11th-13th Centuries

Enduring Understanding: Warfare can spread new ideas that have a lasting impact on the way people live.

11-15th Centuries - Monarchies and The Roman Catholic Church increasing in power

Politically – Ties to nobility Supported one another Helped run kingdoms

Very wealthy – earned income from property The pope was more wealthy than monarchs

Authority often greater than monarchs

Caused by the power of the Church 11th Century – King Henry IV questioned the

authority of Pope Gregory VII Henry appointed church officials – wanted

control over church officials Pope Gregory – “only the Pope can appoint

officials” Henry tried to gain support and reduce the

power of Pope – Henry didn’t have much support Henry had to beg forgiveness from the Pope

Example of how powerful the church was

The Crusades were a series of military expeditions between Europe and Palestine in the 11th – 13th Centuries

Jerusalem was and still is sacred to the Jews, Christians, and the Muslims

In 1071, the Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and made Christian pilgrimages nearly impossible

European princes used success in warfare as one way to gain power and merchants were willing to finance their crusades for profit

Finally, the Turks advanced onto the Byzantine capital of Constantinople and the emperor asked the Pope for help

1096 the Pope responded and the 1st Crusade began

Several European armies started out for the Byzantine capital of Constantinople with the plan of attacking Palestine

Many Crusaders will ill equipped and died along the way, or captured and enslaved

However, the Crusader force was stills Strong enough to attack Palestine

Christian forces captured the cities of Nicaea and Antioch and by 1099 they captured Jerusalem

The Christians divided the conquered land into 4 Crusader states: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem

Cause: Began after Muslim Turks recaptured the Crusader state of Edessa in 1144

Effect: French and German forces traveled to Palestine, but were weakened along the way. Muslim forces defeated the European armies in Damascus

Christians kept control over the other Crusader kingdoms because Muslim leadership in the region was conflicted

In the late 1100’s the disagreements came to an end with the rise of Salah-al-din

As a child Saladin (as the Europeans called him) was more interested in studying Islam than learning about war

He eventually joined his uncle in Egypt where he defended the area against the Crusaders

After the battle he became the leader of Egyptian government

Saladin unified Muslims in the region and then he turned his attention towards the Crusaders posted in Jerusalem

In 1187, Saladin gathered an army and recaptured Jerusalem

After the fall of Jerusalem some of Europe’s most powerful leaders went on a third Crusade- including Richard the Lion-Hearted of England

The Crusaders were successful at first, but they did not achieve their goal of recapturing Jerusalem

1192 Richard and Saladin reached a truce: Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control.

However, in return, Saladin agreed to allow Christians pilgrims to visit the Holy City

The truce did not last and the 4th Crusade was launched in 1202

To pay Italian traders for transporting troops, the Crusaders agreed to attack the Byzantine city of Zora

The Crusaders sacked (destroyed) Constantinople to put a political ally back in charge of the Byzantine Empire

THE POPE WAS FURIOUS The Crusaders did not continue their crusade and the

Byzantine empire was weakened

Europe began more Crusades, but by 1270, the Muslims had driven the Crusaders out of Palestine, and the wars ended

The Crusades did not have a permanent effect on the Muslims in Palestine

Christian traders remained in Palestine and European pilgrims continued to visit their religions Holy Land

European contact with other cultures grew and Crusaders brought back Asian goods resulting in increased trade

Increased trade resulted in increased wealth and the growth of cities – Urban merchants became increasingly important in Europe

Hostility towards Jews increased – On their way to the battles Crusaders attacked

and massacred European Jews and continued to kill Jews once they reached Palestine

1290 – Jews were expelled from England 1306- Jews were expelled from France and

again in 1394 Muslims allowed Jews and Christians to live in

peace in most cases

In Spain, Christian armies drove out Muslim rulers In the early 700’s Muslims conquered the Iberian

Peninsula By the 1000’s, however, Muslim unity on the

Peninsula broke down and Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms rose to defeat the Muslim forces

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella unified Spain through military and religious authority

Their armies captured cities and their church officials used a court to punish the people opposed to Church teachings – the court was called the Inquisition

Many Jews and Christians were tortured and executed by the Inquisition. They forced out the last Muslim and Jewish leaders in 1492.