.4
7
0.0
2
0.8
9
N
AW
A
Nashvill
e W
arb
ler
92
0.3
9
0.0
1
0.2
1
0.2
0
P
AW
A
Palm
Warb
ler
100
-0
.33
0.0
8
-0.3
8
0.0
4
P
HV
I P
hila
de
lph
ia V
ire
o
98
0.1
4
0.4
2
-0.0
9
0.6
1
R
CK
I R
ub
y-c
row
ned K
ing
let
100
-0
.32
0.0
5
-0.3
1
0.0
6
S
WT
H
Sw
ain
son's
Thru
sh
97
0.3
2
0.0
5
0.3
7
0.0
2
T
EW
A
Tennessee W
arb
ler
100
0.4
6
<0.0
1
0.2
8
0.0
9
D
EJU
D
ark
-eyed
Junco
99
0.2
1
0.2
0
-0.1
8
0.2
7
W
IWA
W
ilson's
Warb
ler
99
-0
.13
0.4
5
-0.3
5
0.0
3
Y
BF
L
Yello
w-b
elli
ed F
lyca
tcher
99
-0
.18
0.2
7
-0.2
9
0.0
7
South
ern
B
AO
R
Baltim
ore
Oriole
2
0.0
5
0.7
7
-0.0
3
0.8
7
B
RT
H
Bro
wn T
hra
sher
5
0.7
0
<0.0
1
0.2
9
0.0
8
E
AT
O
Easte
rn T
ow
hee
4
0.3
8
0.0
2
0.3
4
0.0
4
E
AW
P
Easte
rn W
ood
-Pe
we
e
16
-0
.13
0.4
4
-0.3
4
0.0
3
F
ISP
F
ield
Sparr
ow
3
0.1
0
0.5
6
-0.0
7
0.6
8
G
RC
A
Gra
y C
atb
ird
5
0.1
8
0.2
7
0.3
2
0.0
5
H
OW
R
House W
ren
6
0.5
7
<0.0
1
0.4
7
<0.0
1
IN
BU
In
dig
o B
unting
7
0.6
4
<0.0
1
0.4
7
<0.0
1
R
HW
O
Red-h
eade
d W
oodpecker
<1
0.5
4
<0.0
1
0.3
4
0.0
3
S
OS
P
Son
g S
parr
ow
28
0.1
0
0.5
6
0.2
5
0.1
4
W
AV
I W
arb
ling V
ire
o
3
0.6
8
<0.0
1
0.8
4
<0.0
1
W
OT
H
Wood T
hru
sh
4
0.2
5
0.1
3
0.2
8
0.0
9
25
FIGURE 6. LOG(BBS ANNUAL INDEX; BLUE CIRCLES) AND SPRING LPBO ANNUAL INDEX (ORANGE TRIANGLES) PLOTTED AGAINST YEAR FOR NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN BREEDING BIRDS. TREND LINES ARE SMOOTHED
LINES REPRESENTING THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG ANNUAL INDICES, AND ARE NOT NECESSARILY
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE CALCULATED POPULATION TRENDS. SPECIES CODES ARE PROVIDED IN APPENDIX
A.
Year
Lo
g(B
BO
In
de
x),
LP
BO
In
de
x
-2-1
01
1970 1980 1990 2000
BBWA
-3-2
-10
12
1970 1980 1990 2000
CMWA
01
23
1970 1980 1990 2000
LISP
01
2
1970 1980 1990 2000
NAWA
-6-4
-20
2
1970 1980 1990 2000
PAWA
-3-2
-10
1
1970 1980 1990 2000
PHVI
01
23
41970 1980 1990 2000
RCKI
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1970 1980 1990 2000
SWTH
-2-1
01
2
1970 1980 1990 2000
TEWA
-10
12
34
1970 1980 1990 2000
UDEJ
-2-1
01
2
1970 1980 1990 2000
WIWA
-3-2
-10
12
1970 1980 1990 2000
YBFL
Year
Lo
g(B
BO
In
de
x),
LP
BO
In
de
x
12
34
1970 1980 1990 2000
BAOR
0.0
1.0
2.0
1970 1980 1990 2000
BRTH
-2-1
01
23
1970 1980 1990 2000
EATO
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1970 1980 1990 2000
EAWP
01
2
1970 1980 1990 2000
FISP
0.5
1.5
2.5
1970 1980 1990 2000
GRCA
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
1970 1980 1990 2000
HOWR
-10
1
1970 1980 1990 2000
INBU
-4-2
02
4
1970 1980 1990 2000
RHWO
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
1970 1980 1990 2000
SOSP
-2-1
01
1970 1980 1990 2000
WAVI
01
23
1970 1980 1990 2000
WOTH
Spring - Northern
Spring - Southern
26
FIGURE 7. LOG(BBS ANNUAL INDEX; BLUE CIRCLES) AND FALL LPBO ANNUAL INDEX (ORANGE TRIANGLES) PLOTTED AGAINST YEAR FOR NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN BREEDING BIRDS. TREND LINES ARE SMOOTHED
LINES REPRESENTING THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG ANNUAL INDICES, AND ARE NOT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE
CALCULATED POPULATION TRENDS. SPECIES CODES ARE PROVIDED IN APPENDIX A.
Year
Lo
g(B
BO
In
de
x),
LP
BO
In
de
x
-2-1
01
23
1970 1980 1990 2000
BBWA
-20
2
1970 1980 1990 2000
CMWA-1
.00.0
1.0
1970 1980 1990 2000
LISP
-2-1
01
2
1970 1980 1990 2000
NAWA
-6-4
-20
2
1970 1980 1990 2000
PAWA
-3-2
-10
1
1970 1980 1990 2000
PHVI
01
23
45
1970 1980 1990 2000
RCKI
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
1970 1980 1990 2000
SWTH
-2-1
01
2
1970 1980 1990 2000
TEWA
-10
12
34
1970 1980 1990 2000
UDEJ
-2-1
01
1970 1980 1990 2000
WIWA
-3-2
-10
12
1970 1980 1990 2000
YBFL
Year
Lo
g(B
BO
In
de
x),
LP
BO
In
de
x
-0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1970 1980 1990 2000
BAOR
-3-2
-10
1
1970 1980 1990 2000
BRTH
-2-1
01
1970 1980 1990 2000
EATO
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1970 1980 1990 2000
EAWP
-10
12
1970 1980 1990 2000
FISP
-2-1
01
1970 1980 1990 2000
GRCA
01
2
1970 1980 1990 2000
HOWR
-4-3
-2-1
01
1970 1980 1990 2000
INBU
-5-4
-3-2
-10
1
1970 1980 1990 2000
RHWO
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
1970 1980 1990 2000
SOSP
-3-2
-10
1
1970 1980 1990 2000
WAVI
-3-2
-10
1
1970 1980 1990 2000
WOTH
Fall - Northern
Fall - Southern
27
FIGURE 8. CORRELATION OF LPBO AND BBS POPULATION TRENDS FOR 12 BOREAL AND 12 NON-BOREAL
BREEDING BIRDS IN SPRING (GREEN CIRCLES) AND FALL (RED TRIANGLES). A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION
WAS OBSERVED FOR NON-BOREAL BREEDING BIRDS IN BOTH SPRING (R2 = 0.79, P = 0.002) AND FALL (R
2 =
0.61, P = 0.04), BUT NOT FOR BOREAL BREEDING BIRDS IN SPRING (R2 = 0.02, P = 0.95) OR FALL (R
2 = -
0.34, P = 0.28), WHERE BBS COVERAGE IS WEAKEST. LINES ARE LOCALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSIONS.
LPBO Trend (%/Year)
BB
S T
ren
d (
%/Y
ea
r)
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Boreal
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Non Boreal
28
Discussion
Interpretation of Annual Indices and Population Trends
The analytical methods used to generate annual indices and population trends were developed to measure population change of migrant passerines which, ideally, do not stop-over at a count site for more than 24 hours. The appropriateness of these techniques for other species groups (waterbirds, raptors, shorebirds) and for resident and irruptive species has not yet been examined. Although some resident and irruptive species were included in our analysis on a station by station basis (e.g. Common Redpoll, Pine Grosbeak, Pine Siskin), trends for such species should be interpreted with caution.
Regional Spatial Trends
Annual Index Correlations
The positive correlation among stations at short distances, followed by a decline to almost no correlation at approximately 2000 km in both spring and fall supported our prediction that stations in proximity should show more similar estimates of population change than stations farther apart because they are more likely to be sampling the same source population of migrants. Beyond 2000 km, stations tended to show no correlation in fall, and even a tendency towards negative correlation in spring. The negative correlation in spring suggests that populations of species being sampled by widely-separated stations in eastern and western Canada are not changing in synchronous ways, which is not a surprising result. At the macro (e.g. national) level, populations of widespread species would not necessarily be expected to change in the same direction. As evidenced by BBS trend maps, there are nearly always regional differences in the geographic patterns of population trends at continental scales (see BBS trend maps at http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/htm03/trend2003_v2.html). . Even migration monitoring stations that are in relatively close proximity to one another do not necessarily sample the same segment of the breeding bird population. Geographic features such as mountains, ridges, rivers, lakes, and expanses of treeless areas also shape migration pathways, even for stations that may be geographically close together. Regional patterns of population trend estimates are also influenced by local weather patterns which also shape migration patterns. At any given site, local weather conditions may favor or hinder migration and/or stop-over probability in certain years more than others. Despite all of the above, we still observed regional similarities in trend estimates, which suggest that nearby stations are indeed effectively monitoring either the same or overlapping breeding bird populations of many species.
Regional Trends of Neotropical, Temperate and Boreal Breeding Migrants
Our comparison of population trends for migration and ecoregion guilds also supported a spatial effect on population change. Population trends within a geographic region were more similar than trends between regions in both spring and fall. Even so, variation in the proportion of increasing and declining population trends between stations within a given region was also apparent, regardless of guild.
29
Over the 10-year period, we generally found that Prairie and Eastern regions showed predominantly declining population trends for all guilds examined in both spring and fall, whereas Ontario and Western regions showed predominantly positive trends. Taking all regions of Canada together, however, about half of the species in each guild showed increases while the other half declined. For this part of the analysis, we simply used political boundaries to define geographic regions, but patterns of bird occurrence seldom coincide with such boundaries. Species-specific spatial relationships are more readily apparent when population trends are mapped across the network of stations. For example, population trends of Black-and-white Warbler and Magnolia Warbler declined in spring at both DMBO (Prairies Region) and TCBO (Ontario Region), but increased at LPBO (another Ontario Region station; see Figure 9a,b). The more similar patterns seen at DMBO and TCBO suggest that there is more overlap in the ‗catchment areas‘ of species passing through these two sites than through TCBO and LPBO. This is to be expected, given that TCBO is geographically closer to DMBO than LPBO. Similarly, the fall population trend for Ovenbird was negative at DMBO, but positive at other stations in the Prairies region (LMBO and BBO; Figure 9c). The fall trend for Blackpoll Warbler was negative in the Prairies (DMBO and LMBO), but positive in Ontario (TCBO and LPBO; Figure 9d). Other examples are posted online ( see http://www.birdscanada.org/birdmon/default/popindices.jsp). Identifying the geographic sources (catchment areas) of species that are encountered at migration monitoring stations is an important priority for the CMMN. An upcoming species-by-species synthesis of feather isotope and band recovery data will greatly strengthen our understanding and interpretation of broad regional bird population trends.
Comparison between results from Migration Monitoring and BBS
Comparative analyses of both annual population indices and long-term trends from migration monitoring at LPBO and from BBS (Ontario) further strengthen Francis and Hussell‘s (1998) earlier study, which showed that migration monitoring is indeed measuring a population signal similar to BBS for many of the southern Ontario breeding species examined. Our analysis also demonstrated that this relationship breaks down for northern-breeding birds where BBS coverage is poor. Similar analyses should be undertaken at other CMMN stations. Given that migration monitoring gives a comparable trend signal to BBS in regions of southern Canada where BBS coverage is well developed, then this provides independent corroboration of the two monitoring programs. We further suggest that migration counts are also likely providing valuable trend information for species that reside in northern areas where BBS coverage is largely lacking. As noted earlier, the value of migration monitoring information for northern birds will be greatly enhanced once geographic catchment areas of migrants are better delineated through isotope studies now underway.
30
FIG
UR
E 9
. M
AP
SH
OW
ING
TH
E S
TR
EN
GT
H A
ND
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E O
F P
OP
UL
AT
ION
TR
EN
DS
FO
R A
) B
LA
CK
-AN
D-W
HIT
E W
AR
BL
ER
(S
PR
ING
), B
) M
AG
NO
LIA
WA
RB
LE
R (
SP
RIN
G),
C) O
VE
NB
IRD
(F
AL
L),
AN
D D
) B
LA
CK
PO
LL
WA
RB
LE
R (
FA
LL)
AC
RO
SS
AL
L C
MM
N S
TA
TIO
NS
TH
AT
AN
AL
YZ
ED
EA
CH
SP
EC
IES
(1997-2
006).
T
RE
ND
MA
PS
FO
R O
TH
ER
SP
EC
IES
CA
N B
E F
OU
ND
AT:
HT
TP:/
/WW
W.B
IRD
SC
AN
AD
A.O
RG
/BIR
DM
ON
/DE
FA
UL
T/P
OP
IND
ICE
S.J
SP.
a)
31
b)
32
c)
33
d)
34
Although results from migration monitoring and BBS corresponded well for many southern breeding species, there were a few exceptions, which suggest that there are likely important differences between the two types of surveys. For example, annual spring and fall indices of Eastern Wood-Pewee from LPBO were negatively correlated with BBS. Likewise, spring and fall trends of migrant Eastern Wood-Pewees increased significantly at LPBO, whereas breeding populations of pewees in southern Ontario declined non-significantly over the same time period using BBS data. There are at least two likely explanations for these differences. First, the pool of individuals sampled during migration at LPBO may largely originate from outside the southern Ontario BBS area of interest (e.g., include birds associated with several adjacent U.S. states and Quebéc). Second, because BBS is a roadside-based survey, it does not necessarily represent changes in populations across the broader landscape. Of the northern breeding birds we examined, five species (Wilson‘s Warbler, Palm Warbler, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Dark-eyed Junco, and Tennessee Warbler) stood out as statistical outliers, with strong negative trends measured by BBS compared to more positive trends at LPBO. In Ontario, breeding abundance of all five species is concentrated well north of the limit of BBS coverage (see Cadman et al. 2007). Hence, it is reasonable to suggest that the apparent negative BBS trend signals do not necessarily apply to core populations occurring in the northern ranges of these species. Conversely, because most of the individuals that are sampled during migration probably originate from these high-density northern regions, migration monitoring should be yielding reliable trend signals for these and other species associated with inaccessible northern regions. For migration monitoring, we are often interested in assessing which of the count periods (spring or fall) best reflects real population changes in breeding populations, especially for stations that operate in both seasons. Results from our analysis showed that population trends derived from spring migration at LPBO were more closely correlated with BBS than fall trends. However, the opposite was found in the correlation of annual indices. Even so, in all but one case (Warbling Vireo) the magnitude of the correlation coefficient for spring was higher than in the fall, sometimes considerably so. Contrary to our results, an earlier study by Francis and Hussell (1998) suggested that fall trends at LPBO were a better approximation of BBS trends than spring. However, their study was based on a shorter time series and involved a slightly different group of species. Because results are mixed, we cannot yet make any general conclusion about the relative performance of spring versus fall sampling. The answer undoubtedly depends very much on the overall breeding distribution of the individual species in question and their seasonal migration routes in relation to the geographic position of the migration station. In our comparative analysis, we found that LPBO trends tended to be more positive than BBS trends in both spring and fall and for both northern and southern breeding species. The apparent positive bias at LPBO (relative to BBS) could result from unknown changes in count-estimation procedures, observer skill, or local changes in habitat. Although Long Point is generally considered to be stable habitat, census routes and net lanes have been modified periodically as a result of erosion. In addition, two large culls of white-tailed deer since the early 1990s are known to have resulted in the enhancement of ground layer habitat attributes that might be affecting stop-over suitability, especially for species that forage on or near the ground. Alternatively, changes in roadside habitat and/or increases in vehicular traffic along BBS routes could result in a negative bias of BBS trends. Francis and Hussell (1998) provide a good review of potential sources of bias both within migration monitoring and BBS. This is an obvious area deserving further research across the CMMN.
35
Factors Affecting Population Trend Estimates
The precision and reliability of bird population trend estimates are influenced by a variety of factors, including the particular time period analyzed, local habitat changes, and changes in sampling effort, data collection methods, or analytical techniques employed. Length of the time series during which data are collected is one of the most critical features of any monitoring program that purports to measure bird population trend. All else being equal, the reliability of trend estimates increases with time. This means that estimates that are based upon 10 or more years of data have much more reliability than those that are based on fewer years. Only a handful of CMMN stations have been in operation for over a decade. As such, this report focuses on a common 10-year period in order to maximize the number of stations contributing data from across the country. To illustrate the value of having a long time-series available, we use the Cape May Warbler example from LPBO. Over a short (10-year) period spanning 1997-2006, migration count data indicate that Cape May Warbler populations declined significantly at LPBO by -6.5%/year (p = 0.05) in fall at LPBO (Table 3). However, over the full 45-year time period at LPBO, the longer-term data suggest much more modest overall change, showing an initial increase and subsequent decline in population (Figure 12), that corresponds well with outbreaks of spruce budworm in Ontario. In the absence of long-term monitoring, the context of the most recent 10-year change can be lost, and the importance of current population changes can be over or under estimated.
FIGURE 12. POPULATION INDICES FOR CAPE MAY WARBLER AT LONG POINT BIRD OBSERVATORY IN SPRING
(1961-2006) DEMONSTRATING NON-LINEAR TREND PATTERNS THAT FREQUENTLY OCCUR OVER LONG TIME
PERIODS.
Habitat change at count sites can also influence annual indices derived from migration data. Habitat stability is an important criteria involved in selecting migration monitoring stations, though early to mid-successional habitat is recommended for better banding and viewing opportunities. In addition to natural habitat succession, seasonal flooding can temporarily
36
change stop-over habitat suitability, while fire and insect outbreaks can have longer-lasting and more dramatic effects. At present, habitat composition is not well quantified on a regular basis at the majority of CMMN stations, but habitat is known to have changed at some sites. To help interpret population trends, CMMN stations are asked to regularly submit photographs of their site to give a general sense of whether and how habitat is changing over time. Changes in sampling effort over time can also affect annual indices. This could include a change in the number or arrangement of nets, a change in census route location, a change in the method of calculating ETs, or a change in the number of hours dedicated to individual count methods. Effort can also vary within a season and among years as a result of changes in personnel, rotation of volunteers, or a change in the number and quality of personnel and volunteers. A good, transparent record of such changes is necessary at each station, so population trends can be interpreted appropriately.
Some Suggested Next Steps
1. Feather isotope analysis is currently a high priority for the CMMN; a large collaborative
project that is currently underway is expected to be complete by the end of 2009. Knowledge of species catchment areas at CMMN stations will provide valuable information to help interpret regional trends, station correlations, and correlations with other bird monitoring programs. It could also provide insight into where conservation efforts should be directed if, for example, there is a predominance of declining population trends within a particular geographic catchment. Results from the feather isotope analysis can also be used to perform a gap analysis to determine where new stations should be located in order to maximize coverage of the northern forest region.
2. In addition to continued work on isotopes, there is strong merit in producing population
trends separately for easily identifiable subspecies, especially where linkages can be made to relatively distinct geographic regions.
3. One of the goals of the CMMN is to refine methods for computing annual indices and
calculating trends, and to conduct rigorous assessments of their utility. In this report, we used generalized linear models with negative binomial or Poisson distribution to estimate annual population indices. Analysis techniques and approaches need to be refined further, and results published. Statistical approaches can and should also be developed to analyze population trends for species that occur in small numbers at CMMN stations, for non-passerine and irruptive species, and for numerous situations where migration counts may be confounded by the presence of seasonally large numbers of locally breeding or wintering residents. Developing these approaches will dramatically increase the number of species that can be analyzed and reported on across the Network.
4. Weather can affect both the probability that an individual will stop-over at a site and the
duration of stop-over. By correcting for daily weather variables, variation in annual indices can be reduced (Hussell et al. 1992). Such corrections should also result in stronger correlations of annual indices among stations sampling populations from the same catchment. Although weather was found to have little impact on long-term population trend estimates at Long Pont Bird Observatory (Crewe 2006), the effects of weather at other CMMN stations should be explored, particularly if average annual
37
weather conditions exhibit a trend over time, as might be anticipated with climate change.
5. Further analytical work needs to be done to investigate effects of local habitat change on
population indices.
6. Most stations summarize daily counts using estimated totals (ETs) for each species, but Inglewood Bird Sanctuary (Alberta) and l‘Observatoire d‘oiseaux de Tadoussac (Québec) base their counts on standardized banding and visual migration, respectively. The effect that differences in count estimation procedure has on both the detection probability of birds and variation in annual indices requires further study. A preliminary examination suggests that there have been unexplained patterns of change (positive and negative) in ETs over time at some stations. These changes may reflect real overall population changes, but the extent to which they reflect changes in habitat, personnel, effort or methodology needs to be better understood. For example, Dunn et al. (2004) found that for the majority of species analyzed at Long Point Bird Observatory, ETs were positively biased, possibly as a result of a change in estimation procedure introduced in the early 1990s. Improving our understanding of the relationship between ETs and the components that contribute to the ET (banding, census and general observations) will allow us to improve our understanding and interpretation of observed population changes.
7. Finally, age ratio data from CMMN stations should be examined to determine its
usefulness as a means to monitor annual breeding productivity (fall migration) or over-winter survival (spring migration), which could lead to a much better understanding of where population ‗bottlenecks‘ may be occurring for species in decline.
38
Acknowledgements Many thanks are extended to all CMMN stations and the great multitude of staff and volunteers who tirelessly collected data on bird migration over many years. For stations that contributed the bulk of data used in this report, we particularly wish to thank the following key resource people: Atlantic Bird Observatory (Trina Fitzgerald, Rina Nicols, Mike Peckford); Beaverhill Bird Observatory (Jason Duxbury, Geoff Holroyd, Lisa & Chuck Priestly); Delta Marsh Bird Observatory (Heidi den Haan); Haldimand Bird Observatory (Rick Ludkin, John Miles, Jim Smith); Inglewood Bird Sanctuary (Grahame Booth, Doug Collister, Shonna McLeod, El Peterson, Bill Taylor); Innis Point Bird Observatory (Bill Murphy, Bill Petrie); Last Mountain Bird Observatory (Ross Dickson, Alan Smith, Rob Wapple); Lesser Slave Lake Bird Observatory (Patti Campsall, Frank Fraser, Stefan Jungkind, Steve Lane, Amy Wotton); Long Point Bird Observatory (Jody Allair, Graeme Gibson, Keith Larson, Stu Mackenzie, Paul Prior, Kathryn Warner, Jul Wojnowski); Mackenzie Nature Observatory (Vi & John Lambie); Observatoire d‘oiseaux de Tadoussac (Émilie Berthiaume, Pascal Côté, Bruno Drolet, Jean-Sébastien Guénette, Jacques Ibarzabal, Alexandre Rivard, Martin Vaillancourt); Prince Edward Point Bird Observatory (Brian Joyce, Eric Machell, David Okines); Rocky Point Bird Observatory (David Allinson, Paul Levesque, Ann Nightingale, Michael Shepard); Thunder Cape Bird Observatory (Jody Allair, Nick Escott, Graeme Gibson, Bruce Rodriguez, Jul Wojnowski, John & Maureen Woodcock). Thanks also to the CMMN Steering Committee for its guidance, advice and comments on earlier versions of this report. David Hussell (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources) and Charles Francis (Environment Canada) developed the original population trend analysis procedures upon which the current techniques are based. Debbie Badzinski (Bird Studies Canada) also played an important role in the technical development of migration indices on behalf of the network. Peter Blancher, Erica Dunn, and Keith Hobson (Environment Canada) provided additional technical input. We gratefully acknowledge Environment Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources – Terrestrial Assessment Program, and the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act for providing funding for production of this report and the associated online applications and tools (see http://www.birdscanada.org/birdmon/default/popindices.jsp). We also wish to express our appreciation to the Calgary Bird Banding Society for providing the funds to publish this report.
40
Literature Cited Blancher, P. and J. Wells. 2005. The Boreal Forest: North America‘s Bird Nursery.
Commissioned by the Boreal Songbird Initiative, Seattle, Washington, and the Canadian Boreal Initiative, Ottawa, Ontario. ISBN 0-9733409-2-4.
Cadman, M.D., D.A. Sutherland, G.G. Beck, D. Lepage and A.R. Couturier (eds.). 2007. Atlas of
the Breeding Birds of Ontario, 2001-2005. Bird Studies Canada, Environment Canada, Ontario Field Ornithologists, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and Ontario Nature, Toronto, xxii + 706 pp.
Canadian Wildlife Service. 2008. Breeding Bird Survey. National Wildlife Research Center.
Available at: (http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/mgbc/trends/index.cfm?lang=e&go=home.page&CFID=13168249&CFTOKEN=27743769). Last accessed May 15, 2008.
Crewe, T.L. 2006. Influence of weather on LPBO population trends and the correspondence of
LPBO trends to Breeding Bird Survey trends. Unpubl. report by Bird Studies Canada. 32 pp.
Downes, C.M., E.H. Dunn and C.M. Francis. Canadian Landbird Monitoring Strategy: monitoring
needs and priorities into the new millenium. Partners In Flight-Canada, Ottawa. 64 pp. Dunn, E.H. 2001. Mass change during migration stopover: a comparison of species groups and
sites. Journal of Field Ornithology 72: 419-432. Dunn, E.H. 2002. A cross-Canada comparison of mass change in birds during migration
stopover. Wilson Bulletin 114: 368-379. Dunn, E.H., D.J.T. Hussell, C.M. Francis and J.D. McCracken. 2004. A comparison of three
count methods for monitoring songbird abundance during spring migration: capture, census, and estimated totals. Studies in Avian Biology 29:116-122.
Dunn, E.H., B.L. Altman, J. Bart, C.J. Beardmore, H. Berlanga, P.J. Blancher, G.S. Butcher,
D.W. Demarest, R. Dettmers, W.C. Hunter, E.E. Iñigo-Elias, A.O. Panjabi, D.N. Pashley, C.J. Ralph, T.D. Rich, K.V. Rosenberg, C.M. Rustay, J.M. Ruth, and T.C. Will. 2005. High priority needs for range-wide monitoring of North American landbirds. Partners in Flight Technical Series No. 2. 30 pp.
Dunn, E.H., K.A. Hobson, L.I. Wassenaar, D.J.T. Hussell, and M.L. Allen. 2006. Identification of
summer origins of songbirds migrating through southern Canada in autumn. Avian Conservation and Ecology - Écologie et conservation des oiseaux 1(2): 4. [online] URL: http://www.ace-eco.org/vol1/iss2/art4/
Environment Canada 2008. Project Wildspace. Available at
http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/wildspace/intro-e.html. Last accessed August 14, 2008. Francis, C.M. and D.J.T. Hussell. 1998. Changes in numbers of land birds counted in migration
at Long Point Bird Observatory, 1961-1997. Bird Populations 4:37-66.
41
Hussell, D.J.T. and C.J. Ralph. 2005. Recommended methods for monitoring change in landbird populations by counting and capturing migrants. North American Bird Bander 30: 6-20.
Hussell, D. J. T., M. H. Mather, and P.M. Sinclair. 1992. Trends in numbers of tropical- and
temperate-wintering migrant landbirds in migration at Long Point, Ontario, 1961-1988. Pp. 101-114 in Hagan, J. M. III, & D. W. Johnston [Eds], Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C.
Marra, P.P., C.M. Francis, R.S. Mulvihill and F.R. Moore. 2005. The influence of climate on the
timing and rate of spring bird migration. Oecologia 142(2):307-315. North American Banding Council. 2001. The North American Bander‘s Study Guide. A product
of the North American Banding Council. Point Reyes Station, California.
Ogden, N.H., L.R. Lindsay, K. Hanincova, I.K. Barker, M. Bigras-Poulin, D.F. Charron, A. Heagy, C.M. Francis, C.J. O‘Callaghan, I. Schwartz and R.A. Thompson. 2008a. Role of migratory birds in introduction and range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada. Applied and environmental microbiology 74: 1780-1790.
Ogden, N.H., L. St-Onge, I.K. Barker, S.Brazeau, M. Bigras-Poulin, D.F. Charron, C.M. Francis,
A. Heagy, R. Lindsay, A. Maarouf, P. Michel, F. Milford, C.J. O‘Callaghan, L. Trudel and A. Thompson. 2008b. Risk maps for range expansion of the Lyme disease vector, Ixodes scapularis, in Canada now and with climate change. International Journal of Health Geographics 7:24.
R Development Core Team (2007). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R
Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org.
Rich, T.D., C.. Beardmore, H. Berlanga, P.J. Blancher, M.S.W. Bradstreet, G.S. Butcher, D.W.
Demarest, E.H. Dunn, W.C. Hunter, E.E. Inigo-Elias, J.A. Kennedy, A.M. Martell, A.O. Panjabi, D.N. Pashley, K.V. Rosenberg, C.M. Rustay, J.S. Wendt, T.C. Will. 2004. Partners In Flight North American Landbird Conservation Plan. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Ithaca, NY.
42
Ap
pe
nd
ix A
. S
pe
cie
s C
las
sif
ica
tio
ns
T
AB
LE
A-1
. S
pecie
s c
lassific
atio
n b
y m
igra
tio
n s
tra
teg
y (
T=
tem
pera
te, N
=n
eo
tro
pic
al);
‗oth
er‘ m
igra
tion
str
ate
gy (
R=
resid
en
t,
I=irru
ptive
, N
=n
om
adic
; se
e E
nviro
nm
ent
Ca
na
da 2
00
8)
and b
y b
ore
al bre
edin
g c
lassific
atio
n (
se
e B
lanch
er
and
We
lls 2
00
5).
R
ecord
s a
re o
rdere
d a
lpha
be
tically
by S
pecie
s C
ode
. T
able
inclu
de
s a
ll sp
ecie
s c
urr
ently a
na
lyze
d a
t o
ne
or
mo
re C
MM
N
sta
tion
s.
Sp
ec
ies
Co
de
S
pe
cie
s N
am
e (
En
gli
sh
/Fre
nc
h)
Sp
ec
ies N
am
e (
Sc
ien
tifi
c)
Mig
rati
on
S
tra
teg
y
Oth
er
Bo
rea
l
AM
GO
A
me
rica
n G
old
fin
ch/C
ha
rdo
nne
ret
jau
ne
C
ard
ue
lis tri
stis
T
R/I
.
AM
KE
A
me
rica
n K
estr
el/C
réce
relle
d'A
mé
riqu
e
Fa
lco
sp
arv
eri
us
T
. .
AM
PI
Am
erica
n P
ipit/P
ipit d
'Am
éri
que
A
nth
us r
ube
sce
ns
T
. .
AM
RE
A
me
rica
n R
ed
sta
rt/P
aru
line
fla
mb
oya
nte
S
eto
pha
ga
ru
ticill
a
N
. .
AM
RO
A
me
rica
n R
ob
in/M
erl
e d
'Am
ériq
ue
T
urd
us m
igra
tori
us
T
. .
AT
SP
A
me
rica
n T
ree
Sp
arr
ow
/Bru
ant
hu
dso
nie
n
Sp
ize
lla a
rbo
rea
T
. .
BA
NS
B
an
k S
wa
llow
/Hir
on
de
lle d
e r
iva
ge
R
ipa
ria r
ipa
ria
N
. .
BA
OR
B
altim
ore
Orio
le/O
rio
le d
e B
altim
ore
Ic
teru
s g
alb
ula
N
.
. B
AR
S
Ba
rn S
wa
llow
/Hir
on
de
lle r
ustiqu
e
Hir
un
do
ru
stica
N
. .
BA
WW
B
lack-a
nd
-wh
ite W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e n
oir
et
bla
nc
Mn
iotilta
va
ria
N
. Y
B
BC
U
Bla
ck-b
ille
d C
ucko
o/C
ou
lico
u à
bec n
oir
Coccyzu
s e
ryth
rop
tha
lmu
s
N
. .
BB
WA
B
ay-b
rea
ste
d W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e à
poitrin
e b
aie
D
en
dro
ica
casta
ne
a
N
. Y
B
BW
O
Bla
ck-b
acked
Wood
pe
cke
r/P
ic à
dos n
oir
P
ico
ide
s a
rcticu
s
. R
Y
B
CC
H
Bla
ck-c
ap
ped
Ch
ickad
ee
/Mé
sa
ng
e à
tê
te n
oir
e
Po
ecile
atr
ica
pill
us
. R
/I
. B
EK
I B
elte
d K
ingfish
er/
Ma
rtin
-pêche
ur
d'A
méri
que
Cery
le a
lcyon
T
. .
BG
GN
B
lue
-gra
y G
natc
atc
he
r/G
ob
em
ou
che
ron
gris-b
leu
Po
lioptila
ca
eru
lea
N
.
. B
HC
O
Bro
wn
-he
ad
ed
Co
wb
ird
/Va
cher
à t
ête
bru
ne
M
olo
thru
s a
ter
T
. .
BH
GR
B
lack-h
ead
ed
Gro
sbe
ak/C
ard
ina
l à t
ête
no
ire
Ph
eu
cticu
s m
ela
noce
ph
alu
s
N
. .
BH
VI
So
lita
ry V
ire
o/V
iré
o à
tê
te b
leue
V
ire
o s
olit
ariu
s
T
. Y
B
HV
I B
lue
-hea
ded
Vir
eo
/Vir
éo
à tê
te b
leu
e
Vir
eo
so
lita
riu
s
T
. Y
B
LB
W
Bla
ckb
urn
ian W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e à
go
rge
ora
ng
ée
D
en
dro
ica
fu
sca
N
. Y
B
LJA
B
lue
Ja
y/G
ea
i ble
u
Cya
nocitta
crista
ta
T
R/I
.
BL
PW
B
lackp
oll
Warb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e r
ayé
e
Den
dro
ica
str
iata
N
.
Y
BO
WA
B
oh
em
ian
Wa
xw
ing
/Jase
ur
boré
al
Bo
mb
ycill
a g
arr
ulu
s
T
N/I
Y
B
RC
R
Bro
wn
Cre
ep
er/
Grim
pe
reau
bru
n
Cert
hia
am
eri
ca
na
T
. .
BR
TH
B
row
n T
hra
sh
er/
Mo
qu
eu
r ro
ux
To
xosto
ma
rufu
m
T
. .
BT
BW
B
lack-t
hro
ate
d B
lue W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e b
leu
e
Den
dro
ica
ca
eru
lesce
ns
N
. .
BT
NW
B
lack-t
hro
ate
d G
ree
n W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e à
go
rge
noir
e
Den
dro
ica
vir
en
s
N
. Y
B
TP
I B
an
d-t
aile
d P
ige
on
/Pig
eon
à q
ue
ue
ba
rré
e
Pa
tag
ioe
nas fa
scia
ta
T
. .
BT
YW
B
lack-t
hro
ate
d G
ray W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e g
rise
D
en
dro
ica
nig
resce
ns
N
. .
CA
VI
Cassin
's V
ire
o/V
iré
o d
e C
assin
V
ire
o c
assin
ii N
.
. C
AW
A
Can
ad
a W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e d
u C
an
ad
a
Wils
on
ia c
an
ade
nsis
N
.
Y
CC
SP
C
lay-c
olo
red
Spa
rro
w/B
rua
nt d
es p
lain
es
Sp
ize
lla p
alli
da
N
. Y
C
ED
W
Ced
ar
Wa
xw
ing
/Ja
seu
r d
'Am
éri
qu
e
Bo
mb
ycill
a c
ed
roru
m
T
R/I
.
CH
SP
C
hip
pin
g S
pa
rro
w/B
rua
nt
fam
ilie
r S
piz
ella
passe
rin
a
T
. .
CLS
W
Clif
f S
wa
llow
/Hir
on
delle
à f
ron
t b
lanc
Pe
tro
ch
elid
on
pyrr
ho
nota
N
.
. C
MW
A
Cap
e M
ay W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e t
igré
e
Den
dro
ica
tig
rin
a
N
. Y
C
OG
R
Com
mon
Gra
ckle
/Quis
cale
bro
nzé
Q
uis
ca
lus q
uis
cu
la
T
. .
43
Sp
ec
ies
Co
de
S
pe
cie
s N
am
e (
En
gli
sh
/Fre
nc
h)
Sp
ec
ies N
am
e (
Sc
ien
tifi
c)
Mig
rati
on
S
tra
teg
y
Oth
er
Bo
rea
l
CO
NI
Com
mon
Nig
hth
aw
k/E
ngo
ule
ve
nt
d'A
mé
riqu
e
Cho
rde
iles m
ino
r N
.
. C
OR
E
Com
mon
Re
dp
oll/
Siz
eri
n f
lam
mé
C
ard
ue
lis fla
mm
ea
T
I .
CO
YE
C
om
mon
Ye
llow
thro
at/
Pa
rulin
e m
asq
ué
e
Ge
oth
lyp
is t
rich
as
N
. .
CS
WA
C
he
stn
ut-
sid
ed
Warb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e à
fla
ncs m
arr
on
D
en
dro
ica
pe
nsylv
an
ica
N
.
. D
EJU
D
ark
-eye
d J
unco
/Ju
nco
ard
ois
é
Ju
nco
hye
ma
lis
T
. Y
D
UF
L
Dusky F
lyca
tch
er/
Mo
uch
ero
lle s
om
bre
E
mp
ido
nax o
be
rhols
eri
N
. .
EA
BL
E
aste
rn B
lue
bir
d/M
erl
eb
leu
de l'E
st
Sia
lia s
ialis
T
.
. E
AK
I E
aste
rn K
ing
bir
d/T
yra
n t
ritr
i T
yra
nn
us t
yra
nn
us
N
. .
EA
PH
E
aste
rn P
ho
eb
e/M
ou
ch
ero
lle p
hé
bi
Sa
yo
rnis
ph
oeb
e
T
. .
EA
TO
E
aste
rn T
ow
he
e/T
oh
i à
fla
ncs r
ou
x
Pip
ilo e
ryth
rop
hth
alm
us
T
. .
EA
WP
E
aste
rn W
ood
-Pe
we
e/P
ioui de l'E
st
Con
top
us v
iren
s
N
. .
EV
GR
E
ve
nin
g G
rosb
eak/G
ros-b
ec e
rra
nt
Coccoth
rauste
s v
esp
ert
inu
s
T
R/I
.
FIS
P
Fie
ld S
pa
rro
w/B
rua
nt d
es c
ham
ps
Sp
ize
lla p
usill
a
T
. .
FO
SP
F
ox S
pa
rro
w/B
rua
nt
fau
ve
P
asse
rella
ilia
ca
T
. Y
G
CF
L
Gre
at
Cre
ste
d F
lyca
tch
er/
Tyra
n h
upp
é
Myia
rch
us c
rin
itus
N
. .
GC
KI
Go
lde
n-c
row
ne
d K
ing
let/R
oite
let
à c
ou
ron
ne
do
rée
R
eg
ulu
s s
atr
ap
a
T
. .
GC
SP
G
old
en
-cro
wn
ed
Sp
arr
ow
/Bru
an
t à
co
uro
nne
do
rée
Z
on
otr
ichia
atr
ica
pill
a
T
. Y
G
CT
H
Gra
y-c
he
eke
d T
hru
sh
/Grive
à jo
ues g
rises
Cath
aru
s m
inim
us
N
. Y
G
RC
A
Gra
y C
atb
ird
/Mo
qu
eu
r ch
at
Dum
ete
lla c
aro
line
nsis
N
.
. H
AF
L
Ham
mon
d's
Fly
ca
tch
er/
Mo
uch
ero
lle d
e H
am
mo
nd
E
mp
ido
nax h
am
mo
ndii
N
. .
HA
SP
H
arr
is's
Sp
arr
ow
/Bru
an
t à
face n
oir
e
Zo
no
tric
hia
qu
eru
la
T
. .
HE
TH
H
erm
it T
hru
sh
/Grive
so
lita
ire
C
ath
aru
s g
utt
atu
s
T
. Y
H
OL
A
Horn
ed
La
rk/A
loue
tte
ha
usse
-co
l E
rem
op
hila
alp
estr
is
T
. .
HO
WR
H
ou
se
Wre
n/T
rog
lod
yte
fa
mili
er
Tro
glo
dyte
s a
ed
on
T
. .
INB
U
Ind
igo
Bu
ntin
g/P
asse
rin
in
dig
o
Pa
sse
rin
a c
ya
nea
N
. .
LA
LO
L
ap
lan
d L
on
gsp
ur/
Bru
ant
lap
on
C
alc
ariu
s la
pp
onic
us
T
. .
LE
FL
Le
ast
Fly
catc
he
r/M
ou
ch
ero
lle tch
ébe
c
Em
pid
on
ax m
inim
us
N
. Y
L
ISP
L
inco
ln's
Sp
arr
ow
/Bru
an
t d
e L
inco
ln
Me
losp
iza
lin
coln
ii N
.
Y
MA
WA
M
ag
no
lia W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e à
tê
te c
en
dré
e
Den
dro
ica
ma
gn
olia
N
.
Y
MA
WR
M
ars
h W
ren
/Tro
glo
dyte
des m
ara
is
Cis
toth
oru
s p
alu
str
is
T
. .
MG
WA
M
acG
illiv
ray's
Wa
rble
r/P
aru
line
des b
uis
so
ns
Op
oro
rnis
tolm
iei
N
. .
MO
WA
M
ou
rnin
g W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e t
riste
O
po
rorn
is p
hila
de
lph
ia
N
. Y
N
AW
A
Nash
vill
e W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e à
jo
ue
s g
rise
s
Ve
rmiv
ora
ru
fica
pill
a
N
. Y
N
OF
L
Nort
he
rn F
licke
r/P
ic f
lam
bo
yan
t C
ola
pte
s a
ura
tus
T
. .
NO
HA
N
ort
he
rn H
arr
ier/
Bu
sa
rd S
ain
t-M
art
in
Cir
cu
s c
ya
neu
s
T
. .
NO
PA
N
ort
he
rn P
aru
la/P
aru
line à
co
llie
r P
aru
la a
me
rica
na
N
. .
NO
WA
N
ort
he
rn W
ate
rth
rush
/Pa
rulin
e d
es r
uis
sea
ux
Se
iuru
s n
ove
bo
race
nsis
N
.
Y
NR
WS
N
ort
he
rn R
ou
gh
-win
ged
Sw
allo
w/H
iro
nd
elle
à a
iles h
érissées
Ste
lgid
op
tery
x s
err
ipe
nn
is
N
. .
NS
HR
N
ort
he
rn S
hri
ke
/Pie
-gri
èche
grise
La
niu
s e
xcu
bito
r T
R
/I
. O
CW
A
Ora
ng
e-c
row
ne
d W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e v
erd
âtr
e
Ve
rmiv
ora
cela
ta
T
. Y
O
SF
L
Oliv
e-s
ide
d F
lyca
tch
er/
Mo
uche
rolle
à c
ôté
s o
live
C
on
top
us c
oo
pe
ri
N
. Y
O
VE
N
Ove
nb
ird
/Pa
rulin
e c
ou
ronn
ée
S
eiu
rus a
uro
ca
pill
a
N
. .
PA
WA
P
alm
Warb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e à
co
uro
nn
e r
ou
sse
D
en
dro
ica
pa
lma
rum
T
.
Y
PH
VI
Ph
ilade
lph
ia V
ire
o/V
iré
o d
e P
hila
de
lphie
V
ire
o p
hila
de
lph
icus
N
. Y
P
IGR
P
ine
Gro
sb
eak/D
urb
ec d
es s
ap
ins
Pin
ico
la e
nucle
ato
r .
N/R
/I
Y
PIS
I P
ine
Sis
kin
/Ta
rin
de
s p
ins
Card
ue
lis p
inu
s
T
R/I
.
44
Sp
ec
ies
Co
de
S
pe
cie
s N
am
e (
En
gli
sh
/Fre
nc
h)
Sp
ec
ies N
am
e (
Sc
ien
tifi
c)
Mig
rati
on
S
tra
teg
y
Oth
er
Bo
rea
l
PIW
A
Pin
e W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e d
es p
ins
Den
dro
ica
pin
us
T
. .
PS
FL
P
acific
-slo
pe
Fly
ca
tch
er/
Mo
uch
ero
lle c
ôtie
r E
mp
ido
nax d
ifficili
s
N
. .
PU
FI
Pu
rple
Fin
ch
/Rose
lin p
ou
rpré
C
arp
od
acus p
urp
ure
us
T
R/I
.
PU
MA
P
urp
le M
art
in/H
iro
nd
elle
no
ire
P
rog
ne
su
bis
N
.
. R
BG
R
Rose
-bre
aste
d G
rosb
ea
k/C
ard
ina
l à
poitrin
e r
ose
P
he
ucticu
s lu
dovic
ian
us
N
. .
RB
NU
R
ed
-bre
aste
d N
uth
atc
h/S
itte
lle à
poitri
ne
ro
usse
S
itta
ca
nad
ensis
.
R/I
.
RC
KI
Rub
y-c
row
ne
d K
ingle
t/R
oitele
t à
cou
ronn
e r
ub
is
Reg
ulu
s c
ale
nd
ula
T
.
Y
RE
CR
R
ed
Cro
ssb
ill/B
ec-c
rois
é d
es s
ap
ins
Lo
xia
cu
rviro
str
a
. R
/I
. R
EV
I R
ed
-eye
d V
ire
o/V
iré
o a
ux y
eu
x r
ou
ge
s
Vir
eo
oliv
ace
us
N
. .
RH
WO
R
ed
-he
ad
ed
Woo
dp
ecke
r/P
ic à
tê
te r
ou
ge
M
ela
ne
rpe
s e
ryth
roce
ph
alu
s
T
. .
RT
HU
R
ub
y-t
hro
ate
d H
um
min
gbir
d/C
olib
ri à
go
rge r
ub
is
Arc
hilo
ch
us c
olu
bris
N
. .
RU
BL
R
usty
Bla
ckbir
d/Q
uis
ca
le r
ou
ille
ux
Eu
ph
agu
s c
aro
linu
s
T
. Y
R
UH
U
Rufo
us H
um
min
gb
ird
/Co
libri
ro
ux
Se
lasp
ho
rus r
ufu
s
N
. .
RW
BL
Red
-win
ge
d B
lackb
ird/C
aro
uge
à é
pa
ule
ttes
Ag
ela
ius p
hoe
nic
eus
T
. .
SA
VS
S
ava
nn
ah
Sp
arr
ow
/Bru
an
t d
es p
rés
Pa
sse
rculu
s s
an
dw
ich
ensis
T
.
. S
CT
A
Sca
rlet
Ta
na
ge
r/T
an
ga
ra é
ca
rla
te
Pir
an
ga o
livace
a
N
. .
SE
WR
S
ed
ge
Wre
n/T
rog
lod
yte
à b
ec c
ou
rt
Cis
toth
oru
s p
late
nsis
T
.
. S
NB
U
Sn
ow
Bu
ntin
g/B
rua
nt d
es n
eig
es
Ple
ctr
op
hen
ax n
iva
lis
T
. .
SO
SA
S
olit
ary
San
dpip
er/
Che
va
lier
so
litair
e
Tri
ng
a s
olit
aria
N
. Y
S
OS
P
So
ng
Spa
rro
w/B
rua
nt ch
ante
ur
Me
losp
iza
me
lod
ia
T
. .
SS
HA
S
ha
rp-s
hin
ne
d H
aw
k/É
pe
rvie
r b
run
A
ccip
ite
r str
iatu
s
T
. .
ST
JA
S
telle
r's J
ay/G
ea
i d
e S
telle
r C
ya
nocitta
ste
lleri
. R
.
SW
SP
S
wa
mp
Sp
arr
ow
/Bru
an
t de
s m
ara
is
Me
losp
iza
ge
org
ian
a
T
. Y
S
WT
H
Sw
ain
so
n's
Th
rush
/Grive
à d
os o
live
C
ath
aru
s u
stu
latu
s
N
. Y
T
EW
A
Te
nn
esse
e W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e o
bscu
re
Ve
rmiv
ora
pe
reg
rin
a
N
. Y
T
OW
A
To
wn
se
nd
's W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e d
e T
ow
nse
nd
D
en
dro
ica
to
wnse
ndi
N
. .
TR
ES
T
ree
Sw
allo
w/H
iro
nd
elle
bic
olo
re
Ta
chycin
eta
bic
olo
r T
.
. T
RF
L
Tra
il's F
lyca
tche
r /M
ou
ch
ero
lle d
es s
aule
s o
u d
es a
uln
es
Em
pid
on
ax t
raill
ii o
r a
lno
rum
N
.
Y
TT
WO
T
hre
e-t
oe
d W
oo
dp
ecke
r/P
ic trid
acty
le
Pic
oid
es t
rida
cty
lus
. R
Y
V
AS
W
Va
ux's
Sw
ift/
Ma
rtin
et
de
Va
ux
Cha
etu
ra v
au
xi
N
. .
VA
TH
V
ari
ed
Th
rush
/Grive
à c
olli
er
Ixo
reu
s n
aeviu
s
T
R/I
.
VE
ER
V
ee
ry/G
rive
fa
uve
Cath
aru
s f
usce
sce
ns
N
. .
VE
SP
V
esp
er
Sp
arr
ow
/Bru
an
t ve
sp
éra
l P
oo
ece
tes g
ram
ine
us
T
. .
VG
SW
V
iole
t-g
reen
Sw
allo
w/H
iro
nd
elle
à f
ace
bla
nche
T
achycin
eta
th
ala
ssin
a
N
. .
WA
VI
Warb
ling
Vir
eo
/Vir
éo
mé
lod
ieux
Vir
eo
gilv
us
N
. .
WB
NU
W
hite
-bre
aste
d N
uth
atc
h/S
itte
lle à
po
itrin
e b
lan
che
S
itta
ca
rolin
en
sis
T
.
. W
CS
P
White
-cro
wn
ed
Sp
arr
ow
/Bru
ant
à c
ou
ronn
e b
lanch
e
Zo
no
tric
hia
le
uco
ph
rys
T
. Y
W
EK
I W
este
rn K
ing
bird
/Tyra
n d
e l'O
ue
st
Tyra
nn
us v
ert
ica
lis
N
. .
WE
TA
W
este
rn T
an
age
r/T
an
ga
ra à
tê
te r
oug
e
Pir
an
ga lud
ovic
ian
a
N
. .
WE
WP
W
este
rn W
ood
-Pe
we
e/P
iou
i de
l'O
ue
st
Con
top
us s
ord
idu
lus
N
. .
WIW
A
Wils
on
's W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e à
calo
tte
no
ire
W
ilso
nia
pusill
a
N
. Y
W
IWR
W
inte
r W
ren
/Tro
glo
dyte
mig
non
T
rog
lod
yte
s t
rog
lod
yte
s
T
. .
WO
TH
W
ood
Th
rush
/Gri
ve
des b
ois
H
ylo
cic
hla
muste
lina
N
. .
WT
SP
W
hite
-th
roa
ted
Spa
rro
w/B
rua
nt
à g
org
e b
lanch
e
Zo
no
tric
hia
alb
ico
llis
T
. Y
W
WC
R
White
-win
ged
Cro
ssbill
/Be
c-c
rois
é b
ifa
scié
L
oxia
leu
co
pte
ra
. N
/R
Y
YB
CU
Y
ello
w-b
ille
d C
uckoo
/Co
ulic
ou à
bec jau
ne
C
occyzu
s a
me
rican
us
N
. .
45
Sp
ec
ies
Co
de
S
pe
cie
s N
am
e (
En
gli
sh
/Fre
nc
h)
Sp
ec
ies N
am
e (
Sc
ien
tifi
c)
Mig
rati
on
S
tra
teg
y
Oth
er
Bo
rea
l
YB
FL
Y
ello
w-b
elli
ed
Fly
ca
tch
er/
Mo
uch
ero
lle à
ve
ntr
e jau
ne
Em
pid
on
ax f
laviv
en
tris
N
.
Y
YB
SA
Y
ello
w-b
elli
ed
Sa
psu
cke
r/P
ic m
acu
lé
Sp
hyra
pic
us v
ariu
s
T
. Y
Y
RW
A
Ye
llow
-ru
mp
ed
Warb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e à
cro
up
ion jau
ne
D
en
dro
ica
co
ron
ata
T
.
Y
YW
AR
Y
ello
w W
arb
ler/
Pa
rulin
e jau
ne
D
en
dro
ica
pe
tech
ia
N
. .
46
Ap
pe
nd
ix B
. S
pe
cie
s S
am
ple
d a
t C
MM
N S
tati
on
s in
Sp
rin
g a
nd
Fall.
Ta
ble
B-1
. S
pecie
s d
ete
cte
d in
low
num
bers
at
CM
MN
sta
tion
s (
); s
pecie
s t
hat m
et m
inim
um
sam
ple
siz
e r
eq
uirem
ents
(1
0
indiv
idua
ls a
nd
5 o
bse
rva
tion
da
ys o
n a
ve
rag
e)
an
d m
ay b
e c
and
idate
s f
or
futu
re tre
nd a
na
lysis
(
); a
nd
sp
ecie
s a
na
lyze
d in
th
is r
eport
(
). S
pecie
s a
re lis
ted in
ta
xo
no
mic
ord
er.
L
isting
exclu
de
s s
pe
cie
s t
hat
se
ldom
if
eve
r b
ree
d in C
ana
da. O
nly
a
su
bse
t of d
ata
wa
s a
va
ilable
fo
r th
e I
BS
and
OO
T s
tatio
ns.
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
GW
FG
G
reate
r W
hite-f
ronte
d G
oose/O
ie r
ieuse
Spri
ng
GW
FG
G
reate
r W
hite-f
ronte
d G
oose/O
ie r
ieuse
F
all
SN
GO
S
now
Go
ose/O
ie d
es n
eig
es
Spri
ng
SN
GO
S
now
Go
ose/O
ie d
es n
eig
es
Fall
RO
GO
R
oss's
Goose/O
ie d
e R
oss
Spri
ng
RO
GO
R
oss's
Goose/O
ie d
e R
oss
Fall
BR
AN
B
rant/
Bern
ache c
rava
nt
Spri
ng
BR
AN
B
rant/
Bern
ache c
rava
nt
Fall
CA
CG
C
acklin
g G
oose/B
ern
ache d
e H
utc
hin
s
Spri
ng
CA
CG
C
acklin
g G
oose/B
ern
ache d
e H
utc
hin
s
Fall
CA
GO
C
ana
da G
oose/B
ern
ache d
u C
anad
a
Spri
ng
CA
GO
C
ana
da G
oose/B
ern
ache d
u C
anad
a
Fall
MU
SW
M
ute
Sw
an/C
ygn
e t
uberc
ulé
S
pri
ng
MU
SW
M
ute
Sw
an/C
ygn
e t
uberc
ulé
F
all
TR
US
T
rum
pete
r S
wa
n/C
yg
ne t
rom
pett
e
Spri
ng
TR
US
T
rum
pete
r S
wa
n/C
yg
ne t
rom
pett
e
Fall
TU
SW
T
undra
Sw
an/C
ygn
e s
iffleur
Spri
ng
TU
SW
T
undra
Sw
an/C
ygn
e s
iffleur
Fall
WO
DU
W
ood D
uck/C
anard
bra
nchu
S
pri
ng
WO
DU
W
ood D
uck/C
anard
bra
nchu
F
all
GA
DW
G
adw
all/
Ca
nard
chip
ea
u
Spri
ng
GA
DW
G
adw
all/
Ca
nard
chip
ea
u
Fall
AM
WI
Am
eri
can W
igeon/C
anard
d'A
méri
que
S
pri
ng
AM
WI
Am
eri
can W
igeon/C
anard
d'A
méri
que
F
all
AB
DU
A
meri
can B
lack D
uck/C
anard
noir
S
pri
ng
AB
DU
A
meri
can B
lack D
uck/C
anard
noir
F
all
BW
TE
B
lue-w
inge
d T
eal/S
arc
elle
à a
iles b
leues
Spri
ng
BW
TE
B
lue-w
inge
d T
eal/S
arc
elle
à a
iles b
leues
Fall
47
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
CIT
E
Cin
nam
on T
eal/S
arc
elle
cannelle
S
pri
ng
CIT
E
Cin
nam
on T
eal/S
arc
elle
cannelle
F
all
NS
HO
N
ort
hern
Sho
vele
r/C
anard
souchet
Spri
ng
NS
HO
N
ort
hern
Sho
vele
r/C
anard
souchet
Fall
NO
PI
Nort
hern
Pin
tail/
Canard
pile
t S
pri
ng
NO
PI
Nort
hern
Pin
tail/
Canard
pile
t F
all
AG
WT
G
reen-w
ing
ed T
eal/S
arc
elle
d'h
iver
Spri
ng
AG
WT
G
reen-w
ing
ed T
eal/S
arc
elle
d'h
iver
Fall
MA
LL
M
alla
rd/C
anard
colv
ert
S
pri
ng
MA
LL
M
alla
rd/C
anard
colv
ert
F
all
CA
NV
C
anvasback/F
ulig
ule
à d
os b
lan
c
Spri
ng
CA
NV
C
anvasback/F
ulig
ule
à d
os b
lan
c
Fall
RE
DH
R
edh
ea
d/F
ulig
ule
à t
ête
rou
ge
S
pri
ng
RE
DH
R
edh
ea
d/F
ulig
ule
à t
ête
rou
ge
F
all
RN
DU
R
ing-n
ecked D
uck/F
ulig
ule
à c
olli
er
Spri
ng
RN
DU
R
ing-n
ecked D
uck/F
ulig
ule
à c
olli
er
Fall
GR
SC
G
reate
r S
caup/F
ulig
ule
milo
uin
an
S
pri
ng
GR
SC
G
reate
r S
caup/F
ulig
ule
milo
uin
an
F
all
LE
SC
Lesser
Scaup/P
etit
Fulig
ule
S
pri
ng
LE
SC
Lesser
Scaup/P
etit
Fulig
ule
F
all
KIE
I K
ing E
ider/
Eid
er
à t
ête
gri
se
S
pri
ng
KIE
I K
ing E
ider/
Eid
er
à t
ête
gri
se
F
all
CO
EI
Com
mon E
ider/
Eid
er
à d
uvet
Spri
ng
CO
EI
Com
mon E
ider/
Eid
er
à d
uvet
Fall
HA
RD
H
arl
equin
Duck/A
rlequin
plo
nge
ur
Spri
ng
HA
RD
H
arl
equin
Duck/A
rlequin
plo
nge
ur
Fall
SU
SC
S
urf
Scote
r/M
acre
use à
fro
nt
bla
nc
Spri
ng
SU
SC
S
urf
Scote
r/M
acre
use à
fro
nt
bla
nc
Fall
WW
SC
W
hite-w
inged S
cote
r/M
acre
use b
rune
S
pri
ng
WW
SC
W
hite-w
inged S
cote
r/M
acre
use b
rune
F
all
BLS
C
Bla
ck S
cote
r/M
acre
use n
oir
e
Spri
ng
BLS
C
Bla
ck S
cote
r/M
acre
use n
oir
e
Fall
LT
DU
Lon
g-t
aile
d D
uck/H
are
lde k
akaw
i S
pri
ng
LT
DU
Lon
g-t
aile
d D
uck/H
are
lde k
akaw
i F
all
BU
FF
B
uff
lehea
d/P
etit
Garr
ot
Spri
ng
48
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
BU
FF
B
uff
lehea
d/P
etit
Garr
ot
Fall
CO
GO
C
om
mon G
old
en
eye
/Garr
ot
à o
eil
d'o
r S
pri
ng
CO
GO
C
om
mon G
old
en
eye/G
arr
ot
à o
eil
d'o
r F
all
BA
GO
B
arr
ow
's G
old
eneye/G
arr
ot
d'Isla
nd
e
Spri
ng
BA
GO
B
arr
ow
's G
old
eneye/G
arr
ot
d'Isla
nd
e
Fall
HO
ME
H
ood
ed M
erg
anser/
Harl
e c
ouro
nné
S
pri
ng
HO
ME
H
ood
ed M
erg
anser/
Harl
e c
ouro
nné
F
all
CO
ME
C
om
mon M
erg
anser/
Gra
nd H
arl
e
Spri
ng
CO
ME
C
om
mon M
erg
anser/
Gra
nd H
arl
e
Fall
RB
ME
R
ed-b
reaste
d M
erg
anser/
Harl
e h
up
pé
S
pri
ng
RB
ME
R
ed-b
reaste
d M
erg
anser/
Harl
e h
up
pé
F
all
RU
DU
R
udd
y D
uck/É
rism
atu
re r
ousse
Spri
ng
RU
DU
R
udd
y D
uck/É
rism
atu
re r
ousse
Fall
GR
PA
G
ray P
art
ridge/P
erd
rix g
rise
S
pri
ng
GR
PA
G
ray P
art
ridge/P
erd
rix g
rise
F
all
RIP
H
Rin
g-n
ecked P
he
asant/
Fais
an d
e C
olc
hid
e
Spri
ng
RIP
H
Rin
g-n
ecked P
he
asant/
Fais
an d
e C
olc
hid
e
Fall
RU
GR
R
uff
ed G
rouse/G
élin
ott
e h
upp
ée
S
pri
ng
RU
GR
R
uff
ed G
rouse/G
élin
ott
e h
upp
ée
F
all
SP
GR
S
pru
ce G
rouse/T
étr
as d
u C
ana
da
F
all
BG
SE
B
lue G
rouse/T
étr
as s
om
bre
F
all
ST
GR
S
harp
-taile
d G
rouse/T
étr
as à
qu
eue f
ine
S
pri
ng
ST
GR
S
harp
-taile
d G
rouse/T
étr
as à
qu
eue f
ine
F
all
WIT
U
Wild
Turk
ey/D
indon s
auvag
e
Spri
ng
WIT
U
Wild
Turk
ey/D
indon s
auvag
e
Fall
CA
QU
C
alif
orn
ia Q
uail/
Colin
de C
alif
orn
ie
Spri
ng
CA
QU
C
alif
orn
ia Q
uail/
Colin
de C
alif
orn
ie
Fall
RT
LO
R
ed-t
hro
ate
d L
oo
n/P
lon
geo
n c
atm
ari
n
Spri
ng
RT
LO
R
ed-t
hro
ate
d L
oo
n/P
lon
geo
n c
atm
ari
n
Fall
PA
LO
P
acific
Loon/P
lon
ge
on d
u P
acifiq
ue
S
pri
ng
PA
LO
P
acific
Loon/P
lon
ge
on d
u P
acifiq
ue
F
all
CO
LO
C
om
mon L
oo
n/P
long
eo
n h
uard
S
pri
ng
CO
LO
C
om
mon L
oo
n/P
long
eo
n h
uard
F
all
YB
LO
Y
ello
w-b
illed L
oon/P
lon
ge
on à
bec b
lanc
Spri
ng
YB
LO
Y
ello
w-b
illed L
oon/P
lon
ge
on à
bec b
lanc
Fall
49
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
PB
GR
P
ied-b
illed G
rebe/G
rèbe à
bec b
igarr
é
Spri
ng
PB
GR
P
ied-b
illed G
rebe/G
rèbe à
bec b
igarr
é
Fall
HO
GR
H
orn
ed G
rebe/G
rèbe e
scla
von
S
pri
ng
HO
GR
H
orn
ed G
rebe/G
rèbe e
scla
von
F
all
RN
GR
R
ed-n
ecked G
reb
e/G
rèbe jou
gri
s
Spri
ng
RN
GR
R
ed-n
ecked G
reb
e/G
rèbe jou
gri
s
Fall
EA
GR
E
are
d G
reb
e/G
rèbe à
cou n
oir
S
pri
ng
EA
GR
E
are
d G
reb
e/G
rèbe à
cou n
oir
F
all
WE
GR
W
este
rn G
rebe/G
rèbe é
lég
an
t S
pri
ng
WE
GR
W
este
rn G
rebe/G
rèbe é
lég
ant
Fall
CLG
R
Cla
rk's
Gre
be/G
rèbe à
face b
lan
che
F
all
NO
FU
N
ort
hern
Fulm
ar/
Fulm
ar
boré
al
Fall
MA
SH
M
an
x S
hearw
ate
r/P
uff
in d
es A
ngla
is
Spri
ng
MA
SH
M
an
x S
hearw
ate
r/P
uff
in d
es A
ngla
is
Fall
LH
SP
Leach's
Sto
rm-P
etr
el/O
céanite c
ul-
bla
nc
Spri
ng
LH
SP
Leach's
Sto
rm-P
etr
el/O
céanite c
ul-
bla
nc
Fall
NO
GA
N
ort
hern
Gan
net/
Fou d
e B
assan
S
pri
ng
NO
GA
N
ort
hern
Gan
net/
Fou d
e B
assan
F
all
AW
PE
A
meri
can W
hite P
elic
an/P
élic
an d
'Am
éri
que
S
pri
ng
AW
PE
A
meri
can W
hite P
elic
an/P
élic
an d
'Am
éri
que
F
all
BR
PE
B
row
n P
elic
an/P
élic
an b
run
F
all
BR
AC
B
randt's C
orm
ora
nt/
Corm
ora
n d
e B
randt
Fall
DC
CO
D
ouble
-cre
ste
d C
orm
ora
nt/
Corm
ora
n à
aig
rett
es
Spri
ng
DC
CO
D
ouble
-cre
ste
d C
orm
ora
nt/
Corm
ora
n à
aig
rett
es
Fall
GR
CO
G
reat
Corm
ora
nt/
Gra
nd C
orm
ora
n
Spri
ng
GR
CO
G
reat
Corm
ora
nt/
Gra
nd C
orm
ora
n
Fall
PE
CO
P
ela
gic
Corm
ora
nt/
Corm
ora
n p
éla
giq
ue
F
all
AM
BI
Am
eri
can B
itte
rn/B
uto
r d'A
méri
que
S
pri
ng
AM
BI
Am
eri
can B
itte
rn/B
uto
r d'A
méri
que
F
all
LE
BI
Least
Bitte
rn/P
etit
Blo
ngio
s
Spri
ng
LE
BI
Least
Bitte
rn/P
etit
Blo
ngio
s
Fall
GB
HE
G
reat
Blu
e H
ero
n/G
ran
d H
éro
n
Spri
ng
GB
HE
G
reat
Blu
e H
ero
n/G
ran
d H
éro
n
Fall
GR
EG
G
reat
Egre
t/G
rande A
igre
tte
S
pri
ng
GR
EG
G
reat
Egre
t/G
rande A
igre
tte
F
all
50
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
SN
EG
S
now
y E
gre
t/A
igre
tte n
eig
euse
S
pri
ng
SN
EG
S
now
y E
gre
t/A
igre
tte n
eig
euse
F
all
LB
HE
Little B
lue H
ero
n/A
igre
tte b
leu
e
Spri
ng
LB
HE
Little B
lue H
ero
n/A
igre
tte b
leu
e
Fall
TR
HE
T
ricolo
red H
ero
n/A
igre
tte t
ricolo
re
Spri
ng
CA
EG
C
att
le E
gre
t/H
éro
n g
ard
e-b
oe
ufs
S
pri
ng
CA
EG
C
att
le E
gre
t/H
éro
n g
ard
e-b
oe
ufs
F
all
GR
HE
G
reen H
ero
n/H
éro
n v
ert
S
pri
ng
GR
HE
G
reen H
ero
n/H
éro
n v
ert
F
all
BC
NH
B
lack-c
row
ned N
ight-
Hero
n/B
ihore
au g
ris
Spri
ng
BC
NH
B
lack-c
row
ned N
ight-
Hero
n/B
ihore
au g
ris
Fall
TU
VU
T
urk
ey V
ulture
/Uru
bu à
tête
rou
ge
S
pri
ng
TU
VU
T
urk
ey V
ulture
/Uru
bu à
tête
rou
ge
F
all
OS
PR
O
spre
y/B
alb
uzard
pêch
eur
Spri
ng
OS
PR
O
spre
y/B
alb
uzard
pêch
eur
Fall
BA
EA
B
ald
Ea
gle
/Pyg
arg
ue à
tête
bla
nche
S
pri
ng
BA
EA
B
ald
Ea
gle
/Pyg
arg
ue à
tête
bla
nche
F
all
NO
HA
N
ort
hern
Harr
ier/
Busard
Sain
t-M
art
in
Spri
ng
NO
HA
N
ort
hern
Harr
ier/
Busard
Sain
t-M
art
in
Fall
SS
HA
S
harp
-shin
ne
d H
aw
k/É
perv
ier
bru
n
Spri
ng
SS
HA
S
harp
-shin
ne
d H
aw
k/É
perv
ier
bru
n
Fall
CO
HA
C
oop
er's H
aw
k/É
perv
ier
de C
oo
per
Spri
ng
CO
HA
C
oop
er's H
aw
k/É
perv
ier
de C
oo
per
Fall
NO
GO
N
ort
hern
Goshaw
k/A
uto
ur
des p
alo
mbes
Spri
ng
NO
GO
N
ort
hern
Goshaw
k/A
uto
ur
des p
alo
mbes
Fall
RS
HA
R
ed-s
hould
ere
d H
aw
k/B
use à
épaule
ttes
Spri
ng
RS
HA
R
ed-s
hould
ere
d H
aw
k/B
use à
épaule
ttes
Fall
BW
HA
B
road-w
ing
ed H
aw
k/P
etite
Buse
S
pri
ng
BW
HA
B
road-w
ing
ed H
aw
k/P
etite
Buse
F
all
SW
HA
S
wain
son's
Haw
k/B
use d
e S
wain
son
S
pri
ng
SW
HA
S
wain
son's
Haw
k/B
use d
e S
wain
son
F
all
RT
HA
R
ed-t
aile
d H
aw
k/B
use à
qu
eu
e r
ousse
S
pri
ng
RT
HA
R
ed-t
aile
d H
aw
k/B
use à
qu
eu
e r
ousse
F
all
FE
HA
F
err
ugin
ous H
aw
k/B
use r
ouill
euse
S
pri
ng
FE
HA
F
err
ugin
ous H
aw
k/B
use r
ouill
euse
F
all
51
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
RLH
A
Roug
h-l
egg
ed H
aw
k/B
use p
att
ue
S
pri
ng
RLH
A
Roug
h-l
egg
ed H
aw
k/B
use p
att
ue
F
all
GO
EA
G
old
en E
agle
/Aig
le r
oyal
Spri
ng
GO
EA
G
old
en E
agle
/Aig
le r
oyal
Fall
AM
KE
A
meri
can K
estr
el/C
récere
lle d
'Am
éri
que
S
pri
ng
AM
KE
A
meri
can K
estr
el/C
récere
lle d
'Am
éri
que
F
all
ME
RL
M
erl
in/F
aucon é
meri
llon
S
pri
ng
ME
RL
M
erl
in/F
aucon é
meri
llon
F
all
GY
RF
G
yrf
alc
on/F
aucon g
erf
aut
Spri
ng
GY
RF
G
yrf
alc
on/F
aucon g
erf
aut
Fall
PE
FA
P
ere
gri
ne F
alc
on/F
aucon p
èle
rin
S
pri
ng
PE
FA
P
ere
gri
ne F
alc
on/F
aucon p
èle
rin
F
all
PR
FA
P
rair
ie F
alc
on/F
aucon d
es p
rair
ies
Fall
YE
RA
Y
ello
w R
ail/
Râle
jaun
e
Spri
ng
YE
RA
Y
ello
w R
ail/
Râle
jaun
e
Fall
KIR
A
Kin
g R
ail/
Râle
élé
gant
Spri
ng
KIR
A
Kin
g R
ail/
Râle
élé
gant
Fall
VIR
A
Vir
gin
ia R
ail/
Râle
de V
irgin
ie
Spri
ng
VIR
A
Vir
gin
ia R
ail/
Râle
de V
irgin
ie
Fall
SO
RA
S
ora
/Maro
uett
e d
e C
aro
line
S
pri
ng
SO
RA
S
ora
/Maro
uett
e d
e C
aro
line
F
all
CO
MO
C
om
mon M
oorh
en/G
alli
nule
po
ule
-d'e
au
S
pri
ng
CO
MO
C
om
mon M
oorh
en/G
alli
nule
po
ule
-d'e
au
F
all
AM
CO
A
meri
can C
oot/
Foulq
ue d
'Am
éri
que
S
pri
ng
AM
CO
A
meri
can C
oot/
Foulq
ue d
'Am
éri
que
F
all
SA
CR
S
and
hill
Cra
ne/G
rue d
u C
ana
da
S
pri
ng
SA
CR
S
and
hill
Cra
ne/G
rue d
u C
ana
da
F
all
BB
PL
B
lack-b
elli
ed P
lover/
Plu
vie
r arg
enté
S
pri
ng
BB
PL
B
lack-b
elli
ed P
lover/
Plu
vie
r arg
enté
F
all
LE
GP
Lesser
Gold
en-P
lover/
Plu
vie
r bro
nzé s
p.
Spri
ng
LE
GP
Lesser
Gold
en-P
lover/
Plu
vie
r bro
nzé s
p.
Fall
AM
GP
A
meri
can G
old
en
-Plo
ver/
Plu
vie
r bro
nzé
S
pri
ng
AM
GP
A
meri
can G
old
en
-Plo
ver/
Plu
vie
r bro
nzé
F
all
PA
GP
P
acific
Gold
en
-Plo
ver/
Plu
vie
r fa
uve
F
all
SE
PL
S
em
ipalm
ate
d P
lover/
Plu
vie
r sem
ipalm
é
Spri
ng
52
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
SE
PL
S
em
ipalm
ate
d P
lover/
Plu
vie
r sem
ipalm
é
Fall
PIP
L
Pip
ing P
lover/
Plu
vie
r siffleur
Spri
ng
PIP
L
Pip
ing P
lover/
Plu
vie
r siffleur
Fall
KIL
L
Kill
deer/
Plu
vie
r kild
ir
Spri
ng
KIL
L
Kill
deer/
Plu
vie
r kild
ir
Fall
BLO
Y
Bla
ck O
yste
rcatc
her/
Huît
rier
de B
achm
an
F
all
AM
AV
A
meri
can A
vocet/
Avocett
e d
'Am
éri
que
S
pri
ng
AM
AV
A
meri
can A
vocet/
Avocett
e d
'Am
éri
que
F
all
SP
SA
S
pott
ed S
and
pip
er/
Che
valie
r gri
velé
S
pri
ng
SP
SA
S
pott
ed S
and
pip
er/
Che
valie
r gri
velé
F
all
SO
SA
S
olit
ary
Sand
pip
er/
Che
valie
r solit
air
e
Spri
ng
SO
SA
S
olit
ary
Sand
pip
er/
Che
valie
r solit
air
e
Fall
WIL
L
Will
et/
Chevalie
r sem
ipalm
é
Spri
ng
WIL
L
Will
et/
Chevalie
r sem
ipalm
é
Fall
GR
YE
G
reate
r Y
ello
wle
gs/G
rand C
hevalie
r S
pri
ng
GR
YE
G
reate
r Y
ello
wle
gs/G
rand C
hevalie
r F
all
LE
YE
Lesser
Yello
wle
gs/P
etit
Chevalie
r S
pri
ng
LE
YE
Lesser
Yello
wle
gs/P
etit
Chevalie
r F
all
UP
SA
U
pla
nd S
an
dpip
er/
Maubèch
e d
es c
ham
ps
Spri
ng
UP
SA
U
pla
nd S
an
dpip
er/
Maubèch
e d
es c
ham
ps
Fall
WH
IM
Whim
bre
l/C
ourl
is c
orl
ieu
S
pri
ng
WH
IM
Whim
bre
l/C
ourl
is c
orl
ieu
F
all
LB
CU
Lon
g-b
illed C
url
ew
/Courl
is à
long b
ec
Fall
HU
GO
H
udsonia
n G
odw
it/B
arg
e h
udso
nie
nn
e
Spri
ng
HU
GO
H
udsonia
n G
odw
it/B
arg
e h
udso
nie
nn
e
Fall
MA
GO
M
arb
led G
odw
it/B
arg
e m
arb
rée
S
pri
ng
MA
GO
M
arb
led G
odw
it/B
arg
e m
arb
rée
F
all
RU
TU
R
udd
y T
urn
sto
ne/T
ourn
epie
rre à
colli
er
Spri
ng
RU
TU
R
udd
y T
urn
sto
ne/T
ourn
epie
rre à
colli
er
Fall
BLT
U
Bla
ck T
urn
sto
ne/T
ourn
epie
rre n
oir
F
all
SU
RF
S
urf
bir
d/B
écasseau d
u r
essac
Fall
RE
KN
R
ed K
not/
Bécasseau m
aub
èche
S
pri
ng
RE
KN
R
ed K
not/
Bécasseau m
aub
èche
F
all
SA
ND
S
and
erl
ing/B
écasseau s
and
erl
ing
S
pri
ng
SA
ND
S
and
erl
ing/B
écasseau s
and
erl
ing
F
all
53
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
SE
SA
S
em
ipalm
ate
d S
andpip
er/
Bécasseau s
em
ipalm
é
Spri
ng
SE
SA
S
em
ipalm
ate
d S
andpip
er/
Bécasseau s
em
ipalm
é
Fall
WE
SA
W
este
rn S
andpip
er/
Bécasseau d
'Ala
ska
S
pri
ng
WE
SA
W
este
rn S
andpip
er/
Bé
casseau d
'Ala
ska
F
all
LE
SA
Least
Sand
pip
er/
Bécasseau m
inuscule
S
pri
ng
LE
SA
Least
Sand
pip
er/
Bécasseau m
inuscule
F
all
WR
SA
W
hite-r
um
ped S
andpip
er/
Bécasseau à
cro
upio
n b
lan
S
pri
ng
WR
SA
W
hite-r
um
ped S
andpip
er/
Bécasseau à
cro
upio
n b
lan
F
all
BA
SA
B
air
d's
Sandpip
er/
Bécasseau d
e B
air
d
Spri
ng
BA
SA
B
air
d's
Sandpip
er/
Bécasseau d
e B
air
d
Fall
PE
SA
P
ecto
ral S
andpip
er/
Bécasseau à
poitri
ne c
end
S
pri
ng
PE
SA
P
ecto
ral S
andpip
er/
Bécasseau à
poitri
ne c
end
F
all
PU
SA
P
urp
le S
an
dpip
er/
Bécasseau v
iole
t S
pri
ng
PU
SA
P
urp
le S
an
dpip
er/
Bécasseau v
iole
t F
all
DU
NL
D
unlin
/Bécasseau v
ari
able
S
pri
ng
DU
NL
D
unlin
/Bécasseau v
ari
able
F
all
ST
SA
S
tilt S
andpip
er/
Bécasseau à
échasses
Spri
ng
ST
SA
S
tilt S
andpip
er/
Bécasseau à
échasses
Fall
BB
SA
B
uff
-bre
aste
d S
and
pip
er/
Bécasseau r
oussâtr
e
Fall
SB
DO
S
hort
-bill
ed D
ow
itcher/
Bécassin
rou
x
Spri
ng
SB
DO
S
hort
-bill
ed D
ow
itcher/
Bécassin
rou
x
Fall
LB
DO
Lon
g-b
illed D
ow
itcher/
Bécassin
à long b
ec
Spri
ng
LB
DO
Lon
g-b
illed D
ow
itcher/
Bécassin
à long b
ec
Fall
CO
SN
W
ilson's
Snip
e/B
écassin
e d
e W
ilson
S
pri
ng
CO
SN
W
ilson's
Snip
e/B
écassin
e d
e W
ilson
F
all
AM
WO
A
meri
can W
oodcock/B
écasse d
'Am
éri
que
S
pri
ng
AM
WO
A
meri
can W
oodcock/B
écasse d
'Am
éri
que
F
all
WIP
H
Wils
on's
Phala
rope/P
hala
rop
e d
e W
ilson
S
pri
ng
WIP
H
Wils
on's
Phala
rope/P
hala
rop
e d
e W
ilson
F
all
RN
PH
R
ed-n
ecked P
hala
rop
e/P
hala
rope à
bec é
troit
Spri
ng
RN
PH
R
ed-n
ecked P
hala
rop
e/P
hala
rope à
bec é
troit
Fall
RE
PH
R
ed P
hala
rop
e/P
hala
rope à
bec larg
e
Spri
ng
RE
PH
R
ed P
hala
rop
e/P
hala
rope à
bec larg
e
Fall
LA
GU
Lau
ghin
g G
ull/
Mouett
e a
tric
ille
S
pri
ng
LA
GU
Lau
ghin
g G
ull/
Mouett
e a
tric
ille
F
all
54
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
FR
GU
F
ranklin
's G
ull/
Mouett
e d
e F
ranklin
S
pri
ng
FR
GU
F
ranklin
's G
ull/
Mouett
e d
e F
ranklin
F
all
LIG
U
Little G
ull/
Mouett
e p
ygm
ée
S
pri
ng
LIG
U
Little G
ull/
Mouett
e p
ygm
ée
F
all
BO
GU
B
ona
part
e's
Gull/
Mouett
e d
e B
onap
art
e
Spri
ng
BO
GU
B
ona
part
e's
Gull/
Mouett
e d
e B
onap
art
e
Fall
ME
GU
M
ew
Gull/
Goéla
nd c
endré
S
pri
ng
ME
GU
M
ew
Gull/
Goéla
nd c
endré
F
all
RB
GU
R
ing-b
illed G
ull/
Goéla
nd à
bec c
erc
lé
Spri
ng
RB
GU
R
ing-b
illed G
ull/
Goéla
nd à
bec c
erc
lé
Fall
CA
GU
C
alif
orn
ia G
ull/
Goéla
nd d
e C
alif
orn
ie
Spri
ng
CA
GU
C
alif
orn
ia G
ull/
Goéla
nd d
e C
alif
orn
ie
Fall
HE
RG
H
err
ing G
ull/
Goéla
nd a
rgenté
S
pri
ng
HE
RG
H
err
ing G
ull/
Goéla
nd a
rgenté
F
all
TH
GU
T
hayer's G
ull/
Goéla
nd d
e T
haye
r S
pri
ng
TH
GU
T
hayer's G
ull/
Goéla
nd d
e T
haye
r F
all
ICG
U
Icela
nd G
ull/
Goéla
nd a
rctique
S
pri
ng
ICG
U
Icela
nd G
ull/
Goéla
nd a
rctique
F
all
WE
GU
W
este
rn G
ull/
Goéla
nd d
'Au
dub
on
F
all
GW
GU
G
laucous-w
inged G
ull/
Goéla
nd à
aile
s g
rises
Spri
ng
GW
GU
G
laucous-w
inged G
ull/
Goéla
nd à
aile
s g
rises
Fall
GLG
U
Gla
ucous G
ull/
Goéla
nd b
ourg
mestr
e
Spri
ng
GLG
U
Gla
ucous G
ull/
Goéla
nd b
ourg
mestr
e
Fall
GB
BG
G
reat
Bla
ck-b
acked G
ull/
Goéla
nd m
ari
n
Spri
ng
GB
BG
G
reat
Bla
ck-b
acked G
ull/
Goéla
nd m
ari
n
Fall
SA
GU
S
abin
e's
Gull/
Mouett
e d
e S
abin
e
Fall
BLK
I B
lack-l
egged K
ittiw
ake/M
ouett
e t
ridacty
le
Spri
ng
BLK
I B
lack-l
egged K
ittiw
ake/M
ouett
e t
ridacty
le
Fall
CA
TE
C
aspia
n T
ern
/Ste
rne c
aspie
nne
S
pri
ng
CA
TE
C
aspia
n T
ern
/Ste
rne c
aspie
nne
F
all
BLT
E
Bla
ck T
ern
/Guifett
e n
oir
e
Spri
ng
BLT
E
Bla
ck T
ern
/Guifett
e n
oir
e
Fall
CO
TE
C
om
mon T
ern
/Ste
rne p
ierr
eg
ari
n
Spri
ng
CO
TE
C
om
mon T
ern
/Ste
rne p
ierr
eg
ari
n
Fall
AR
TE
A
rctic T
ern
/Ste
rne a
rctique
S
pri
ng
55
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
AR
TE
A
rctic T
ern
/Ste
rne a
rctique
F
all
FO
TE
F
ors
ter's T
ern
/Ste
rne d
e F
ors
ter
Spri
ng
FO
TE
F
ors
ter's T
ern
/Ste
rne d
e F
ors
ter
Fall
PO
JA
P
om
ari
ne J
aeg
er/
Lab
be p
om
ari
n
Fall
PA
JA
P
ara
sitic
Jaeger/
Labb
e p
ara
site
S
pri
ng
PA
JA
P
ara
sitic
Jaeger/
Labb
e p
ara
site
F
all
LT
JA
Lon
g-t
aile
d J
aeger/
La
bbe à
long
ue q
ueue
F
all
DO
VE
D
ovekie
/Merg
ule
nain
S
pri
ng
DO
VE
D
ovekie
/Merg
ule
nain
F
all
CO
MU
C
om
mon M
urr
e/G
uill
em
ot
marm
ett
e
Spri
ng
CO
MU
C
om
mon M
urr
e/G
uill
em
ot
marm
ett
e
Fall
BLG
U
Bla
ck G
uill
em
ot/
Guill
em
ot
à m
iroir
S
pri
ng
BLG
U
Bla
ck G
uill
em
ot/
Guill
em
ot
à m
iroir
F
all
PIG
U
Pig
eo
n G
uill
em
ot/
Guill
em
ot
colo
mbin
S
pri
ng
PIG
U
Pig
eo
n G
uill
em
ot/
Guill
em
ot
colo
mbin
F
all
MA
MU
M
arb
led M
urr
ele
t/G
uill
em
ot
marb
ré
Fall
AN
MU
A
ncie
nt
Murr
ele
t/G
uill
em
ot
à c
ou b
lanc
Fall
CA
AU
C
assin
's A
ukle
t/S
tarique d
e C
assin
F
all
RH
AU
R
hin
ocero
s A
ukle
t/M
acare
ux r
hin
océro
s
Spri
ng
RH
AU
R
hin
ocero
s A
ukle
t/M
acare
ux r
hin
océro
s
Fall
AT
PU
A
tlantic P
uff
in/M
acare
ux m
oin
e
Spri
ng
AT
PU
A
tlantic P
uff
in/M
acare
ux m
oin
e
Fall
TU
PU
T
uft
ed P
uff
in/M
acare
ux h
up
pé
F
all
RO
DO
R
ock P
igeon/P
ige
on b
iset
S
pri
ng
RO
DO
R
ock P
igeon/P
ige
on b
iset
F
all
BT
PI
Band-t
aile
d P
igeo
n/P
igeo
n à
qu
eue b
arr
ée
F
all
MO
DO
M
ourn
ing D
ove/T
ourt
ere
lle t
riste
S
pri
ng
MO
DO
M
ourn
ing D
ove/T
ourt
ere
lle t
riste
F
all
YB
CU
Y
ello
w-b
illed C
uckoo/C
oulic
ou à
bec jau
ne
S
pri
ng
YB
CU
Y
ello
w-b
illed C
uckoo/C
oulic
ou à
bec jau
ne
F
all
BB
CU
B
lack-b
illed C
uckoo/C
oulic
ou à
bec n
oir
S
pri
ng
BB
CU
B
lack-b
illed C
uckoo/C
oulic
ou à
bec n
oir
F
all
EA
SO
E
aste
rn S
cre
ech
-Ow
l/P
etit-
duc m
aculé
S
pri
ng
EA
SO
E
aste
rn S
cre
ech
-Ow
l/P
etit-
duc m
aculé
F
all
GH
OW
G
reat
Horn
ed O
wl/G
rand
-duc d
'Am
éri
que
S
pri
ng
56
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
GH
OW
G
reat
Horn
ed O
wl/G
rand
-duc d
'Am
éri
que
F
all
SN
OW
S
now
y O
wl/H
arf
ang d
es n
eig
es
Spri
ng
SN
OW
S
now
y O
wl/H
arf
ang d
es n
eig
es
Fall
NH
OW
N
ort
hern
Haw
k O
wl/C
hou
ett
e é
perv
ière
F
all
NO
PO
N
ort
hern
Pygm
y-O
wl/C
hevêchett
e n
ain
e
Fall
BD
OW
B
arr
ed O
wl/C
hou
ett
e r
ayée
S
pri
ng
BD
OW
B
arr
ed O
wl/C
hou
ett
e r
ayée
F
all
GG
OW
G
reat
Gra
y O
wl/C
houett
e lap
on
e
Spri
ng
GG
OW
G
reat
Gra
y O
wl/C
houett
e lap
on
e
Fall
LE
OW
Lon
g-e
are
d O
wl/H
ibo
u m
oyen
-duc
Spri
ng
LE
OW
Lon
g-e
are
d O
wl/H
ibo
u m
oyen
-duc
Fall
SE
OW
S
hort
-eare
d O
wl/H
ibo
u d
es m
ara
is
Spri
ng
SE
OW
S
hort
-eare
d O
wl/H
ibo
u d
es m
ara
is
Fall
BO
OW
B
ore
al O
wl/N
ycta
le d
e T
engm
alm
F
all
NS
WO
N
ort
hern
Saw
-wh
et
Ow
l/P
etite
Nycta
le
Spri
ng
NS
WO
N
ort
hern
Saw
-wh
et
Ow
l/P
etite
Nycta
le
Fall
CO
NI
Com
mon N
ighth
aw
k/E
ngoule
ve
nt
d'A
méri
que
S
pri
ng
CO
NI
Com
mon N
ighth
aw
k/E
ngoule
ve
nt
d'A
méri
que
F
all
CW
WI
Chuck-w
ill's
-wid
ow
/Engo
ule
vent
de C
aro
line
S
pri
ng
WP
WI
Whip
-poor-
will
/Engoule
ve
nt
bois
-pourr
i S
pri
ng
WP
WI
Whip
-poor-
will
/Engoule
ve
nt
bois
-pourr
i F
all
BLS
W
Bla
ck S
wift/
Mart
inet som
bre
F
all
CH
SW
C
him
ne
y S
wift/
Mart
inet
ram
oneur
Spri
ng
CH
SW
C
him
ne
y S
wift/
Mart
inet
ram
oneur
Fall
VA
SW
V
au
x's
Sw
ift/
Mart
inet
de V
au
x
Fall
RT
HU
R
uby-t
hro
ate
d H
um
min
gbir
d/C
olib
ri à
gorg
e r
ubis
S
pri
ng
RT
HU
R
uby-t
hro
ate
d H
um
min
gbir
d/C
olib
ri à
gorg
e r
ubis
F
all
AN
HU
A
nna's
Hum
min
gbir
d/C
olib
ri d
'Anna
F
all
CA
HU
C
alli
ope H
um
min
gbir
d/C
olib
ri c
alli
ope
F
all
RU
HU
R
ufo
us H
um
min
gbir
d/C
olib
ri r
oux
Spri
ng
RU
HU
R
ufo
us H
um
min
gbir
d/C
olib
ri r
oux
Fall
BE
KI
Belted K
ingfisher/
Mart
in-p
êcheu
r d'A
méri
que
S
pri
ng
BE
KI
Belted K
ingfisher/
Mart
in-p
êcheu
r d'A
méri
que
F
all
LE
WO
Lew
is's
Woodpecker/
Pic
de L
ew
is
Fall
RH
WO
R
ed-h
ead
ed W
oodpecker/
Pic
à tête
rouge
S
pri
ng
57
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
RH
WO
R
ed-h
ead
ed W
oodpecker/
Pic
à tête
rouge
F
all
RB
WO
R
ed-b
elli
ed W
oodpecker/
Pic
à v
entr
e r
ou
x
Spri
ng
RB
WO
R
ed-b
elli
ed W
oodpecker/
Pic
à v
entr
e r
ou
x
Fall
YB
SA
Y
ello
w-b
elli
ed S
apsucker/
Pic
maculé
S
pri
ng
YB
SA
Y
ello
w-b
elli
ed S
apsucker/
Pic
maculé
F
all
RN
SA
R
ed-n
ape
d S
apsucker/
Pic
à n
uque r
oug
e
Fall
RB
SA
R
ed-b
reaste
d S
apsucker/
Pic
à p
oitri
ne r
ouge
F
all
DO
WO
D
ow
ny W
oodpecker/
Pic
min
eur
Spri
ng
DO
WO
D
ow
ny W
oodpecker/
Pic
min
eur
Fall
HA
WO
H
air
y W
oodpecker/
Pic
chevelu
S
pri
ng
HA
WO
H
air
y W
oodpecker/
Pic
chevelu
F
all
TT
WO
A
meri
can T
hre
e-t
oed W
oodpeck/P
ic à
dos r
ayé
S
pri
ng
TT
WO
A
meri
can T
hre
e-t
oed W
oodpeck/P
ic à
dos r
ayé
F
all
BB
WO
B
lack-b
acked W
oodpecker/
Pic
à d
os n
oir
S
pri
ng
BB
WO
B
lack-b
acked W
oodpecker/
Pic
à d
os n
oir
F
all
NO
FL
N
ort
hern
Flic
ker/
Pic
fla
mboyant
Spri
ng
NO
FL
N
ort
hern
Flic
ker/
Pic
fla
mboyant
Fall
PIW
O
Pile
ate
d W
oodpecke
r/G
rand P
ic
Spri
ng
PIW
O
Pile
ate
d W
oodpecker/
Gra
nd P
ic
Fall
OS
FL
O
live-s
ided F
lycatc
her/
Mouchero
lle à
côté
s o
live
S
pri
ng
OS
FL
O
live-s
ided F
lycatc
her/
Mouchero
lle à
côté
s o
live
F
all
WE
WP
W
este
rn W
ood-P
ew
ee/P
ioui de l'O
uest
Spri
ng
WE
WP
W
este
rn W
ood-P
ew
ee/P
ioui de l'O
uest
Fall
EA
WP
E
aste
rn W
ood-P
ew
ee/P
ioui de l'E
st
Spri
ng
EA
WP
E
aste
rn W
ood-P
ew
ee/P
ioui de l'E
st
Fall
YB
FL
Y
ello
w-b
elli
ed F
lycatc
her/
Mouch
ero
lle à
ventr
e jau
n
Spri
ng
YB
FL
Y
ello
w-b
elli
ed F
lycatc
her/
Mouch
ero
lle à
ventr
e jau
n
Fall
AC
FL
A
cadia
n F
lycatc
her/
Mouchero
lle v
ert
S
pri
ng
AC
FL
A
cadia
n F
lycatc
her/
Mouchero
lle v
ert
F
all
TR
FL
T
raill
s F
lycatc
her/
Mouchero
lle T
raill
s
Spri
ng
TR
FL
T
raill
s F
lycatc
her/
Mouchero
lle T
raill
s
Fall
LE
FL
Least
Fly
catc
her/
Mouchero
lle t
chéb
ec
Spri
ng
LE
FL
Least
Fly
catc
her/
Mouchero
lle t
chéb
ec
Fall
HA
FL
H
am
mon
d's
Fly
catc
her/
Mouchero
lle d
e H
am
mo
nd
F
all
DU
FL
D
usky F
lycatc
her/
Mouchero
lle s
om
bre
F
all
58
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
WE
FL
Weste
rn F
lycatc
her/
Mouchero
lle d
e l'O
uest
Fall
PS
FL
P
acific
-slo
pe F
lycatc
her/
Mouche
rolle
côtier
Spri
ng
PS
FL
P
acific
-slo
pe F
lycatc
her/
Mouche
rolle
côtier
Fall
EA
PH
E
aste
rn P
hoe
be/M
ouchero
lle p
hébi
Spri
ng
EA
PH
E
aste
rn P
hoe
be/M
ouchero
lle p
hébi
Fall
SA
PH
S
ay's
Phoe
be/M
ouch
ero
lle à
ve
ntr
e r
ou
x
Spri
ng
SA
PH
S
ay's
Phoe
be/M
ouch
ero
lle à
ve
ntr
e r
ou
x
Fall
GC
FL
G
reat
Cre
ste
d F
lycatc
her/
Tyra
n h
up
pé
S
pri
ng
GC
FL
G
reat
Cre
ste
d F
lycatc
her/
Tyra
n h
up
pé
F
all
WE
KI
Weste
rn K
ingbir
d/T
yra
n d
e l'O
uest
Spri
ng
WE
KI
Weste
rn K
ingbir
d/T
yra
n d
e l'O
uest
Fall
EA
KI
Easte
rn K
ingbir
d/T
yra
n t
ritr
i S
pri
ng
EA
KI
Easte
rn K
ingbir
d/T
yra
n t
ritr
i F
all
LO
SH
Log
gerh
ead S
hri
ke/P
ie-g
rièche m
igra
tric
e
Spri
ng
LO
SH
Log
gerh
ead S
hri
ke/P
ie-g
rièche m
igra
tric
e
Fall
NS
HR
N
ort
hern
Shri
ke/P
ie-g
rièche g
rise
S
pri
ng
NS
HR
N
ort
hern
Shri
ke/P
ie-g
rièche g
rise
F
all
WE
VI
White-e
yed V
ireo/V
iréo a
ux y
eu
x b
lancs
Spri
ng
WE
VI
White-e
yed V
ireo/V
iréo a
ux y
eu
x b
lancs
Fall
YT
VI
Yello
w-t
hro
ate
d V
ireo/V
iréo à
go
rge ja
une
S
pri
ng
YT
VI
Yello
w-t
hro
ate
d V
ireo/V
iréo
à g
org
e ja
une
F
all
BH
VI
Solit
ary
Vir
eo/V
iréo à
tête
ble
ue
S
pri
ng
BH
VI
Solit
ary
Vir
eo/V
iréo à
tête
ble
ue
F
all
CA
VI
Cassin
's V
ireo/V
iréo d
e C
assin
F
all
HU
VI
Hutt
on's
Vir
eo/V
iréo d
e H
utt
on
F
all
WA
VI
Warb
ling V
ireo/V
iréo m
élo
die
ux
Spri
ng
WA
VI
Warb
ling V
ireo/V
iréo m
élo
die
ux
Fall
PH
VI
Phila
delp
hia
Vir
eo/V
iréo d
e P
hila
delp
hie
S
pri
ng
PH
VI
Phila
delp
hia
Vir
eo/V
iréo d
e P
hila
delp
hie
F
all
RE
VI
Red-e
yed V
ireo/V
iréo a
ux y
eu
x r
ouges
Spri
ng
RE
VI
Red-e
yed V
ireo/V
iréo a
ux y
eu
x r
ouges
Fall
GR
AJ
Gra
y J
ay/M
ésang
eai du C
ana
da
S
pri
ng
GR
AJ
Gra
y J
ay/M
ésang
eai du C
ana
da
F
all
ST
JA
S
telle
r's J
ay/G
eai de S
telle
r F
all
BLJA
B
lue J
ay/G
eai ble
u
Spri
ng
59
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
BLJA
B
lue J
ay/G
eai ble
u
Fall
CLN
U
Cla
rk's
Nutc
racker/
Cassenoix
d'A
méri
que
F
all
BB
MA
B
lack-b
illed M
agpie
/Pie
d'A
méri
que
S
pri
ng
BB
MA
B
lack-b
illed M
agpie
/Pie
d'A
méri
que
F
all
AM
CR
A
meri
can C
row
/Corn
eill
e d
'Am
éri
que
S
pri
ng
AM
CR
A
meri
can C
row
/Corn
eill
e d
'Am
éri
que
F
all
NO
CR
N
ort
hw
este
rn C
row
/Corn
eill
e d
'Ala
ska
S
pri
ng
NO
CR
N
ort
hw
este
rn C
row
/Corn
eill
e d
'Ala
ska
F
all
CO
RA
C
om
mon R
ave
n/G
rand C
orb
ea
u
Spri
ng
CO
RA
C
om
mon R
ave
n/G
rand C
orb
ea
u
Fall
HO
LA
H
orn
ed L
ark
/Alo
uett
e h
ausse
-col
Spri
ng
HO
LA
H
orn
ed L
ark
/Alo
uett
e h
ausse
-col
Fall
PU
MA
P
urp
le M
art
in/H
irondelle
noir
e
Spri
ng
PU
MA
P
urp
le M
art
in/H
irondelle
noir
e
Fall
TR
ES
T
ree S
wallo
w/H
iron
delle
bic
olo
re
Spri
ng
TR
ES
T
ree S
wallo
w/H
iron
delle
bic
olo
re
Fall
VG
SW
V
iole
t-gre
en S
wallo
w/H
iron
delle
à f
ace b
lanche
S
pri
ng
VG
SW
V
iole
t-gre
en S
wallo
w/H
iron
delle
à f
ace b
lanche
F
all
NR
WS
N
. R
ough-w
inged S
wallo
w/H
iron
delle
à a
iles h
éri
ssé
es
Spri
ng
NR
WS
N
. R
ough-w
inged S
wallo
w/H
iron
delle
à a
iles h
éri
ssé
es
Fall
BA
NS
B
ank S
wallo
w/H
irond
elle
de r
iva
ge
S
pri
ng
BA
NS
B
ank S
wallo
w/H
irond
elle
de r
iva
ge
F
all
CLS
W
Clif
f S
wallo
w/H
irondelle
à f
ront
bla
nc
Spri
ng
CLS
W
Clif
f S
wallo
w/H
irondelle
à f
ront
bla
nc
Fall
BA
RS
B
arn
Sw
allo
w/H
iron
delle
rustique
S
pri
ng
BA
RS
B
arn
Sw
allo
w/H
iron
delle
rustique
F
all
BC
CH
B
lack-c
apped C
hic
kade
e/M
ésan
ge à
tête
noir
e
Spri
ng
BC
CH
B
lack-c
apped C
hic
kade
e/M
ésan
ge à
tête
noir
e
Fall
MO
CH
M
ounta
in C
hic
kadee/M
ésan
ge d
e G
am
bel
Fall
CB
CH
C
hestn
ut-
backed C
hic
kadee/M
ésange à
dos m
arr
on
S
pri
ng
CB
CH
C
hestn
ut-
backed C
hic
kadee/M
ésange à
dos m
arr
on
F
all
BO
CH
B
ore
al C
hic
kadee/M
ésan
ge à
tê
te b
rune
S
pri
ng
BO
CH
B
ore
al C
hic
kadee/M
ésan
ge à
tê
te b
rune
F
all
ET
TI
Tuft
ed T
itm
ouse/M
ésan
ge b
icolo
re
Spri
ng
ET
TI
Tuft
ed T
itm
ouse/M
ésan
ge b
icolo
re
Fall
60
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
CO
BU
C
om
mon B
ushtit/
Mésange b
uis
sonnie
re
Fall
RB
NU
R
ed-b
reaste
d N
uth
atc
h/S
itte
lle à
poitri
ne r
ousse
Spri
ng
RB
NU
R
ed-b
reaste
d N
uth
atc
h/S
itte
lle à
poitri
ne r
ousse
Fall
WB
NU
W
hite-b
reaste
d N
uth
atc
h/S
itte
lle à
poitri
ne b
lanche
S
pri
ng
WB
NU
W
hite-b
reaste
d N
uth
atc
h/S
itte
lle à
poitri
ne b
lanche
F
all
BR
CR
B
row
n C
reep
er/
Gri
mpere
au b
run
S
pri
ng
BR
CR
B
row
n C
reep
er/
Gri
mpere
au b
run
F
all
RO
WR
R
ock W
ren/T
roglo
dyte
des r
ochers
S
pri
ng
CA
RW
C
aro
lina W
ren/T
roglo
dyte
de C
aro
line
S
pri
ng
CA
RW
C
aro
lina W
ren/T
roglo
dyte
de C
aro
line
F
all
BE
WR
B
ew
ick's
Wre
n/T
roglo
dyte
de B
ew
ick
Spri
ng
BE
WR
B
ew
ick's
Wre
n/T
roglo
dyte
de B
ew
ick
Fall
HO
WR
H
ouse W
ren/T
roglo
dyte
fam
ilier
Spri
ng
HO
WR
H
ouse W
ren/T
roglo
dyte
fam
ilier
Fall
WIW
R
Win
ter
Wre
n/T
roglo
dyte
mig
non
S
pri
ng
WIW
R
Win
ter
Wre
n/T
roglo
dyte
mig
non
F
all
SE
WR
S
edg
e W
ren/T
roglo
dyte
à b
ec c
ourt
S
pri
ng
SE
WR
S
edg
e W
ren/T
roglo
dyte
à b
ec c
ourt
F
all
MA
WR
M
ars
h W
ren/T
roglo
dyte
des m
ara
is
Spri
ng
MA
WR
M
ars
h W
ren/T
roglo
dyte
des m
ara
is
Fall
GC
KI
Gold
en-c
row
ne
d K
ingle
t/R
oitele
t à c
ouro
nne d
oré
e
Spri
ng
GC
KI
Gold
en-c
row
ne
d K
ingle
t/R
oitele
t à c
ouro
nne d
oré
e
Fall
RC
KI
Ruby-c
row
ne
d K
ingle
t/R
oitele
t à
couro
nne r
ubis
S
pri
ng
RC
KI
Ruby-c
row
ne
d K
ingle
t/R
oitele
t à
couro
nne r
ubis
F
all
BG
GN
B
lue-g
ray G
natc
atc
her/
Gobem
ouchero
n g
ris-b
leu
Spri
ng
BG
GN
B
lue-g
ray G
natc
atc
her/
Gobem
ouchero
n g
ris-b
leu
Fall
NO
WH
N
ort
hern
Wheate
ar/
Tra
quet
mott
eu
x
Spri
ng
NO
WH
N
ort
hern
Wheate
ar/
Tra
quet
mott
eu
x
Fall
EA
BL
E
aste
rn B
luebir
d/M
erl
eble
u d
e l'E
st
Spri
ng
EA
BL
E
aste
rn B
luebir
d/M
erl
eble
u d
e l'E
st
Fall
MO
BL
M
ounta
in B
lueb
ird/M
erl
eble
u a
zuré
S
pri
ng
MO
BL
M
ounta
in B
luebir
d/M
erl
eble
u a
zuré
F
all
TO
SO
T
ow
nsen
d's
Solit
air
e/S
olit
air
e d
e T
ow
nse
nd
S
pri
ng
TO
SO
T
ow
nsen
d's
Solit
air
e/S
olit
air
e d
e T
ow
nse
nd
F
all
VE
ER
V
eery
/Gri
ve f
au
ve
S
pri
ng
61
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
VE
ER
V
eery
/Gri
ve f
au
ve
F
all
GC
TH
G
ray-c
heeked T
hru
sh/G
rive à
jo
ues g
rises
Spri
ng
GC
TH
G
ray-c
heeked T
hru
sh/G
rive à
jo
ues g
rises
Fall
BIT
H
Bic
knell'
s T
hru
sh/G
rive d
e B
icknell
Fall
SW
TH
S
wain
son's
Thru
sh/G
rive à
dos o
live
S
pri
ng
SW
TH
S
wain
son's
Thru
sh/G
rive à
dos o
live
F
all
HE
TH
H
erm
it T
hru
sh/G
rive s
olit
air
e
Spri
ng
HE
TH
H
erm
it T
hru
sh/G
rive s
olit
air
e
Fall
WO
TH
W
ood T
hru
sh/G
rive d
es b
ois
S
pri
ng
WO
TH
W
ood T
hru
sh/G
rive d
es b
ois
F
all
AM
RO
A
meri
can R
obin
/Merl
e d
'Am
éri
que
S
pri
ng
AM
RO
A
meri
can R
obin
/Merl
e d
'Am
éri
que
F
all
VA
TH
V
ari
ed T
hru
sh/G
rive à
colli
er
Spri
ng
VA
TH
V
ari
ed T
hru
sh/G
rive à
colli
er
Fall
GR
CA
G
ray C
atb
ird/M
oqu
eur
chat
Spri
ng
GR
CA
G
ray C
atb
ird/M
oqu
eur
chat
Fall
NO
MO
N
ort
hern
Mockin
gbir
d/M
oque
ur
poly
glo
tte
S
pri
ng
NO
MO
N
ort
hern
Mockin
gbir
d/M
oque
ur
poly
glo
tte
F
all
BR
TH
B
row
n T
hra
sher/
Moq
ue
ur
rou
x
Spri
ng
BR
TH
B
row
n T
hra
sher/
Moq
ue
ur
rou
x
Fall
EU
ST
E
uro
pe
an S
tarl
ing/É
tourn
ea
u s
ansonnet
Spri
ng
EU
ST
E
uro
pe
an S
tarl
ing/É
tourn
ea
u s
ansonnet
Fall
AM
PI
Am
eri
can P
ipit/P
ipit d
'Am
éri
que
S
pri
ng
AM
PI
Am
eri
can P
ipit/P
ipit d
'Am
éri
que
F
all
SP
PI
Spra
gu
e's
Pip
it/P
ipit d
e S
pra
gu
e
Spri
ng
SP
PI
Spra
gu
e's
Pip
it/P
ipit d
e S
pra
gu
e
Fall
BO
WA
B
ohem
ian W
axw
ing/J
aseur
boré
al
Spri
ng
BO
WA
B
ohem
ian W
axw
ing/J
aseur
boré
al
Fall
CE
DW
C
edar
Waxw
ing/J
aseur
d'A
méri
que
S
pri
ng
CE
DW
C
edar
Waxw
ing/J
aseur
d'A
méri
que
F
all
BW
WA
B
lue-w
inge
d W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
aile
s b
leues
Spri
ng
BW
WA
B
lue-w
inge
d W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
aile
s b
leues
Fall
GW
WA
G
old
en-w
inge
d W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
aile
s d
oré
es
Spri
ng
GW
WA
G
old
en-w
inge
d W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
aile
s d
oré
es
Fall
TE
WA
T
enn
essee W
arb
ler/
Paru
line o
bscure
S
pri
ng
62
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
TE
WA
T
enn
essee W
arb
ler/
Paru
line o
bscure
F
all
OC
WA
O
range-c
row
ne
d W
arb
ler/
Paru
line v
erd
âtr
e
Spri
ng
OC
WA
O
range-c
row
ne
d W
arb
ler/
Paru
line v
erd
âtr
e
Fall
NA
WA
N
ashvill
e W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
jou
es g
rises
Spri
ng
NA
WA
N
ashvill
e W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
jou
es g
rises
Fall
NO
PA
N
ort
hern
Paru
la/P
aru
line à
colli
er
Spri
ng
NO
PA
N
ort
hern
Paru
la/P
aru
line à
colli
er
Fall
YW
AR
Y
ello
w W
arb
ler/
Paru
line jau
ne
S
pri
ng
YW
AR
Y
ello
w W
arb
ler/
Paru
line jau
ne
F
all
CS
WA
C
hestn
ut-
sid
ed W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
fla
ncs m
arr
on
S
pri
ng
CS
WA
C
hestn
ut-
sid
ed W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
fla
ncs m
arr
on
F
all
MA
WA
M
agn
olia
Warb
ler/
Paru
line à
tête
ce
ndré
e
Spri
ng
MA
WA
M
agn
olia
Warb
ler/
Paru
line à
tête
cendré
e
Fall
CM
WA
C
ape M
ay W
arb
ler/
Paru
line t
igré
e
Spri
ng
CM
WA
C
ape M
ay W
arb
ler/
Paru
line t
igré
e
Fall
BT
BW
B
lack-t
hro
ate
d B
lue W
arb
ler/
Paru
line b
leu
e
Spri
ng
BT
BW
B
lack-t
hro
ate
d B
lue W
arb
ler/
Paru
line b
leu
e
Fall
YR
WA
Y
ello
w-r
um
ped W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
cro
upio
n ja
un
e
Spri
ng
YR
WA
Y
ello
w-r
um
ped W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
cro
upio
n ja
un
e
Fall
BT
YW
B
lack-t
hro
ate
d G
ray W
arb
ler/
Paru
line g
rise
F
all
BT
NW
B
lack-t
hro
ate
d G
reen W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
gorg
e n
oir
e
Spri
ng
BT
NW
B
lack-t
hro
ate
d G
reen W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
gorg
e n
oir
e
Fall
TO
WA
T
ow
nsen
d's
Warb
ler/
Paru
line d
e T
ow
nsen
d
Fall
BLB
W
Bla
ckburn
ian W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
gorg
e o
ran
gé
e
Spri
ng
BLB
W
Bla
ckburn
ian W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
gorg
e o
ran
gé
e
Fall
PIW
A
Pin
e W
arb
ler/
Paru
line d
es p
ins
Spri
ng
PIW
A
Pin
e W
arb
ler/
Paru
line d
es p
ins
Fall
PR
AW
P
rair
ie W
arb
ler/
Paru
line d
es p
rés
Spri
ng
PR
AW
P
rair
ie W
arb
ler/
Paru
line d
es p
rés
Fall
PA
WA
P
alm
Warb
ler/
Paru
line à
couro
nne r
ouss
Spri
ng
PA
WA
P
alm
Warb
ler/
Paru
line à
couro
nne r
ouss
Fall
BB
WA
B
ay-b
reaste
d W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
poitri
ne b
aie
S
pri
ng
BB
WA
B
ay-b
reaste
d W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
poitri
ne b
aie
F
all
BLP
W
Bla
ckpoll
Warb
ler/
Paru
line r
ayée
S
pri
ng
BLP
W
Bla
ckpoll
Warb
ler/
Paru
line r
ayée
F
all
63
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
CE
RW
C
eru
lean W
arb
ler/
Paru
line a
zuré
e
Spri
ng
CE
RW
C
eru
lean W
arb
ler/
Paru
line a
zuré
e
Fall
BA
WW
B
lack-a
nd-w
hite W
arb
ler/
Paru
line n
oir
et
bla
nc
Spri
ng
BA
WW
B
lack-a
nd-w
hite W
arb
ler/
Paru
line n
oir
et
bla
nc
Fall
AM
RE
A
meri
can R
edsta
rt/P
aru
line f
lam
boyante
S
pri
ng
AM
RE
A
meri
can R
edsta
rt/P
aru
line f
lam
boyante
F
all
PR
OW
P
roth
on
ota
ry W
arb
ler/
Paru
line o
rangé
e
Spri
ng
PR
OW
P
roth
on
ota
ry W
arb
ler/
Paru
line o
rangé
e
Fall
OV
EN
O
ven
bir
d/P
aru
line c
ouro
nnée
S
pri
ng
OV
EN
O
ven
bir
d/P
aru
line c
ouro
nnée
F
all
NO
WA
N
ort
hern
Wate
rthru
sh/P
aru
line d
es r
uis
seau
x
Spri
ng
NO
WA
N
ort
hern
Wate
rthru
sh/P
aru
line d
es r
uis
seau
x
Fall
LO
WA
Louis
iana W
ate
rthru
sh/P
aru
line h
ocheq
ue
ue
S
pri
ng
LO
WA
Louis
iana W
ate
rthru
sh/P
aru
line h
ocheq
ue
ue
F
all
CO
NW
C
onn
ecticut W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
gorg
e g
rise
S
pri
ng
CO
NW
C
onn
ecticut W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
gorg
e g
rise
F
all
MO
WA
M
ourn
ing W
arb
ler/
Paru
line t
riste
S
pri
ng
MO
WA
M
ourn
ing W
arb
ler/
Paru
line t
riste
F
all
MG
WA
M
acG
illiv
ray's
Warb
ler/
Paru
line d
es b
uis
sons
Spri
ng
MG
WA
M
acG
illiv
ray's
Warb
ler/
Paru
line d
es b
uis
sons
Fall
CO
YE
C
om
mon Y
ello
wth
roat/
Paru
line m
asquée
S
pri
ng
CO
YE
C
om
mon Y
ello
wth
roat/
Paru
line m
asquée
F
all
HO
WA
H
ood
ed W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
capuchon
S
pri
ng
HO
WA
H
ood
ed W
arb
ler/
Paru
line à
capuchon
F
all
WIW
A
Wils
on's
Warb
ler/
Paru
line à
calo
tte n
oir
e
Spri
ng
WIW
A
Wils
on's
Warb
ler/
Paru
line à
calo
tte n
oir
e
Fall
CA
WA
C
ana
da W
arb
ler/
Paru
line d
u C
anad
a
Spri
ng
CA
WA
C
ana
da W
arb
ler/
Paru
line d
u C
anad
a
Fall
YB
CH
Y
ello
w-b
reaste
d C
hat/
Paru
line p
oly
glo
tte
S
pri
ng
YB
CH
Y
ello
w-b
reaste
d C
hat/
Paru
line p
oly
glo
tte
F
all
SC
TA
S
carl
et
Tanager/
Ta
ng
ara
écarl
ate
S
pri
ng
SC
TA
S
carl
et
Tanager/
Ta
ng
ara
écarl
ate
F
all
WE
TA
W
este
rn T
anag
er/
Tang
ara
à t
ête
rouge
S
pri
ng
WE
TA
W
este
rn T
anag
er/
Tang
ara
à t
ête
rouge
F
all
SP
TO
S
pott
ed T
ow
hee/T
ohi ta
cheté
S
pri
ng
64
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
SP
TO
S
pott
ed T
ow
hee/T
ohi ta
cheté
F
all
EA
TO
E
aste
rn T
ow
he
e/T
ohi à f
lancs r
ou
x
Spri
ng
EA
TO
E
aste
rn T
ow
he
e/T
ohi à f
lancs r
ou
x
Fall
AT
SP
A
meri
can T
ree S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
hudsonie
n
Spri
ng
AT
SP
A
meri
can T
ree S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
hudsonie
n
Fall
CH
SP
C
hip
pin
g S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
fam
ilier
Spri
ng
CH
SP
C
hip
pin
g S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
fam
ilier
Fall
CC
SP
C
lay-c
olo
red S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
de
s p
lain
es
Spri
ng
CC
SP
C
lay-c
olo
red S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
de
s p
lain
es
Fall
BR
SP
B
rew
er's S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
de B
rew
er
Spri
ng
BR
SP
B
rew
er's S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
de B
rew
er
Fall
FIS
P
Fie
ld S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
des c
ham
ps
Spri
ng
FIS
P
Fie
ld S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
des c
ham
ps
Fall
VE
SP
V
esper
Sparr
ow
/Bru
ant
vespéra
l S
pri
ng
VE
SP
V
esper
Sparr
ow
/Bru
ant
vespéra
l F
all
LA
SP
Lark
Sparr
ow
/Bru
ant
à joues m
arr
on
S
pri
ng
LA
SP
Lark
Sparr
ow
/Bru
ant
à joues m
arr
on
F
all
LA
RB
Lark
Bunting/B
ruant
noir
et
bla
nc
Spri
ng
LA
RB
Lark
Bunting/B
ruant
noir
et
bla
nc
Fall
SA
VS
S
ava
nn
ah S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
des p
rés
Spri
ng
SA
VS
S
ava
nn
ah S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
des p
rés
Fall
GR
SP
G
rasshopper
Sparr
ow
/Bru
ant
saute
relle
S
pri
ng
GR
SP
G
rasshopper
Sparr
ow
/Bru
ant
saute
relle
F
all
BA
IS
Bair
d's
Sparr
ow
/Bru
ant
de B
air
d
Fall
HE
SP
H
enslo
w's
Sparr
ow
/Bru
ant
de H
enslo
w
Spri
ng
HE
SP
H
enslo
w's
Sparr
ow
/Bru
ant
de H
enslo
w
Fall
LC
SP
Le C
onte
's S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
de L
e C
onte
S
pri
ng
LC
SP
Le C
onte
's S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
de L
e C
onte
F
all
NS
TS
N
els
on's
Sharp
-taile
d S
parr
o/B
ruant
de N
els
on
S
pri
ng
NS
TS
N
els
on's
Sharp
-taile
d S
parr
o/B
ruant
de
Nels
on
F
all
SE
SP
S
easid
e S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
mari
tim
e
Fall
FO
SP
F
ox S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
fau
ve
S
pri
ng
FO
SP
F
ox S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
fau
ve
F
all
SO
SP
S
ong S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
chante
ur
Spri
ng
SO
SP
S
ong S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
chante
ur
Fall
65
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
LIS
P
Lin
coln
's S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
de L
incoln
S
pri
ng
LIS
P
Lin
coln
's S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
de L
incoln
F
all
SW
SP
S
wam
p S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
des m
ara
is
Spri
ng
SW
SP
S
wam
p S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
des m
ara
is
Fall
WT
SP
W
hite-t
hro
ate
d S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
à g
org
e b
lanche
S
pri
ng
WT
SP
W
hite-t
hro
ate
d S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
à g
org
e b
lanche
F
all
HA
SP
H
arr
is's
Sparr
ow
/Bru
ant
à f
ace n
oir
e
Spri
ng
HA
SP
H
arr
is's
Sparr
ow
/Bru
ant
à f
ace n
oir
e
Fall
WC
SP
W
hite-c
row
ned S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
à c
ouro
nne b
lanche
S
pri
ng
WC
SP
W
hite-c
row
ned S
parr
ow
/Bru
ant
à c
ouro
nne b
lanche
F
all
GC
SP
G
old
en-c
row
ne
d S
parr
ow
/Bru
an
t à c
ouro
nne d
oré
e
Fall
DE
JU
D
ark
-eyed J
unco/J
unco a
rdois
é
Spri
ng
DE
JU
D
ark
-eyed J
unco/J
unco a
rdois
é
Fall
LA
LO
Lapla
nd L
ongsp
ur/
Bru
ant
lapo
n
Spri
ng
LA
LO
Lapla
nd L
ongsp
ur/
Bru
ant
lapo
n
Fall
SM
LO
S
mith's
Longspur/
Bru
ant
de S
mith
S
pri
ng
SM
LO
S
mith's
Longspur/
Bru
ant
de S
mith
F
all
SN
BU
S
now
Bunting/B
rua
nt
des n
eig
es
Spri
ng
SN
BU
S
now
Bunting/B
rua
nt
des n
eig
es
Fall
NO
CA
N
ort
hern
Card
inal/C
ard
inal ro
ug
e
Spri
ng
NO
CA
N
ort
hern
Card
inal/C
ard
inal ro
ug
e
Fall
RB
GR
R
ose-b
reaste
d G
rosbeak/C
ard
inal à p
oitri
ne r
ose
S
pri
ng
RB
GR
R
ose-b
reaste
d G
rosbeak/C
ard
inal à p
oitri
ne r
ose
F
all
BH
GR
B
lack-h
eaded G
rosbe
ak/C
ard
inal à t
ête
noir
e
Spri
ng
BH
GR
B
lack-h
eaded G
rosbe
ak/C
ard
inal à t
ête
noir
e
Fall
LA
ZB
Lazuli
Bunting/P
asseri
n a
zuré
S
pri
ng
INB
U
Indig
o B
unting/P
asseri
n indig
o
Spri
ng
INB
U
Indig
o B
unting/P
asseri
n indig
o
Fall
DIC
K
Dic
kcis
sel/D
ickcis
sel d'A
méri
que
S
pri
ng
DIC
K
Dic
kcis
sel/D
ickcis
sel d'A
méri
que
F
all
BO
BO
B
obolin
k/G
oglu
des p
rés
Spri
ng
BO
BO
B
obolin
k/G
oglu
des p
rés
Fall
RW
BL
Red-w
ing
ed B
lackbir
d/C
aro
uge à
épa
ule
ttes
Spri
ng
RW
BL
Red-w
ing
ed B
lackbir
d/C
aro
uge à
épa
ule
ttes
Fall
EA
ME
E
aste
rn M
eado
wla
rk/S
turn
elle
des p
rés
Spri
ng
66
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
EA
ME
E
aste
rn M
eado
wla
rk/S
turn
elle
des p
rés
Fall
WE
ME
W
este
rn M
eadow
lark
/Stu
rnelle
de l'O
uest
Spri
ng
WE
ME
W
este
rn M
eadow
lark
/Stu
rnelle
de l'O
uest
Fall
YH
BL
Y
ello
w-h
ea
de
d B
lackbir
d/C
aro
uge à
tête
jaun
e
Spri
ng
YH
BL
Y
ello
w-h
ea
de
d B
lackbir
d/C
aro
uge à
tête
jaun
e
Fall
RU
BL
R
usty
Bla
ckbir
d/Q
uis
cale
rouill
eu
x
Spri
ng
RU
BL
R
usty
Bla
ckbir
d/Q
uis
cale
rouill
eu
x
Fall
BR
BL
B
rew
er's B
lackbir
d/Q
uis
cale
de B
rew
er
Spri
ng
BR
BL
B
rew
er's B
lackbir
d/Q
uis
cale
de B
rew
er
Fall
CO
GR
C
om
mon G
rackle
/Quis
cale
bro
nzé
S
pri
ng
CO
GR
C
om
mon G
rackle
/Quis
cale
bro
nzé
F
all
BH
CO
B
row
n-h
eade
d C
ow
bir
d/V
acher
à t
ête
bru
ne
S
pri
ng
BH
CO
B
row
n-h
eade
d C
ow
bir
d/V
acher
à t
ête
bru
ne
F
all
OR
OR
O
rchard
Ori
ole
/Ori
ole
des v
erg
ers
S
pri
ng
OR
OR
O
rchard
Ori
ole
/Ori
ole
des v
erg
ers
F
all
BU
OR
B
ullo
ck's
Oriole
/Ori
ole
de B
ullo
ck
Fall
BA
OR
B
altim
ore
Ori
ole
/Ori
ole
de B
altim
ore
S
pri
ng
BA
OR
B
altim
ore
Ori
ole
/Ori
ole
de B
altim
ore
F
all
PIG
R
Pin
e G
rosbeak/D
urb
ec d
es s
apin
s
Spri
ng
PIG
R
Pin
e G
rosbeak/D
urb
ec d
es s
apin
s
Fall
PU
FI
Purp
le F
inch/R
oselin
pourp
ré
Spri
ng
PU
FI
Purp
le F
inch/R
oselin
pourp
ré
Fall
HO
FI
House F
inch/R
oselin
fam
ilier
Spri
ng
HO
FI
House F
inch/R
oselin
fam
ilier
Fall
RE
CR
R
ed C
rossbill
/Bec-c
rois
é d
es s
apin
s
Spri
ng
RE
CR
R
ed C
rossbill
/Bec-c
rois
é d
es s
apin
s
Fall
WW
CR
W
hite-w
inged C
rossbill
/Bec-c
rois
é b
ifascié
S
pri
ng
WW
CR
W
hite-w
inged C
rossbill
/Bec-c
rois
é b
ifascié
F
all
CO
RE
C
om
mon R
edp
oll/
Siz
eri
n f
lam
mé
S
pri
ng
CO
RE
C
om
mon R
edp
oll/
Siz
eri
n f
lam
mé
F
all
HO
RE
H
oary
Re
dpoll/
Siz
eri
n b
lanchâtr
e
Spri
ng
HO
RE
H
oary
Re
dpoll/
Siz
eri
n b
lanchâtr
e
Fall
PIS
I P
ine S
iskin
/Tari
n d
es p
ins
Spri
ng
PIS
I P
ine S
iskin
/Tari
n d
es p
ins
Fall
AM
GO
A
meri
can G
old
finch/C
hard
onnere
t ja
une
S
pri
ng
67
Specie
s
Code
S
pecie
s N
am
e (
Englis
h/F
rench)
Season
RPBO
MNO
LSLBO
IBS
BBO
LMBO
DMBO
TCBO
BPBO
LPBO_OC
LPBO_BW
LPBO_TIP
HBO_RUTH
HBO_ROCK
HBO_SELK
PEPtBO
IPBO
OOT
ABO_SI
ABO_BP
AM
GO
A
meri
can G
old
finch/C
hard
onnere
t ja
une
F
all
EV
GR
E
venin
g G
rosbeak/G
ros-b
ec e
rrant
Spri
ng
EV
GR
E
venin
g G
rosbeak/G
ros-b
ec e
rrant
Fall
HO
SP
H
ouse S
parr
ow
/Moin
ea
u d
om
estique
S
pri
ng
HO
SP
H
ouse S
parr
ow
/Moin
ea
u d
om
estique
F
all
68
