The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945–Present

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

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SECTION The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence 1

SECTION Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence 2

SECTION New Nations in Africa 3

SECTION Conflicts in the Middle East 4

34CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

After World War II, imperialist powers rethink the cost of colonies, which are demanding independence. The imperialists differ in the speed with which they relinquish control and in the amount of preparation for independence they provide.

34CHAPTER The Colonies Become

New Nations, 1945–Present

1947 India gains independence.

1963 Kenya wins independence.

34CHAPTER

Time Line

1945 2002

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The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945–Present

1975 Angolan civil war begins after Portuguese withdrawal.

1986 Popular vote ousts Marcos’s dictatorship in the Philippines.

1997 Mobuto dictatorship in Zaire falls.

1945 Sukarno proclaims Indonesian independence.

1954 Algerians begin to fight French rule.

At the end of World War II, South Asians demand independence. Britain partitions the Indian subcontinent into two new nations, India and Pakistan; a part of Pakistan later becomes Bangladesh. Britain also frees Ceylon.

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Key Idea

The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

New nations emerged from the British colony of India.

India today is the largest democracy in the world.

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AssessmentAssessment

• Congress Party

• Muslim League

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah

• Lord Mountbatten

• partition

• Jawaharlal Nehru

• Indira Gandhi

• Rajiv Gandhi

• Benazir Bhutto

TERMS & NAMES

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The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Write about prominent Indian prime ministers from independence in 1947 through 1989.

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Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence

1947 Nehru

1966Indira Ghandi

1984Rajiv Ghandi

2. Do you think that India’s political and economic success is crucial to the future of democracy in Asia? Why? THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

• India’s influence in Asia • religious and ethnic differences and conflicts • social implications of economic failure

ANSWERANSWER

continued . . .

Yes, because India is one of the most populous countries and the largest democracy in the world. If India can have a democracy with so many different ethnic and religious groups, other, smaller countries should be able to as well; other Asian countries look to India for guidance.

Possible Responses:

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The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence

3. What were some of the problems shared by leaders of India and Pakistan? THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

• the factions within these countries • their thoughts about independence • how their problems were resolved

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Both countries had large minorities that were in conflict with the majorities. Both struggled to establish democracy. Both faced problems of poverty and economic development.

Possible Response:

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The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence

End of Section 1

Some of the Southeast Asian colonies that become independent after World War II prosper, while others suffer under authoritarian regimes.

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Key Idea

Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence

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Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence

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The European colonies in Southeast Asia became independent countries in the postwar period.

The power and influence of the Pacific Rim nations are likely to expand during the next century.

Overview

AssessmentAssessment

• Ferdinand Marcos

• Corazón Aquino

• Aung San

• Aung San Suu Kyi

• Sukarno

• Suharto

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Summarize the major challenges the countries below faced following independence.

Section 2 Assessment

continued . . .

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United States

Military basesBell ActDifficulties with democracyAssassinationsMarcos stealing money

Nation Colonizer Challenges Following Independence

The Philippines

Burma

Indonesia

BritainUnstable governmentsAssassinationsEthnic conflicts

NetherlandsEthnic conflictsCoupHuge gap between rich and poor

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Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence

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2. Why do you think that the United States demanded a 99-year lease on military and naval bases in the Philippines? THINK ABOUT

Section 2 Assessment

• U.S. economic interests in the Philippines • geographical location • reasons for military presence

ANSWERANSWER

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• To protect U.S. economic interests

• The location of the Philippines made it an important military outpost.

• Bases were a reminder to surrounding countries of U.S. military force.

Possible Responses:

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Colonizers differ in their willingness to grant independence to their African colonies and in the amount of help they give their colonies in preparing to become modern nations.

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Key Idea

New Nations in Africa

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After World War II, African leaders threw off colonial rule and created independent countries.

Today, many of those independent countries are engaged in building political and economic stability.

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AssessmentAssessment

• Negritude movement

• Kwame Nkrumah

• Jomo Kenyatta

• Mau Mau

• Mobutu Sese Seko

• FLN

• Ahmed Ben Bella

New Nations in Africa

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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New Nations in Africa

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each country shown below, list an idea, an event, or a leader important to that country’s history.

Section 3 Assessment

continued . . .

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Ghana

Kenya

Zaire

Algeria

Angola

Took its name from African kingdom of the past

Nairobi became a major business center.

Renamed the Congo

Ben Bella was prime minister and president.

Fought Portuguese for independence

New Nations in Africa

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Section 3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

The factions may have promised non-African nations economic opportunities, such as trading or business privileges, in return for support; the non-African nations may have wanted to preserve economic interests they already had in the region.

Possible Responses:

2. Why do you think that non-African nations supported certain factions that claimed power in the newly independent nations of Africa? THINK ABOUT

• Lumumba’s request for Soviet aid in the Congo • U.S. support of the FNLA • the Cold War

continued . . .

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• economic interests of the non-African nations

New Nations in Africa

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Section 3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

• There were many different religious and ethnic groups with competing interests.

• Europeans, Americans, and Soviets supported different groups.

• World War II had given Africans a new confidence.

Possible Responses:

3. Why do you think revolution swept so many African nations following their independence from European rule after World War II? THINK ABOUT

• the conditions preceding independence

• economic interests of European powers and newly independent nations

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• how World War II influenced Africans

The division of Palestine and the creation of the new nation of Israel after World War II result in conflict between Israeli and Palestinian nationalist movements that continues today.

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Conflicts in the Middle East

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Division of Palestine after World War II made the Middle East a hotbed of competing nationalist movements.

The conflict in the Middle East threatens the stability of the region today.

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AssessmentAssessment

• Balfour Declaration

• Suez Crisis

• Six-Day War

• Anwar Sadat

• Golda Meir

• Menachem Begin

• Camp David Accords

• Hosni Mubarak

• PLO

Conflicts in the Middle East

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List some important political and military events that occurred following the Suez Crisis.

Conflicts in the Middle East

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continued . . .

Section 4 Assessment

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Suez Crisis

Six-Day War

Yom Kippur War

Sadat peace offer Camp

David Accords

Section 4 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

2. Explain the conflict between Jews and Arabs over a Palestinian homeland. What does each side believe? What other factors influence this issue? THINK ABOUT

• the Balfour Declaration • the ancient history of the Middle East

Conflicts in the Middle East

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• the economics of oil

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• Jews believe their right to a Palestinian homeland is a covenant from God.

• Palestinian Arabs believe the land has belonged to them since the Jews were driven out in A.D. 135.

• Other Arabs believe it has belonged to them since their 7th-century conquest of the region.

• Other influences: oil interests; global politics; persecution of Jews in Europe.

Possible Responses:

End of Section 4