The City in Space and Time - Part I

8/2/2019 The City in Space and Time - Part I

1/100

The City in Space and

Time

The Human Mosaic

Chapter 10


2/100

Introduction

Imagine humankinds sojourn on Earth as a

24-hour day

Settlements of more than a hundred people

are only about a half-hour old Towns and cities emerged only a few minutes

ago

Large-scale urbanization began less than 60

seconds ago


3/100

Introduction

Urbanization in the last 200 years hasstrengthened links between culture, society,and the city

Urban explosion has gone hand in hand withthe industrial revolution

Estimates demonstrate the worlds urban

population more than doubled since 1950

Urban population doubled again by 2000

Over 50 percent of Earths population live in

cities


4/100

Urbanization: Sao Paulo, Brazil


5/100


Sao Paulo epitomizes thedynamics of urbanization,especially capitalism.Starting as a coffeeexporting center, it had less

than 32000 inhabitants by1872. Today metropolitanSao Paulo is a primate cityof more than 20 million.Economic development andflat land engendered

population increase andsprawl, rising land costs inthe center, and a boom inconstruction.


6/100


Economic success isdenoted by the high-riseswhich are a mix of industrial,commercial and professionaloffice blocks, as well asapartment complexes. Cityplanning is only a recentphenomenon. Rural tourban migration is a seriousproblem and the citys rapid

growth has outstripped itsability to provide jobs,housing and adequateservices.


7/100

Culture regions

Urban Culture Region

Origin and Diffusion of the City

Evolution of Urban Landscapes

The Ecology of Urban Location

Cultural Integration in Urban Geography


8/100

Problem of recognizing urban regions

Urbanizedpopulationpercentage of anations population living in towns and cities

Striking urbanization difference between

countries Some close to 90 percent

Others less than 20 percent

Culture regions can be based on varying

rates of urbanization We have a pattern of urban versus rural

countries


9/100


Within each nation, we can delimit formal andfunctional culture regions separating urban and ruraldomains

There is no agreed-upon international definition of

what constitutes a city India defines an urban center as 5,000 inhabitants,

with adult males employed primarily in nonagriculturalwork

The United States Census Bureau defines a city as a

densely populated area of 2,500 people or more South Africa counts as a city any settlement of 500 or

more people


10/100


Some countries revise definitions of urbansettlements to suit specific purposes

China revised its census definitions with

criteria that vary from province to provincecausing their urban population to swell by 13percent in 1983


11/100

Generalizations

Generalizations made about the differencesin the worlds urbanized population

Highly industrialized countries have higher

rates of urbanized population than do less-developed countries

Developing countries are rapidly urbanizing

Caused by massive migration away from the

country People flock to the cities searching for a better

life


12/100


13/100

Generalizations

Developing countries are rapidly urbanizing

City migration is often driven by desperation,as rural supply systems collapse

For newcomers to the cities, unemployment ratesare often over 50 percent

One of the worlds ongoing crises will be this

radical restructuring of population and culture

as people move into the cities


14/100

Generalizations

Urban growth comes from two sources

Migration of people to the cities

Higher natural population growth rates for

recent migrants Because employment is unreliable, large families

construct a more extensive family support system

Increases the chances of someone getting work

Smaller families when a certain dimension of

security is ensured Smaller families often occur when women enter

the work force


15/100

World cities

Cities over 5 million in population

Over half of the worlds 20 largest cities are in

the developing world

Thirty years ago, the list of world cities wasdominated by Western, industrialized cities

Now the list is even more dominated by the

developing world


16/100

World cities

Mexico Citys growth is linked to Mexicos oil

industry

Some countries are trying to regulate urban

growth Problems with transportation, housing, and

employment

Failure or success of these policies willinfluence city size in the next ten to twentyyears

China closely regulates urban growth


17/100

World cities

Accurate population projections are evasive becausethey depend on variables

Primate city asettlement city that dominates theeconomic, political, and cultural life of a country

The target for much urban migration Rapid growth expands its primacy, or dominance

Example of Mexico City far exceeds Guadalajara,the second-largest city in Mexico, in size andimportance

Many developing countries are dominated by a primatecity, which was often a former center of colonial power

Primate cities are also found in developed countries London and Paris


18/100

Culture regions







19/100

The first cities

In seeking explanation for the origin of cities,we find a relationship between:

Areas of early agriculture

Permanent village settlement The development of new social forms

Urban life

Early people were nomadic hunters andgatherers who constantly moved


20/100

The first cities

As they became increasingly efficient in gatheringresources, their campsites became semi-permanent

As quantities of domesticated plants and animalsincreased settlement became more permanent

The first cities appeared in the Middle East

Developed about ten thousand years ago

Farming villages modest in size, rarely with more than200 people

Probably organized on a kinship basis


21/100

The first cities

The first cities appeared in the Middle East

Probably organized on a kinship basis

Jarmo, one of the earliest villages

Located in present-day Iraq

Had 25 permanent dwellings clustered near grainstorage facilities

Lacked plows, but cultivated local grains wheat andbarley

Domestic dogs, goats, and sheep may have beenused for meat

Food supplies augmented by hunting and gathering


22/100

The first cities

In agricultural villages, all inhabitants wereinvolved in some way in food procurement

Cities were more removed, physically and

psychologically, from everyday agriculturalactivities

Food was supplied to the city

Not all city dwellers were involved in actual

farming Another class of city dwellers supplied

services such as technical skills, andreligious interpretation


23/100

The first cities

Two elements were crucial to this social change

Generation of agricultural surplus prerequisite forsupporting nonfarmers

Stratified social system

Meaning the existence of distinct elite and lowerclasses

Facilitates the collection, storage, and distribution ofresources

Well-defined channels of authority that exercisecontrol over goods and people

These two set the stage for urbanization


24/100

Models for the rise of cities

Technical

The hydraulic civilizationmodel, developed byKarl Wittfogel Large-scale irrigation systems as prime mover

behind urbanization

Higher crop yields resulted

Food surplus supported development of a largenonfarming population

Strong, centralized government, backed by anurban-based military

Farmers who resisted new authority were deniedwater


25/100


Technical

The hydraulic civilizationmodel, developed by KarlWittfogel

Power elite needed for organizational coordination to

ensure continued operation of the irrigation system Labor specialization developed

The hydraulic model cannot be applied to all urbanhearths

Urban civilization blossomed without irrigation in partsof Mesoamerica

The question of how or why a culture might firstdevelop irrigation


26/100


Religious Paul Wheatley suggests religion was the motivating

factor behind urbanization Knowledge of meteorological and climatic conditions

was considered to be within the domain of religion Religious leaders decided when and how to plant crops Successful harvests led to more support for this

priestly class Priestly class exercised political and social control that

held the city together

In this scenario, cities are religious spaces functioningas ceremonial centers

First urban clusters and fortification seen as defensesagainst spiritual demons or souls of the dead


27/100


Multiple factors

Distinction between economic, religious, and politicalfunctions were not always clear

A king may have functioned as priest, healer,

astronomer, and scribe In some ways secular and spiritual power was fused

Attempting to isolate one trigger to urbanization isdifficult, if not impossible

It would be wiser to accept the role of multiple factors

behind the changes leading to urban life Technical, religious, and political forces were often

interlinked


28/100

Urban hearth areas

Where the first cities appeared, for example:

Mesopotamia

The Nile Valley

Pakistans Indus River Valley The Yellow River valley (or Huang Ho) in

China

Mesoamerica

Next slide gives general dates of urban lifeemergence for each region


29/100


30/100

Urban hearth areas

Generally agreed first cities arose in Mesopotamia

River valley of the Tigris and Euphrates in what is nowIraq

Cities, small by current standards, covered one-half to

two square miles

Populations rarely exceeded 30,000

Densities could reach 10,000 per square mile comparable to todays cities

Early cities, also called cosmomagicalcities,exhibited three spatial characteristics


31/100


32/100

Urban hearth areas


Great importance accorded the symbolic center of thecity, which was thought to be the center of the known

world Often demarcated by a vertical structure of

monumental scale representing the point on Earthclosest to the heavens

This symbolic center, or axis mundi, took differentforms The ziggurat in Mesopotamia

The palace or temple in China

The pyramid in Egypt and Mesoamerica

The Stupa in the Indus Valley


33/100

Cosmomagical City: Beijing, China


34/100


This is the Hall of SupremeHarmony, the most importantceremonial building inBeijings Forbidden City.The hall is set upon an

auspicious number of threetiers. From the Gate ofSupreme Harmony, theemperor would be carried onhis palanquin above thedragon pavement, carved

with his dragon and otherauspicious symbols such aswaves, mountains andclouds.


35/100


The Forbidden City markedthe inner sanctum of theImperial city, a model ofharmony and moral orderexpressing the Will of

Heaven.

Ritual and cosmiccorrectness was imbued incity form through divinationand orientation; cardinal

axiality and concentricity;and, square configurationdefined by walls and gates.


36/100

Urban hearth areas


In Mesopotamia, this area was known as the

citadel and housed the elite who lived inrelative luxury

Streets were paved, drains and running waterwere provided

Private sleeping quarters, bathtubs, and waterclosets were provided

Privileges did not extend to the city as a whole


37/100


38/100

Urban hearth areas


The city was oriented toward the four cardinaldirections

Geometric form of city would reflect the order of theuniverse

Walls around the city delimited the known and orderedworld from the outside chaos

Attempt to shape the form of the city according to the

form of the universe Thought essential to maintain harmony between

human and spiritual worlds

Example of Ankor Thorn in India


39/100

Urban hearth areas

Life in Mesopotamias early cities from archaeological

evidence

Dense housing, located just outside the citadel, wasone or two stories tall composed of clay brick, and

contained three or four rooms Narrow unsurfaced streets had no drainage, and

served as the community dump

At Ur, excavations show that garbage levels rose so

high, new entrances were cut into second stories of thehouses

Just inside the city wall, huts of mud and reed housedthe lower classes


40/100

Urban hearth areas

Early cities of the Nile were not walled, suggesting aregional power structure kept cities from warring witheach other

In the Indus Valley, Mohenjo-Daro was laid out in agrid that consisted of 16 large blocks

The most important variations in living conditionsoccurred in Mesoamerica Cities were less dense and covered large areas Cities arose without benefit of the wheel, plow,

metallurgy, and draft animals Domestication of maize compensated for technological

shortcomings Maize yields several crops a year without irrigation in

tropical climates


41/100


42/100

The diffusion of the city from hearth

areas

The two hypotheses of how cities spread inprehistoric times

Cities evolved spontaneously as native peoplescreated new technologies and social institutions

Preconditions for urban life are too specific for mostcultures to invent without contact with other urbanareas

People must have learned these traits through contactwith city dwellers

This scenario emphasized the diffusion of ideas andtechniques


43/100


areas

Diffusionists believe ideas and techniques fromMesopotamia were shared with people in the Nileand the Indus River valley

Archaeological evidence documents trade ties between

the three regions Soapstone objects made in Tepe Yahy, 500 miles

east of Mesopotamia, have been found in ruins of bothMesopotamia and Indus Valley cities

Indus Valley writing and seals have been found in

Mesopotamian urban sites An alternate view is that trading took place only after

these cities were well established


44/100


areas

There is evidence of contacts across theoceans between early urban dwellers of theNew World and those of Asia and Africa

Unclear if this means urbanization wasdiffused to Mesoamerica

Maybe some trade routes existed betweenthese peoples


45/100


areas

Little doubt diffusion is responsible for the dispersalof the city in historical times City used as vehicle for imperial expansion Urban life is carried outward in waves of conquest as

empires expand Initially, military controls newly won lands and sets up

collection points for local resources As collection points lose some military atmosphere

they begin to show the social diversity of a city Native people are slowly assimilated into the

settlement as workers and may eventually control thecity The process repeats itself as the empire pushes

outward


46/100


areas

Imposition of a foreign civilization on native peoples was oftenmet with resistance

Examples of imperial city building dot history

Alexander the Great established at least 70 cities

The Roman Empire built literally thousand of cities, changing

the face of Europe, North Africa, and Asia minor The Persians, the Maurya Empire of India, the Han

civilization of China, and the Greeks performed the samecity-spreading task

In more recent times, European empires have used city

resources to expand and consolidate their power in coloniesin the Americas, Africa, and Asia

Expansion diffusion has been critical in dispersing urban lifeover the surface of the Earth


47/100


48/100

Culture regions







49/100

Introduction

Patterns seen in the city today are acomposite of past and present cultures

Two concepts underlie our examination of

urban landscapes Urban morphology physical form of the city,

which consists of street patterns, buildingsizes and shapes, architecture, and density

Functional zonation refers to the pattern ofland uses within a city, or existence of areaswith differing functions


50/100


51/100

The Greek city

Western civilization and Western cities trace theirroots to ancient Greece

By 600 B.C.,over five hundred towns and citiesexisted on the Greek mainland and surrounding

islands

With expansion, cities spread throughout theMediterranean to the north shore of Africa, toSpain, southern France, and Italy

Cities rarely had more than 5,000 inhabitants

Athens may have reached 300,000 in the fifth centuryB.C.,including perhaps 100,000 slaves


52/100

The Greek city

Cities had two distinctive functional zones the acropolisand the agora

The acropolis was similar in many ways to the

citadel of Mesopotamian cities Had the temples of worship, storehouse of

valuables, and seat of power

Served as a place of retreat in time of siege


53/100


54/100

The Greek city

The agora was the province of the citizens

A place for public meetings, education, socialinteraction, and judicial matters

It was the civic center, the hub of democraticlife for Greek men

Later, after the classical period, it became thecitys major marketplace without losing its

atmosphere of a social club


55/100

The Greek city

Physical separation of religious from secularfunctions implies the religious domain was nolonger the only source of authority

Temples were located on sacred sites chosento please the gods

Temples were also sited and designed toplease the human eye and harmonize with the

natural landscape


56/100

The Greek city

Tension created between the religious andsecular created what many consider to beone of the greatest achievements of Westernarchitecture

Earlier Greek cities probably grewspontaneously without formal guidelines

Some think many ceremonial areas weredesigned to be seen according to prescribed

lines of vision The human aesthetic was given a degree of

authority not given in cosmomagical cities


57/100

The Greek city

In later Greek cities a more formalized city designand plan are apparent example of Miletus in Ioma(present-day Turkey)

Laid out in a rigid grid system imposing its geometry on

the physical site conditions Layout indicates an abstracted and highly rational

notion of urban life

Seems to fit well with the functional needs of a colonial

city Grid system shows religious and aesthetic needs had

taken a secondary role to pressing demands ofcontrolling an empire


58/100


59/100

Roman cities

Romans adopted many urban traits from theGreeks and the Etruscans, whom theRomans had conquered and absorbed in

northern Italy As the empire expanded, city life diffused into

areas that had not previously experiencedurbanization

France, Germany, England, interior Spain, theAlpine countries, and parts of eastern Europe


60/100

Roman cities

As the empire expanded, city life diffused into areasthat had not previously experienced urbanization

Most cities were established as military (castra) andtrading outposts

Focal points for collection of local agricultural products Supply centers for the military

Service centers for long-distance trading network

In England, the trail of city building can be found by

looking for the suffixes -casterand -chesterindicatingcities founded as Roman camps


61/100


62/100

Roman cities

Roman city landscapes Gridiron street pattern was used in later Greek

cities example of Pavia, Italy

The forum a zone combining elements ofthe Greek acropolis and agora Placed at the intersection of a citys two major

thoroughfares

Temples of worship, administrative buildings ,

and warehouses Also libraries, schools, and marketplaces serving

the common people


63/100


64/100

Roman cities

Roman city landscapes Clustered around the forum were the palaces of the

power elite Sanitary, well heated in winter, and spacious Not until the twentieth century did such luxury again

exist Roman masses lived in shoddy apartment houses

Often four or five stories high, called insula System of aqueducts and underground sewers did not

extend to the poor

Garbage of perhaps a million Romans was thrown intoopen pits Even in its best days, Romes population was always

at the mercy of plagues


65/100

Roman cities

Romes most important legacy was the Romanmethod for choosing city sites

Remains applicable today

Consistently chose sites with transportation in mind

Empire held together by a complicated system of roadsand highways

In choosing a new site for settlement Romans firstconsidered access while other cultures placed

emphasis on defensive locations Numerous old Roman town sites were refounded

centuries later Paris, London, and Vienna


66/100


67/100

Roman cities

The Roman Empire was in major decline byA.D. 400

Cities and the highway system that linked

them fell into disrepair The administrative structure collapsed

Outposts were either actively destroyed orsimply left to decay

Within 200 years, many of the cities hadwithered away


68/100

Roman cities

Some Roman cities in the Mediterraneanarea managed to survive

Established trade with the Byzantine Empire

After the eighth century, cities in Spain wereinfused with new vigor by the Moorish Empire

Cities in northern regions became smallvillages

Urban decline occurred only in areas that hadbeen under Roman rule


69/100

The medieval city

Medieval period lasted roughly from A.D.1000 to 1500

Time of renewed urban expansion in Europe

Urban life spread north and east in Europe Germanic and Slavic people expanded their

empires

In only four centuries, 2,500 new German

cities were founded

Most cities of present-day Europe werefounded during this period


70/100

The medieval city

Revival of local and long-distance trade resulted froma combination of factors

Population increase

Political stability and unification

Agricultural expansion through new land reclamations

New Agricultural technologies

Trading networks required protected markets andsupply centers, functions that renewed life in cities

Long-distance trading led to the development of anew class of people the merchant class


71/100

Medieval Town:


72/100

Medieval Town:

Hirschhorn am Neckar, Germany

This town reveals threeimportant features ofurban morphology:castle, wall, and

cathedral. Hirschhorncastle caps the summitof a fortified spur in thebend of the NeckarRiver, affording a clearview of the river andforested valley.

Medieval Town:


73/100

Medieval Town:

Hirschhorn am Neckar, Germany

Site factors have alsolimited expansionforcing people to buildonto the walls.

Half-timbering is evidentin a number ofbuildings.


74/100

The medieval city

The major functions of the medieval city aredepicted in five symbols

The fortress

Usually cities were clustered around a fortifiedplace

Reflected in place names German -burg,French -bourg, English

-burghall meaning a fortified castle

The terms burgherand bourgeoisie, originallyreferred to a citizen of the medieval city


75/100


76/100

The medieval city


The fortress

Usually cities were clustered around a fortifiedplace

Reflected in place names German -burg,French -bourg, English

-burghall meaning a fortified castle

The terms burgherand bourgeoisie, originallyreferred to a citizen of the medieval city


77/100

The medieval city


The charter

Governmental decree from a regional power

granting political autonomy to the town Freed the population from feudal restrictions

Made the city responsible for its own defense andgovernment

Allowed cities to coin their own money These freedoms contributed to development of

urban social, economic, and intellectual life


78/100

The medieval city


The wall

Symbol of the sharp distinction between countryand city

Within the wall most inhabitants were free;outside most were serfs

People inside were able to move about with littlerestriction

Goods entering the gates were inspected andtaxed


79/100

The medieval city


The wall

Nonresidents were issued permits for entry, butoften required to leave by sundown when thegates were shut

Suburbs called faubourgssprang up, and in timedemanded to be included into the city

If the suburbs were allowed to be part of the city,

the wall was extended to include them


80/100

The medieval city


The marketplace

Symbolized role of economic activities in the city City depended on the countryside for food and

produce was traded in the market

Center for long-distance trade linking city to city


81/100

The medieval city

The major functions of the medieval city are depictedin five symbols

The marketplace

At one end stood the fairly tall town hail Meeting space for citys political leaders

Market hail for storage and display of finer goods

Brugge, Belgium, had two distinct complexes ofbuildings at it center Town hall and castle formed an enclosed square

Next to this was the wasserho.lle, so named because the

building straddled a canal where goods could be directlybrought directly in from barges

On adjacent edge of marketplace was the great ball thatserved as meeting spot for merchant class


82/100

Th di l i


83/100

The medieval city


The cathedral

Usually the towns crowning glory Symbol of the important role of the church

Often close to the marketplace and town ball,indicating close ties between religion, commerce,and politics

Church was often prevailing political force

Th di l i


84/100

The medieval city

Problems created for contemporary urban lifeby medieval city morphology and landscape

Streets were narrow, wandering lanes, rarelymore than 15 feet wide

Today, in 141 German cities, 77 percent ofstreets are too narrow for two- way traffic


85/100

Th di l i


86/100

The medieval city

Functional zonation of medieval cities differedfrom that of modern cities

Divided into small quarters, or districts, eachcontaining its own cent that served as its focalpoint

Within each district lived people engaged insimilar occupations

Th di l i


87/100

The medieval city

Functional zonation of medieval cities differed from that ofmodern cities

Example of coopers people who made and repairedwooden barrels

Attended the same church, and belonged to the same guild

Church and guildhall were in the small center area of theirdistrict

Surrounding the center were their houses and workshops

Many worked in the first story of their home and lived above theshop

Apprentices lived above the shop owner

More prestigious groups lived in occupational districts nearthe city center

Those involved in noxious activities lived closer to city walls

Th di l it


88/100

The medieval city

Some districts were defined by ethnicity Jews were forced to live in their own district in

most medieval cities

In Frankfurt am Main, they lived on theJudengasse, a street formed from the dried-upmoat that had run along the old wall to the city

This area was enclosed by walls with only one

guarded gate

The area was not allowed to expand, leading by1610 to a population of 3,000 people and one ofthe densest districts in the city

Th R i d b i d


89/100

The Renaissance and baroque periods

Form and function of the city changed significantlyduring the Renaissance (1500 1600) and baroque(1600-1800) periods

Absolute monarchs arose to preside over a unifiednation-state

Rising middle class slowly gave up their freedoms tojoin with the king in pursuit of economic gain

City size grew rapidly because bureaucracies ofregional power structures came to dominate them

Trade patterns expanded with the beginning ofEuropean imperial conquest

City planning and military technology acted to remoldand constrain the physical form of the city

Th R i d b i d


90/100


A national capital city rose to prominence inmost countries

Provincial cities were subjected to its tastes

Power was centralized in its precincts First office buildings were built to house a

growing bureaucracy

Most important, it was restructured to reflect

the power of the central government andinsure control over urban masses

Capitalism in the Renaissance City:


91/100

p y

Amsterdam, Netherlands



92/100

p y


Amsterdam has always beena commercial city. Situatedwhere dike crossed theAmstel, its harbor was easilyaccessed from the sea.

Essentially at sea level, itsquays and streets wereflanked by canals.

It flourished as a tradingcenter and by the 17th

century, had an extensivecollection of warehouses andthe largest public bank innorthern Europe.



93/100

p y


As the city prospered, thewalls were expanded andnew canals dug to lineresidential streetsdesignated for a prestigious,residential neighborhood

with 30 foot (9.1 meter) lots. These 17th century merchant

homes are only 20 feet (6.1meters) wide becausespeculators purchased two30 foot lots and sold them asthree 20 foot lots. The upperstory was used for storage ofgoods.

Th R i d b i d


94/100


Height of baroque planning between 1600and 1800

During the 1800s, Napoleon III carried out a

building plan in Paris Cobblestone streets carefully paved to prevent

loose ammunition for rioting Parisians

Streets were straightened and widened, and

cul-de-sacs broken down to give army spaceto maneuver

Baroq e Planning: Paris France


95/100

Baroque Planning: Paris, France

Parisians were alwaysconscious of the beauty ofthe Seine and exploited it inthe 16h and 17th centurieswith bridges and

promenades along its banks.These highlights aside, in1840 the city remained awarren of narrow, filthy andcrowded streets.

But under the direction ofNapoleon III and BaronHaussman, much of the citywas transformed.

Baroque Planning: Paris France


96/100


Masses of people weredisplaced as boulevards andavenues, squares and parks,bazaars and arcades, andluxurious housing blocks wereinstalled.

The 19th century was also an

era of exhibitions where nationsshowed off their art andtechnology to the world.

In 1889, Paris displayedGustave Eiffels tower, theworlds highest structure,testament to the age of iron and

steel. The photo is taken from Ile de la

Cite, Parish original island sitein the Seine River.

Baroque Planning: Paris France


97/100



98/100



99/100


Thousands were displaced as apartment buildingswere demolished

Many ended up in congested working-class sections of

east and north Paris The east and north sections are still crowded today

In these developments, we see the coming moderncity

Washington, D.C., originally designed by a Frenchplanner


100/100

Date post:	05-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	harcharan-reddy
View:	215 times
Download:	0 times

The City in Space and Time - Part I

Documents