The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle Ages

Barbarian Invasions and Barbarian Invasions and Byzantine Italy, c. 400 - c. Byzantine Italy, c. 400 - c. 1130 AD1130 AD

The Visigoths reached Italy at the beginning of The Visigoths reached Italy at the beginning of the fifth centurythe fifth century

Other Barbarians were approaching Italy. The Other Barbarians were approaching Italy. The Vandals arrived in Africa in 429. Their control of Vandals arrived in Africa in 429. Their control of North Africa deprived Rome of her source of North Africa deprived Rome of her source of corn.corn.

The Goths settled in Italy and acquired the The Goths settled in Italy and acquired the trappings of Western civilization trappings of Western civilization

In 370 the Huns arrived from Russia (Mongols)In 370 the Huns arrived from Russia (Mongols) In 452 Attila (dies a year later) arrived in Northern In 452 Attila (dies a year later) arrived in Northern

Italy and after a three month siege conquers the Italy and after a three month siege conquers the city of Aquileia.city of Aquileia.

Pope Leo I (440-61) can be considered the Pope Leo I (440-61) can be considered the founder of Catholicism. Connected to two mythsfounder of Catholicism. Connected to two myths

He stopped Attila from entering RomeHe stopped Attila from entering Rome

A forged document, known as the Donation of A forged document, known as the Donation of Constantine, which professed to record Constantine’s Constantine, which professed to record Constantine’s gift of the Western Empire to the Papacy (document gift of the Western Empire to the Papacy (document entirely discredited by Lorenzo Valla during the entirely discredited by Lorenzo Valla during the Renaissance)Renaissance)

In 476 Romulus Augustalus was deposed by Odovacar In 476 Romulus Augustalus was deposed by Odovacar (476-493) at the head of a mixed group of Teutonic (476-493) at the head of a mixed group of Teutonic invaders nominally at the service of the empireinvaders nominally at the service of the empire

Theodoric followed Odovacar as a Gothic king (488-Theodoric followed Odovacar as a Gothic king (488-526). His reign was peaceful and prosperous. He ruled 526). His reign was peaceful and prosperous. He ruled the Gothic peoples without interfereing in the culture, the Gothic peoples without interfereing in the culture, life and laws of the Romans. He insisted on religious life and laws of the Romans. He insisted on religious tolerancetolerance

Under the reign of the emperor Justinian (in the Eastern Under the reign of the emperor Justinian (in the Eastern part) the Gothic rule ended. Justinian’s fame is part) the Gothic rule ended. Justinian’s fame is connected to the connected to the CODEXCODEX (529) and the (529) and the INSTITUTIONESINSTITUTIONES (533)(533)

Ravenna experienced an architectural Ravenna experienced an architectural Renaissance during the time of TheodoricRenaissance during the time of Theodoric

In the lastIn the last decades of the sixth century decades of the sixth century conditions in Italy deteriorated. Barbarian conditions in Italy deteriorated. Barbarian invasions continued. Ravenna, Rome, Genoa and invasions continued. Ravenna, Rome, Genoa and Naples preserved remnants of Roman Naples preserved remnants of Roman institutions. Many towns were abandoned (villa). institutions. Many towns were abandoned (villa).

The exarch ruled in Ravenna (capital of the The exarch ruled in Ravenna (capital of the Western Empire), and elsewhere military Western Empire), and elsewhere military governers predominated over civilian onesgoverners predominated over civilian ones

LOMBARD ITALY AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE PAPAL LOMBARD ITALY AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE PAPAL STATES c. 600 - 800 ADSTATES c. 600 - 800 AD

Pope Gregory I (Gregorius Magnus) (540-604) His Pope Gregory I (Gregorius Magnus) (540-604) His administration of the church was thorough, he set the administration of the church was thorough, he set the pattern for catholic services and rituals (Gregorian pattern for catholic services and rituals (Gregorian Chant, Gregorian Calendar). A humanitarian, Gregory, Chant, Gregorian Calendar). A humanitarian, Gregory, improved the conditions of the slaves (free bread). He improved the conditions of the slaves (free bread). He repaired aqueducts and showed respect for a lost, repaired aqueducts and showed respect for a lost, pagan, civilization. (IV Father of the Church) (Ambrose, pagan, civilization. (IV Father of the Church) (Ambrose, Quintillian, Tertullian)Quintillian, Tertullian)

The Lombards arrived about 568 and heavy fighting The Lombards arrived about 568 and heavy fighting followed until 605. Contemporary accounts tell of followed until 605. Contemporary accounts tell of wholesale disasters, floods, famine, the plague. What wholesale disasters, floods, famine, the plague. What happened to the Romans or Italians in this period is happened to the Romans or Italians in this period is imperfectly known (Dark Age between Alboin’s death in imperfectly known (Dark Age between Alboin’s death in 573 and the accession of Agilulf (590)573 and the accession of Agilulf (590)

Lombards (200.000 at their arrival) quickly Lombards (200.000 at their arrival) quickly disappeared in Italian society. Their language disappeared in Italian society. Their language did not survive except in a few Italian wordsdid not survive except in a few Italian words

Roman law survived, property law in particular Roman law survived, property law in particular was adopted by the Lombards (VIII-IX)was adopted by the Lombards (VIII-IX)

Lombards became city dwellers and were Lombards became city dwellers and were found in Brescia, Vicenza and Pavia (northern found in Brescia, Vicenza and Pavia (northern towns)towns)

The capital of Lombard Italy was Pavia, which The capital of Lombard Italy was Pavia, which remained an important cultural center, as it remained an important cultural center, as it was intended to rival Ravenna. Paul the was intended to rival Ravenna. Paul the Deacon lived here (famous historian)Deacon lived here (famous historian)

PAVIAPAVIA

The Exarchate of Ravenna was a separate entity. The Exarchate of Ravenna was a separate entity. The first Exarch had been appointed by the The first Exarch had been appointed by the Byzantine Emperor Maurice (582-602). Once Byzantine Emperor Maurice (582-602). Once appointed, the Exarchs retained virtual appointed, the Exarchs retained virtual independence (declared in 619 and in 651). The independence (declared in 619 and in 651). The organization of the Exarchate was sophisticated. organization of the Exarchate was sophisticated. Taxes were collected, troops were paid regularly. Taxes were collected, troops were paid regularly. The Exarchate was conquered by Lombards The Exarchate was conquered by Lombards (Aistulf, 749-56)(Aistulf, 749-56)

In 754 and 756 the Franks invaded Italy under In 754 and 756 the Franks invaded Italy under King Pepin . Pepin’s arrival provided the King Pepin . Pepin’s arrival provided the opportunity for the foundation of the Papal opportunity for the foundation of the Papal States. The Donation of Pepin (756), gave land States. The Donation of Pepin (756), gave land that was nominally under the Eastern Empire that was nominally under the Eastern Empire to Pope Stephen II. Added to the Donation of to Pope Stephen II. Added to the Donation of Constantine, the Donation of Pepin virtually Constantine, the Donation of Pepin virtually proclaimed the Pope to be the heir of the proclaimed the Pope to be the heir of the Roman emperors.Roman emperors.

Charlemagne became king of the Franks in Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 774 and visited Rome that year. His presence 774 and visited Rome that year. His presence illustrated Frankish domination of the Papal illustrated Frankish domination of the Papal StatesStates

RAVENNA AND ITS RAVENNA AND ITS MOSAICSMOSAICS

CHARLEMAGNECHARLEMAGNE

The Coronation The Coronation