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The Dynamic EarthThe Dynamic EarthChapter 3
Layers of the EarthHydrosphereAtmosphereGeosphere
The GeosphereThe GeosphereChapter 1, Section 1
The Composition of EarthThe Composition of EarthThe upper and lower crust, the
mantle, and the coreCore – Earth’s innermost
compositional layer
EarthquakeEarthquakeAn earthquake is the vibrations of the
Earth’s crust caused by slippage along a fault
The energy released by an earthquake occurs in the form of seismic waves
VolcanoesVolcanoesA mountain built from magma –
melted rock – that rises from the Earth’s interior to the surface
Most are located around the Pacific Rim
Which of the following does NOT both remove and add gases to the atmosphere?
PlantsAnimalsAutomobilesVolcanic Eruptions
Wind and Water ErosionWind and Water ErosionLikely to effect: mountains,
beaches, soil, soft rocksNot Likely to effect: tides
The AtmosphereThe AtmosphereChapter 1, Section 2
Layers of AtmosphereLayers of AtmosphereTroposphere – Nearest Earth’s surface◦The densest atmospheric layer◦Where all of Earth’s weather occurs
Stratosphere – O-Zone layerMesosphere – Coldest layer of
atmosphereThermosphere – Where nitrogen and oxygen
absorb solar radiation The topmost layerIonosphere – the lower Thermosphere
Greenhouse GassesGREENHOUSE gases in the
atmosphere, including WATER VAPOR, trap radiated heat and help maintain surface air temperature
Surface CurrentsSurface currents in the ocean can
influence CLIMATES OF land areas they flow past because they CARRY WARMER OR COLDER WATER GREAT DISTANCES
Mechanisms of Energy Mechanisms of Energy TransferTransferRadiation – The transfer of energy
across spaceConduction – The flow of heat
from a warmer object to a colder object when the objects are placed in direct physical contact
Convection – The transfer of heat by air currents
The Hydrosphere and The Hydrosphere and BiosphereBiosphereChapter 3, Section 3
HydrosphereHydrosphereIncludes all of the water on or
near Earth’s surfaceWhat about the water below
Earth’s surface?There are two types of water: salt
water and fresh water, in which salt water obviously contains more salt
The Water CycleThe Water CycleThe continuous movement of water into
the air, onto land, and then back to waterEvaporation – the process in which liquid
water is heated by the sun and then rises into the atmosphere as water vapor
Condensation – water vapor that forms droplets on dust particles
Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls from clouds
AerosolsAerosolsAerosols are tiny, liquid droplets
found in the atmosphere
World OceanWorld OceanA single, large, interconnected
body of water that covers 70% of Earth’s surface
Ocean LayersOcean LayersSurface Zone, Thermocline, and
Deep ZoneThe DEEP ZONE of ocean is from
base of thermocline to the bottom of the ocean
What drives the ocean surface currents?Tectonic platesGravitySalinityWind
Deepest OceanDeepest OceanThe four main oceans are the
Arctic, Indian, Atlantic, and the Pacific
The deepest ocean is the PacificCalled the Challenger Deep11,033 m below sea level
ThermoclineBoundary between warm and cold
water in ocean or lake
Where is most of the World’s Where is most of the World’s fresh water?fresh water?Only ~3% of the world’s water is
fresh waterMost of the world’s fresh water is
found in the ice caps and glaciers
TributariesTributariesTributaries are smaller streams
or rivers that flow into larger ones
Recharge ZoneLand surface area where water enters
an aquifer
Pack IceForms when frozen seawater is driven
together by wind and waves
Picture ReferencesPicture References Listed in order that they appear http://www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/education/rr/inde
x.php?activity=layers_of_the_earth http://www.thebestlinks.com/Cascadia_Earthquake.ht
ml http://www.greendiary.com/entry/q13-how-does-a-sup
er-volcano-blow-up-to-cover-an-entire-continent-with-ash
http://www.flickr.com/photos/benwhitlock/307834571/ http://history.nasa.gov/NP-119/p71.htm http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/images/
ocp2003/ocpfy2003-fig5-1.htm http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/
WinterDC3.html http://homepage.risd41.org/kreimers/stories/
storyReader$14 http://www.news.com/2300-11397_3-6126409-
5.html http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/shorewood/
tributary.htm