The Cell and Its Organelles

Discovery of Cells

• Robert Hooke: (1665) Publishes book Micrographia, contains drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Labs/Cell_Biology/Cells_Lab/cork_400x_PA021952c.JPG

http://images.protopage.com/view/721472/73k8pu68x2gvk1iajh0at7qgy.jpg

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: (1674) Observes tiny living organisms in pond water.

http://www.clt.astate.edu/mhuss/Leeuwenhoek.jpghttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/paramecium_stained.jpg

Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of __cells___.

2. The cell is the basic unit of ___life .

3. New cells are produced from existing cells

Cell Diversity

• Cells are __unicellular_ (one celled) and _multicellular (many celled) organisms are composed of cells

• Cells come in a variety of shapes, & the shape helps determine the function of the cell

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Unicellular or multi celled

• Lacks nucleus & no membrane-bound organelles

• E.g. Bacteria

Includes both unicellular & multicellular organisms

• Have a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles

• Organelles- structures in cell’s that perform specific functions

• Plant cells, animal cells, algae, fungi, protists

We will compare and discuss organelles within plant and animal

cells which are Eukaryotes

Cell Organelles and Structures

• Cell membrane• Nucleus• Nucleolus• Cytoplasm• Chromosomes and

Chromatin• Mitochondria• Lysosomes• Vacuoles• Rough ER• Cytoskeleton• Microtubules• Golgi apparatus

• Smooth ER• Nuclear pores• Nuclear envelope• Microfilaments• Cell wall• Chloroplasts• Ribosomes

Cell membrane

• Thin barrier surrounding the cell

• Protects the cell & controls what enters and leaves

Nucleus, Cytoplasm

• Nucleus: Brain of the cell. Contains all of the cells genetic material- DNA

• Cytoplasm: material inside of the cell that contains many important cell structures. (Outside of the nucleus)

Other Organelles

• Nucleolus: Assembly and production of ribosomes

• Ribosomes: Where protein is made

• Nuclear envelope: Covering that allows the transport of materials in and out of the nucleus by nuclear pores

Chromatin

• Chromatin: Granular material that is visible within the nucleus (DNA bound to protein)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Components of the cell membrane are assembled and proteins modified.

• Rough ER: Synthesis of proteins. Ribosomes on the surface

• Smooth ER: Collection of enzymes that make lipids (fats) which form part of the cell membrane

Mitochondria

• Powerhouse of the cell!!!!

• Make and releases energy from stored food molecules for cells

• Powers growth, development and movement

Golgi apparatus

• Flat sacs that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins through enzymes

• Enzymes are proteins (catalyst)

• Named after Italian biologist Camillo Golgi who discovered the apparatus

Cytoskeleton-framework of cell

• Protein filaments: Helps cell maintain its shape.

• Aids in cell movement

• Microtubules: move materials within the cell.– Move the cilia and flagella

• Microfilaments: Tough-flexible framework for the cell.

LYSOSOMES

• Only in ANIMAL CELLS!

• Filled with enzymes

• Digests lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins for use by the cell.

• Removes debris and excess clutter in the cell

CELL WALL

• Support and protects the cell

• Made from fibers of carbohydrates and protein.

• Will allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances to pass through them.

• ONLY IN PLANT CELLS!!!!!

Vacuoles

• Large in plants

• Small in animals

• Store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

• May contain poisons to keep animals from eating them

Chloroplasts

• Only found in PLANTS!

• Use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food-PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Location of green pigment CHLOROPHYLL

The cell as an engine

• View the cell as a car engine

• Composed of many different parts responsible to make it work

• If a part of the engine is not working properly then the car is affected

• All parts must work together for optimal success.