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The Digestive system

Date post: 23-Jan-2016
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The Digestive system. Carnivore : ________: Omnivore :. Meat eater Plant eater Eats both plants AND animals. Teeth. C. Incisors - foremost teeth used to bite into food Canines - largest teeth, used for tearing food (if present in mouth) Premolars & Molars - _____ and _____ food. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: The Digestive  system
Page 2: The Digestive  system
Page 3: The Digestive  system

Carnivore:________:Omnivore:

Meat eaterPlant eaterEats both plants AND animals

Page 4: The Digestive  system

C

Incisors- foremost teeth used to bite into food

Canines- largest teeth, used for tearing food (if present in mouth)

Premolars & Molars- _____ and _____ food

Page 5: The Digestive  system

-Incisors Canines Premolars Molars

Upper 6 2 8 4

Lower 6 2 8 6

Upper 6 2 8 4

Lower 6 2 8 6

Upper 0 0 6 6

Lower 6 2 6 6

Page 6: The Digestive  system

Saliva: •produced by FOUR salivary glands. •Contains enzyme _______ which begins to break down starch into simple sugar, maltose. •Helps maintain stable pH in mouth. •Makes food easier to swallow.

Tongue: •Helps to obtain food and moves it around in mouth to aid in chewing

_____- food that is ground into a small ball and ready to be swallowed.

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Esophagus- •Delivers food through neck, chest cavity, and diaphragm into stomach•Food is propelled by __________ (set of muscle contractions in a hollow organ that propels its contents)

Stomach- •Secretes _______ juices and muscle contractions to break down food. •Little absorption occurs here

Monogastric- single stomach Examples…..

_________- four compartment stomach Examples…..

Page 8: The Digestive  system

BoLiver & Pancreas- •Controls blood _____ levels and stores certain vitamins and iron•Both secrete digestive enzymes needed for further _________

Small Intestine- •Lined with finger-like projections called _____, which aid in absorption of nutrients•Much of digestion and absorption of nutrients occur within small intestine

THREE PARTS: 1. Duodenum, 2. Jejunum, 3. Ileum

Page 9: The Digestive  system

Large Intestine-

•Absorbs water from material that will become feces•Three parts: Colon, _____, Rectum

**Note: Horses have a well-developed large intestine

Cecum is very long- 1.25 meters (4.1 Feet), can hold 25-30 Liters

Page 10: The Digestive  system

Secretion Source LocationActionSalivary amylase Salivary glands Mouth Digests Starches

___ Stomach Stomach Breaks down protein, activates pepsin

Pepsin Stomach Stomach Digests protein

_______ Pancreas Small Intestine Digests protein

Lipase Pancreas Small Intestine Digests fat

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Secretion Source Location Action

Amylase ________ Small Intestine Digests starches

Gastrin Stomach Stomach Increases HCI release

Secretin Duodenum _____ Increases bile production by the liver

Gastric inhibitary Duodenum Stomach Decreases activity of stomach

Page 12: The Digestive  system

Livestock with ___-compartment stomachsRumen: •First stomach,• large fermentation vat, takes up most of ____ side of abdomen. •Lined with fingerlike projections called papillae- increase surface area that allows for absorption of nutrients

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_________: Lining looks like a honeycomb- makes the site that traps any heavy object ingestedPlacing a magnet in stomach prevents hardware disease by holding metal tight against it- prevents sharp ends from penetrating stomach wall

Hardware disease- sharp piece of metal punctures through wall of reticulum into _______, penetrates liver or diaphragm and into _____.

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Omasum: Lined with long folds that prevent large particles from passing and increasing surface areaProvides water __________

Page 15: The Digestive  system

Abomasum: True StomachSimilar to monogastric stomachFurther digestion by cow’s _______

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Rumination:

Food taken in quickly by ruminants, then rumen and reticulum ________ forcing some of ingested food back through the esophagus and into mouth (regurgitation). The animal then takes time to ____ it into finer pieces (cud chewing)

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_____- Abdominal illness in horsesSymptoms- horse will turn and look or kick at their sides, lie down and get up frequently or roll to relieve pain. Common causes are _________ of food in small intestine, torsion (twist) of small intestine, extreme gas, excessive consumption of sand.

_____- Large, gaseous distention of rumen (common in cattle). Cows must periodically belch to release the gas from the rumen; if not, bloat will result. In worst cases, a needle needs to be inserted in the cow’s side to relieve the gas.

**Both can be fatal**

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BCarbohydrates: •Supply vitamin E •Provide structure within a cell•Supply fiber and bulkiness to diet•Provides glucose to maintain blood sugar levels•Needed to complete __________ of fat

Monosaccharide: simple sugars (Ex. Glucose, fructose)Disaccharides: two sugars (Ex. Lactose)Polysaccharide: long chains of simple sugars (Ex. Starch, cellulose)

Page 19: The Digestive  system

Proteins: •Made of chains of _____ Acids•Key role in structure and function of cells•Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies•Utilized as a source of vitamin E for animals

Essential amino acids: must be supplied in diet

Include: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Nonessential amino acids: can be synthesized from other Amino Acids

Deficiencies: poor growth, low body weight, poor immunity

____: •Immediate supply of E or stored.•Provides a source of E, insulation, and some protection to organs•Produces certain hormones•Increases palatability (tastiness) of food•Needed for absorption of certain vitamins.

Page 20: The Digestive  system

Water: •Most critical nutrient•A loss of only ___ of the body’s water is a serious health risk•Loss of ___ or more is life threatening•Up to two thirds of the body is water•Provides shape to cells•Helps transport nutrients, wastes, and hormones in blood•Controls body temperature

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VitaminsMost are needed in small amounts to maintain health and function of animalsMay act as enzymes or coenzymesEither:

___ soluble: absorbed from intestinal tract with Fat; stored in body- A, D, E, K

_____ soluble: not stored in body, need to be taken on daily basis

Eight Vitamin B’s and C

Antioxidant (Vitamins A, C, E- protect lipid membranes of cells

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A Pigment of retina, night vision, healthy cell function

__ Synthesized in skin from exposure to UV rays, maintenance & formation of bone and teeth

E Associated with selenium, important role in immune & reproductive systems

K Blood clotting

___ (Thiamin) Maintenance of nervous system

B2 (Riboflavin) Healthy skin

B3 (Niacin) Healthy oral tissue

Page 23: The Digestive  system

B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Antibody Production

B6 (Pyriodozine) Hemoglobin formation

Folic Acid Red blood cell formation

______ Healthy skin & hooves

B12 (Cobolamin) Red blood cell production

___ Wound healing & collagen formation

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B

Categorized based on relative amounts required by the body

Macrominerals- Needed in larger amountsCa, K, Na, P, Mg, S, Cl

_____ Minerals (micronutrients)- Not usually needed in supplement form; often involved in speeding up chemical enzyme reactions and included in hormones.

Page 25: The Digestive  system

_______ (Ca) Development of bones & teethChloride (Cl) Fluid control in bloodPhosporus (P) Bone & teeth; structure of cell membraneMagnesium (Mg) Bone & teeth; hemoglobin productionPotassium (K) Needed in protein synthesis; function of

nerves and muscleSodium (Na)Function of nerves & muscles______ (S) In amino acids; methionine & cystineCobalt (Co) Involved in many enzyme reactionsCopper (Cu) Necessary for proper iron metabolism

Page 26: The Digestive  system

Iodine (I) Portion of thyroid hormone; proper reproductive cycle

_____ (Fe) Portion of hemoglobin & oxygen metabolism

Manganese (Mn) Involved in bone & connective tissue development

Selenium (Se) Antioxidant; needed for healthy immune system

_____ (Zn) Role in bood cell formation & wound healing; needed for healthy skin & hooves; and immune system

Page 27: The Digestive  system

A


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