THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS

Volume 1

FOUNDATIONS AND OVERSITE CONCRETE, WALLS, FLOORS, ROOFS

FIFfH EDITION

R. BARRY ARCHITECT

105017

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Malta. College of Arts, Science and Technology Library and Learning Resource Centre

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CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

INTRODUCTION iv

CHAPTER ONE FOUNDATIONS AND OVERSITE CONCRETE Functional requirements - Rocks and soils - Site investiga­tion and exploration - Foundation types - Land drainage­Concrete - Site preparation - Oversite concrete - Damp­proof membrane - Damp-proof courses - Excavation

CHAPTER TWO

CHAPTER THREE

CHAPTER FOUR

INDEX

WALLS Functional requirements - Brick and block walls - Building blocks - Mortar for brickwork and blockwork - Jointing and pointing - Solid and cavity walls of brick and block -Openings in brick and block walls - Cavity walls of brick and block - Openings in cavity walls - Stone masonry walls - Timber framed walls - Timber walls

FLOORS Functional requirements - Concrete ground floors - Floor finishes for solid concrete floors - Timber ground floors -Upper floors - Reinforced concrete upper floors

ROOFS Functional requirements - Pitched roofs - Pitched roof coverings - Flat roofs - Flat roof coverings - Parapet walls

29

III

135

185

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\MCAST ,! " .

mes Used is to ing. or capping 'se IS served in parapet as the IS a barrier to • moreover an Ire may pene­g in the cavity l cavity gutter

Aggregate, 15 all-in, 15 coarse, 16 fine, 16

Aggregate for mortar. 49 Air brick, 123 All-in aggregate, 15 Aluminium sheet, roof, 166 Apron, lead, 168 Arches, brick, 65 Artificial seasoning, 100 Ashlar walling, stone, 90 Asphalt d.p.m., 21 Axed bricks, 66

Ballast, 15 Balloon frame, 106 Bearing capacities, 2 Bitumen d.p.c. , 26 Bitumen d.p.m., 21 Bitumen felt roofing, 174 Bitumen sheet d.p.m. , 22 Block, clay, 42 Blocks

bonding, 47 building, 41 moisture movement. 42

Bond, English,45 F1emish,45 garden wall, 47 running, 47 stretcher, 44

Bonding blocks, 47 bricks, 43

Bonding at jambs, 58 Boreholes, 5 Brick

air, 123 calcium silicate, 38 common, 36 engineering, 37 facing, 37 gault, 38 marl,38 semi-engineering, 37 stock,38

Brick arches, 65 Brick capping, 183 Brick footings, 8 Brick lintel, 64 Bricks, 36

axed,66 bonding, 43

INDEX

effiorescence, 40 frost resistance, 40 gauged,66

Bridge, cold, 81 thermal, 81

Building blocks, 41 Built-up bitumen felt, 174

Calcium silicate bricks, 38 Cast stone, 88 Cavity tray, 73 Cavity wall, 54 Cavity wall, partial fill, 78 Cavity walls, 71 Cement, 16, 49 Centering, 130 Centre nailed slates, 156 Chipboard, 119 Classification of rocks, 3 Clay, 3 Clay blocks, 42 Clay floor tiles, 119 Clay roofing tiles, 147 Close couple roof, 139 Coarse aggregate, 16 Coarse grained non-cohesive soils, 3 Cold bridge, 81 Cold roof, 137 Collar roof, 140 Common bricks, 36 Compressive strength, bricks, 39 Concealed spaces,

fire, 76 timber wall, 108

Concrete, 15 ready-mixed, 17

Concrete blocks, 41 Concrete floor, self-centering, 131 Concrete ground floor. 1 13 Concrete lintels, 59 Concrete mixes, 16 Concrete oversite, 18 Concrete reinforcement, 130 Concrete roofing tiles, 147 Condensation, pitched roofs, 160 Contaminants, ground, 17 Conversion of wood, 100 Coping, 182 Coppersheet, 169 Copper sheet, roof, 166 Cornice, 96 Couple roof, 139

Damp-proof course, 25, 123

185

Damp-proof membrane, 20 Dead load, 9 Death watch beetle, 102 Decay in timber, 101 Differential movement, 2 Double floor, 124 Double lock cross welt, 170 Double roof, 141 D.p.c., 25, 123

flexible, 26 parapet, 182 rigid, 26 semi-rigid, 26

D.p.m.,20 asphalt, 21 bitumen, 21 bitumen sheet, 22 polyethylene sheet, 21 polythene sheet, 21

Drain, ground water, 14 storm water, 13 subsoil, 14 sutface water, 13

Drainage, land, 13 Drips,

copper, 170 lead, 168

Dry rot, 101 Durability,

floors, 112 roofs, 136 stone, 87, 99 timber wall, 108 walls, 32, 75

Eaves, 140 Eaves slate, 154 Eaves tile, 152 Effiorescence, bricks, 40 Encaustic tiles, 120 Engineering bricks, 37 English bond, 45 Excavation, 27 Exposure to weather. 69 External insulation, walls, 82

Facing bricks, 37 Fibre cement slates, 153 Fine aggregate, 16 Fine grained cohesive soil, 3 Fire resistance,

concrete floors, 133 floors, 112, 127 periods of, 33

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INDEX

pitched roofs, 159 Gutter, steel,63 roofs, 137 copper, 171 stone, 93 stone, 98 lead, 168 timber, 59 walls, 32, 76 Load,

Fire, spread ;:,[, 33 Hanger, joist, 126 dead,9 Firring, timber, 163 Hanging, imposed,9 Flat roof, timber, 163 slate, 70 Loads on foundations, 9 Flat roofs, 163 tile, 70 Flemish bond, 45 Hardcove, 19 Made-up ground, 7 F1ettons, 37 Head nailed slates, 156 Magnesite flooring, 116 Flexible d.p.c., 25 Heat resistance, Marble, 87 Flexible PVC tiles and sheet, 116 flat roofs, 179 Mads,38 Flint-lime bricks, 38 floors , 22, 112 Masonry joints, 94 Flint walling, 92 pitched roofs, 159 Masonry walls, 85 Floor boards, 122 roofs, 137 Mastic asphalt flooring, 115 Floor, concrete, self-centering, 131 stone, 98 Mastic asphalt roof, 173 Floor finishes for concrete, 114 timber walls, 109 Materials, insulation, Floor joists, 122 walls, 34, 77 flat roof, 179, 182 Floor quarries, 119 Hip slate, 154, 157 pitched roofs, 160, 162 Floor screeds, 114 Hip tile, 152 timber walls, 11 0 Floors, 111 Hips, 143 walls, 78

double, 124 Hollow beam concrete floor. 131 Means of escape, fire, 32 reinforced concrete, 129 Membrane, timber, 124 Igneous stone, 85 damp-proof, 20

Foundation, Imposed load, 9 waterproof, roof, 173 narrow strip, 8 Insulating materials, Metamorphic stone, 87 pad, lO flat roof, 179, I H2 Mixes, pile, 12 pitched roof, 160, 162 concrete, 16 raft, 10 timber wall, 110 mortar, 50 settlement, 1 walls, 78 Moisture content of timber. lOO sloping sites, 12 Insulation, Moisture, ground, 18 strip, 7 external walls, 82 Moisture movement, blocks, 42 trench fill, 8 ground floors , 23 Moisture resistance to, floors, 111 wide strip, 9 internal walls, 83 Mortar, 48 width,4 timber walls, 1 \0 aggregate, 49

Foundations, 1 walls,78 Mortar mixes, 50 timber wall, \07 Interlocking tiles, 148

Frost heave. 6 Internal insulation, walls, 83 Narrow strip foundation, 8 Frost resistance, bricks. 40 Inverted roof, 177, 180 Natural dry seasoning, 100 Full bonding, felt roofs, 176 Natural stone, 85 Functional requirements, Jamb, Notches, joists, 126

floors , III plain,57 foundations, 1 rebated,58 Openings, roofs, 135 Jambs, 57 stone walls, 93 walls, 30 Jambs of openings, 73 walls, 57

Furniture beetle, 102 Jointing, 50 Oversite concrete, 18 Joints, masonry, 94

Garden wall bond, 47 Joist hanger, 126 Pad foundation, \0 Gauge, 151 Joists, floor, 122 Parapet wall, 96, 181 Gauged bricks, 66 Parapet wall, d.p.c., 182 Gaults,38 Kiln seasoning, 100 Partial bonding, felt roofing, 176 Granolithic paving, 115 Partial fill , cavity wall, 78 Gravel,3 Land drainage, \3 Particle board, 119 Ground contaminants, 17 Lap, 151 Periods of fire resistance, 33 Ground floor, Lateral restraint, walls, 126 Pile foundation, 12

concrete, 113 Laying bitumen felt, 175 Pile, short bored, 12 suspended concrete, 113 Laying clay tiles, 120 Pitch d.p.m. , 21 suspended timber, 121 Lead sheet, roof, 165 Pi\ched roofs, 138

Ground floor insulation, 23 Lime, 49 Plain jamb, 57 Ground moisture, 18 Limestone, 86 Plain tiles, roof, 147

resistance to, 18, 31 Linoleum, 117 Plate, wall, 122 Ground recovery, 3, 7 Lintels, Plasticisers, 50 Ground supported slab, 113 brick,64 Platform frame, 106 Ground water drain, 14 concrete, 59 Pointing, 51 •

186

Polyethylene d.p.m., 21 Polygonal walling, 92 POlythene sheet, d.p.m., 21 Portland cement, 16 Preservation of wood. 103 Proportioning materials, concrete, 16 Purlin roof, 141 P.V.C tiles, 116

Raft foundation, 10 Ready-mixed concrete, 17 Rebated jamb, 58 Reinforced concrete floors. 129 Reinforced concrete roofs, 164 Reinforcement of concrete, 130 Rendering, 69 Resistance to fire,

timber, 108 walls, 76

Resistance to ground moisture, 18, 118 Resistance to heat, 22, 34

flat roof, 179 floors, 112 pitched roofs, 159 roofs, 137 stone, 98 timber walls, 109 walls, 77

Resistance to sound, 35 concrete floors, 133 floors, 128 roofs, 138 stone, 98 timber walls, 110 walls, 85

Resistance to weather, 31 flat roofs, 165 pitched roofs, 146 roofs, 136 stone walls, 96 timber walls, 107 walls, 68

Reveal,58 Ridge, tile, 152 Ridge, slate, 154, 157 Rigid d.p .c., 26 Rocks,2 Rolls,

copper, 169 lead, 167

Roof tiles, 146 Roof ventilation, 176 Roofs, 135 Rubble, stone, 90 Running bond, 47

Sal)d,3 Sand,

sharp, 49 soft,49

Sandstone, 86 Sarking, 162 Screeds, floor, 114 Seasoning timber, 99

INDEX

Sedimentary stone, 86 Self-centering concrete floor. 131 Semi-engineering bricks, 37 Semi-rigid d.p.c., 26 Settlement, foundations, 1 Sharp sand, 49 Sheet metal covering, pitched roofs, 157 Sheet metal roof covering, 165 Short bored piles, 12 Shrinkable clay, 3 Sills, 74 Single lap tiles, 146 Site investigation, 5 Site preparation, 17 Situ-cast concrete floor, 132 Slate hanging, 70 Slates, 153 Sleeper walls, 121 Sloping sites, foundation, 12 Soft sand, 49 Soil, vegetable top, 18 Soil, volume change, 6 Soils, 2

coarse grained non-cohesive, 3 fine grained cohesive, 3

Sound resistance, 35 Sound, resistance to,

concrete floor. 133 floors , 112, 118 roofs, 138 stone, 98 timber wall, 110 walls, 85

Spaces, concealed, fire, 76 Spread of fire, 33 Stability bracing, trussed roof, 145 Stability,

concrete floor, 129 flat roof, 163 floors, III foundations, 1 roofs, 135 stone, 90 timber wail, 104 walls, 30, 51,126

Steel lintels, 63 Stocks, 38 Stone,

cast, 88 igneous, 85 metamorphic, 87 sedimentary, 86

Stone lintel, 93 Stone rubble wall, 90 Stone walls, 85 Storm water drain, 13 Strength,

concrete floors, 129 flat roof, 163 floors, III roofs, 135 stone, 90 timber, 66 walls, 30, 51

187

Stretcher bond, 44 Strip foundation, 7 Strip foundation, width, 4 Strutting, joists, 124 Subsoil,3 Subsoil drain, 14 Surface water drain, 13 Suspended concrete ground floor, 113 Suspended timber ground floor, 121

Terra cotta block floor, 132 Thermal bridge, 81 Thermoplastic tiles, 116 Thick tile flooring, 119 Thin sheet floor finish, 116 Thin tile floor finish, 116 Thresholds, 74 Ties, wall, 55 Tile hanging, 70 Tiles, roof, 146

clay, 147 concrete, 147

Tiles, thermoplastic, 116 Timber, 98

moisture content, 1 DO stress grading, 104

Timber decay, 101 Timber firring, 163 Timber flat roof, 163 Timber floors, 124 Timber lintels, 59 Timber seasoning, 99 Timber stud frame, 105 Timber walls, 98, 103 Timber weather boarding, 107 Top soil, 3

vegetable, 18 Tray, cavity, 73 Trench fill foundation, 8 Trial pits, 5 Trussed rafter roof, 143 'T' section beam concrete floor. 132

Upper floors , 124 Upside down roof, 177, 180 Upstand,

copper, 171 lead, 168

Vapour barrier, 84 Vapour check, 84, 109

flat roof, 181 Ventilation, 35

flat roof, 181 pitched roof, 160 roof, 176

Venting layer, felt roof, 176 Verge,

tile, 153 slate, 154

Vitreous floor tiles, 120 Volume change, soil, 6

Wall insulation, 78 ,

Wall openings, 57 Wall, parapet, 181 Wall plate, 122 Wall ties, 55 Walls, 29

cavity, 54, 71 timber, 98, 103

Warm roof, 137 Water-cement ratio, 16 Waterproof membrane, roof, 173

INDEX

Weather resistance, flat roof, 165 pitched roof, 146 stone, 96 timber wall, 107 walls, 68

Weather, resistance to, 31 Weatherboarding, 107 Welsh slates, 155 Westmorland slates, 155

188

Wet rot, 102 Wide strip foundation, 9 Width of strip foundation , 4 Wind exclusion, 146 Wood block flooring, 118 Wood preservation, 103 Wood strip flooring, 117

Zinc sheet, roof, 166, 172

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