The Circulatory

System By Alyssa Lopez and

Citlali Guevara-H.

The Circulatory System: What is it?

Made up of three independent systems that work together:

Cardiovascular System - the heart

Pulmonary System - the lungs

Systemic System - the arteries, veins, coronary, and portal vessels

Cardiovascular System: ●  The Heart:

○  Pumps blood to organs, tissues, and cells in the body

○  Has four chambers

○  Arteries carry blood to the lungs in the pulmonary system.

○  Veins carry blood into the heart.

○  Made of muscle

Pulmonary System: The pulmonary system consists of the lungs

The Lungs: The lungs intake oxygen from the air The blood from the right side of the heart travels through the lungs and

becomes oxygenated The pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated

blood to the alveolus and the pulmonary veins take the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

Alveoli - small air sacs in the lungs

Systemic System: Systemic circulation is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

What does the Circulatory System Do? A vast network of organs and vessels that deliver: ●  oxygen ●  nutrient molecules ●  hormones

It transports:

carbon dioxide ammonia other metabolic waste

Arteries: Blood vessels that takes blood away from the heart Function:

Transport blood away from the heart

transport oxygenated blood only (except in the case of the pulmonary artery) Structure: smooth muscle fibre that contract and relax under the instructions of the sympathetic nervous system.

Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

Function: responsible for returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart after arteries carry blood out

Structure: Made up of three distinct layers

The outer layer: is connective tissue, called tunica adventitia or tunica externa;

A middle layer: smooth muscle called the tunica media

The inner layer: lined with endothelial cells called the tunica intima

Capillaries: very thin blood vessels that bring nutrients and oxygen to tissues and remove waste products; site of gas exchange Function: the site of oxygen and nutrient transfer Structure: the smallest of the blood vessels

walls consist of a single layer of endothelial cells the smallest have a single endothelial cell wrapped around to join with itself

Pathway of Blood: Right Side of the Heart:

Blood enters the heart through the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor

blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart.

blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve.

When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward

into the atria while the ventricle contracts.

As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary

artery and to the lungs where it is oxygenated.

Final Destination: Lungs

Pathway of Blood: Continued Left Side of the Heart:

The pulmonary vein empties oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your left atrium into your left ventricle through the open

mitral valve. When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into

the atrium while the ventricle contracts. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to

the body.

Final Destination: Organs and Tissues

Components of the Heart The Heart contains blood:

Blood is composed of cells, cell fragments and an aqueous solution called plasma. Blood makes up about 8% of the human body weight.It contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets) and plasma.

What’s in Blood? Plasma, in which the blood cells are suspended, includes: Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. White blood cells (leukocytes) - help fight infections and aid in the immune process. Types of white blood cells include: •Lymphocytes. •Monocytes. •Eosinophils. •Basophils.

Components of Blood Continued: Lastly the heart contains platelets

Platelets(thrombocytes): small colorless disk-shaped cell fragments without a nucleus that help in blood clotting.

Blood Clotting: Also called Coagulation, blood clots in order to keep the body from losing too much blood.

Occurs when blood vessels are damaged

Platelets and plasma work together to stop bleeding

Regulated by clotting factors that are only affected by injury

Enzyme cascade (clotting factors) stimulates the platelets to move to the injured area

Platelets pile up to cover the wound and release fibers

Fibers form clots to stop bleeding

Blood Pressure: Blood pressure is the force exerted on the blood vessel walls by the blood flowing through them.

Rises when the heart beats

Falls when the heart relaxes in between beats

High blood pressure can cause the blood vessels to become narrow and thin, even break

Blood pressure affects clotting by making it easier for platelets to get stuck in small blood vessels and clot, blocking blood flow to major parts of the body, such as the brain.

Hormones Involved in the Circulatory System:

Catecholamines - A class of hormones, includes dopamine and epinephrine

They control flight or flight response, promotes increase in blood flow

Cortisol - stress hormone, acts like Catecholamines

Endothelins - constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure

thyroid hormones such as leptin and PTHrP

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Type of clot that forms in a major vein of the leg or, in the arms, pelvis, or other large veins in the body.

Clots can become detached

Travel through the blood and into the heart

This prevents proper blood flow

When this occurs in the lung veins, it is called Pulmonary Embolism and can be very dangerous, even fatal.

Symptoms: Can have no symptoms, but people may experience:

Pain areas: in the calf, foot, or leg

Also common: swelling in extremities, tenderness,

or warm skin

Prevalence and Treatment: It is fairly common, there are more than 200,000 US cases per year because it often goes undiagnosed

Treatments include medications and use of compression stockings.

Medications-

Blood thinners: Help prevent blood clots from forming or helps dissolve existing clots.

Common drugs: Rivaroxaban, Dalteparin, Fondaparinux, Warfarin

Devices-

Compression stockings: Elastic hosiery that squeeze blood up the legs to prevent swelling and blood clots

Structure Of Red Blood Cells and Relation To Function:

The purpose of red cells is to supply and transport oxygen and to also get rid of carbon dioxide.

The shape of a red blood cell is a circular disk with a sunken center on both sides that allow the cell to have a larger surface area to carry oxygen. The structure also enables the cells to be more flexible when it comes to them passing through tight passages like the capillaries.

Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is the protein that allows oxygen to bind to a red blood cell

1. Contains a central Iron ion which can hold up to 4 oxygen atoms

1. These oxygen atoms are then diffused into the tissues once they reach their target.

1. While they are diffusing they are also picking back up CO2 & returning it back to lungs so you can exhale it into the atmosphere.

Open System vs. Closed Closed circulatory systems:

Blood flows through blood vessels

Heart pushes blood around the body

Vertebrates

Open circulatory systems: Blood flows freely through the body cavity The blood carries nutrients to the cells Oxygen is delivered to tissues through tiny tubes that open

directly to the outside Insects and arthropods

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Blackwell, 2007. Print. "Circulatory Systems and the Cardiac Cycle." BBC. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2016 "Circulatory System." - Better Health Channel. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2016. "Circulatory System: Facts, Function & Diseases." LiveScience. Tech Media Network, n.d. Web. 26 May

2016. Robertson, William B., Robert Henry. Anderson, and Anton E. Becker. The Cardiovascular System.

Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1993. Print. Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia B. Silverstein, and Robert A. Silverstein. The Circulatory System. New York:

Twenty-First Century, 1994. Print. Zucker-Franklin, Dorothea. Atlas of Blood Cells: Function and Pathology. Milano: Edi-Ermes, 1988.

Print.