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The Cold War: Main Idea
Once partners in war, the Soviet Union and the other former Allies found it much more difficult to cooperate in peace.
The result was an era of conflict and confrontation called the Cold War.
Cold War: Period of conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States in which they do not directly attack one another.
COLD WAR INTROCOLD WAR INTRO
COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM CAPITALISMVS
• Determine post war trial: Nuremburg Trial for Holocaust Crimes
• Determine the post-war governments of the Eastern European nations
Buffer Zone (Shield or Sponge)Buffer Zone (Shield or Sponge)Soviet BlocSoviet BlocIron CurtainIron Curtain•Democratic or Communist?•Soviet Union had been invaded by Germany in both WWI and
WWII.•Wanted buffer zonebuffer zone of friendly governments to guard against
another attack•Stalin promised to respect Eastern Europeans’ right to choose
governments •More likely scenario: Stalin just wanted to spread Communism
• President Truman announced Truman Doctrine—pledge to provide economic, military aid to oppose spread of communism
• Congress agreed to send aid to countries on “the fence.”
• Marshall Plan provided $13 billion for rebuilding Europe
• Containment – A pledge to prevent the spread of CommunismCommunism around the world
• Domino Theory – Belief that if one nation “fell” to CommunismCommunism, neighboring nations would soon follow.
• After the second world war, Germany was divided into two halves, East and West Germany.
• Then Berlin was divided into four zones and occupied by Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
Early Cold War Confrontations
•Early Rejection of the Rejection of the Marshall PlanMarshall Plan by the Soviets leads to conflict•“Truman is trying to “buy” a pro U.S. Alignment in Europe -Stalin•The Currency Crisis: Reichsmark-Deutsche Mark-?•Soviets reject the introduction of the Deutsche Mark •Leads to a Blockade of West Blockade of West BerlinBerlin by the Soviet Union -Block of land, rail, and water routes•Plan: Force the West to leave Berlin for good•West response: The Berlin The Berlin AirliftAirlift•Airlift successful: Soviets call off Blockade
• To counter the blockade, the western powers organized and airlifted a To counter the blockade, the western powers organized and airlifted a total of 2,326,406 tons of food, coal, passengers, and other items into total of 2,326,406 tons of food, coal, passengers, and other items into the city in a total of 278,228 flights. The mission was known as a success the city in a total of 278,228 flights. The mission was known as a success and nicknamed "and nicknamed "Operation VittlesOperation Vittles" by the United States. The Soviets did " by the United States. The Soviets did not respond to the airlift to try to stop it. Mainly because they believe not respond to the airlift to try to stop it. Mainly because they believe that it would fail, and interfering could trigger a war. At the height of the that it would fail, and interfering could trigger a war. At the height of the airlift, planes flew around the clock in four hour blocks taking off and airlift, planes flew around the clock in four hour blocks taking off and landing every 90 seconds. landing every 90 seconds.
The Soviets officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements remaining in Germany. However, in practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection to Western Germany after WWII.
• U.S., Canada, most Western European countries joined in military alliance—North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO —designed to counter Soviet power in Europe
• 1955, Soviet Union, CommunistCommunist nations of Eastern Europe formed own alliance, Warsaw Warsaw PactPact
• June 1950, North Koreans attacked South Korea June 1950, North Koreans attacked South Korea • Eisenhower: Eisenhower: “We’ll have a dozen Koreas soon if we “We’ll have a dozen Koreas soon if we
don’t take a firm stand.”don’t take a firm stand.”
•Truman was concerned that such actions would draw the Soviet Union into the conflict and risk nuclear war.•MacArthur disagreed with Truman publicly.•MacArthur will issue an ultimatum to China.•MacArthur will be relieved of his duties. •"Old soldiers never die; they just fade away…”
1 & 2) MacArthur at Inchon• UN formed military force; troops from 17 nations sent to
Korea• 4 Stages to the Korean War• Inchon
3) The Push towards the Yalu River•The UN offensive greatly concerned the Chinese,
who worried that the UN forces would not stop at the Yalu Riverand might extend into China.
4) Stalemate at 38th parallel•With support from China, a stalemate is created at
the 38th parallel
The The ““One One Up” Up”
GameGame
TheSpace
& Arms Race
The U.S. technological advantage was short-lived. Less than one
year later the Soviets tested their own hydrogen bomb.
During the 1950s and early 1960s nuclear war seemed to draw ever closer as the Soviet Union and the United States raced to develop powerful new weapons. This rivalry between the world’s two superpowers became increasingly tense—and dangerous.• 1945, U.S. has Atomic Bomb
• 1949, Soviets successfully tested atomic bomb
• 1952, U.S. has Hydrogen Bomb
• Less than 1 –year later, Soviets have Hydrogen Bomb
The Nuclear Arms Race
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKqXu-5jw60&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
“If we go on with this race, there won't be a winner!”
Growing Threat of Nuclear WarGrowing Threat of Nuclear War•Built bomb shelters to help protect from nuclear explosion•Schools led air-raid drills to prepare for possible Soviet attack•Books, movies, comic books had plots centered on dangers of radiation, nuclear war
Soviet Union Launches Sputnik
In October 1957 the arms race took another In October 1957 the arms race took another leap forward with the Soviet Union’s leap forward with the Soviet Union’s
successful launch of successful launch of SputnikSputnik. .
Sputnik, history’s first artificial satellite—object orbiting earth
Soviet military technology now feared to be in the lead U.S. government established National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, NASAAgency would eventually return United States to forefront
of space research
On 12 April 1961, he became the first human in outer space and the first to orbit the Earth. He received medals from around the world for his pioneering tour in space.
NUGGET: Astronauts cannot burp in space.
Bay of Pigs Invasion• Invasion of Cuba• Leader of Cuba: Fidel Castro• Ultimately will be a dismal failure• What happens…• Castro took control of Cuba in January of 1959, and in 1960 he
took over U.S. oil refineries in Cuba. • As a result, the United States stopped buying Cuban sugar. • Castro responded by taking over all of U.S. businesses in Cuba. • This led President Kennedy to authorize the Bay of Pigs invasion in
1961. • In April 1961, the United States attempted to invade Cuba and
overthrow premier Fidel Castro. • “Surprise attack” goes horribly wrong • Castro defeats the invasion
Until President Kennedy was Until President Kennedy was killed, it wasn’t a federal crime to killed, it wasn’t a federal crime to
assassinate the President.assassinate the President.
13 days of intense fear and uncertainty
•Nikita Krushchev of the Soviet Union places MRBMs in Cuba for several reasons.•1) countering an emerging lead of the U.S. in developing and deploying missiles (Arms Race)•2) To prevent another invasion of what is now Communist Cuba•3) To rid the U.S. of their missile base in Turkey•Kennedy is shown photos of the missile bases in Cuba•Kennedy responds on television and issues the following: 1) any attack from Cuba means the U.S. and the Soviet Union are at war! 2) U.S. Navy will blockade Cuba until missiles are removed•Kruschev suggests a removal if the U.S. does the following: 1) remove missiles in Turkey 2) U.S. assurance of never invading Cuba again 3) Cuban blockade removed•Kennedy agrees ending the Cuban Missile Crisis
Imperialism and ColonialismImperialism and Colonialism•The Vietnam War has roots The Vietnam War has roots in Vietnam’s centuries of in Vietnam’s centuries of domination by imperial and domination by imperial and colonial powers—first colonial powers—first ChinaChina, , which ruled ancient which ruled ancient Vietnam, and then Vietnam, and then FranceFrance, , which took control of which took control of Vietnam in the late 1800s Vietnam in the late 1800s and established French and established French Indochina. Indochina. •In the early 1900s, In the early 1900s, nationalist movements nationalist movements emerged in Vietnam, emerged in Vietnam, demanding more self-demanding more self-governance and less governance and less FrenchFrench influence.influence.•The most prominent of The most prominent of these was led by Communist these was led by Communist leader leader Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh, who , who founded a militant founded a militant nationalist organization nationalist organization called the called the Viet MinhViet Minh..
Ho Chi Minh
• The First Indochina WarThe First Indochina War• During World War II, when During World War II, when FranceFrance was was
occupied by Nazi Germany, it lost its occupied by Nazi Germany, it lost its foothold in Vietnam, and foothold in Vietnam, and JapanJapan took control took control of the country. of the country.
• The The Viet MinhViet Minh resisted these resisted these JapaneseJapanese oppressors and extended its power base oppressors and extended its power base throughout Vietnam. (with the help of the throughout Vietnam. (with the help of the U.S.)U.S.)
• When Japan surrendered at the end of When Japan surrendered at the end of World War II in 1945, World War II in 1945, Ho Chi Minh’sHo Chi Minh’s forces forces took the capital of took the capital of HanoiHanoi and declared and declared Vietnam to be an independent country, the Vietnam to be an independent country, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
• FranceFrance refused to recognize Ho’s refused to recognize Ho’s declaration and returned to Vietnam, declaration and returned to Vietnam, driving Ho’s Communist forces into northern driving Ho’s Communist forces into northern Vietnam. Vietnam.
• Ho appealed for aid from the Ho appealed for aid from the UnitedUnited StatesStates, , but because the United States was but because the United States was embroiled in the escalating Cold War with embroiled in the escalating Cold War with the Communist USSR, it distrusted Ho’s the Communist USSR, it distrusted Ho’s Communist leanings and aided the Communist leanings and aided the FrenchFrench instead. instead.
• Fighting between Ho’s forces and the Fighting between Ho’s forces and the French continued in this First Indochina War French continued in this First Indochina War until 1954, when a humiliating defeat at until 1954, when a humiliating defeat at Dien Bien PhuDien Bien Phu prompted France to seek a prompted France to seek a peace settlement.peace settlement.
Divided VietnamThe Geneva Accords of 1954 declared a cease-fire and divided Vietnam officially into North Vietnam (under Ho and his Communist forces) and South Vietnam (under a French-backed emperor). •The dividing line was set at the 17th parallel and was surrounded by a demilitarized zone, or DMZ. The Geneva Accords stipulated that the divide was temporary and that Vietnam was to be reunified under “free elections” to be held in 1956.
The Cold War and the Domino Theory•U.S. policy at the time was dominated by the domino theory, which believed that the “fall” of North Vietnam to Communism might trigger all of Southeast Asia to fall, setting off a sort of Communist chain reaction. •Within a year of the Geneva Accords, the United States therefore began to offer support to the anti-Communist politician Ngo Dinh Diem. •With “U.S. assistance”, Diem took control of the South Vietnamese government in 1955, declared the Republic of Vietnam, and promptly canceled the elections that had been scheduled for 1956.•Why cancel?
Johnson and U.S. Escalation• After Kennedy’s assassination, Kennedy’s successor,
Lyndon B. Johnson, pledged to honor Kennedy’s commitments but hoped to keep U.S. involvement in Vietnam to a minimum.
• After North Vietnamese forces allegedly attacked U.S. Navy ships in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964, however, Johnson was given carte blanche in the form of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and began to send U.S. troops to Vietnam.
• Bombing campaigns such as 1965’s Operation Rolling Thunder ensued, and the conflict escalated. Johnson’s “Americanization” of the war led to a presence of nearly 400,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam by the end of 1966.
The Diem Regime•Diem’s regime proved corrupt, oppressive, and extremely unpopular. •Nonetheless, the United States continued support, fearful of the increasing Communist resistance activity. •This resistance against Diem’s regime was organized by the Ho Chi Minh–backed National Liberation Front, which became more commonly known as the Viet Cong or V.C. or “Victor Charlie”.•In 1962, U.S. president John F. Kennedy sent American “military advisors” to Vietnam to help train the South Vietnamese army, but quickly realized that the Diem regime was unsalvageable.•Therefore, in 1963, the United States backed a coup that “overthrew” Diem and installed a new leader. •The new U.S.-backed leaders proved just as corrupt and ineffective.
• Quagmire and Attrition• As the United States became increasingly mired in
Vietnam, it pursued a strategy of attrition, attempting to bury the Vietnamese Communist forces under an avalanche of casualties. However, the Viet Cong’s guerrilla tactics frustrated and demoralized U.S. troops, while its dispersed, largely rural presence left American bomber planes with few targets. The United States therefore used unconventional weapons such as napalm and the herbicide defoliant Agent Orange but still managed to make little headway.
• The Tet Offensive (U.S. Wins…But Loses???)• In 1968, the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong
launched a massive campaign called the Tet Offensive, attacking nearly thirty U.S. targets and dozens of other cities in South Vietnam at once. Although the United States pushed back the offensive and won a tactical victory, American media coverage characterized the conflict as a defeat, and U.S. public support for the war plummeted. Morale among U.S. troops also hit an all-time low, manifesting itself tragically in the 1968 My Lai Massacre, in which frustrated U.S. soldiers killed hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians in a small village.
• The Antiwar Movement• Meanwhile, the antiwar movement within the United States
gained momentum as student protesters, countercultural hippies, and even many mainstream Americans denounced the war. Protests against the war and the military draft grew increasingly violent, resulting in police brutality outside the Democratic National Convention in 1968 and the deaths of four students at Kent State University in 1970 when Ohio National Guardsmen fired on a crowd. Despite the protests, Johnson’s successor, President Richard M. Nixon, declared that a “silent majority” of Americans still supported the war.
• Vietnamization and U.S. Withdrawal• Nonetheless, Nixon promoted a policy of Vietnamization of the
war, promising to withdraw U.S. troops gradually and hand over management of the war effort to the South Vietnamese. Although Nixon made good on his promise, he also illegally expanded the geographic scope of the war by authorizing the bombing of Viet Cong sites in the neutral nations of Cambodia and Laos, all without the knowledge or consent of the U.S. Congress. The revelation of these illegal actions, along with the publication of the secret Pentagon Papers in U.S. newspapers in 1971, caused an enormous scandal in the United States and forced Nixon to push for a peace settlement.
The End of the The End of the Vietnam WarVietnam War• The Cease-fire and the Fall of Fall of
SaigonSaigon• This cease-fire was finally signed in
January 1973, and the last U.S. military personnel left Vietnam in March 1973.
• The U.S. government continued to fund the South Vietnamese army, but this funding quickly dwindled. Meanwhile, as President Nixon became embroiled in the Watergate scandal that led to his resignation in August 1974, North Vietnamese forces stepped up their attacks on the South and finally launched an all-out offensive in the spring of 1975. On April 30, 1975, the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese, who reunited the reunited the country under Communist rule as country under Communist rule as the Socialist Republic of Vietnamthe Socialist Republic of Vietnam, ending the Vietnam War.
4,000 Years of Democracy in 90 Seconds
India is the largest current democracy in the world.
Dissatisfaction and ChangeThe dissatisfaction and distrust of the people in
the Soviet system lead to a withdrawal of support of the central government of Russia in
the affairs of the Eastern Block countries. Soon many of the Soviet Block such as:
Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, East Germany and Bulgaria had their
communist governments removed in public elections.
Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse?PerestroikaPerestroika: (restructuring of the Soviet political and economic systems)(restructuring of the Soviet political and economic systems)
GlasnostGlasnost: (freedom of speech or openness): (freedom of speech or openness)
1) The Economy : The economy of the USSR was severely stunted by the continued arms buildups to stay on par with the capabilities of the United States.
2) The War in Afghanistan: United States’ “Vietnam War or “The Bear Trap”
Some Historians believe Some Historians believe Mikhail GorbachevMikhail Gorbachev was a forward thinker, was a forward thinker, and he knew the dangers of his nation repeating its tumultuous and he knew the dangers of his nation repeating its tumultuous history. When he came to power in the mid-1980s, the Communist history. When he came to power in the mid-1980s, the Communist Party was the ruling faction in the USSR. Through his ideas of Party was the ruling faction in the USSR. Through his ideas of perestroika and glasnost, he was able to change 75 years of thought perestroika and glasnost, he was able to change 75 years of thought among his people and move the nation into a new beginning. Other’s among his people and move the nation into a new beginning. Other’s feel feel perestroikaperestroika and and glasnostglasnost may have led to the collapse of the Soviet may have led to the collapse of the Soviet Union like seen in this political cartoon below.Union like seen in this political cartoon below.
What are your thoughts?What are your thoughts?
