The First World WarThe First World War

1914 - 1918

Causes of WWI:Causes of WWI:MM = Militarism = Militarism

AA = Alliances = Alliances

II = Imperialism = Imperialism

NN = Nationalism = Nationalism

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AlliesAllies = France, Great Britain, and Russia = France, Great Britain, and Russia

Central PowersCentral Powers = Germany and Austria- = Germany and Austria-HungaryHungary

BALANCE & SUPPORTBALANCE & SUPPORT

First World WarFirst World WarOn June 28, 1914, On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Archduke Franz FerdinandFerdinand (future king of Austria-Hungary) (future king of Austria-Hungary) was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.

First World WarFirst World WarAustria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and alliances pulled European nations into war.alliances pulled European nations into war.

On August 3, 1914, Germany invaded neutral On August 3, 1914, Germany invaded neutral Belgium to attack France!!!Belgium to attack France!!!

First World WarFirst World WarPresident Woodrow WilsonPresident Woodrow Wilson urged Americans urged Americans to stay to stay neutral!!!!neutral!!!!

First World WarFirst World WarWestern frontWestern front in in France became France became the crucial battle the crucial battle front, but it was a front, but it was a stalemate.stalemate.

Called Called trench trench warfarewarfare

““No one who was not been there can fully No one who was not been there can fully appreciate the excruciating agonies and appreciate the excruciating agonies and misery through which the men had to go in misery through which the men had to go in those days . . . Paddling about by day, those days . . . Paddling about by day, sometimes with water above the knees; sometimes with water above the knees; standing at night, hour after hour on sentry standing at night, hour after hour on sentry duty, while the drenched boots, puttees and duty, while the drenched boots, puttees and breeches became stiff like cardboard with ice breeches became stiff like cardboard with ice from the freezing cold air.”from the freezing cold air.”

Eye Deep in HellEye Deep in Hell

First World WarFirst World WarWorld War I introduced modern World War I introduced modern weapons: weapons:

– Machine gunsMachine guns

– TanksTanks

– Mustard gasMustard gas

First World WarFirst World WarNew hazards and New hazards and dangers:dangers:

– DysenteryDysentery

– ““Shell shock” Shell shock”

– Trench footTrench foot

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U-boatsU-boats (German submarines (German submarines) ) began sinking began sinking Allied ships.Allied ships.

On May 7, 1915, a German u-boat sank the On May 7, 1915, a German u-boat sank the LusitaniaLusitania, killing 1,198 people (128 were , killing 1,198 people (128 were Americans).Americans).

German officials claimed the ship was German officials claimed the ship was carrying carrying contrabandcontraband..

First World WarFirst World WarWilson was re-elected in 1916 with the Wilson was re-elected in 1916 with the campaign slogan campaign slogan “He Kept Us Out of War”“He Kept Us Out of War”

First World WarFirst World WarGermany continued to use Germany continued to use unrestricted unrestricted submarine warfare.submarine warfare.

In the In the Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note, Germany asked to , Germany asked to form an alliance with Mexico in return for lost form an alliance with Mexico in return for lost territory in the southwestern U.S.territory in the southwestern U.S.

In April 1917, Wilson asked Congress to In April 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war.declare war.

First World WarFirst World WarWilson believed the U.S. needed to “Wilson believed the U.S. needed to “make make the world safe for democracy.”the world safe for democracy.”

U.S. Prepares for WarU.S. Prepares for War

“Over There”

““Over There”Over There”Johnnie, get your gun,Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Take it on the run,Take it on the run,On the run, on the run.On the run, on the run.Hear them calling, you and me,Hear them calling, you and me,Every son of liberty.Every son of liberty.

Hurry right away,Hurry right away,No delay, go today,No delay, go today,Make your daddy gladMake your daddy gladTo have had such a lad.To have had such a lad.Tell your sweetheart not to pine,Tell your sweetheart not to pine,To be proud her boy's in line. To be proud her boy's in line.

ChorusChorusOver there, over there,Over there, over there,Send the word, send the word over Send the word, send the word over therethereThat the Yanks are coming,That the Yanks are coming,The Yanks are coming,The Yanks are coming,The drums rum-tummingThe drums rum-tummingEv'rywhere.Ev'rywhere.

So prepare, say a pray'r,So prepare, say a pray'r,Send the word, send the word to Send the word, send the word to beware.beware.We'll be over, we're coming over,We'll be over, we're coming over,And we won't come back till it's overAnd we won't come back till it's overOver there.Over there.

Johnnie, get your gun,Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Johnnie show the HunJohnnie show the HunWho's a son of a gun.Who's a son of a gun.Hoist the flag and let her fly,Hoist the flag and let her fly,Yankee Doodle do or die.Yankee Doodle do or die.

Pack your little kit,Pack your little kit,Show your grit, do your bit.Show your grit, do your bit.Yankee to the ranks,Yankee to the ranks,From the towns and the tanks.From the towns and the tanks.Make your mother proud of you,Make your mother proud of you,And the old Red, White and Blue. And the old Red, White and Blue.

First World WarFirst World WarSelective Service ActSelective Service Act – set up a draft for – set up a draft for young men for military service.young men for military service.

First World WarFirst World WarWilson needed to shift the U.S. economy from Wilson needed to shift the U.S. economy from peacetime to wartime production.peacetime to wartime production.

War Industries Board (WIB)War Industries Board (WIB) regulated regulated industries involved in the war effort; led by industries involved in the war effort; led by Bernard M. Baruch.Bernard M. Baruch.

National War Labor Board (NWLB)National War Labor Board (NWLB) dealt with dealt with issues between workers and employers (no issues between workers and employers (no strikes).strikes).

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Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration – monitored supplies of – monitored supplies of coal and oil and created daylight-savings time.coal and oil and created daylight-savings time.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)Committee on Public Information (CPI) educated the public about the war and tried to educated the public about the war and tried to persuade Americans to support the war.persuade Americans to support the war.

– Used propaganda posters!!!Used propaganda posters!!!

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Food AdministrationFood Administration urged Americans to urged Americans to conserve food and grown their own.conserve food and grown their own.

Declared days of the week:Declared days of the week:

– “ “Meatless”Meatless” - “Wheatless” - “Wheatless”

– “ “Sweetless”Sweetless” - “Porkless” - “Porkless”

Americans planted Americans planted victory gardensvictory gardens for their for their own families.own families.

First World WarFirst World WarAmericans purchased government bonds to Americans purchased government bonds to help finance the war.help finance the war.

$35.5 billion$35.5 billion

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Espionage & Sedition ActsEspionage & Sedition Acts – laws that – laws that could fine or jail anyone interfering with the could fine or jail anyone interfering with the war effort or speaking against the war effort or speaking against the government or military.government or military.

First Amendment???First Amendment???

Government has expanded powers during Government has expanded powers during times of war or great crisis!!!times of war or great crisis!!!

First World WarFirst World WarArmy allowed African-Americans to serve as Army allowed African-Americans to serve as engineers and truck drivers. engineers and truck drivers.

Army allowed women to serve as nurses, Army allowed women to serve as nurses, secretaries, and telephone operators.secretaries, and telephone operators.

First World WarFirst World WarIn 1917, Russia had a serious of revolutions to In 1917, Russia had a serious of revolutions to overthrow the czar.overthrow the czar.

After the After the Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution, Russia , Russia pulled out of WWI and became . . . pulled out of WWI and became . . .

COMMUNIST!!!COMMUNIST!!!

First World WarFirst World WarAmerican soldiers were American soldiers were called called doughboysdoughboys..

– Wanted to become war Wanted to become war heroes.heroes.

– Shocked by the horrors Shocked by the horrors of the battlefield.of the battlefield.

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American Expeditionary Force (AEF)American Expeditionary Force (AEF) was was led by General John J. Pershingled by General John J. Pershing

First World WarFirst World WarAllies wanted to use American troops as Allies wanted to use American troops as reinforcements (fill the gaps).reinforcements (fill the gaps).

Pershing wanted his troops to fight on their Pershing wanted his troops to fight on their own.own.

American troops provided man power as well American troops provided man power as well as freshness and enthusiasm!!!as freshness and enthusiasm!!!

TURNING POINT!!!TURNING POINT!!!

First World WarFirst World WarAmerican troops stopped German soldiers American troops stopped German soldiers from taking France and began offensive from taking France and began offensive attacks.attacks.

German military broke down . . . German military broke down . . .

On On November 11, 1918,November 11, 1918, Germany Germany

agreed to an agreed to an armisticearmistice (cease-fire). (cease-fire).

Negotiating Negotiating Peace after Peace after

the Warthe War

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Woodrow Wilson traveled to Paris to Woodrow Wilson traveled to Paris to negotiate the peace treaty!!!negotiate the peace treaty!!!

First World WarFirst World WarWilson believed his Wilson believed his Fourteen PointsFourteen Points would would change the world by promoting openness, change the world by promoting openness, encouraging independence, and supporting encouraging independence, and supporting freedom.freedom.

He wanted to form the He wanted to form the League of NationsLeague of Nations, an , an international organization to maintain peace.international organization to maintain peace.

First World WarFirst World WarBut . . .But . . . Great Britain and France wanted Great Britain and France wanted revenge against Germany. revenge against Germany.

““Big Four”Big Four”

First World WarFirst World WarTreaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles ended WWI and created ended WWI and created more problems than it solved.more problems than it solved.

– Created new nations in Europe and the Created new nations in Europe and the Middle EastMiddle East

– Forced Germany to take full responsibility Forced Germany to take full responsibility for causing the war and pay $33 million to for causing the war and pay $33 million to the Allied nations (reparations)!!!the Allied nations (reparations)!!!

First World WarFirst World WarWilson had to bring the treaty back to the U.S. Wilson had to bring the treaty back to the U.S. for senate approval. for senate approval.

Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot Lodge – leader of U.S. Senators – leader of U.S. Senators against U.S. involvement in the League of against U.S. involvement in the League of Nations.Nations.

He believed it would pull the U.S. into He believed it would pull the U.S. into European wars!!!European wars!!!

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U.S. did U.S. did NOTNOT sign sign the Treaty of the Treaty of Versailles or join the Versailles or join the League of Nations.League of Nations.

Wilson completed his Wilson completed his term and died in term and died in 1922.1922.

Woodrow Wilson was just Woodrow Wilson was just as much a casualty of the as much a casualty of the

war as any soldier.war as any soldier.