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The End ofthe
Cold War:1981 to
1991
The End ofthe
Cold War:1981 to
1991
Ronald ReganRonald Regan
} U.S. President U.S. President 1981-19881981-1988
} Ideas:Ideas:
- Confront the Confront the Soviets Soviets everywhereeverywhere
- Increase military Increase military spendingspending
} 25% of Soviet 25% of Soviet GDP spent on GDP spent on armsarms
} Result:Result:
- Soviet economic Soviet economic problemsproblems
- U.S. military U.S. military build-upbuild-up
Konstantin Konstantin ChernenkoChernenko
(1984)(1984)
Yuri AndropovYuri Andropov(1983)(1983)
New Soviet LeadershipNew Soviet Leadership
Mikhail GorbachevMikhail Gorbachev(New General (New General
Secretary in 1985)Secretary in 1985)
Gorbachev’s ReformsGorbachev’s Reforms} GlasnostGlasnost: :
encouraged Soviet encouraged Soviet citizens to discuss citizens to discuss ways to improve ways to improve societysociety
} PerestroikaPerestroika: : Soviet Soviet economic economic restructuringrestructuring
1985
1985
Gorbachev’s ReformsGorbachev’s Reforms} DemocratizationDemocratization: :
gradual opening of gradual opening of political system political system leading to election of leading to election of new legislative bodynew legislative body
} Foreign PolicyForeign Policy: : diplomacy over force diplomacy over force and arms controland arms control
1987
1987
Intermediate-Range Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF
Treaty)Treaty)} December 1987December 1987
} Banned nuclear Banned nuclear missiles with missiles with ranges of 300 to ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles3,400 miles
Hungarian Communism FallsHungarian Communism Falls
} October 1989: October 1989: reformers take over reformers take over communist party & communist party & disband partydisband party
} October 1990: Free October 1990: Free elections put non-elections put non-communist govt. in communist govt. in powerpower
} April 1989: April 1989: Solidarity Party Solidarity Party legalizedlegalized
} 1989-90: Free 1989-90: Free elections out elections out Communist reignCommunist reign
} FIRST TIME EVER!FIRST TIME EVER!
Poland Breaks AwayPoland Breaks Away
Communism Continues to Communism Continues to FallFall
Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovakia:
} December 1989: Milo December 1989: Milo Jakes & communist Jakes & communist govt. resignsgovt. resigns
Romania: Romania:
} December 1989: December 1989: uprisings lead to uprisings lead to execution of execution of Ceausescu Ceausescu
} Free elections held in Free elections held in 1990 &19921990 &1992
Fall of the Berlin WallFall of the Berlin Wall} October 1989: October 1989: Closed Closed
borders leads to borders leads to demonstrations & demonstrations & Honecker resignsHonecker resigns
} November 1989: November 1989: new new leader Krenz opens the leader Krenz opens the Berlin WallBerlin Wall
German ReunificationGerman Reunification
} By end of 1989: By end of 1989: East German East German communism fallscommunism falls
} October 3, 1990: October 3, 1990: officially reunitedofficially reunited
Unrest in Soviet UnionUnrest in Soviet Union} Georgia, Ukraine, Georgia, Ukraine,
Moldavia, Moldavia, Lithuania, Latvia, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia and Estonia demand self-ruledemand self-rule
} June 1991:voters June 1991:voters elect Boris Yeltsin elect Boris Yeltsin as first directly as first directly elected presidentelected president
Boris Yeltsin
The August Coup The August Coup } August 1991August 1991
} Gorbachev detained Gorbachev detained
} Protestors gather Protestors gather outside Yeltsin’s office in outside Yeltsin’s office in Moscow and demand Moscow and demand constitutionconstitution
Fall of the Soviet UnionFall of the Soviet Union} December 25, 1991: Gorbachev December 25, 1991: Gorbachev
resignsresigns
} Soviet parliament vote to stop all Soviet parliament vote to stop all party activities………………….. Soviet party activities………………….. Soviet Union falls!!Union falls!!
} By early December all 15 republics By early December all 15 republics had declared their independencehad declared their independence