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Ch. 30 All
The Cold War1945- 1991
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Section 1
The Cold War Unfolds
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United States vs Soviet Union post WWIIOnly two superpowers that remained
US led NATO/ SU led Warsaw Pact
“Iron Curtain” divided democratic West from communist East
Soviet Union builds the Berlin Wall
The Two Sides
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Democratic West and communist east
Low paid East Germans, unhappy with communism, fled to West Berlin
Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall to prevent people moving west
Built in 1961: showed workers that already didn’t like communism, now they were forcibly kept from fleeing
The Wall that divides Berlin
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East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia revolted against Soviet domination
Hungary even tried to pull of out Warsaw pact
Each region attempted to overthrow Soviets in their area, but were unsuccessful
Eastern Europe Resists
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One of the most terrifying aspects of the Cold War was the arms race post WWII
US was the only nuclear power at first
By 1949 Soviet Union had also developed nuclear weapons
Both sides began to race to match the other’s new weapons
Result: “balance of terror”- discouraged nuclear war
Nuclear Weapons Threaten the World
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To reduce the threat both sides met at disarmament talks
Mutual distrust but did reach an agreement1969: SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation
TalksLimited number of arms on each sideLimited ABMs anti-ballistic missiles
The agreements led to a time of détente during the 1970sEnded in 1979 when SU invaded
Afghanistan1960s: Brit, FR, & China developed nuclear
weapons1968: These nations signed Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Limiting Nuclear Weapons
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Began in Central Europe- spread worldwide
US sees relationship of Soviet supported China and Korea
Developed policies to respond to challenges anywhere in the world
NATO was only one of many of several regional alliances
Cold War goes Global
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South-East Treaty OrganizationSEATO: US, Brit, FR, Australia,
Pakistan, Thailand, New Zealand, and Philippines
Central Treaty OrganizationCENTO: Brit, Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan
Also formed individual alliances with such as Japan and South Korea
Established army, navy, and air force bases around the world
Soviets made alliances with governments in Africa, Asia and China- Soviet Bloc
Treaties
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Local conflicts around the world played into cold war
US and Allies support one side/ Soviet bloc supported the other
Political shifts added to Cold War tensionsKorea and Vietnam were torn by
conflictMore commonly, superpowers
provided weapons, training, or other aid
Cold War gets Hot
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1950s: Fidel Castro organized an armed rebellion against the dictator of CubaBy 1959: Castro controlled Cuba and wanted to
transform the country (Cuban Revolution)Castro sought support from Soviet Union
US attempted to bring down the regime1961: John F. Kennedy supported Bay of Pigs
invasionUS then imposed a trade embargo on Cuba (still
today)1962: Soviet Union sent missiles to Cuba
Kennedy imposed Naval Blockade and demanded missiles be removed
Premier Nikita Khrsuschev agreed to remove the missiles
Cuba Goes Communist
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Victory in WWII did not bring many rewards for Soviet peopleCommand EconomyStalin continued plans for more purges before
his death in 1953Nikita Khruschev became new Soviet leader
Denounced Stalin’s abuse of power- closed prison camps and eased censorship
Called for a “peaceful coexistence” with the West
Some citizens were still punished for speaking out against the government
Soviet Union in the Cold War
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Joseph Stalin (1941-1953)
Nikita Khrushchev (1953-1964)
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Gave citizens freedom to make economic and political choices.Valued freedom and prosperityMarket Economy
Prices are based on supply and demand Policy towards communism: Containment
including any government facing invasion or internal rebellion by communists
Nuclear threat caused people to build fallout sheltersReached its peak in 1962 with Cuban Missile
Crisis1950-1970s schools practiced air-raid drills
United States in the Cold War
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Cold war fears leads to a “red scare” in the US
Americans feared communist inside the US might undermine the US government
1950 Senator Joseph McCarthy led a hunt fro suspected American CommunistBecame known for unproven charges, accusing
innocent people and that fear created McCathyism
Even accused US ArmyHUAC House Un-American Activist
Committee sought to expose communist sympathizers, even in Hollywood’s movie industry
Red Scare in the US
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Communism Spreads in East AsiaSection 3
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By end of WWII, Chinese Communist had gained much of northern ChinaAfter Japan’s defeat, Communists led by Mao
Zedong fought a civil war against Nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi
With Mao’s victory he set up People’s Republic of ChinaDefeated nationalists fled to Taiwan
China was finally under Communist control
China’s Communist Revolution
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Reasons Mao’s Communists triumphedMao won support of China’s huge peasant
populationCommunists redistributed land to poor
peasants and ended oppression by landlordsMany Chinese resented Jiang’s government
and its reliance on Western “imperialist” powers
Support of the Communist helped Nationalists capture rail lines and Nationalist-held cities
After Communists won China over Nationalists, they conquered Tibet (1950)1959: Dalai Lama was forced to flee the
country
How the Communists Won
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Mao built a Communist one-party totalitarian state Became People’s Republic of China (PRC)Communist ideology guided the government’s
efforts to reshape the economy and societyDiscouraged practice of Buddhism,
Confucianism, and other traditional beliefsGovernment seized property of landlords &
urban business ownersOpponents of Communism became
“counterrevolutionaries” – then beaten, sent to labor camps, or killed
Changing Chinese Society
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Chinese built dams and factories with Soviet helpFirst Mao distributed land, then called for
collectivization in an attempt to increase productivityCreated communes- agricultural and industrial
Proved to be a dismal failureTurned out low-quality, useless goodsCut out food output by removing incentives for
individual farmers and families Bad weather led to a famine (1959-1961)
55 million Chinese are predicted to have starved to death
Great Leap Forward 1958-1960
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Slowly recovered from Great Leap Forward- reduced size of communes & a more practical approach to the economy
1966: Mao launched Great Proletarian Cultural RevolutionGoal: Purge China of “bourgeois” tendenciesUrged young Chinese to experience revolution
first generationTeens formed Red Guards- attacked those
considered bourgeois Mao had the Army restore order
Cultural Revolution Disrupts Life
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Communist victory: more for Soviets and less for USNumber of people under Communism tripled
PRC and SU were uneasy allies in 1950sDistrust led to tensions
By 1960: border clashes and ideology disputes led Soviets to withdraw all aid and advisors from China
China- Cold War’s “Wild Card”
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US supported Jiang Jieshi and Nationalists as rightful representative China
Washington refused diplomatic recognition of People’s Republic of China
As Cold War dragged on, US took a second look at PRCStrategic advantages befriending Communist ChinaAn attempt to isolate SU between NATO in West and
hostile China in East1971: PRC replaced Taiwan in UN1979: US set up formal diplomatic relations with
China
Washington Plays the China Card
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Japan conquered the independent Korea in early 20th century After Japan’s defeat in WWII- SU and US
decided to divide Korea temporarily along 38th parallel
North Korea ruler Kim Il Sung became Communist ally
US supported dictator but non-communist Syngman Rhee in South Korea
June 1950: Kim Il Sung attacked the south as part of his “heroic struggle” to reunite KoreaUS organized a UN force to help South Korea
War comes to Korea
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Northern forces were not stopped until Pusan Perimeter
Arrival of UN troops in Sept. 1950- US led troops captured Korea’s north/south rail lines and cut off north’s troops from supplies/ammunition
By November UN forces had advanced north to Yalu river- alarmed Chinese
Late Nov. Mao sent hundreds of thousands of troops to help the north- forced UN back south of 38th
Turned into a stalemate (Demilitarized Zone) – 1953: signed an armistice
War in Korea con’t
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North and South developed separately after armisticeNorth: Communist command economy (SU
supported)Command economy increased output for a timeLate 1960s that growth slowedKim’s self-reliance kept North isolated and poor
South: Capitalist market economy (US supported)Slowly rebuilt its economy after the warDespite dictatorial rule the prosperous middle class led
to fierce student protests- pushed gov. to hold elections (1987)
Many North and South Koreans wanted to be reunited
Two Koreas
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Kim Il SungCommunist North
Korea
Syngman RheeNon-Communist
South Korea
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War in Southeast AsiaSection 4
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Liberation struggle tore apart region known as French Indochina
1946-1954: war against the French1955-1975 Cold War conflict, involved USFrench conquered Indochina during 1800s-
then overran by Japanese during WWII, but faced resistanceEspecially in Vietnam by guerrillas- determined
to be free of all foreign ruleInfluenced strongly by communist opposition to
Euro powers
Indochina After WWII
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After Japanese were defeated, French tried to re-establish their authority in Indochina (1946)
Ho Chi Minh led guerrilla forcesNationalists and Communist who had
fought JapaneseThen fought French in 1st Indochina War
1954: Dienbienphu- unexpected Vietnamese victory convinced French to leave Vietnam
Cambodia & Laos gained their independence about the same time
Ho Chi Minh Fights the French
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1954: Struggle for Vietnam became part of Cold War
At international conference Western and Communists agreed to temporarily divide VietnamNorth: Controlled by Communist Ho Chi Minh,
supported by Soviet UnionSouth: Led by Ngo Dinh Diem supported by
United StatesThe agreement called for elections to reunite
the two VietnamsOut of fear of communist victory elections were
never held
Vietnam is Divided
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Ho Chi MinhCommunist
North Vietnam leader
Ngo Dinh DiemUS Supported S Vietnam leader
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Some south Vietnamese wanted Ho Chi Minh (national hero) over US backed (foreign power)Minh’s communist rule in North
forced many Catholic and pro-French Vietnamese to the south
1960s Diem faced northern supported guerrillas who opposed foreign dominationMany were southern Vietnamese
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US foreign policy planners saw the situation in Vietnam as part of the global Cold WarDeveloped the Domino TheoryUS leaders wanted to prevent the spread of
CommunismHo Chi Minh remained determined to unite
Vietnam under communist ruleHe continued to aid the National Liberation
Front or Viet CongInitially US only sent supplies and advisors to
SouthLater sent thousands of troops
America Enters Vietnam War
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Aug. 1, 1964: South Vietnamese conducted raids on North Vietnamese islands in Gulf of Tonkin
Aug. 2: North attacked a nearby US Navy destroyer MaddoxPresident Johnson reported to Congress the
attacks without mentioning the South attacked first
Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Aug. 7, 1964
Allowed President to take all necessary measures to prevent further aggression in SE Asia
US began bombing targets in North Vietnam
Vietnam War
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While US sent troops to aid South, SU and China sent aid to NorthMany young men felt it their patriotic
duty to fightOthers sought refuge in other countries
Americans were at a disadvantage fighting local guerrillas in a foreign land
Guerrillas received aid from the North through trails in neighboring Cambodia and LaosUS crossed borders to stop the trade
network, bringing them into the war
Vietnam War Con’t
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By 1968 guerrilla forces came out of the jungles and attacked South Vietnamese forces in cities all around the southAssault was unexpected- during Tet (Vietnamese New Year)
Communists lost many of their best troops and failed to hold any cities against US counterattacksTurning point in US public opinion of the war
Tet Offensive
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Many Americans opposed the Vietnam War because of the number of POWs and MIAs US became bitterly divided over the struggle “I want to get out, but I don’t want to give up”
American leaders decided they had to pull out of Vietnam
Lyndon Johnson decided not to run for a second term
President Nixon was under pressure to terminate American involvement
Paris Peace Accord 1973 US would leave if North did not attack again, left South
to determine its future and hope of reunification
Vietnam War Ends
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Two years after American removal North Vietnam conquered South VietnamSouth Vietnamese capital, Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City (1976) in honor of late leader
North Vietnamese capital, Hanoi, became the capital of the reunited nation
North Vietnam Wins the War
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After American withdrawal a few dominoes did fall Cambodia and Laos ended up with governments
dominated by Communist VietnamDominoes were stopped at previous territory of French
IndochinaFighting during Vietnam War overflowed into
Cambodia- US bombed North Vietnamese supply routes, the briefly invaded the countryKhmer Rouge (communist guerillas) gained the
ground and in 1975 overthrew Cambodian governmentUnder Pol Pot, reign of terror to destroy Western
influence
Southeast Asia After the War
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In newly reunited Vietnam, communist imposed harsh ruleHundreds of thousands of
Vietnamese fled- most in small boats (boat people)
Some settled in the USCountry had to rebuild land destroyed
by warRecovery slow due to lack of
resources & US led embargoFor years country remained in
poverty
Vietnam Under the Communist
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Section 5
End of the Cold War
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Early signs of the weakness of Soviet Union, despite superpower status post WWIIA Hollow victory- still a harsh rule and rewards
for the peopleReforms give way to repression- Khrushchev
shifted from economy but remained a command economy
Command economy stagnates- collective agriculture remained unproductive- could not match quality of Western goods
Cracking under the burden of Military Commitments- Arms race against US put a strain on command economy
Soviet Union on the Decline
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Had a “Vietnam” in Afghanistan- Soviets got involved in a long war in Afghanistan: years of casualties, high costs, few successes caused division at home
Gorbachev tries Reforms- (1985) his attempted changes spiraled out of control: signed arms control treaties with US pulled troops out of Afghanistan called for glasnosturged perestroikaallowed goods to be sold on a free
market
Further examples of decline
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Gorbachev’s reforms brought economic turmoilFactories were forced to close without
government aidPoland to Bulgaria broke out of Soviet
orbit 1989Baltic States regained full independence
in 1991Extremists tried to overthrow
Gorbachev to restore old orderGorbachev resigned, at end of 1991
Soviet republics separated to form 12 independent nations
After 69 years of power, Soviet Union ceased to exist
An Empire Crumbles
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With glasnost and perestroika in Soviet Union, East Europeans sought greater freedoms and demanded end to Soviet dominationHungary quietly reforms: through years of
progressively moving away from communism1988-1989: communist government allowed
greater freedoms, new political parties allowed to form
Poland embraces Solidarity: 1980 ignited strikes that helped to shatter Soviet satellite empires- organized Solidarity and demanded changePoland had to outlaw the union and arrest its
leaders, but unrest continued Pope John Paul II’s visit denounced
communist policies
Changes Transform Eastern Europe
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East Germans Demand Change: resisted Gorbachev’s calls for change, banned Soviet publications, & blocked moves towards a market economyMany fled to West Germany by going through Hungary or
Austria, other held major demonstrationsBy 1989 a democracy movement swept across
Eastern Europe – communist governments began to fall one by oneCzechoslovakia: Vaclav Havel elected PresidentGermany: Berlin Wall gates were opened and
movement towards unification Romania’s dictator overthrown and executedWarsaw Pact dissolved 1991
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During WWII Nazi Germans divided Czechoslovakia
Was reunified under communist rule after the war
1989 when communist lost power some Slovaks began to call for independence
1992 Slovaks and Czechs peacefully agreed to divide Czechoslovakia into Slovakia and Czech Republic
Split of Czechoslovakia
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China builds on Deng’s Reforms: People’s Republic of China accelerated compromises with capitalism introduced by Deng XiaopingEconomic boom China remained Communist and worked to
preserve one-party rule and their own powerVietnam and North Korea differ:
1990s: Communist Vietnam opened up to the worldEstablished diplomatic relations with US
North Korea refused to reform its economy or political systemHundreds of thousands of N. Koreans died of
starvation or malnutrition during 1990s
Communism Declines Around the World
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Now, only US could project its power around the worldSeemed unsure of their proper role
in the world“world’s policeman”- some for it,
others opposed the ideaMany people around the world
were not as pleased to see how powerful the US had become
Produced mixed reactions with in the US as well as around the World
The US as Sole Superpower