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8/6/2019 The Effect of Types of Medium Filter in the Filtration Processing Time
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I. INTRODUCTION
Motivation for conduction of the Study
Filtration is a more efficient method for the separation of mixtures than
decantation, but it is much more time consuming. If a very small amount of solution is
involved, most of the solution may be soaked up by the filter medium.
Filtration methods are used in home, in research laboratories, in industrial
processes, and in controlling environmental pollution. For example, a coffee filter is usedto separate brewed coffee from the grounds.
On an industrial scale, filtration is used by the oil, gas, food and beverage, and
pharmaceutical industries, among others. Municipalities use filtration techniques when
treating sewage and purifying water.
Filtration cleans up river streams or other water streams. Furnaces use filtration to
prevent the furnace elements from fouling with particulates. Pneumatic conveying
systems often employ filtration to stop or slow the flow of material that is transported,
through the use of a baghouse.
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Background of the Study
The history of water treatment dates back, approximately, to the thirteenth century
B.C. in Egypt. However, modern filtration began much later. John Gibb's slow sand
filter, built in 1804 in Scotland, was the first filter used for treating potable water in large
quantities. Slow sand filters spread rapidly, with the first one in the United States built in
Richmond, VA, in 1832. A set of slow sand filters adapted from English designs was
built in 1870 in Poughkeepsie, NY, and is still in operation.
The history of water filters is indelibly tied to the history of water, itself. As
human industry has grown and water has become more contaminated, water filters have
emerged over the centuries in response to the growing recognition of the need for pure,
clean water to drink and the realization that such water does not occur naturally.
Water has greatly affected humanity and civilization for millennia. Because water
is so absolutely vital to our body systems, we, as living beings, are entirely dependent
upon water. In fact, this simple substance, more than any other factor, guided the
formation of civilization. Early civilizations were clustered around water sources, and it
was water that initiated the first substantial agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, leading to
more complex and sedentary civilizations. For centuries, water availability guided the
type of foodstuff that could be grown in an area. Water was also the impetus and guiding
force behind the first cross-cultural interactions. Early trade was completely dependent
upon water, for transportation of goods and sustenance of people and animals.
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Throughout the centuries, as technology developed, people have gradually gained
more control of water. They have been able to transport water to arid lands, stop and
redirect rivers, and even determine when, where, and how much rain will fall. Even with
increased control of water resources, water still continues to dominate the political,
economic, and social structure of all nations. This statement can be verified by looking at
political struggles within the United States over water resources or throughout the Middle
East over access to limited water. Concerning conflict in the Middle East, former World
Bank Vice President Ismail Serageldin stated in 2000, "Many of the wars of this [20th]
century were about oil, but the wars of the next century will be about water" (Smith,2000).
In modern times, concerns over water quality remain supreme. Over the years,
scientists have discovered more and more contaminants in fresh water sources, and these
same scientists have noted a strong correlation between drinking water contamination and
many significant health problems. Due to the rampant impurity of water and the crucial,
physiological need for clean, fresh drinking water, several treatment alternatives have
emerged throughout the history of water treatment. Water filtration, one of the more
viable and prominent of these treatment alternatives, has something of a remarkable past.
Historians believe that the use of water filters began more than 4000 years ago! In the
next several pages, the fascinating history of water filters will be addressed. Read on to
learn more about this interesting history.
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II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The summary of some of related literature relevant to our study
The relevance of these related articles is that these could be a guide for households about the importance of water and to be educated on how water must
be treated properly.
Filtration in Water and Wastewater Analysis
As simple as it looks, the filtration media and how it works is more complex that what
meets the eye.
- L.P. Raman
Filtration is widely accepted as a way of producing quality water. As simple as it looks,
the filtration media and how it works is a complex process. In general, filtration media is
classified as depth filters or screen filters. Depth filters retain particles in the matrix of the
filter media and along the direction of fluid flow. In contrast, screen filters (also known
as membrane filters) retain particles on the surface of the filters.
While depth filters are rated based on the size of the particles they retain, membrane
filters are usually rated by pore sizes.
Filtration Media Construction Materials
Filtration media is made from natural materials such as cotton and wood pulp or from
synthetic polymers such as polypropylene. In-organic materials such as glass micro fiber,
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quartz, aluminum oxide and silver are also used as filter media. Table 2 shows materials
of construction and types of filters these are made into.
Water Analysis Lab Filters
Filters used in water analysis labs generally are used for removing particulates, capturing
and quantifying specified impurities or for analyzing microorganisms. Generally,
laboratories use filter media in circular formats in sheet forms such as filter papers or
membranes or as encapsulated devices such as syringe filters and capsules.
Filter Papers
Cellulose and glass micro fiber media are used for basic qualitative and quantitative
measurements. The basic procedure is to take a filter paper, measure its base line weight,
then filter a specified quantity of liquid through it, dry the filter paper and measure the
weight again. Total suspended solids analysis is done through a similar method.
Total Suspended Solids ± Waste Water. Total suspended solids refers to matter
suspended in wastewater and is the residue left behind on a filter paper (with a retention
of 2 µm or less) after filtration and drying. The procedure is specified in Method 2540D
of American Public Health Association¶s (APHA) ± Standard Methods of Analysis of
Water and Waste Water. Depending on the volume required to be filtered, a 934-AH
Glass Micro Fiber (GMF) Filter in diameter of 2.4, 4.7 or 9.0 cm is widely used for this
application. With a particle retention of 1.5 µm and made of binder free borosilicate
glass, 934-AH has a unique GMF formulation that has high flow rates, high loading
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capacity and can withstand high temperatures. The product is designed to have no
brittleness, increased strength, less fiber shedding and pin holing.
Membranes
Membranes are screen filters that remove particles generally in the sub-micron range.
These are used for both filtration and enumeration of particles and microorganisms.
Membranes used in laboratory analysis are cast membranes (mixed ester of cellulose used
commonly for coliform colony counting) or sieve±like track-etch membranes. In water
analysis membranes are used for capturing and analyzing microorganisms on the surfaceof the filter.
Rapid Enumeration of Microorganisms. Epifluorescent membrane assay that can be used
in the field, on-line or in the laboratory using the unique surface capture effect of Black
Polycarbonate Track-Etch Membrane. Black Polycarbonate Track-Etch Membranes
exhibit extremely low auto fluorescence and therefore permit high visibility of microorganisms captured on the membrane surfaces. Since, essentially, all types of
microorganisms, including viable, nonviable, autotrophs and anaerobes are detected by
this method; it consistently yields higher counts than the traditional pour-plate, or similar
culturing methods. It shows generalized work flow of this method.
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Work Flow for Epifluroscence Microscopy
Step 1
y Filter Sample.
y Use standard filtration technique.
y Collect microorganism on track-etch membrane.
y Black Polycarbonate membrane surface.
Step 2
y Stain Sample.
y Stain/label sample.
y Air dry.
y Mount on slide.
Step 3
y View Sample.
y View sample under Epifluorescence Microscope.
y UV excitation results in fluorescence emission.
y Enumerate Microorganisms.
It shows Epifluorescence micrograph of bacteria in water. These can be rapidly counted
using standard microscopy counting techniques.
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Method¶s Advantages.
y Better enumeration of microorganisms: Culture techniques underestimate the total
number of microorganisms present in a sample due to the selective nature of themedia which they employ.
y Results in less than 30 minutes: Culture techniques require incubation times of
48-72 hours before the results become available.
y Detect both non-viable and viable microorganisms.
y Can detect microorganisms present in clumps or micro-colonies.
y Time-averaged samples may be taken. Samples for microbial analysis may be
collected during an entire production run. This adds an additional in-process
control to the overall process quality control program.
Encapsulated Devices
Filtration media are often encapsulated in a ready-to-use plastic device. Examples of encapsulated filtration devices are syringe filters, capsule filters and filter cups.
Encapsulated filtration devices are widely used in the medical and pharmaceutical
industry and more and find more and more applications in laboratory water filtration.
These devices are easier to use and minimize cross-contamination of samples. Capsule
filtration devices are widely used when collecting ground water samples.
Ground Water Sampling.
U.S. EPA and State Departments for Environmental Protection (DEP) protocols for
groundwater specify filtering the sample when analyzing for inorganic constituents.
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Ground water monitoring wells are not under daily use and hence sample water contains
silt and sand. Presence of particles can adversely affect the results, as the protocols often
require instant acidification; samples are instantly acidified to prevent oxidation of
ferrous salts to insoluble ferric salts upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen. Presence of
sand particles in the acidification process can result in erroneous results. Figure 3 above
shows a schematic of how Polycap GW ground water capsule is used.
Some of the advantage of using capsule filtration for ground water collection includes:
y
Minimization of cross contamination of samples.y Savings in time for sample collection as no disassembling and reassembling of
filter is required.
Conclusion
Filtration methods are widely used in water analysis labs. Filter papers are used in the
basic quantitative methods such as those involved in total suspended solids analysis.
Membranes are used as matrices for collecting and enumerating microorganism.
Encapsulated filtration devices offer the convenience and ease of use for sample
preparation before analysis.
Making the Filtration Buying Process Easier for Your Customers
How Culligan Helps Their Dealers Become Better-Educated Consumers of Drinking
Water
- By David M. Marsh
If you¶ve seen it once, you¶ve seen it a hundred times²customers who come to you
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looking for a home filtration system, unaware of what their specific needs are. While
many consumers simply want a system that improves their water¶s taste and aesthetic
qualities, the majority are looking for a product that will make their water healthier. But
as you know, ³healthier´ is a subjective term, and without knowing the issues that are
present in the customer¶s water, providing them with a system that fits their needs isn¶t
very easy to do.
According to the 2001 National Consumer Water Quality Survey conducted by the Water
Quality Association (WQA), the media was the most frequently cited source of information about home water contaminants. When a contaminant is in the media
spotlight such as arsenic is this year or MTBE the year before sales of systems that
reduce that contaminant
are elevated. The concern, however, is that the chances of the specific newsworthy
contaminant affecting a consumer¶s water may be slim, while in actuality something else
may be present. The goal as providers of high-quality home filtration equipment then
should
be to encourage Americans to start taking a proactive approach to protecting and
improving their home¶s water quality.
For example, Culligan implements a program to make it easier for customers
to take personal control of their water quality. Through this program, Culligan dealers
encourage their customers to follow these steps.
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�Study your home¶s water. Does your water have an unpleasant taste? If so, what does the
taste resemble? Have you noticed a particular smell in your water? If so, how would you
describe the odor? Does your water have a brownish color? Are there particles floating in
it? If so, how large? What about the way your water feels? After bathing or showering, do
you feel like a ³film´ is left on your skin? Which of these issues are you most concerned
about? Be sure to report all of these observances to your dealer.
�Determine how much of your home¶s water you¶d like to treat. Do you simply want to
improve your drinking water or would you like to improve the quality of water
throughout your entire home? If your goal is to improve drinking water only, how manyfaucets do you and your family drinks from?
�Consider routine maintenance. Do you want to be responsible for the routine
maintenance necessary with your filtration product or would you rather have a trained
professional manage this? If you decide to do the maintenance, how often do you want to
be responsible for changing the filter? Do you want to be ³alerted´ by the system of
necessary filter changes or will you remember to change it regularly?
�Determine your monthly budget. Are you willing to spend more money to get the most
advanced equipment for your specific filtration needs or would you prefer to spend less
and receive a more basic model? (Be sure when considering the price of a filtration
product that you break the cost out by gallon of water filtered or treated. Sometimes
systems that have a more expensive price tag upfront actually save you a significant
amount of money in the long term.) How much are you willing to put towards the
maintenance of your product on a monthly basis? Note that your budget may need to be
increased if your goal is to reduce a more complex contaminant.
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�Most importantly, get your home water tested. Work with your dealer to have a
comprehensive laboratory testing conducted on your home¶s water. Because many
contaminants cannot be detected by the human senses, this is the only way to truly know
what is in your home¶s water. In addition, the contaminants present in your home¶s water
may change over time. Therefore, the importance of ongoing home water testing cannot
be underestimated. Your dealer will analyze the data and talk with you about the results.
Many first time buyers of home filtration equipment select products at retail rather than
working with a dealer due to the misconception that they¶ll have to spend more moneywhen working with a professional. However, as C.R. Hall, an independent Culligan
dealer and the current president of the Water Quality Association and the Culligan
Dealers Association of North America (CDANA) notes, dealers add a significant amount
of value to the purchase of home filtration products, thereby actually saving the customer
money across the term of ownership. ³Unfortunately, we as dealers often fail to
effectively communicate to our customers the added benefits that we offer²assistance in
selecting a product, installation, sizing and maintenance. Yet when we outline all of our
services, the decision to buy from a dealer suddenly is easy.´ For this reason, the
questions above point to the benefit of working with a professional.
Another important step to helping your customer become well educated about his home¶s
water quality is recommending that he read his Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) if he
receives his water from a municipal system. CCRs are distributed annually with
residents¶ water bills. Often discarded, they provide key information about the city¶s
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water content, specifically, those contaminants that are present at higher than normal
levels. If your customer no longer has the most recent version of this report, he may be
able to find it on the Environmental Protection Agency¶s (EPA) website (www.epa.gov),
or he can contact his local municipality.
Finally, spend some time with your customer overviewing the fact that a wide variety of
contaminants legally are present in his water but at specific levels. A consumer may
believe that his municipality removes all traces of all contaminants. When alerted that
this is not the case, he may decide to research health effects and the levels at which theyare allowably present in his water. (The EPA website is a good resource for this type of
information.) Based on this information, he may determine contaminants that he wants to
reduce to even further levels. In addition, it will help him to better understand his CCR.
However, when discussing contaminants with your customer, remember to approach the
topic professionally. Never use scare tactics to encourage someone to buy.
(For additional information, visit www.waterinfocenter.com and search the article
archives for ³ethical selling.´)
Assisting your customer in becoming a better educated consumer of drinking water
requires a small amount of your time, yet makes the filtration buying process easier for
both of you. In addition, it establishes your business as a trusted resource, thereby
ensuring a greater chance of a long-term buying relationship
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III. PURPOSE AND MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to identify some combination of values, for variable
factors that affect on how to determine a better filtration process. This study aims todetermine the appropriate type of filter to be used.
This study was also conceptualized with the researcher¶s desire to determine the
best process of filtering water. And by using proper filtration processes in different kinds
of situation in order to avoid some cases of improper misuse of water.
The motivation of this study is to be a guide for households about the importance
of water and to be educated on how water must be treated properly.
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Problem Statement
Response Variable:
Duration of filtering water (in seconds).
To know the effectiveness of the filter medium to the filtration
processing time
Factors of Interest:
Factor A: The Type of Filter
Factor B: The Type of Water to be filtered
Levels:
Levels (A): Cloth, Strainer, Filter Foam
Cloth ± an ordinary cloth used by households in filtering water from
faucets or any water source
Strainer ± a strainer used for separating residue from water
Filter Foam ± a foam used in filtering water from faucets
Levels (B): Clean water and Dirty (contains rust) water
Clean ± a clean water for drinking
Dirty ± a dirty water that contains rust
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Other Factor:
The Volume of Water to be filtered
Levels:
100 ml, 200 ml., and 300 ml. of clean and dirty water
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Hypothesized Model
The three factor fixed effect model is used in the study, the hypothesized model of which
is shown below:
Yjkl = µ + i+ j + Yk + ( )ij + ( Y)ik + (Y)jk + ( Y)ijk + ijkl
Where: l = 1, 2, 3,« a, j = 1, 2, 3,« b, k = 1, 2, 3,« c, l = 1, 2, 3,«n.
µ = mean
= types of filter
= types of water
Y = volume of water ( ) = interaction between types of filter and types of water
( Y) = interaction between types of filter and volume of water
(Y) = interaction between types of water and volume of water
( Y) = interaction between the types of filter, types of water and volume of water
= random error
Hypothesis
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Ho: i = 0
H1: at least one i � 0
Ho: ß j = 0
H1: at least one ß j � 0
Ho: yk = 0
H1: at least one yk � 0
Ho: ( ß )ij = 0
H1: at least one ( ß )ij � 0
Ho: T Y = 0
H1: at least one T Y � 0
Ho: ( ßY) jk = 0
H1: at least one ( ßY) jk � 0
Ho: ( ßY)ijk = 0
H1: at least one ( ßY)ijk � 0
V. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES
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In doing the experiment, the processes involved were statistically designed in
order to observe the effectiveness of a certain method. And accuracy must be observed in
performing the process.
There were three types of filter was used in filtering like cloth, strainer and filter
foam. There were also three certain volumes of water involved and there were two types
of water filtered with a clean and dirty water. The volume of water that would determine
the effect if a certain volume could affect the filtration process. The two types of water
would vary with the filtration process. And filtering of water was performed withconstant flow of water and prevents overflowing in order to properly filter clean and dirty
water.
Materials used:
1. Different kinds of Filter (cloth, strainer and filter foam)
2. Stopwatch
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3. Measuring cup
Process of Gathering Data
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- Get a required amount of clean and dirty water to be filtered with a volume of
100, 200 and 300 ml. of water.
- Randomization Procedure
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Run A B C Run A B C
1 A11 B21 C31 28 A11 B11 C31
2 A12 B22 C32 29 A12 B12 C32
3 A13 B23 C33 30 A13 B13 C334 A21 B11 C11 31 A21 B21 C11
5 A22 B12 C12 32 A22 B22 C12
6 A23 B13 C13 33 A23 B23 C13
7 A31 B21 C21 34 A31 B11 C21
8 A32 B22 C22 35 A32 B12 C22
9 A33 B23 C23 36 A33 B13 C23
10 A11 B11 C31 37 A11 B21 C31
11 A12 B12 C32 38 A12 B22 C32
12 A13 B13 C33 39 A13 B23 C33
13 A21 B21 C11 40 A21 B11 C11
14 A22 B22 C12 41 A22 B12 C12
15 A23 B23 C13 42 A23 B13 C13
16 A31 B11 C21 43 A31 B21 C21
17 A32 B12 C22 44 A32 B22 C22
18 A33 B13 C2
3 45
A33 B2
3 C2
319 A11 B21 C31 46 A11 B11 C31
20 A12 B22 C32 47 A12 B12 C32
21 A13 B23 C33 48 A13 B13 C33
22 A21 B11 C11 49 A21 B21 C11
23 A22 B12 C12 50 A22 B22 C12
24 A23 B13 C13 51 A23 B23 C13
25 A31 B21 C21 52 A31 B11 C21
26 A32 B22 C22 53 A32 B12 C22 27 A33 B23 C23 54 A33 B13 C23
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- Pour the water into the filter with a constant flow of around 5 sec. per 100 ml of
water by avoiding overflowing with a 90° of upper arm then record the duration
of filtration with a stopwatch at the moment the water touches the filter medium
and after the water subsides into the filter.
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IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Presentation of Data
Type of Water
Clean Dirty (contains rust)
Volume of water
Types of
Filter100 ml. 200 ml. 300 ml. 100 ml. 200 ml. 300 ml.
Cloth 10.86 16.23 21.16 11.79 18.41 25.28
11.01 15.61 20.69 12.07 18.02 24.91
9.98 15.90 21.97 11.88 17.96 25.79
31.85 47.74 63.82 35.74 54.39 75.98 309.52
Strainer 6.33 11.92 15.58 6.64 12.73 17.96
5.99 10.63 16.08 7.03 12.85 18.88
6.15 11.10 15.82 6.88 13.09 18.35
18.47 33.65 47.48 20.55 38.67 55.19 214.01
Filter Foam 14.89 20.50 25.67 23.03 38.71 58.79
15.11 21.25 26.98 21.99 34.18 55.93
14.58 21.10 27.38 22.43 37.01 57.90
44.58 62.85 80.03 67.45 109.90 172.62 537.43
94.90 144.24 191.33 123.74 202.96 303.79 1060.96
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Residual Analysis
Type of Water
Clean Dirty (contains rust)
Volume of Water
Types of Filter 100 ml. 200 ml. 300 ml. 100 ml. 200 ml. 300 ml.
Cloth -6.34 -0.97 3.96 -5.41 1.21 8.08-6.19 -1.59 3.49 -5.13 0.82 7.71-7.22 -1.3 4.77 -5.32 0.76 8.59
Strainer -5.56 0.03 3.69 -5.25 0.84 6.07-5.90 -1.26 4.19 -4.86 0.96 6.99-5.74 -0.79 3.93 -5.01 1.20 6.46
Filter Foam -14.8 -9.19 -4.02 -6.66 9.02 29.1-14.58 -8.44 -2.71 -7.7 4.49 26.24-15.11 -8.59 -2.31 -7.26 7.32 28.21
+/- residuals: 29.1 and -15.11
Dij k =
= -15.11/(¥3.79)
Dij k = -7.76
Dij k =
= 29.1/(¥3.79)
Dij k = 14.95
y Therefore, the result are not normally distributed.
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Computations
SS T = 7569.23
= 3067.88
= 740.89
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= 2126.84
= 767.12
= 303.86
SS BC = 199.50
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= 226.80
SS subtotals (A BC) = 7432.89
= 7569.23 ± 7432.89
SS E = 136.34
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
ANOVA TABLE
Source of Variation SS df MS F
A (Type of Filter) 3067.88 2 1533.94 404.73*significant
B (Type of Water) 740.89 1 740.89 195.49 *significantC (Vol. of Water) 2126.84 2 1063.42 280.49 *significant
AB 767.12 2 383.56 101.2 *significant
AC 303.86 4 75.97 20.04*significant
BC 199.5 2 99.75 26.4 *significant
ABC 226.8 4 56.7 14.96 *significantError 136.34 36 3.79
Total 7569.23 53
F0.05, 1, 36 = 4.116; F0.05, 2, 36 = 3.266; F0.05, 4, 36 = 2.642 FC > Ftable
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Where:
A = Type of Filter
B = Type of Water
C = Volume of Water
AB = Interaction of Type of Filter and Type of Water
AC = Interaction of Type of Filter and Volume of Water
BC = Interaction of Type of Water and Volume of Water
ABC = Interaction of Type of Filter, Type of Water and Volume of Water
Conclusion
Based on the gathered and computed data, the conclusions are the following:
A: The Type of Filter has a significant effect on the filtering processing time
B: The Type of Water has a significant effect on the filtering processing time
C: The Volume of Water has a significant effect on the filtering processing time
AB: The interaction of Type of Filter and Type of Water has significant interaction in the
filtering processing time
AC: The interaction of Type of Filter and Volume of Water has significant interaction in
the filtering processing time
BC: The interaction of Type of Water and Volume of Water has significant interaction in
the filtering processing time
ABC: The interaction of Type of Filter, Type of Water and Volume of Water has
significant interaction in the filtering processing time
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Decision
y Reject all Ho, Accept all H1
Interpretation
y Accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis since the
computed F value is less than the critical F value.
y Reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis since the
computed F value is greater than the critical F value.
Post ANOVA (Using LSD)
For Types of Filter
1 = 51.59 (Cloth)
2 = 35.67 (Strainer)
3 = 89.57 (Filter Foam)
1 vs. 2 = 15.92
1 vs. 3 = -37.98
2 vs. 3 = -53.9
LSD = t/2, N-a ¥2MSe/n
= t0.025, 36 ¥2 (3.79)/3
x = 2.0294
LSD = (2.0294)(1.59)
LSD = 3.23
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1 is better than 2
3 is better than 1
3 is better than 2
Decision
Based on the result of the post analysis of variance, the Filter Foam has the
longest filtration processing time, so it is the best filter medium to use.
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VII. CONLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Experimental Conclusion
y The type of water is a factor in the duration of filtering water regarding if the
water is clean or dirty.
y The volume of water is also a factor in the duration of filtering water depending
with the amount of water.
y The duration of filtration is longer with Filter Foam for both clean and dirty water
that shows a good performance in filtering water.
Recommendation
The researchers of the study recommend:
y For some reasons, it is best to use the Filter Foam since it gives a longer duration
of filtration that can assure that the water is filtered well.
y The researchers recommend for other students to have some useful studies or
experimental method that could help us have some improvement to our daily
living.
y Rather than using different types of filter as treatment, other types of liquid
samples can also be regarded for a different kind of study.
y We can also consider the pressure of water from a water source as an alternative
factor.