The Cold WarThe Cold Warand Foreign Policyand Foreign Policy

(1945-1989)(1945-1989)

Unit VIIAUnit VIIA

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Fundamental QuestionsFundamental Questions

Discuss the United States as a global Discuss the United States as a global superpower from 1945-1989.superpower from 1945-1989.

Analyze the government response to Analyze the government response to American foreign developments.American foreign developments.

Analyze how the American public responded Analyze how the American public responded to foreign developments.to foreign developments.

Understanding the Cold WarUnderstanding the Cold War

After WWII, the traditional powers of the world After WWII, the traditional powers of the world regressed and the United States and the Soviet Union regressed and the United States and the Soviet Union arose as the dominant superpowers.arose as the dominant superpowers.

Both nations were polar opposites in ideologies.Both nations were polar opposites in ideologies. Soviet Union = communism, police stateSoviet Union = communism, police state United States = capitalism, democracyUnited States = capitalism, democracy

The relationship began under mistrust and tensions The relationship began under mistrust and tensions increased as time moved on.increased as time moved on.

Cold War meant a “war of words” rather than outright Cold War meant a “war of words” rather than outright conflictconflict However, the Cold War includes episodes of “hot” conflicts in However, the Cold War includes episodes of “hot” conflicts in

various regions around the world.various regions around the world.

United NationsUnited Nations

General AssemblyGeneral Assembly Member nations convened to develop a postwar world Member nations convened to develop a postwar world

to combat global issues while respecting sovereignty to combat global issues while respecting sovereignty and peace.and peace.

Security CouncilSecurity Council 15-member body to authorize peacekeeping and 15-member body to authorize peacekeeping and

promote international securitypromote international security Permanent MembersPermanent Members

United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, ChinaUnited States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, China Resolutions must be unanimousResolutions must be unanimous

United NationsUnited Nations

UN Headquarters in New York

Iron CurtainIron Curtain German Occupation ZonesGerman Occupation Zones

Allies agreed to occupy Germany between U.S., Great Allies agreed to occupy Germany between U.S., Great Britain, France, and Soviet UnionBritain, France, and Soviet Union

Soviet Union transformed its German Zone into Soviet Union transformed its German Zone into Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany) as Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany) as communist statecommunist state

West German occupation zones became Federal West German occupation zones became Federal Republic of Germany as pro-capitalist stateRepublic of Germany as pro-capitalist state

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Soviet Union did not withdraw its troops from occupied Soviet Union did not withdraw its troops from occupied

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Virtually forced communist regimes on Eastern Virtually forced communist regimes on Eastern

European nationsEuropean nations Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” dividing Europe Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” dividing Europe

between capitalist democracies and communist satellites between capitalist democracies and communist satellites of Soviet Unionof Soviet Union

German Occupation Zones Europe’s Iron CurtainBLUE = democratic/capitalistRED = communist regimes

ContainmentContainment Secretary of State George Marshall developed a policy of containing Secretary of State George Marshall developed a policy of containing

communist aggressioncommunist aggression Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

Economic and military aid for nations threatened by communist Economic and military aid for nations threatened by communist aggressionaggression

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan European Recovery ProgramEuropean Recovery Program $17 billion to develop, re-develop, and sustain war-ravaged $17 billion to develop, re-develop, and sustain war-ravaged

European nations and prevent communist uprisingsEuropean nations and prevent communist uprisings Berlin Airlift (1948-1949)Berlin Airlift (1948-1949)

U.S. planes dropped humanitarian aid to West Berlin after Soviets U.S. planes dropped humanitarian aid to West Berlin after Soviets closes off access to the citycloses off access to the city

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Permanent military alliance of U.S., Western Europe to defend each Permanent military alliance of U.S., Western Europe to defend each

otherother Warsaw Pact - Soviet Union version of NATOWarsaw Pact - Soviet Union version of NATO

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

NATO vs. Warsaw PactNATO vs. Warsaw Pact

Arms Race BeginsArms Race Begins

National Security Act (1947)National Security Act (1947) Expanded and centralized Department of DefenseExpanded and centralized Department of Defense National Security CouncilNational Security Council Central Intelligence AgencyCentral Intelligence Agency

Nuclear weapon developmentNuclear weapon development U.S. continued to develop its nuclear arsenalU.S. continued to develop its nuclear arsenal In 1949, Russians possess nuclear weapon capabilitiesIn 1949, Russians possess nuclear weapon capabilities NSC-68NSC-68

Significantly increase DOD spendingSignificantly increase DOD spending Form more permanent alliancesForm more permanent alliances Convince the American public to support the policiesConvince the American public to support the policies

Arms RaceArms Race

Korean Conflict (1950-1953)Korean Conflict (1950-1953) Korean peninsula divided between communist Korean peninsula divided between communist

North and democratic SouthNorth and democratic South North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950 United Nations and Truman sent peacekeeping United Nations and Truman sent peacekeeping

troops to police the situationtroops to police the situation General Douglas MacArthur launched successful General Douglas MacArthur launched successful

counterattack but repulsed to 38th parallel by counterattack but repulsed to 38th parallel by Chinese support troopsChinese support troops

Armistice (1953)Armistice (1953) 38th parallel: Communist North and Democratic South38th parallel: Communist North and Democratic South Truman win/loseTruman win/lose

Containment workedContainment worked ““soft on Communism”soft on Communism”

Korean ConflictKorean Conflict

Cold War in AmericaCold War in AmericaSecond Red ScareSecond Red Scare

Loyalty Review BoardLoyalty Review Board Investigate federal employees as spiesInvestigate federal employees as spies

Dennis et al v. United StatesDennis et al v. United States Upheld prohibition advocating violent overthrow of governmentUpheld prohibition advocating violent overthrow of government

McCarren Internal Security Act (1950)McCarren Internal Security Act (1950) Prohibited support for totalitarianism, restrictions for pro-Prohibited support for totalitarianism, restrictions for pro-

Communists groups, detention camps for subversivesCommunists groups, detention camps for subversives House Un-American Activities CommitteeHouse Un-American Activities Committee

Investigate Americans for pro-communist beliefs and blacklistingInvestigate Americans for pro-communist beliefs and blacklisting Alger HissAlger Hiss

Suspected spy in the Dept. of StateSuspected spy in the Dept. of State The RosenbergsThe Rosenbergs

Julia and Ethel convicted and executed hastily for espionageJulia and Ethel convicted and executed hastily for espionage

Second Red ScareSecond Red Scare

McCarthyism and the Second McCarthyism and the Second Red ScareRed Scare

Senator Joseph McCarthy (R)Senator Joseph McCarthy (R) Sensationalized witch huntsSensationalized witch hunts Popularity based on fear of communism Popularity based on fear of communism

infiltration in all parts of society and infiltration in all parts of society and governmentgovernment

Political and public backlash for tacticsPolitical and public backlash for tactics

Eisenhower and the Cold WarEisenhower and the Cold War Domino TheoryDomino Theory Dulles and BrinkmanshipDulles and Brinkmanship

Develop nuclear arsenal and liberate captive nationsDevelop nuclear arsenal and liberate captive nations Covert actions and infiltrationsCovert actions and infiltrations

Regional Cold War DevelopmentsRegional Cold War Developments VietnamVietnam

Split of Communist North and pro-U.S. SouthSplit of Communist North and pro-U.S. South CubaCuba

Fidel Castro seizes power in 1959 and relations with Soviet UnionFidel Castro seizes power in 1959 and relations with Soviet Union Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine

Extension of Truman Doctrine in the Middle EastExtension of Truman Doctrine in the Middle East Soviet RelationsSoviet Relations

““Atoms for Peace” (1953)Atoms for Peace” (1953) Nuclear technology focus on peaceful uses rather than warfareNuclear technology focus on peaceful uses rather than warfare

Sputnik (1957)Sputnik (1957) Surprise launch of Soviet satellite showed technological capability of Soviet UnionSurprise launch of Soviet satellite showed technological capability of Soviet Union

““Military-Industrial Complex”Military-Industrial Complex” Massive increase of military and technological developments could lead to U.S. Massive increase of military and technological developments could lead to U.S.

dominated by military and corporate statedominated by military and corporate state

Domino Theory on Communism

Sputnik Launch by Soviets Fidel Castro Riding IntoHavana triumphant

Kennedy and the Cold WarKennedy and the Cold War CubaCuba

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Failed CIA-backed invasion to initiate a revolutionFailed CIA-backed invasion to initiate a revolution

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Soviet missile bases on CubaSoviet missile bases on Cuba U.S. naval blockadeU.S. naval blockade Soviet withdrawal and Turkey withdrawalSoviet withdrawal and Turkey withdrawal Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)

Berlin WallBerlin Wall Soviets constructed wall dividing West and East BerlinSoviets constructed wall dividing West and East Berlin ““Ich bin ein Berliner”Ich bin ein Berliner”

Flexibile responseFlexibile response Develop conventional military rather than Dulles’s brinkmanshipDevelop conventional military rather than Dulles’s brinkmanship

Military Advisors in Vietnam (1963)Military Advisors in Vietnam (1963) American troop support for South Vietnam and DiemAmerican troop support for South Vietnam and Diem

Peace CorpsPeace Corps Volunteer organization for developing nationsVolunteer organization for developing nations

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

Cuba and KennedyCuba and Kennedy

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Soviet Missiles in Cuba

Johnson and VietnamJohnson and Vietnam South Vietnam vs. Ho Chi Minh and VietcongSouth Vietnam vs. Ho Chi Minh and Vietcong Gulf of Tonkin (August 1964)Gulf of Tonkin (August 1964)

Incident - North Vietnamese fired upon U.S. warshipsIncident - North Vietnamese fired upon U.S. warships Resolution - Congress authorized combat troops through Johnson’s urgingResolution - Congress authorized combat troops through Johnson’s urging

EscalationEscalation Operation Rolling ThunderOperation Rolling Thunder Troops increases from 1964 to 1969Troops increases from 1964 to 1969

540,000 at most during Vietnam Conflict540,000 at most during Vietnam Conflict Hawks and DovesHawks and Doves

Hawks - contain communist aggressionHawks - contain communist aggression Doves - internal conflict and unpopular draft and resultsDoves - internal conflict and unpopular draft and results

Tet Offensive (January 1968)Tet Offensive (January 1968) Vietcong launch surprise attackVietcong launch surprise attack U.S. military victory but political and popular victory for Minh and North U.S. military victory but political and popular victory for Minh and North

VietnameseVietnamese End of EscalationEnd of Escalation

Loss of American public support and rising death toll led Johnson to cease Loss of American public support and rising death toll led Johnson to cease increased troopsincreased troops

Vietnam and TragedyVietnam and Tragedy

Space RaceSpace Race

Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik in 1957 and Yuri Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik in 1957 and Yuri Gagarin as first person in space precipitated Gagarin as first person in space precipitated American fears of Soviet superiorityAmerican fears of Soviet superiority

National Aeronautic and Space Administration National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) established in 1958(NASA) established in 1958 Mercury ProgramMercury Program

Alan Shepard - first American in space (1961)Alan Shepard - first American in space (1961) John Glenn - first American to orbit Earth (1962)John Glenn - first American to orbit Earth (1962)

Kennedy’s Race to the Moon - Apollo ProgramKennedy’s Race to the Moon - Apollo Program Apollo 11 (1969)Apollo 11 (1969)

First men on the moon solidified American superiority in space First men on the moon solidified American superiority in space technologytechnology

““One small step for man. One giant leap for One small step for man. One giant leap for mankind.” - Neil Armstrongmankind.” - Neil Armstrong

EPIC WINFOR U.S.AIN SPACE RACE

Nixon and the Cold WarNixon and the Cold War Henry KissingerHenry Kissinger Vietnam and Nixon DoctrineVietnam and Nixon Doctrine

VietnamizationVietnamization Gradual withdrawal of U.S. troopsGradual withdrawal of U.S. troops Money and supplies to South VietnamMoney and supplies to South Vietnam

CambodiaCambodia Expanded bombing of Communist basesExpanded bombing of Communist bases

Pentagon PapersPentagon Papers Published secret documents of deceptive Published secret documents of deceptive

government tactics on Vietnamgovernment tactics on Vietnam DétenteDétente

Visit to China (1972)Visit to China (1972) Virtual recognition of Communist ChinaVirtual recognition of Communist China

Soviet UnionSoviet Union SALT I - freeze on ballistic nuclear missilesSALT I - freeze on ballistic nuclear missiles

War Powers Act (1973)War Powers Act (1973) Use of military to Congress within 48 hoursUse of military to Congress within 48 hours 60 days for Congress to reauthorize60 days for Congress to reauthorize

OPEC’s Embargo (1973)OPEC’s Embargo (1973) Support of Israel led to oil embargo by OPEC Support of Israel led to oil embargo by OPEC

membersmembers

Ford and Carter (1974-1980)Ford and Carter (1974-1980) Foreign Developments Under FordForeign Developments Under Ford

Fall of Saigon (1975)Fall of Saigon (1975) Foreign Developments Under CarterForeign Developments Under Carter

Panama Canal turned over by 2000Panama Canal turned over by 2000 Camp David Accords (1978)Camp David Accords (1978)

Peace between Egypt and IsraelPeace between Egypt and Israel Iran (1979-1980)Iran (1979-1980)

Shah of Iran replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini and Shah of Iran replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini and FundamentalistsFundamentalists

Hostage Situation and Failed RescueHostage Situation and Failed Rescue Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)

Embargoes and boycotts by CarterEmbargoes and boycotts by Carter Ended détenteEnded détente

Americans evacuated from Saigon

Camp David AccordsAyatollah KhomeiniAmerican hostages in Iran

Reagan and the Cold WarReagan and the Cold War Military BuildupMilitary Buildup

Strategic Defense Initiative/Star WarsStrategic Defense Initiative/Star Wars Central AmericaCentral America

Nicaragua - Contras vs. SandinistasNicaragua - Contras vs. Sandinistas Boland Amendment ended funding Contras (1985)Boland Amendment ended funding Contras (1985)

GrenadaGrenada U.S. invasion to prevent pro-Communist regimeU.S. invasion to prevent pro-Communist regime

Iran-Contra AffairIran-Contra Affair Sold Iran military weapons supportSold Iran military weapons support Profits used to fund ContrasProfits used to fund Contras

LebanonLebanon U.S. marines sent but terrorist acts forced withdrawalU.S. marines sent but terrorist acts forced withdrawal

Mikhail GorbachevMikhail Gorbachev ““Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.”Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.” PerestroikaPerestroika

Capitalist changes to Soviet economyCapitalist changes to Soviet economy GlasnostGlasnost

Openness and free expressionOpenness and free expression

Invasion of Grenada (1983)

Colonel Oliver NorthThe man behind theIran-Contra Affair

Reagan at Brandenberg Gate Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan

Cold War EndsCold War Ends

Soviet Union’s transition away from Soviet Union’s transition away from Communist economy and philosophyCommunist economy and philosophy

U.S. outspent Soviet UnionU.S. outspent Soviet Union Eastern Europe Falls AwayEastern Europe Falls Away Soviet Republics Break AwaySoviet Republics Break Away Soviet Union dissolves in 1991Soviet Union dissolves in 1991 U.S. lone superpower by 1990s U.S. lone superpower by 1990s