� � �
� � �
� � � � � � �
� �
� � � � �
� � � �
� � � � �
� �
� �� � �
�
� � �� � �
� � �� � � �
��� � �
� � � ��
� � � � �� � � �
� � �
� �
� ���� ��������� ���������
!"#$%& ' ( �)�*+,-.�' �*/012 34&563+, 7'(89: ;< =>-;?@ABC1DE=>FG7 �" HIJB K !L9$%& ' ( HMN;OPAQ�RSL;.�=>T 7U> " 3VAWXYZ@4&5;[ A \13]^_`
Z@aC bQc>d7HeN01�*/G� BfHghi ;jkQlm\nW�o$%&7U"GHp ;.�A 7�*/H KRqBrs > teN3uvwH%,xyzC{|7 .� :C; }~.��s 9c�� �C��3��W�3 ��3 �nW��7�*/H���;�� Fn1H%,x01+,-? 7��" H� B��o;��=>FGC{|7U@��H KRrs;��=> \13 HZ@4 > �� �*+,-.�C� �\n&5;� =>FG3�� ( �H9\G� H9\ H ^3��>�*+,-.�H ¡ ¢;£ 7¤> ¥¦Z@4&501lm=> §0 H�*+,-.�3�G¨c© ª« ¬
«® ¯ °± ² ³±´ µ ±¶ ·± ¸ (¹ º»¼ ½
� �
�
�� �
� � � �
� �� � �
� � � �
� �� � � � �
� � �
� � �� � � ! �" #�� $
� ����
���� ��� �������������
� �
� �
� � � � � � ��
321
Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst.
Univ. Tokyo
Vol. pp.
* e-mail : [email protected]
Hokuriku Electric Power Co., Ltd., Asia Air Survey Co., Ltd. , Earthquake Research Institute,the
University of Tokyo
The Noto Hanto earthquake (M . ) occurred in the area where the m-Digital Elevation
Model had been developed by airbone LiDAR. This data package could provide an exceptional
opportunity to study crustal deformation associated with the earthquake. We acquired airbone
LiDAR data immediately after the Noto Hanto Earthquake for comparison. We improved the
accuracy of DEM to detect earthquake deformation. As a result, di erences of elevation between
the flight courses were within . m according to the elevation adjustment for whole area. The
resultant elevation change suggests an uplift of the coastal area, including Sekinohana in Shika
Town, where a maximum uplift of . m was observed. Elevation changes were not observed km
from coastline at an extension of the earthquake source fault in sea area. The pattern of the ele-
vation change accords well to the results from leveling, GPS, and interferometric SAR data. It was
the first attempt in the world to detect crustal deformation associated with an earthquake using
airborne LiDAR.
: The Noto Hanto Earthquake, Airborne LiDAR, DEM, crustal deformation
Digital Surface Model :
DEM Digital Elevation
Model :
Fig. Fowler
GPS
IMU Inertial Measurement Unit :
Okazaki
DSM
*
Koji Nohara *, Takeo Noguchi , Fumihiro Anada , Masaaki Hamada , Satoshi Onoda ,
Yoichi Numata , Yoshiki Yamano , Yusuke Suzuki and Hiroshi Sato
et al.,
et al.
Abstract
Key words
The Crustal Deformation Associated with the
Noto Hanto Earthquake Studied Using Airborne Li-
DAR
+ , -
+ , -
+ + + + , , ,
, -
+ + + + ,
, , , -
2, ,**1 -,+ --+
3-* 2020 +/ +
,**1 0 3 +
,**1
#
* */
* ./ -
,**1
-
+
,**1
-
-
,**0
,**1
+
,**1
,**1
��� � �� � � � �� � � � � � ��� �
�� � �
� �� �
� ��� �
�� �
��
��
��
���
�
��
�
�� ��
� ��� � � � �
�� �
� �
���� !"# $%&'()* + ,- ./01234)567���8
�9:; <2 = > >2?@ABCDE;FGHIJ��K�LMNOPQR ;STHU �VW
DE - ?@ABCDE,XY:Z&)O%�QB[\Z] ^� �O%;9_`abcR[defSg;hi':U�K �O%�QB[,j) k�l = > m2./01�V#noHU Vp-./01q,jiU# V r- r2st,3_ �VW2FGHU?@ABCDE�uvw2xyz{&'(U |2STH'(U�VW� }�Vl� ;�~�)�}2�_ �V2�)�� �; ��<2 ,�)�.�#��Z&U�}\Z�Vl� �ST; <2 = > m3�� > m2?@ABCDE;FGHU �VlDE �� �;�� V r234)�VnoWl�?@ABCDE-��,�&{,2 #7a �r<7�� �^����;���)U����7QB[#:Z&U}��'()
$- �VWl�?@ABCDEQB[; (Ur�� ���� 3������;9_{}�U��,j)
�VWDE,- ./01� \Z ¡ 2\4'�2¢(' �VlDE,- Vpr; z
�) 2¢(' ?@ABCDE;FGH;STHU ?@ABCDE2 (U£
¤¥¦b§B¨ ?@© - s� ª# 2 «¬; U�U�2 ®�Oª ¯; ( ABC°±- ²³ s� ®�´ª ABCµ¶·ª
²³ ; (U QB[9:¸¹- E« ºh»B¼I�½ ºh»B¼I�DE �
� � �� � � � � �� � �
� � �� �
� �
� �� �
��
�
� � ���
�
�� �� � ��
� �� ��
��
�� ! "� #
����������
� � � � � � � �
322
Fig. . Illustration of geodetic laser scanning.
Fig. . The traces of the flights.
Table . Data acquisition parameters for airborne
laser survey.
m-DEM m-Digital Elevation Model :
m
m-DEM
DEM
DEM
m-DEM
, km
km m-
DEM Fig.
C C Tu g m
Optech ALTM , m, m sec, , Hz,
Leica ALS m,
,
,
,
+
,
+
,**0 +* +,
+ +
+
+
,**1 - ,/
-
+ ,**1 - ,0
. 1
+ ***
.+* +
,
,*1 .*. ,*0 + +
-+** + ,** 0/ 1* ***
/* -2/
,
, +
�
������ � ��
� � � �� � �
� �� �� � �
� �� � � �
�� � �
� � �� �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � �
� � � � �� � � �
� �� � �� �
� � � �� � �
� � � �� �
� �
�
�� � �
� � �� � � �
�� �
� ��
� �� �
�� � � �
� �� � �
� � � � �� � �
� �� ��
� �� �
�� � �
� �
� �� � � ��� � ! "#$#%&� ' ( ) !*+,-( .** �/�012 � � 3 /�0 �4� /�0�56+ �/�0�� , )(78*93 /�0!*9 :�;< � => �4�56+? �/�0��
@A�56+2 BC D �EFG+6������ �H9I � J�"�K �L MNO 3� , . . PQ �R�9S TPQU V WX S YPQ Z� (�6 TPQU�[6+ \ (�G9 7 , !�����J�"� , �@A(J�"( ]*9 TPQU2 � ^MNO � _S �`a+J�" (b � ) 3,-(
c � ( d!*+ � � e32 .f9S ghij�H � (k5YPQ lm no po q i � . PQ ( *9
� !*9 �4� e32 YPQ � � J�"�56+2 V WX SrX� ^MNO�s?t6PQ 3HG9X � ( uv�78-w9 \ ;<(2 �� K � x � -y�z9�7 *9 �� ( . PQ !Xqyw9{!|y K� *+ RZ(�G9
}-6 YPQ lm � x � �4� J�"�56+2 �� XH} (~ f{!!* V W�� ;<X 9Sz9� (7 f!!!?� � � �� -w�( G+� (78*9 F9 � J�"�����~ *9 . PQ ��2� �L �9S� ���1� � ( . PQ !*+ RZ(�G9 � ���(� � �*9��3� e� � (�G ! �4� � . PQ � �(9 ��f
. PQ �[�7 , !�����J�"� , (RZ*9;< � � J�"�[� Q A2 �4� J�"�[� Q
� *9������ J�"[> TPQU� A2 3HG9J�"( 6+ ���-w9���� �� * �*9 �/�0��@A� .!(��* RZ� .(�6 �� ( f *9 �T(�9S � 4�� J�"�:�J�" �N���J�" (��*9 w�w�56+ . PQ 3�7 , !
�/�0�3� . 3����� J�"( * MNO 3�� ������� 32 � e�� ¡�¢6ij�£ @A 'X !i�� MNO �56+,-�¤�I �/�0�3¥AX ah�XH :{ .(78*93 f �/�03� *+6 ¦� 3i � *9"#$#%& L �/�0�� .[>MNO 3� .(�G� ,@A(��* 1�"#$#%&�[�@A 9�N���J�"|y § �¨ ij(©vf( '*+/�0�@A!*+ �� �L ª«�"N%¬� (�6 � ,J�"(��RZ(78*+6 *9 -y�{� � ,J�"�� � �4� |y yw9J�"�[� r�� �*9 �/�0�� ,@A� ' Q A[ ��(8f{!�I (��*9
> ¥A 2 6w � ® � O�O� ¯? 3H ° ( ��fb �� 21 1!-w+[I ()L
� �3±i6² ³XH :{3 J�"�56+ � 4������� |y yw9 (*9 �T(�!!?� � 4�� J� 69 ,A ´ (��{!�I ��
"X b PQ�i{!( �µ .(78* x �� � �(¶·99 ¸¹32 � �/�0�56+/�0�@A ������ 2 § º�»¼i ���(½ ¦
� ������ �
� � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �
� � � � ��
� � ��� �� � � � � �� � �! " # �$" � � �� � � �
% � �& � '( �� ) � �� � * � � � # � + ,� -. �/� 01 2 � �� � � � 3�
�� � � � # � 0 � � � �! "1 �& � 4 � � � ��� � 56� � � � � � � �
��# � 56� � 7 � � � � � �! � � � � � �
8 9 ! �4: � � � � ���� � ;�< � � � � �� � � �
� = � > 3" � � � � � ;�
� � � �� �� � � � �
� ? � � � ?� � �� �8 �� � @ � � � AB C�� � � �D 8 � E �� � � �
� � � �� � A��� � � &F �� �
� � � ��� G �
HI � � J K �/�� 3" L�� � � �� �� � M ND� �� � ! �8- �
�8- �� � � � � � O" P Q �HI � � � � � ? R
S T�� � U VWX
� ����� � �
= � � � � �CE �� � � � � � Y Z �����
A �� *� � � � [\ � � M � J
�
��
� � �
�
������
��������� ����
�������� � ��
��� !"
�
�
�
�
323
. m
Table
. m
GPS
km
GPS
cm,
cm Ozawa
cm,
GPS
Fig. , Fig.
. m,
. m
Tie point :
DEM
TIN Trian-
gulated Irregular Network :
m-DEM m-
RMS Root Mean Square Error DEM
. m Fig.
cm
cm Ozawa
m-DEM
et al.,
et al.,
DEM
DEM
,**1
-/ * 1
+1.
/0 +
* */
-* +
0
+1 +-
,+ 1 +- .-
,**2
,
+ +2
3 +3
- .
* +-
* *0
*
+ +
-01*,1.
* + /
+*
,**2
+
, ,
-
- +
- ,
.
��� � ��� ��� �� �� � � �� � ��� �
� � �� � � �� �
� �� � �
� ��
� �� �
� � �� � � �
�� � � �
�� �
� �
!"#$%&'($)&* +,- .!/0 123 &45 6789!/&:;8< =>?@&ABCD%EFGHIJKLMNMO=PQ$G& �R ST S$)& U-45VWX$C YZK[\*]^6_!/&6789 C` ` $)&4 a �6$)&ABbc deF6_fg- -5 VWX$C fh34/i! -HI .j= �k=lm �knop$)&q -rstu!vwxy z1@&R(!{Gx|}3 UEc- = #cE4 ~m= G :;8< =>?@&ABG46_!/&6789 =� &~m��b{� n B34 :;8< Cq !vw4 ��- �!��$%&R(=|}34 ��=���B3 UE�E-��B!6_fg-��
�=��3 6_gB6_f-I��bc��34 �6_fg- !�m&���-I�!/wx �YZK[\-t��bc��!bmxC���$)#cE&��C ��n!C�-:;8<-�Fc� 0 q *�FG45���-��*��FwxG&�o8<!/&:;R -8¡¢£¤4 �bm- : * _¥¦§$)&¨�-©ª«¦§!{GxC ¬q;8< $)& !®¯6$C�o8<!/wx°± =C±5B34q *²G45²`-���=³�@&& �bm- :;8< *´%�F0 6789!/ AB*$%4&:;8< =µ5&AB*¶3�F& �o $)E· 6789!/&�o8<*°±xG4B3x¢ � ¸¹º»-¼½o8<!/wx°±& �bm- :;8< *F�F :;8< Cq !vw4 ��- ����
� � �� � � � ��� �
� �
� � � �
�
�
�
�
�
�
�������
�� ��
� � � � � � � �
�
324
Fig. . Ground control points before the earthquake. Fig. . Ground control points after the earthquake.
Fig.
cm cm DEM
DEM
DEM DEM
m DEM
m-DEM
m DEM
- .
0
+*
+
+
+
. +
. ,
�������� � ����������
� �325
Fig. . Red Relief Image Map of m-DEM.
Fig. . Vertical displacement detection image in a slope and horizontal surface.
,**1
/ +
0
��� � ��� �� � � �� � � � � ��� �
� �� �
��� � �
�� � �
� ��
��
�� �
� ���
� �� � ��
� �� �
� � ��
�� �
� �
� �
��� !"# $ %&'�() * +&,-./012&345678#98: ;" <=>?@A0&BCD?EF&' (GHIJKL!;MN&"O PQRSTUVWIXYZ[.\]^
XYZ[�_;`a �12&bcde IfghiaN�. '� j&5678*BCD?EF&GH&,-I�k:!" ;" XYZ[lmn4
� & o^.PQICK"/XYZ[�pqabcde &rs3�!L4 �tu�fv3#wx6`a# XYZ[W&012y?z�{H3#|a}~�4 �&,-.3#98:d�a���#|a {H3�qI��iaN��wx6`a# {H3&����4 .|^ y?z&��&����KLfv3#d�a �N. {H3& ���6(� XYZ[W& �12y?z�pqa��3I XYZ[&rs3�!L �aN��!"
(p ��I��ia"O XYZ[W�2�%&012#_;`aXYZ[�qIRS�!"
�XYZ[F�I �!"}~ FW�IC� =�XYZ[�pqabcde I�1�XYZ[F�I �!"}~&��3Irs3 !" �4�t� ��� �¡¢iay?z2I�!"bc£¤d¥¦I§i ¨© .ª« ¨© &¬af W.W�ICM y?
y?z&®iaXYZ[&W�¯F z&0°±#98�}~�4 ¯Fª²�¨©³#$ #(:012#(�=�XYZ[�pqabcd 7N�#|a# y?z3I´��µ¶iaN�#.e �7�L4 $ �·K" �12¸6bcd 8ae #¹;K"XYZ[&±º�3I � �.= W�¯F»¼½& XYZ[ XYZ[&
� � �� � � � �� ��
� �
�
��
�
����
�
�
� � ��
� �� �� �
�
� � � � � � � �
326
Fig. . Example of the measured di erence of elevation along road.
Fig. . The example of histogram, before and after
erasing of wrong points.
Fig.
DEM
m
m m m
DEM
Fig.
Fig. m Fig.
m TIN
DEM
TIN m m
1 #
2
1
,**
,** /** /** ,
2 /*
3 ,** +*
/**
,** /**
�������� � ����������
� �327
Fig. . The vertical displacement map. ( m Mesh) Fig. . The vertical displacement map. ( m Mesh)
Fig. . The vertical displacement map. (Interpolation Fig. . The vertical displacement map. (Interpolation
m Mesh) m Mesh)
,**1
3 ,** +* /**
++ +,
,** /**
��� � � � � � �
� �� � �
�� � �
� �� � �
�� �
� ��
� � � �� � ��
� �� �
�� � � � �� � � � �� � �
�� �
� �� � � � �
���
� � � �� � �
� � �� � �
� � � �� �
� � �� � �
�� � � �
� �� � ��
� � � � � � � �� �� ��
� � � � � � �� �
� �� � � � �
� �
� � � ��� �� �� �� � !! "#$%��&'#� ()*�+ � � )$%,� &'#� -. /, &01 ) */�203 ,45)67 83 9�� ��&'#� &: ) ;)<=�>?�@# � &'2�& A B ! C )<= DE� F' GHI, J ) ) :K#�L M2� ��NKO� %)P �QR00R S T � ; )<= UV, WXYZ[\ )\ ]Z^)%_+ `I23 O'#�L _#(+�ab��+cFKO�d]Z^/�E) I &_OB:e0 d f gh�8� +) �
]Z^/�E)<=I2�+cFKO� V0 i )WXYZ[\ j� k +&' #lm) � %�NKO� ) n�o 0 )7p S\ ilm�UVO� qr1#', k B#(+! d]Z^/�E s R�tu �v#' S� f) Bw <=&'#�M)+cFKO� �xy& S) TE �QR0 V0
, SI ) z � {� -.45)� � � &'v3 )|� T} ) I~�
/�)]��Z � �&0M)+ � � f �xy&'#� ~� f �, �)��� � > ��� & m���,� )����3
� � , � J� ��� J��e ?' �de'#� �o#' S)~�' !! � #$%I� "O� �� �#) f �de'v3 � , ()7p S)WX, ��) � � 6: 83 I YZ[\ ilm�UVO� �o#' S
NKO � � JI,6� I2� � ) TE �QR WXYZ[\ �Z�+) ��%:76w & � � JI� #0 (OK\ ) f gh�8� S)+B3 (O83 I, � JI TE + WXYZ[\ �83 KO0_# RKO� �!:� , "@B ) TE +) ��de0 ) TE3 ��� JI +B� V0 ��) � , f J) � )¡� &83 ) � N J)���#qr��) � ¢) £�2� ) TE ) ¤ +&0¥ )�� :K I,¦ B ,6 ) TE + k qrt
+§w RKO¨ "K� ) � �� I u +)E�o#', © I +Be'#�, ) M2� , +Be'#� ¢Oª«) ��&', ª;+Be'v3¬ � © J�v#', � a !! ® I2� ~� f +)E�o#',"#*/ NKO� (O, ()*/I � "B I,¬ ® I2� &01 */I23 V0 �8� ¯ _B I, )E 2� ~� f &#*/IM2�(+:K �8� � ª �8� T , � ) �n �8e' °�0«� ;! ¯)<=� F0L _ R (OK) �o#', S)f I �n#(+�ab�� +cFKO� )±:B²# <=&0M)+cFKO� )
TE , &0 +) �I,¬ ®1 s) �8� +) � I2�(+:K ) +B�87BM)
1 s , S) ³� I,B#+cFKO����#) ) �xy& ³ �8� +) �
� �� ; �´ &'#� , �# I,� "O'#0(+:K � , J) , �f µ ¶ ·#p ¸ WX� )¡� & ¢) £�2� T) GH¹ �z ³ + ³ v8rE ) ¤ + �&0 )ghI ³ + ³ �f &0®, º )/I a f "O'v3 ¹�YZ»Z �Z�� #'
º I )� a RKO� ( ¼ ® ¹�YZ»Z �8�½O, GH�v?�� � )$%+6� ®& �d# ��� ) ��v?� � �Q'#� º )/I, GH�v? R'#� � JI� RKO (O83
� � �� �� ��� ��� �� �� ��� ���
�� ��� � � �� �� �� �� � �� � �� !" �#
$ ��� ��% �#& '()* ���� �# + , - !" . �#/ 01" ��234 � 567 89 �: ; < ��% =
0 0 > 34 ?@ AB AB @ 0 ��2 �
CD �:� 0 ABE !" EFG 567 � " �: 0 " �ABE !" H @ �I 1 " " �: 0
JK �:� ; L�:� 3MNO PQ R A
�� ��LS� PQ01 ; 1 T*U V �� � 0 0
�WX� Y Z E � [�� �� : [ \] U[ 01 " �:�56 ^ _ U � 0 �:
�2 : W` / 5G 0 " �:�ab [ 67 ; L 0 � Ec? a �d[ ?��2e " 0 �:�
6G fO bg[ ��2 ; L 0 h? iL _ ��2 ; L � ; L<fO [ : W 0"[ �#/ N '1
` 6G fO j [ : k ; L l <W` ^ U e mn o �� ; L< ABE !"
_ mn fO \� p " �qr/ st ��2 "a �[ uC* v 2 B * 0" �
01" '1 �2 �" B * ��2 ?� �� �: �#w �" xr
o �: � �� 0 ; < � y ( ���% �#w , 34 ? �" �:� 0 y
(; L< �� !02 � B *
��I !02 ��2 � qr st��I �: z 3MN
O{ !" 02 z ��2 �C / ��2 | !" �# 3MNO�:'1 !"[ �#/ n 0 } ~ �N '1 k ; � z � �L l < � !02 z � z � 0 �;�� v 0 E
;�� e ?v _ � �- �� �� B � : p n � ��LS;�� - : [ ?��2 _
�
�
����
������
�
�
�
� � � � � � � �
328
Fig. , Fig.
m
GPS
. . m
GPS
Honda
Fig. m GPS
. m GPS Trimble
GPS
m
. GPS
m m-DEM
m-DEM
m GPS m
DEM Fig.
km , Table DEM
. m
m . m
GPS
. . m GPS
DEM
DEM
InSAR
Ozawa Fukushima
m DEM
Fig.
PALSAR InSAR In-
. m terferometric SAR :
et al.
et al.
et al.
++ +,
,**
* + * , /
+
,**2
+- ,**
* */
,
12
,**1 ,-
*
* ./ ,3
+
+
* -
- +/ ,
* +23
* * +
* + * /
,**2 ,**1 0
,**+ 1 2
,**2
,**2
- ,**1 , ,- . +*
+. ,**0 +, ,- ,**1 / +*
3,0- 3,/.
3,0+ * .
3,0+ 3,/2
. -
. .
�������� � ����������
� �329
Fig. . Profiles of the vertical displacement.
,**1
+-
���� ���� �� �� ��� ��� ���� ���� �����
� � � � � � � �
330
Fig. . Comparison of airborne laser survey data and ground survey data.
Table . Comparison of airborne laser survey and
GPS survey. (Results)
Fig. . Comparison of airborne laser survey data
and GPS survey data. (Survey points)
+.
,
+/
� �� � ��
�
� �� � �
� � �� �
� �� �
���� �� � �
� � ���� ��� �� � �� ���� ����
!" #� $% &'( ( )*+,-./0
�1 1 2 3� " .45�6 7 ./0
8 9 � �::
�; �
�� ; � � � �
� � ;� � � � �
; � � ;< ;
� �
;� �
�;
� � � �� �
� � �
� ;
� ;�
; � �� �
; � ��
; �
; � � �
;
= =
�>?@ABC D �>?@A �EF DGH � I JKL ���� � M - NO�P QR�A S�T� U � � VW � I JKL �X�YZ [ �\�]^ _`@?ab?cI �d`@Aeef?I �d`@Agh a iji� k �l m R ���R�A �nHop 65� 4 � �6q �Ar s ��� �X`@ � t`@?ab?a GA JKLu 65� 4 v � �A a w�R^AnJ iji� k x �yz�{]�|A JKLs? Ga �� }�A S� [ ^~�`@?ab?a �
A 4^ ��`@gh ���^�`@? 1� �� � �`1�GWI ���� �� U � A 4 D��KL � �gh n I 4� ��� JKL ���� A � cIf5��a ������� \�]^ �W Iop S�y 3���I�>��I��W � Io �� ������A � ��� H 5I
H� ���s\�]I KL Io I� L ¡ I¢ z £J � }Ho ¤�¥ e ¦���^§��¨�©ª@? « Hop �¬ s I Ho �?¨ �o
� S�������p ^® `a ¤� S�^ ?@U z� ¯� % ^3? �
� U � ^°Ja ±�²³ UA 4 D^ ��6q �´µ@ ee � ?¶zH L 6q ´?� A 65�4 � H�KL BC d DH�
�s 65� 4 �oa �·� D�6q´?¸¹65� 4 v �6q«K HAr s Ag�º§ JKLs? ¤�²³A » [ �?µa �[ �� � �²³��¼½ � Ho
� ������ � �
� �� ��� ��� � ��� � � �� ��� � �� � !
"# $ %& $ ' ������ ( )* � +,
-�. /0 �1�2 � � �3456,
78 9 :; /8 <�; � � = � >? @A BC �D E�� � F �G = H �I � J78 /8 K � � L �
)* /8 M N � OP Q�G = )* R1 S01 TU � /0 V)*2 = � �W� � K 2 X
� �� � ;?�G K � Y8 S0
1 =� Q H Z� [ \] �D
^ �_2 ` � a �
abc d efd , g2 h ? ij
c kl ij m
������ nh�D�� ` �D
o �2 p q � ��� �G ��G ; � M 7/ R= M �G
)* 71 9 Br; ?�Gs )*/1 <�
; )* R Ms tlS0 N �G =
u �G �v � � � w c
� �
�
� �
��
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
� � � � �� �
� � �
�
331
.
Fowler, R.A., A. Samberg, M. J. Flood, and T. J. Greaves,
, Topographic and Terrestrial Lidar, American So-
ciety for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing., Digital
Elevation Model Technologies and Applications : The
DEM Users Manual nd Edition, .
Fukushima Y., T. Ozawa and M. Hashimoto, , Fault
model of the Noto Hanto earthquake from PAL-
SAR radar interferometry and GPS data,
, .
Honda R., Y. Hiramatsu, Y. Kono and H. Katagawa, ,
Gravity anomalies and the geologic block structures in
and around the aftershock area of the Noto Hanto
Earthquake, , .
.
.
Okazaki K., S. Hatake, N. Fujii, T. Sano and B. Ota, ,
Examination of forest evaluation technique by LiDAR,
Silvilaser Proceedings of the International Confer-
ence, .
Ozawa S., H. Yarai, M. Tobita, H. Une and T. Nishimura,
, Crustal deformation associated with the Noto
Hanto Earthquake in in Japan,
, .
Received February ,
Accepted March ,
GPS
InSAR GPS
m-DEM m-
DEM
. m
km
GPS InSAR
Earth PlanetsSpace,
Earth Planets Space,
Earth Planets Space,
,**1
,**1
,**1
-.3 -0-
,**1
, +33 /,
,**2
,**1
33 +*.
,**2
,**1
+++ ++/
,**1 ,**1
-*+
-+,
,**2
.*- .*1
,**0
,**0
+3+ +30
,**2
,**1
3/ 32
+ ,**2
3 ,**2
+
,**1
+ +
+
,
* ./ -
-
0*
0*
2,
13
0*
/