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The Decline of labour: Myth of ‘Rigidity’ in India’s Labour Market
SATYAKI ROYISID, New Delhi
National Seminar on “ Globalisation, Labour market and Employment Relations in India”
9-10 July, 2012Mumbai
Flexibilisation Debate• Flexibility: lowering cost of hire and fire: separation
benefits are potential hiring costs• Net result: lower employment rates during upswing and
higher rates during recession• Types of flexibility (S,2002): numerical: increased
external worker; functional: job structure, work tasks; wage flexibility: fixed to flexible, monetisation
• Globalisation: addition of labour supply without proportional addition in capital: bargaining strength
• Globalisation: Logics of competition; logic of employment-protection; logic of industrial peace: hegemony of capital by dismantling legal rights: Share of IW within FS: 42 (99/00); 46.6 (04/05); 51.1 (09/10)
The Macro-perspective• Lower real wage induce profit-max firms to produce more through
greater emp till MPL equals real wage; abolition of institutional rigidities: rising emp without accelerating inflation
• Keynes’s intervention in case of temporary departure from Say’s world of full employment
• The assumptions of the marketist approach: a) reduction in NW keeps demand unchanged; b) MPC=1 implying no gap between increment of income and that of consumption; c) DL in response to NW is not inelastic
• Wage restraint would depress both unit cost and Consumption demand, alternative I or Ex (B&M,1990). Inflation as an implicit shift.
• More the share of profit incomes the less responsive would be CD wrt income; Change in the composition of output: higher income elasticities of demand and lesser employment elasticity
Highlights (NAS)
• Decline in CE: 37.4 to 34.1 (D-3.1pp); Decline MI: 51.4 to 45.4 (D-6pp)and rise in the share of OS: 10.4 to 18.7 (D-8.3); sharper rise since 1993
• Sharp fall in CE: TSC: 80.3 (80/81) to 37.3 (09/10); M &Q: 75.3 (80/81) to 37.4 (09/10)
• Sharp rise in OS: M&Q: 21.1 (80/81) to 34.4 (99/00); FIRB: 13.5 (80/81) to 26.4 (09/10)
• Share of CE increased: EGW, THR, CSPS• Within Manu CE declined in registered and marginal rise in UR• Within services CE declined sharply in railways,
communications and banking and insurance and transport by other means ; increased relatively more in hotel and restaurants and other services.
Highlights (ASI)
• Share of Profit as % of GVA: 19.3 (79/80) to 37.3 (03/04)• Share of Wages as % of GVA: 27.9 to 12.3• Share of rent was relatively high (>2%) in 95/96-01/02 but
came down to 1.7• Share of interest increased since 79/80 reached a peak 28.4
(91/92) and then declined• Share of wages declined consistently, may be the slope was
higher since late 1980s• Share of profit outstripped the share of wages only when the
share of interest declined
Highlights (ASI)
• In the manufacturing material cost as % of GVO hovered around 60% throughout
• Fuel cost declined since mid-80s to 7.1% in 03/04• Labour cost in output was 8% (73/74) came down to 2.4%
(03/04)• Real wages increased over the years but growth in RW show a
declining trend• The gap between average wage and labour productivity
increased sharply• Capital intensity increased faster than the growth of LP.• Unit labour cost declined by 58%: labour lost more than half
for producing the same output
Some concluding remarks
• Assumed symmetry of inputs: price is a function of ULC (NW/LP) and UCC (Pr/CP)
• D-S framework doesn’t say that wage reflects productivity: rise in productivity and its impact on supply of labour.
• Wage-productivity (A,1982): determination of ‘fair wage’: social norm: perceived value, notion of ‘gift exchange’: when actual wage < fair wage: effort < normal effort.
• Workers attain firm specific skills: economic rent through rise in MVPL: demanding higher share does not reduce profit or employment
• Flexibilisation is a political project: shifting responsibility of maintaining RAL from individual capital to the state: non-capital shares the responsibility as well.