The Fourth Amendment and Search & Seizure · The Fourth Amendment and Search & Seizure An Update...

© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.

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The Fourth Amendment and

Search & Seizure An Update

Table of Contents

A Publication of The California Legal Update

Sixteenth Edition

January, 2016

Robert C. Phillips Deputy District Attorney (Ret.)

San Diego District Attorney’s Office 858-395-0302 (C) [email protected]


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© 2015 by Robert C. Phillips All rights reserved. No part of this Outline may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or through any information storage or retrieval system, when done for commercial purposes or for any form of a monetary return or profit, except as expressly permitted by federal copyright law and as indicated below. This Outline has been prepared and published for the purpose of aiding law enforcement officers, police and private investigators, law enforcement administrators, prosecutors, the judiciary, other attorneys including but not limited to those engaged in the practice of criminal law, students, and legal educators and scholars, in accessing, using and understanding the field of Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure Law. As such, permission is expressly granted by the author to the above listed persons, or any other person, to use, reproduce, cite, and/or employ in the field of law enforcement, education or instruction any or all of this Outline, provided the source is properly and correctly identified, and except when done for commercial purposes or profit as described above. The information provided in this Outline is a summary of various aspects of Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure Law, and in many respects represents no more than the author’s opinions, interpretation and conclusions concerning the various topics discussed. Readers are advised not to rely upon the information provided in this publication without first researching and verifying the legal rules and issues intended to be used. This Outline is not intended to be a substitute for the reader’s own professional judgment and legal research. The author accepts no legal responsibility or liability for a user’s failure to properly research and verify the continued validity or correctness of any of the cases, rules, conclusions, or opinions contained in this Outline. In other words, your use of this Outline is at your own personal risk. Comments concerning errors, misinterpretations, and/or other suggestions for correcting, expanding, or improving the information provided in this Outline are respectfully solicited, and should be directed to the author. Robert C. Phillips Deputy District Attorney (Retired) San Diego District Attorney’s Office [email protected] 858-395-0302 How To Use This Manual: To locate the law on any particular subject of interest to you, it is suggested that you first note the general description of the subject under “Chapter Summary,” on page iii, below. This will guide you to the correct page of the Table of Contents under “Topics,” beginning on page iv. There you will find a more detailed description of the various legal issues. This in turn will note for you the specific page in the expanded Outline where you will find the relevant cases and rules on that topic.


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Table of Contents

Page Chapter Summary: Chapter 1: The Fourth Amendment, United States Constitution 1 Chapter 2: Consensual Encounters 25 Chapter 3: Detentions 42 Chapter 4: Arrests 148 Chapter 5: Searches and Seizures 317 Chapter 6: Searches with a Search Warrant 365 Chapter 7: Warrantless Searches 568 Chapter 8: Searches of Persons 603 Chapter 9: Searches of Vehicles 698 Chapter 10: Searches of Residences and Other Buildings 745 Chapter 11: New and Developing Law Enforcement Technology 804 Chapter 12: Open Fields 827 Chapter 13: Searches of Containers 829 Chapter 14: Border Searches 963 Chapter 15: Fourth Waiver Searches 877 Chapter 16: Consent Searches 919


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Page Topics: Chapter 1: The Fourth Amendment, United States Constitution: 1

The Fourth Amendment: 1

California Constitution, Art I, § 13 1

Scope: 1 “Due Process” and the Fourteenth Amendment 1

“Persons, Houses, Papers and Effects “ 2 Fourth Amendment’s protection 2

The Exclusionary Rule; Overview: 2 History 2 The Primary Purpose of the Exclusionary Rule 2

The Rule of Reasonableness 3 Private Persons and the Exclusionary Rule 5 Limited Use of the Exclusionary Rule 5

Rule of Exclusion: 9

Benjamin Cardozo 9 A factually based question 9 Verbal Evidence 9 Illegal Detention 9

Fruit of the Poisonous Tree 10 Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 402 10


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Exceptions: 11

California’s Exclusionary Rule 11 Defendant and His Identity 11 Identity of a Witness 11 Searches by Foreign Entities 12 Impeachment Evidence 14 New Crimes Committed in Response

to an Illegal Detention or Arrest 14

Searches Based Upon Existing Precedent 15 The “Minimal Intrusion Doctrine” 15

Expectation of Privacy 16 Juvenile Cases 17 On Appeal 17

Civil Liability: 17

Qualified Immunity 17 Summary Judgment 18 Directed Verdict 19

Case Authority: 20 The Courts’ Order of Priority 20 Decisions from the United States Supreme Court 20 Decisions from lower Federal Courts: 21 State Court Interpretation taking Precedence 21

Decisions From Other States 22 Opinions of the California Attorney General 22


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Writ of Habeas Corpus 22

The Outline: 23 Police-Citizen Contacts 23

Other Topics 23 Chapter 2: Consensual Encounters: 25 General Rule 25 Test 25 Limitations 27 No Detention: 27

Obtaining Personal Identification Information, Running a Warrant Check 27

Asking for Identification 28 Mere Police Questioning 29 Walking Along With, or Driving Next to a Person 30 Asking to Step Out of the Vehicle 30 Asking a Person to Remove his Hands from his Pockets 30 Flashlighting or Spotlighting a Person 30 Inquiring Into the Contents of a Subject’s Pockets 30 A Consensual Transportation 31 Inquiring Into Possible Illegal Activity 31 Displaying a Badge, or Being Armed 31 Contacts on Buses 31 During a “Knock and Talk” 31


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Consensual Encounters vs. Detentions 32 Specific Issues: 34 Contacts on Buses 34 Flight: 35

Rule 35 Exceptions 35 Chasing the Subject 36

Photographing Subjects 37 Knock and Talks 39 Chapter 3: Detentions: 42 General Rule 42 Test 44 Racial Profiling 47 Detentions vs. Arrests: 47 General Rule 47 Indicators of an Arrest: 48 The Use of Firearms 48 The Use of Handcuffs 48 A Locked Patrol Car 49 Show of Force 49 Physical Touching 49 Transporting a Detainee 49

Use of Emergency Lights 50


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Exceptions: 50 In General 50

Factors 51 Examples: 51 Firearms 51 Handcuffing 51 Putting into a Patrol Car 52 Additional Case Law 52 Non-Consensual Transportation Exceptions 56 Reasonable Suspicion: 57 Defined 57

Detention of a Victim or Witness 60 Articulable Objective Suspicion 62 A Hunch 62 The Totality of the Circumstances 63 The Officer’s Subjective Conclusions 64 A Seizure 64 Probable Cause vs. Reasonable Suspicion 64 Various Factors: 64 In General 64 A “High Crime” or “High Narcotics” Area 65 Statutory Interpretation 66


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Types of Detentions: 66

Traffic Stops: 66 Legal Basis 66

Detention vs. Arrest 67

Standard of Proof 67

No Law Enforcement Involvement 68 Moving Violations 69

Avoiding a DUI Checkpoint 72 Vehicle Code Registration Violations 72 Vehicle Code Equipment Violations 75

Weaving Within the Lane: 77

State Rule 77 Federal rule 78 Weaving Plus 78

Vehicle Stops Involving Agricultural Irrigation Supplies, per V.C. § 2810.2 78

Community Caretaking Function 79 Parking Tickets 80

Gang-Related Investigations 80

Narcotics-Related Traffic Stops Using a Controlled Tire Deflation Device (CTDD) 80

Checking the Vehicle for a Wanted Suspect 81

Mistake of Law vs. Mistake of Fact: 81

Mistake of Law 81


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Mistake of Fact 84 Pretext Stops 85 Motor Vehicle Passengers: 91 To Arrest a Passenger 91 To Detain a Passenger 91 Ordering Out 93 Ordering In 95 Demanding Identification 96 Flight 97 Search Incident to Citation 97

To Identify a Suspect in a Criminal Offense 98 Detention of a Person to Determine Citizenship 99 Detentions in a Residence 99 Detention of Residents (or Non-Resident) During

the Execution of a Search Warrant 100 Prolonged Detentions 101

Lawfully Prolonged Detentions 103 Over-Detention in Jail 104

Enlarging the Scope of the Original Detention 105 Taking Fingerprints 108 Driving Under the Influence Cases: 108 Weaving 108 DUI (and Other Regulatory “Special Needs”) Checkpoints 108


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Other Regulatory Checkpoints: 111

License and Registration Inspection Checkpoints 111

Border Patrol Checkpoint Inspections 111 Airport Security Searches 111 To Regulate Hunting Licenses 111 Agricultural Inspection Checkpoints 111 Vehicle Mechanical Inspection Checkpoints 111 Security Checkpoints at Military Bases 111 Sobriety Checkpoints on a

Federal Military Base 112

A Forest Service Checkpoint 112 Traffic Safety Checkpoints 112 Checkpoints at the Entrance to a

Prison Parking Lot 112

Checkpoint to Thwart an Imminent Terrorist Attack or to Catch a Dangerous Criminal 112

Checkpoints for the Purpose of Collecting Information 112 An Information Station 112 Checkpoint to Prevent Illegal Hunting in a National Park 112 Luggage Searches at New York’s Subway Entrances 112

Vehicle Inspection Checkpoints,

per V.C. § 2814.1(a) 113 Dual Purpose Checkpoints 113


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Multiple Agency Checkpoints 113 Drug Interdiction Checkpoints 113

Checkpoints on Indian Land by Indian Authorities 114

A Field Interview 115

During Execution of a Search or Arrest Warrant, or Fourth Waiver Search 116

Pending the Obtaining of a Search Warrant 118

Detentions Away from the Place being Searched 119

Anonymous Information: 120 Rule: 120 Patdown for Weapons 120

Contraband in a Vehicle 122 Specific Physical Description 122 Further Examples 122 Looking for Exceptions 123

Corroboration: 126 Rule 126

To Establish Probable Cause 127 Examples 128 In Prison or Jail 129 Minors on Campus: 130 School Officials 130 A School Resource Officer 132


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Other Law Enforcement Officers 132 Minors Violating Curfew 132 Miranda 132

Use of Force: 133 Factors 133 Refusal to Submit 134 Use of Firearms, Handcuffs, Locked Patrol Car, or a Show of Force 134

Detentions in a Residence During the Execution

of a Search Warrant 135

Narcotics-Related Traffic Stops Using a Controlled Tire Deflation Device (CTDD) 135

Deadly Force 136 Demanding Identification 136

Detentions of Employees in the Workplace

(or Students at School) 140

Seizure of Firearms During a Detention 142 Detention Examples, in General 142 Merchants, Library Employees, Theater Owners,

and Amusement Park Employees 146

Indefinite Detentions Pursuant to Federal Law 147 Chapter 4: Arrests: 148 Defined 148 Standard of Proof; Probable Cause: 148 Defined 148 When Probable Cause Exists 149


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The Collective Knowledge Doctrine 155 Miscellaneous Rules 157 Examples 158 Test 160 Unlawful Arrest 161 Statutory Elements of an Arrest 164 Legal Authority for Arrests: 165 Arrests by a Peace Officer 165 Arrests by a Private Person 166

Out of State Officers in Fresh Pursuit 169 Federal Officers 169 Bounty Hunters 171

Arrest Options: 179 Release Without Charges 179 Seek an Arrest Warrant 181 Issuance of a Misdemeanor Citation 181 Booking into Jail 182 Take the Subject Directly Before a Magistrate 182

Legal Requirements of an Arrest: 183 Felonies 183

Misdemeanors and Infractions: 183 “In the Presence” Requirement: 183

V.C. § 40300 183


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“In the Presence,” Defined 183 Exceptions: 184 Juvenile Arrests 184 Driving While Under the Influence Arrests 184 Battery on School Grounds 185 Carrying a Loaded Firearm 186

Assault or Battery Against the

Person of a Firefighter, Emergency Medical Technician or Paramedic 186 Domestic Violence Restraining

Orders 186 Domestic Violence Assaults

or Batteries 186

Elder Abuse 188

Carrying a Concealed Firearm at an Airport 188

Operating a Vessel or Recreational Vessel or Manipulation of Water Skis, Aquaplane or Similar Device While Under the Influence 188

Operating a Vessel While Under

the Influence of Alcohol and/or Drugs with an

Accident 188

Vehicle Code Violations, Exceptions: 188

V.C. § 16028(c): Traffic Collision Investigators 188


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V.C. § 40600(a): POST Certified Peace Officers at Traffic Collisions 189

Vehicle Code Parking Citations 189 Stale Misdemeanor Rule 189

Sanctions for Violations 190

Arrests for an Infraction or Misdemeanor: 193

Release Requirement 193 Exceptions 194 V.C. § 40302: Mandatory Custodial Arrests 195 Other Satisfactory Evidence of His Identity 195 V.C. § 40303: Arrestable Offenses 196 V.C. § 12801.5(e): The Unlicensed Driver 197

V.C. § 40305: Non-Residents 198 V.C. § 40305.5: Traffic Arrest

Bail Bond Certificate 198 P.C. § 853.6(i): Misdemeanor Citations 198 With an Existing Warrant of Arrest 200 Arrest Warrants: 201 Defined 201 Content 202

Case Law 202 Other Types of Arrest Warrants: 203 Bench Warrant 203 Telephonic Arrest Warrant 203


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Ramey Warrant 204

A “DNA, John Doe” Warrant 204 P.C. § 3455(b): Postrelease Supervision Warrant 205

Necessity of an Arrest Warrant 205 Service and Return: 206 Felony Arrest Warrants 206

Misdemeanor Arrest Warrants: 206 Night Service 206 Necessity for Having a Copy of the Arrest

Warrant 207

Knock and Notice 207 Procedure After Arrest: 208

Disposition of Prisoner: 208 In-County Arrest Warrants 208

Out-of-County Arrest Warrants 208

Arrests without a Warrant 209

Necessity of Having Probable Cause or a Reasonable Suspicion 209

The Steagald Warrant 211

Statute of Limitations 211

Expiration 211 Civil Liability 211

Use of a Motorized Battering Ram 212

Effect of an Arrest Warrant on the Exclusion of Evidence after an Illegal Detention 212


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A Defective Arrest Warrant 213

Statutory Limitations: 214 Daytime and Nighttime Arrests: 214 Felony Arrests: 214 Without an Arrest Warrant 214 With an Arrest Warrant 214

Misdemeanor (and Infraction) Arrests: 214

Without an Arrest Warrant 214 With an Arrest Warrant 215 Penal Code § 964: Victim and Witness Confidential Information 216

Live Lineups 216 Case Law Limitations: 217 Ramey: 217 General Rule 217

Exceptions: 218 Consent 218 Exigent Circumstances 219

Fresh or Hot Pursuit 220 Already Lawfully Inside 227 Standing in the Threshold 227

A Parolee or Fourth Waiver Probationer 228 Inviting Defendant Outside 228


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Sufficiency of Evidence that the Suspect is Inside 231

Within a Third Person’s Home 233 Consequences of a Ramey/Payton Violations 234 Knock and Notice 236 Problems: 236 Arresting for the Wrong Offense 236

Mistaken Belief in Existence of Probable cause,

an Arrest Warrant, or Fourth Waiver: 238 Problem 238 Rule 238

Extension of Rule 238 Reasoning 238 Law Enforcement vs. Non-Law

Enforcement Source: 239 Law Enforcement Sources: 239

Police Computer Records 239 Parole 239 Probation 240 Exception; DMV Hearings 240

Non-Law Enforcement Source: 241

Courts 241 Reversed Prior Conviction 241 Legislature 241 Dept. of Motor Vehicles 242


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Juvenile Probation 242

Arresting and Searching in Ignorance of an

Existing Warrant of Arrest 243 Minors and Curfew 243 Minors and Truancy 244

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 244 Information Provided to an Arrested Person: 246 P.C. § 841; Information to be Provided 246 Foreign Nationals: 246 Advisal to Arrestee/Detainee 246 Automatic Notice to Foreign Country 247 Sanctions for Violations 248

P.C. § 834b: Cooperation Requirement 252 Miranda 253

Follow-Up Requirements After Arrest: 254

Other Rights of the Arrestee: 254 Right to Access to an Attorney; P.C. § 825(b) 254 Right to Access to a Physician or Psychiatrist; P.C. § 825.5 255 Right to Telephone Calls; P.C. § 851.5(a): 255

Case Law 257

Minors; W&I § 627(b) 258


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Other Statutory Obligations of the Arresting Officer : 258

P.C. § 834b(a): Duty to Cooperate with United States Immigration and Naturalization Service 258

P.C. § 848: Arrests by Warrant 259 P.C. § 849(a): Arrests Without a Warrant 259 P.C. § 849(b): Release From Custody 259 P.C. § 849(c): Record of Arrest of Released

Person Deemed a Detention Only 260

Use of Force: 260 Reasonable Force 260 Factors 260

General Principles 262 California Civil Code § 52.1; the “Bane Act:” 268 Fourteenth (or Fifth) Amendment “Due Process”

Deprivation 268 Specific Weapons or Techniques: 270

The Taser 270

Chemical Irritants; Pepper Spray, Pepperball Guns and Tear Gas 272

Baton 274

Bean Bag Firearms 275

Firearms 275

Pain Compliance 278

Handcuffs 278

Duty to Warn 280


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Applicable Statutes: 281

P.C. § 692: Lawful resistance 281 P.C. § 693: Party about to be injured 282 P.C. § 694: Other Parties 282 P.C. § 834a: Resisting Arrest 282 P.C. § 835: Restraint of Detained or

Arrested Person 282

P.C. § 835a: Use of Reasonable Force 282 P.C. § 843: Arrest by Warrant; Use of Force 283 P.C. § 844: Knock and Notice 283 P.C. § 845: Use of Force to Exit a House 283 P.C. § 846: Securing Weapons 283 P.C. § 490.5(f)(2): Use of Force by Merchant,

Library Employee or Theater Owner 284

Use of Force in Making a Blood Draw 284

Use of Deadly Force: 285 Causing Death 285 Deadly Force Defined 285 Non-Criminal Homicides 286 Applicable Statutes: 287

P.C. § 196: Justifiable Homicide by Public Officers 287 P.C. § 197: Justifiable Homicide 288


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Limitations: 289 Forcible and Atrocious Crime 289 History 289 The Fourth Amendment 290 Forcible and Atrocious Crime Defined 290 Burglary of a Residence: 291

P.C. § 198.5 291 Self-Defense 293 Fleeing Felon 302

Transferred Intent 304 Use of Deadly Force by Police Officers 305

High Speed Chases 310

Outrageous Government Misconduct 313 Civil Liability 314

California Statutory Protection from Civil Liability 314 Federal Civil 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Civil Liability

and Qualified Immunity 315

Chapter 5: Searches and Seizures: 317

Things Subject to Search and Seize 317 Searches and Seizures: 317

Search: 317

Trespassory Searches: “Persons, Houses, Papers and Effects “ 317

Satellite-Based Monitor (SBM) 317


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Taking a DNA Sample 318 Key in a Lock 318

Seizure 320 Search vs. Seizure 321

General Rule: 321

Search Warrant 321 Probable Cause 321 Legal Presumptions 322 Remedy for Violations; The Exclusionary Rule: 322 The Fourth Amendment 322

Motion to Suppress; P.C. § 1538.5 322 The Fruit of the Poisonous Tree 324 Exceptions: 325 Private Persons 325 The Good Faith Exception 327 The Taint has been Attenuated 328

When the Purposes of the Exclusionary Rule are not Served 330

The Minimal Intrusion Exception 331 Statutory-Only Violations 332

Doctrine of Inevitable Discovery 336 Searches Based Upon Existing Precedent;

The “Faith In Case Law” Exception 337 An Injured Person 339


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Evidence of identity 339 Impeachment Evidence 339

Asset Forfeiture Proceedings 340 Parole and Probation Revocation Hearings 340

Standing: 341 Defined 341 Reasonable Expectation of Privacy 342 Test 342

Burden of Proof 342 Factors to Consider 343 General Principles 344

Prior California Rule 344 Examples: 345 Vehicles 345 Residential Visitors 347 Personal Property 349 Outside, Common Areas 353

Indoor, Common Areas 353 Businesses 353 Renters with a Stolen Credit Card 355 Abandoned Property 356 Disclaiming Standing 359

On Appeal 360


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Reasonableness: 360

Determining Reasonableness 360 Old Rule 361

New Rule 361 Pretext Stops 361

Fourth Amendment vs. Fifth Amendment Issues 362

Posse Comitatus; Use of the Military by Civilian Law Enforcement: 362 The Act 362 Purpose 362 Case Law 363 Sanctions for Violations 364 Chapter 6: Searches with a Search Warrant: 365 Search Warrant Defined 365 Preference for Search Warrants 365 Why Search Warrants are Preferred: 365 Presumption of Lawfulness with a Warrant: 365

Burden of Proof 365

Motion to Quash 367 Motion to Traverse: 367

A “Franks Hearing” 367 Omissions 369

Presumption of Unlawfulness Without a Warrant 373


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Good Faith: 373 The Exclusionary Rule Restricted 373

Civil Case Qualified Immunity 376

Exceptions to Good Faith Rule: 376 Magistrate Misled 376 Magistrate Abandoned Judicial Role 377 Lack of Indicia of Probable Cause 377 Warrant Deficient 379 Affidavit Based on Illegally Collected Information 379

Exigent Circumstances 380 Examples 380 Ramey Inapplicable 381 Consensual Searches 381 Informants 381 Acting in the Performance of His Duties 381

Mental Patients Detained per W&I § 5150: Seizure of Weapons: 381

Warrant Requirement and W&I § 8102(a) 381 P.C. § 1524(a)(10); Search Warrants 382

Exigent Circumstances 382

Independent Source Doctrine 382 Non-Standard Types of Warrants: 383 Telephonic Search Warrants 383 Anticipatory Search Warrants 385


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Sneak and Peek Warrants 388 P.C. § 1524.1: AIDs Testing 389 Records of Foreign Corporations Providing Electronic

Communications or Remote Computing Services, per P.C. § 1524.2 390

Records of Foreign Corporations Providing Electronic Communications or Remote Computing Services

in Misdemeanor cases, per P.C. § 1524.3 391

Pub. Util. Code § 7980: A Court Order Authorizing the Interruption of Communication Services 393

Requirement of a “Neutral and Detached” Magistrate: 394 Rule 394 Violations 395

No Violation 395 Composition of a Search Warrant: 395 The Warrant Itself: 395 Contents 395 Statutory Grounds for Issuance: 397

For Stolen or Embezzled Property 397 For Property Used to Commit a Felony 397 For Property Intended to Use to Commit a Public Offense,

or is being Concealed 397

For Evidence of a Felony 397 For Child Sexual Exploitation Evidence 397 For a Person Wanted on a Warrant 397


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For Evidence Possessed by a Provider of an Electronic Communication service or Remote Computing Service 397

For Evidence of a Labor Code § 3700.5 Violation 397

For Firearms and Deadly Weapons at a Domestic Violence Scene 398

For Firearms and Deadly Weapons Possessed by Mental Patients 398 For Firearms Possessed by Persons Subject to Certain Orders 399 For Installation of Tracking Devices 399 For Blood Draw Evidence in DUI Cases 401 For Firearms and Ammunition in Possession of Persons Subject to A Gun Violence Restraining Order 402 For Controlled Substances or Devices for Administering Controlled

Substances 402

For Blood Draw Evidence in Boating DUI Case 402

Other provisions 403

Case Law 403 The Affidavit to the Search Warrant: 403 Defined 403 Probable Cause 403 Minimum Contents 410

The “Reasonable Particularity” Requirement;

The Persons, Places, Things and Vehicles to be Searched 413


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The “Reasonable Particularity” Requirement;

The Property to be Seized 417 Supplementing the Affidavit 427 Combined Affidavit with Warrant 427 Multiple Affiants/Affidavits 428 Staleness 428 Fingerprints 431 Description of the Facts 432 Good Faith 433 Use of Hearsay 433 Miranda 433 Third Party’s Fourth Amendment Violation 434 Privileged Information 434 Nighttime Searches 436 Leaving a Copy at the Scene 437 P.C. § 964: Victim and Witness

Confidential Information 437 The Receipt and Inventory 437 Sources of Information Establishing Probable Cause: 438 Other Police Officers 438 Citizen Informants 440 Reliable (“Tested”) Informants 442 Unreliable (“Untested”) Informants 443


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Anonymous Informants: 444

Rule 444 Corroboration 445

Confidential Informants: 446

Problem 446 Rule 446 Restrictions 446 Revealing an Informant’s Identity 446 Luttenberger Motions 448

An Informant Sworn Before A Magistrate; A Skelton Warrant 449

P.C. § 1111.5; Uncorroborated In-Custody Informants 449 Probable Cause Issues: 450 Anonymous Information 450

Searches of a Residence: 450

Stolen Property 450

The Cleland Warrant; Narcotics 450 Trashcan Searches 451

Computer Searches 451 Conspiracy 453

Use of a Search Warrant: 454 Rule 454

Exceptions: 454

Exigent Circumstances 454


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Consent 455 Inevitable Discovery 455 Searches of Vehicles 456 Searches of Persons with Probable Cause 456

Searches Incident to Arrest 456

Administrative/Regulatory Searches 457 Crime Scene Searches : 457

Murder Scene 457 Arson Scene 457

Bank Records: 458

Right to Privacy Act; Gov’t. Code §§ 7460-7493: 458

Customer Authorization 458

Administrative Subpoena or Summons 458

Search Warrant 458

Judicial Subpoena or Subpoena Duces Tecum 459

Police Request 459

Victimized Financial Institution 459

Mortgage Fraud Records: 460

P.C. § 532f(a): Mortgage Fraud 460

Commercial Mail Receiving Agency Records 460

B&P Code § 22780: Postal Service Form 1583 460 Credit Card Information 461


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Telephone Records: 461 Unlisted Numbers 461 Telephone Calls Made 461 Certification for Non-Disclosure 462 Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices 462

P.C. § 638.50: Definitions: 462

Wire Communication and Electronic Communication 462

Pen Register 463 Trap and Trace Device 463

P.C. § 638.51: Prohibitions on Installation of Pen Registers and Trap & Trace Devices; Exceptions 463

P.C. § 638.52: Court Orders 464 P.C. § 638.53: Emergency Court Orders 467 Federal Rules 468

Records of Foreign Corporations Which Provide Electronic Communications Services or Remote Computing Services to the General Public: 470 P.C. § 1524.2: Out-of-State Electronic

Communications Information 470

P.C. § 1524.3(a): Records of Foreign Corporations Providing Electronic Communications or Remote Computing Services 472

Medical Marijuana 473 Limitations on the Use of Search Warrants: 473 Newsroom Searches 473


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Searches of, and on Tribal Property: 473

Search Warrants 473 Applicability of the Fourth Amendment 474 Jurisdictional Issues 475

Search of Unauthorized Cell Phone Recovered at CDCR 475 Mechanics of Preparation 475 Service and Return: 476 Who May Serve: 476

Only a Peace Officer 477 Exceptions 477

Others 478

Necessity to Serve 479 Night Service 479

Use of a Motorized Battering Ram 479

In-County Service 480 Out-of-County Service 480

Out-of-State Crimes 480 Knock and Notice: 481 General Rule 481

P.C. § 1531: Authority to Break Open any Door 481 Purpose 482 Problem 482


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Exceptions: 482 Businesses 482 Inner Doors of a Residence 483

Refusal: 483 Implied Refusal 483 Reasonable Time 484 Exigent Circumstances 485 Doctrine of Substantial Compliance 487 No-Knock Search Warrants 489 Entry by Ruse 490 Standing; An Absent Tenant 491 Sanctions for Violations 492

Not Necessarily a Fourth Amendment Violation 494

Seizing Items not Listed in the Warrant: 494

Plain View Doctrine 495 Problem of Overbreath 497

P.C. § 1542.5: Seizure of a Restrained Person’s Firearms

During the Execution of a Search Warrant 500 Answering the Telephone 501

Detentions in a Residence During the Execution of a Search Warrant 502

Time Limitations 502 One Continuous Search 504


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Leaving a Copy of the Warrant: 504

The Receipt and Inventory 504 The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure,

Rule 41(d) 505 The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal’s Opinion 505

Destruction of Property 507 Sealing the Warrant Affidavit; the “Hobbs Warrant:” 508

No Right to Public Access 508

How Accomplished 508 When Warrants May be Sealed 509 Criticism of Procedure 510 Court Procedures 510

Retention of the Documents 513 Wiretap Case 514

Post-Investigation Disposition of Warrant Application and Supporting Affidavits 514

Return of Property 514

Extensions 516 Special Masters: 517 Rule 517 When Not Applicable 517 The “Special Master” 518 Documentary Evidence 518 Procedure 518


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The Court Hearing 519 Other Service Conditions 519

The Electronic Communications Privacy Act 520 Other Warrants: 520

Inspection (or Administrative) Warrants 520

CCP §§ 1822.50 et seq.: A Regulatory Scheme 520 CCP §§ 1822.50: Definition of Inspection Warrant 520 CCP § 1822.51: Consent 520 If Consent is Refused 521 CCP § 1822.53: Examination of Witnesses 521 CCP § 1822.54: Issuance and Contents of Warrant 521 CCP § 1822.55: Duration, Extension or Renewal

of Warrant; Execution and Return 522

CCP § 1822.56: Manner of Inspection; Notice 522 CCP § 1822.57: Punishment 522 CCP § 1822.58: Inspections by Personnel of

Fish and Game Department 522

CCP § 1822.59: Inspections for Purpose of Animal or Plant Pest or Disease Eradication 523

CCP § 1822.60: Warrant for DOJ Inspections 523 Hotels and Motels 523 Entry to Make Arrests 523

Rendition (or Extradition): 524 Art. IV, § 2, Clause 2, U.S. Constitution 524 The Implementing Statute 524


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International Extraditions 524

Extradition by the States: Uniform Criminal

Extradition Act: 524 Adoption in California 525

P.C. § 1548.1; The Governor’s Duty 525 Procedure 525 Ignoring Extradition Treaties 526

Unlawful Flight to Avoid Prosecution (“UFAP”): 527 Scope 527 The Primary Purpose 527

Procedure 527 Parental Kidnappings 527 Avoiding Custody or Confinement 528 Avoiding Giving Testimony 528 Avoiding Service of Process 528 State Extradition 528 Dismissal of Federal Complaint 528

Wiretaps and Eavesdropping: 528

Federal Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

of 1968 vs. P.C. §§ 629.50 et seq. 529

P.C. § 630: California: Statement of Legislative Purpose 529 P.C. § 632: Eavesdropping or Recording

Confidential Communications 530

P.C. § 633: Exceptions 531


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Intentional Interceptions Proscribed 532

Prison and Jail Inmates: Prisoner Telephone Conversations 532

P.C. § 631: Wiretapping: 533 Subd. (a): Prohibitions 533

Punishment 533

Fourth Amendment Violation 533

Subd. (b): Exceptions 533 Prisoner Visitors 534 Subd. (c): Non-Admissibility 534 Similar Restrictions 534 A Controlled Phone Call 534

P.C. §§ 629.50 through 629.98: Implementation of Wiretaps 534

P.C. § 629.50: Requirements for a Wiretap Order: 535

Application for a Wiretap Order 535

P.C. § 629.51: Definitions: 540

Wire Communication 540

Electronic Pager Communication 541

Electronic Cellular Telephone Communication 541

Aural Transfer 541

P.C. § 629.52: Authority to Issue a Wiretap Order 541


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P.C. § 629.53: Judicial Guidelines 546

P.C. § 629.54: Contents of the Wiretap Order 546

P.C. § 629.56: Oral Approval in Lieu of Court Order 546

P.C. § 629.58: Duration of a Wiretap Order 547

P.C. § 629.60: Progress Report 548

P.C. § 629.61: Report to Attorney General 549

P.C. § 629.62: Annual Report to the Legislature 550

P.C. § 629.64: Recording, Sealing and Retaining Intercepted Communications 552

P.C. § 629.66: Application and Orders to be Sealed 553

P.C. § 629.68: Notice to Parties to Intercepted

Communications 554 P.C. § 629.70: Discovery Prerequisites to

Use in Evidence 554 P.C. § 629.72: Motions to Suppress 556 P.C. § 629.74: Disclosure to Other Law

Enforcement Agencies 557 P.C. § 629.76: Use of Intercepted Information 558 P.C. § 629.78: Disclosure of Intercepted Information in

Testimony 558 P.C. § 629.80: Privileged Communications 558 P.C. § 629.82: Interception of Communications Relating

to Crimes Other Than Those Specified in the Authorization Order: 559

Violent Felonies 559

Other Than Violent Felonies 560 Right to Notice and Copy 561


xli

The “Plain View” Doctrine 561

P.C. § 629.84: Criminal Punishment for Violations 561 P.C. § 629.86: Civil Remedies for Unauthorized

Interceptions 562 P.C. § 629.88: Effects of Other Statutes 562 P.C. § 629.89: Covert Residential Entries 563 P.C. § 629.90: Order for Cooperation of Public Utilities,

Landlords, Custodians and Others 563 P.C. § 629.91: Civil or Criminal Liability; Reliance Upon

Court Order 564 P.C. § 629.92: Authority to Conform Proceedings and

Order to Constitutional Requirements 564

P.C. § 629.94: Training and Certification of Law Enforcement Officers 564

P.C. § 629.96: Severability 565

P.C. § 629.98: Automatic Repeal 565

P.C. § 632: Eavesdropping, Compared 565

P.C. § 633.8: Eavesdropping in Hostage or Barricading Situations 566

Chapter 7: Warrantless Searches: 568 General Rule 568 Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement 568 Plain Sight Observations: 568 Rule 568 No Search 569 Justification for Seizure 569


xlii

No Expectation of Privacy 569

Examples 570

The “Plain Sight Observation” vs. the Right To Enter a Residence 572 Plain Hearing 572 Plain Smell: 572 Rule 572 Examples 573 Exceptions: 574

Minority Opinion 574 Odor of Marijuana in a Residence 574 Odor of Ether 575 Odor From a Container 575

Exigent Circumstances: 576

Defined 576 Rule 576 Examples: 577 Destruction of Evidence 577

Officers’ Safety 578

Fresh or Hot Pursuit 578

Search for Additional Suspects 579 Protection of Life and Property 579

To Prevent the Escape of Suspects, or When

Suspects Arm Themselves 580


xliii

Warrantless Seizure of a Child for Protective

Custody Purposes 580 Special Needs Searches: 581

Test 582

Examples: 583 Random Testing of Student Athletes 583

Suspicionless drug testing of teachers and administrators 583

Random Metal Detector Searches of Students 583

Search of a student’s computer 583 Drug Testing for United States Customs

Service Employees 583 Searches of Employees’ Backpacks 583 Pre-Departure Airport Screening Procedures 583 Drug and Alcohol Testing for Railway Employees 583 Administrative Inspections of Closely Regulated

Businesses 584 Administrative Inspection of Fire-Damaged

Premises 584 Administrative Housing Code Inspections 584 Border Patrol Checkpoints 584 Sobriety Checkpoints 584 Entry into a Residence to Enforce a Court Order 584 Fourth Waiver Searches 584


xliv

A Search Warrant Issued Pursuant to P.C. § 1524.1 (HIV) 584

Taking of Biological Samples for DNA Databases 584 Search of Luggage in a Subway Facility 584 The search of a high school student’s pockets 585 Enforcement of Fish and Game Regulations 585 Depriving Parents of the Liberty Interest in the

Care, Custody and Control of their Child due to Medical Necessity 586

Breathalyzer Tests for Police Officers Involved in Shootings 586

Home “Walk-Throughs” for Purposes of Determining Welfare Eligibility 586

Text Messages from a Police Officer’s City Owned Pager 586

Searching of School Lockers for a Weapon 586 Jail Booking Strip Searches 586

Exceptions to Exceptions: 587 A Highway Drug Interdiction Checkpoint 587 A State Hospital Blood Testing Program 587

Examples Where the “Special Need” Fails to Outweigh a Person’s Right to Privacy: 587 Preemployment Drug and Alcohol

Screening Requirement for Minor Employees 587

A Urinalysis Drug Test Requirement for Candidates for Public Office 588

Drug Testing for Lesser Customs Employees 588


xlv

A State Hospital’s Drug Testing Policy for Unwed Mothers 588

A Forced Warrantless Extraction of a DNA Sample 588 Interviewing a Child Victim on a School Campus 588

Closely Regulated Businesses or Activities: 588

Pervasively or Closely Regulated Businesses 588

Other California or United States Regulatory/ Administrative Searches: 591

Vehicle Code: 591

V.C. § 13353: Blood or Breath Test for D.U.I. Arrestees 591

V.C. § 320(b): Auto Dismantlers 593 V.C. § 2805: CHP and Auto Theft

Detectives Stolen Parts Investigations 593

Penal Code: 593

P.C. § 171e: Inspection of a Firearm in State Buildings and Residences 593

P.C. § 25850(b): Inspection of a Firearm in a Public Place. 593

P.C. § 18250: Seizure of Deadly Weapons

at Domestic Violence Scenes 593

Fish and Game Code 594 Financial Code: 595

Fin. Code § 21206: Inspection of Pawned Property 595


xlvi

United States Code: 595

14 U.S.C. § 89(a): The Coast Guard Search Authority 595

49 U.S.C. § 44901: Transportation Security

Administration (TSA) Search Authority 595

School Searches: 595

Athletics and Extracurricular Activities: 595

School athletics 596 Extracurricular activities 596

Students in General 596

Airport Searches 599

The Minimal Intrusion Exception 601 Chapter 8: Searches of Persons: 603

Privacy Rights 603 Rule 603 Search Incident to Arrest: 603

Legal Justification 603 Legal Justification Under Debate 604 Transportation Requirement: 606 Custodial Arrest Requirement 606 Transporting an Arrested Minor 610 Contemporaneous In Time and Place 611

Other Requirements and Limitations: 613

Search Incident to a Citation 613


xlvii

Searches of Containers 613 Property of Booked Person 614 Arrest in the Home 615 Arrest in a Vehicle 615

Exceptions: 616 Strip Search 616

Cellphones Found on the Person 616 Searches with Probable Cause: 616

The Exigency 616

Probable Cause from the Defendant’s Admissions 617

P.C. § 833; Search of an Arrestee 617

Order of Search & Arrest 617 Intrusions Into the Human Body: 618

Substantial Justification 618 The interests in human dignity and privacy 618

Shock the Conscience 619 Factors 619

Driving Under the Influence Cases 620

Other Examples of Bodily Intrusions 626

Medical Emergencies 628

Choking: 629 Rule 629 Examples 629


xlviii

Searches with Less Than Probable Cause: 630

Persons in Pervasively Regulated Industries

or Sensitive Positions: 630

Government Employees 630

Railway Workers 630

Customs Officers 630

Candidates for Public Office 630

A State Hospital’s Drug Testing Policy for Expectant Mothers 630

For Students 630

Frisks (or Patdowns): 631 Defined 631

Constitutionality 631 For Weapons Only 631

Reasonable or Rational Suspicion 632

The Nature of the Crime as a Factor 634 Vehicle Drivers and Passengers 635 Consensual Patdowns 636

Procedures: 636

Limited to Outer Clothing; Exceptions 636

Removal of Weapons 637

When Suspect Reaches for a Weapon 637


xlix

P.C. § 833.5; Detentions 637

Problems: 637

During Consensual Encounter 637

During Execution of a Search Warrant

or a Fourth Waiver Search 638 Feeling a Controlled Substance 638

Frisk Based Upon Uncorroborated Anonymous Tip 640

Other Situations 641

Abandoned Property: 642

General Rule 642

Trash Cans 644

The “Threatened Illegal Detention” 644

Searching for Identification 645

Fingerprint Evidence 646 Handwriting (and Other Types of) Exemplars 648 Prisoner Searches: 648 Inventory Searches 648 Search Incident to Arrest and Strip Searches 648 Institutional Needs 649

Other Purposes 649

Booking (and Inventory) Searches 649

Containers 650 Impounded Property 650


l

Strip Searches of Prisoners: 653

The Fourth Amendment 653 The Fourteenth Amendment; Due Process 653 Reasonableness 653

Strip Searches Restricted 655

Strip Searches Upheld 656

Misdemeanor (and Infraction) Booking Searches: 658

Due Process 658 Restrictions: 659 P.C. § 4030(a): Legislative Purpose 659

P.C. § 4030(b): For Pre- Arraignment Detainees Arrested for Infractions and Misdemeanor Offenses 659

Definitions: 659

P.C. § 4030(c)(1): Body Cavity 659

P.C. § 4030(c)(2): Physical

Body Cavity Search 659 P.C. § 4030(c)(3):

Strip Search 660 P.C. § 4030(c)(4): Visual

Body Cavity Search 660

P.C. § 4030(d): Authorization for Patdown, Metal Detector, and Thorough Clothing Searches 660


li

P.C. § 4030(e): Restrictions on Strip & Visual body Cavity Searches 660

P.C. § 4030(f)(1) & (2): Restrictions on Confinement in General Jail Population 661

P.C. § 4030(g): Restrictions on Physical Body

Cavity Searches; Search Warrant Requirement 662 P.C. § 4030(h): Recording of Required Documentation 662 P.C. § 4030(i): Touching

Restrictions 662 P.C. § 4030(j): Physical Body Cavity Search Requirements 662 P.C. § 4030(k): Same sex Requirements 662 P.C. § 4030(l): Privacy for Strip,

Visual, or Physical Body Cavity Searches 663

P.C. § 4030(m): Criminal Penalties

for Violations 663

P.C. § 4030(n), (o): Civil Remedies for Violations 663

P.C. § 4031: Searches of Minors in Juvenile Detention Centers: 663

P.C. § 4031(a): Applicable to all Minors Held in Juvenile Detention Centers 663

P.C. § 4031(b): Restriction on Touching 663


lii

P.C. § 4031(c): Restrictions on Physical Body Cavity

Searches 663 P.C. § 4031(d): Same Sex Requirements for Visual or Physical Body Cavity Searches 663 P.C. § 4031(e): Privacy

Requirements for Strip, Visual, and Physical Body Cavity Searches 664

P.C. § 4031(f): Criminal Penalties

for Violations 664 P.C. § 4031(g): Other Civil and Criminal Remedies for Violations 664 P.C. § 4031(h): Civil Actual, Punitive, or Injunctive Relief for Violations 664 P.C. § 4031(i): Remedies for

Persons Described in P.C. § 4030(b) Not Limited 664

Case Law 664

Jail Cells 665 Monitoring of Jail Visitations and

Telephone Calls: 666 Rule 666 Exceptions 668

Monitoring Jail Mail 669 Regulating Jail/Prison Visitations 671


liii

Retained Constitutional Rights: 674 Infringement of Rights 674 Rights Retained by Prison Inmates 675 P.C. §§ 295 et seq: The DNA and Forensic

Identification Database and Data Bank Act of 1998: 675 DNA Testing 675 P.C. § 295(a): Name of the Act 675 P.C. § 295(b): Statement of Intent 675

P.C. § 295(c): Purpose 676

P.C. § 295(d): Identification of Criminal Offenders 676

P.C. § 295(e): Biological Samples

Limited to “Buccal” Swab Samples 676 P.C. § 295(f): Collection of Blood Samples 676 P.C. § 295(g) & (h): DNA and Forensic

Identification Database and Data Bank Program 676

P.C. § 295(i): Counties’ Responsibilities 676 P.C. § 295(j): Costs 677 P.C. § 295(k): DNA Testing Fund 677 P.C. § 295(l): The “Jan Bashinski

DNA Laboratory.” 677

P.C. § 295.2: Prohibition on DNA Being Used for Testing, Research, or Experiments 677

P.C. § 296(a): Offenders Subject to

Collection of Specimens, Samples and Print Impressions 677


liv

P.C. § 296(b): Applies to All Qualified

Persons Regardless of Sentence 680 P.C. § 296(c): Applies to All Qualified

Persons Regardless of Placement 680 P.C. § 296(d): Provisions are Mandatory 680 P.C. § 296(e): Duty of a Prosecutor to

Notify the Court 681 P.C. § 296(f): Duty of a Court to Inquire 682 P.C. § 296.1(a): Collection of Samples

For Present and Past Qualifying Offenses 682

P.C. § 296.1(b): Retroactivity of Provisions 686

P.C. § 296.2: Procedures for Obtaining

Replacement Samples 686 P.C. § 297: Analysis of Crime Scene

Samples 686 P.C. § 298: Procedures for Collection

of Samples 687

P.C. § 298.1(a): Sanctions for Failure to Provide Required Samples 688

P.C. § 298.1(b)(1): Use of Force 689

P.C. § 298.1(b)(2): Withdrawal of Blood in a Medically Approve Manner 689

P.C. § 298.1(c)(1)(A), (2)(A): “Reasonable

Force,” Defined 689 P.C. § 298.1(c)(1)(B), (2)(B): Written

Authorization to Use Force 690 P.C. § 298.1(c)(1)(C), (2)(C): Efforts to

Secure Voluntary Compliance 690


lv

P.C. § 298.1(c)(1)(D), (2)(D): Videotaping of “Cell Extractions” 690

P.C. § 299: Expungement of Data 690 P.C. § 299.5: Confidentiality Requirements 691 P.C. § 299.6: Dissemination of Information

to Law Enforcement Agencies 691 P.C. § 299.7: Disposal of Samples 693 P.C. §§ 300 et seq.: Construction and

Severability 693

Case Law 693 Chapter 9: Searches of Vehicles: 698 General Rule: 698

Justifications for the Rule 698

Incident to Arrest: 698

The Rationale 698

Containers in the Vehicle 699

Probable Cause Not Needed 700

Limitations: 700

The Lunging Area 700

Contemporaneous in Time and Place 700

Limitation of the Chimel/Belton “Bright Line” Test: 702 Rule Criticized 702 Arizona v. Gant 702 Gant’s Alternative Theory 704


lvi

Subsequent Case Law 705 Exception 707 Retroactivity 708

Transportation 709

Search Incident to a Citation 709

Searches where Arrestee is a “Recent Occupant” 710

Search With Probable Cause: 711

General Rule 711

Problem: Limited Amount of Contraband 717 Problem: More than One Occupant 718

Problem: Vehicle Already Impounded 719

Problem: Closed Containers 719 Problem: When the item searched is a cellphone 721

Problem: Motorhomes (and Other Vehicles) 721

Problem: Expanding the Scope of the Search 722

Evidence of Probable Cause 723

Vehicle is Itself Evidence 723

Inventory Searches: 725

General Rule 725 Closed Containers 725 Pretext Impounds 726 Prerequisites to a Lawful Impound Search of a Vehicle: 728

The Community Caretaking Doctrine 728


lvii

V.C. § 14602.6(a)(1): Driving on a Suspended License (or Never Had a License), per V.C. § 14601.1 (or V.C. § 12500) 731

Impounding a Vehicle Used for Prostitution, per Local Ordinance 733

V.C. § 2814.2: Impoundment of a Vehicle at a Sobriety Checkpoint 733

“Patdown” (or “Protective Search”) of a Vehicle: 734

General Rule 734 Examples 734

Statutory Automobile Inspections: 735

V.C. § 2805(a): 735

Elements 735

V.C. § 2805(b): 737

Elements 737

Penalties 737 Relevant Definitions: 737

Identifiable Vehicle Component; V.C. § 2805(a) 737

Garage; V.C. § 340 737

Repair Shop; V.C. § 510 738

Terminal; V.C. § 595 738

Automobile Dismantler; V.C. § 220 738

Case Law 738

Use of Force 740

Non-commercial property 740


lviii

Statutory Automobile Searches: 740

V.C. § 9951(c)(2): Downloading the Contents of an

“Event Data Recorder” V.C. § 2814.1: Vehicle Checkpoints 742

V.C. § 2810.2(d) & (e): Vehicle Stops Involving

Agricultural Irrigation Supplies 742 Searching for Driver’s License and Vehicle Documentation: 742

General Rule 742 Exceptions 742

Searches for Vehicle Documentation 743 Checking for a Vehicle’s Identification Number (“VIN”) 744

Chapter 10: Searches of Residences and Other Buildings: 745

General Rule 745 Private Residence & Expectation of Privacy 745

Other Buildings and Places: 746

Commercial Businesses 746 Hotel & Motel Rooms 747 Boarding House 751 Garage 751

Fishing Retreat 751 Hospital Room 751 Jail Cell 751


lix

Military Housing 751 Curtilage of the Home 752

Temporary or Impermanent Residences: 755

General Rule 755

Tents 755

A Cardboard Box 756 A Cave on Federal Property 757 In a “Squatter’s Community” on Public Property 757 Under a Bridge Abutment 757

Businesses 757 Workplace Searches of Government Employees: 758 Rule 758 Reasonableness 758 Public Restrooms, Adult Bookstores and Dressing Rooms: 759 Pay Toilets 759 Men’s Restroom in a Department Store 759 Doorless Stall in a Public Restroom 759 Curtained Booth in an Adult Bookstore 759 Fitting Room in a Department Store 759 Spying into Bathrooms, Etc.; Statutes: 760

P.C. § 647(k)(1): Through a Hole or Opening 760 P.C. § 647(k)(3): Use of Cameras 760 P.C. § 653n: Two-Way Mirrors 760


lx

Problem: When Officers Trespass 760 Securing the Premises: 761

Fourth Amendment 761

General Rule 761 Exigency of the Officers’ Own Making: 762 With Probable Cause 762 With No Probable Cause 763

New Rule? 763 Securing Cases 763 Detention of a Residence 764 Detaining Residents Outside 765 Knock and Talk 765

The Doctrine of “Consent Once Removed” 768 Observing Contraband from Outside 768 Using a Ruse to Cause a Suspect to Open his Door: 769

Split of Authority 769 Held to be Illegal 769 Held to Legal 771 Possible Resolution: Kentucky v. King 772

Searches Incident to Arrest: 772

In a Residence 772 The Protective Sweep: 774

Defined 774


lxi

Limitation 775

Arrests Outside 777 Detentions Outside 778

Commercial Establishment 778 Other Situations 778 Plain Sight Observations 779 Preserving the Peace 781 Preventing the Destruction of Evidence 783

Welfare Checks, the “Emergency Aid Doctrine,” and the “Community Caretaking Function:” 786

Exigent Circumstances and Officer Safety 795 Emergency Exception and the Odor of Ether 798 Executing an Arrest Warrant 799

Sufficiency of Evidence to Believe the Suspect is Inside 800 Third Party Entries with Police 802

Knock and Notice 802 Chapter 11: New and Developing Law Enforcement Technology: 804

The Problem 804 Thermal Imaging Device 805 A Buster 805

Spike Mike 806

Aerial Surveillance 806

Drones 807 Facial Recognition Software 807


lxii

Stingray (Kingfish) Device 808 Automated License Plate Readers 808

Electronic Tracking Devices (Transmitters)

and “Pinging” a Cellphone: 809 General Rule 809 As a Fourth Amendment Search 809 P.C. § 637.7: Use of Electronic Tracking Devices 813

Flashlights and Spotlights 814 Binoculars 815 Night Vision Goggles 815

Controlled Tire Deflation Device (“CTDD”) 815

Videotaping and Photographing 816

Metal Detectors: 818

On School Campuses 818 At Airports 818

Dogs: 819

Used to Search 819 Used to Track 823 Use of Dogs in Making Arrests 825

Chapter 12: Open Fields: 827 General Rule 827 Observations Into Private Areas 827


lxiii

Chapter 13: Searches of Containers: 829

General Rule 829 Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement: 830

Incident to Arrest 830 Incident to Arrest, in a Vehicle 832 With Probable Cause, in a Vehicle 833

When One Person in a Vehicle is Subject

to a Fourth Waiver 834

With Defendant’s Admission as to the Contents 834 Abandoned Property 835

During a Fourth waiver search of a Residence 837

Special Needs Searches 837

Other “Expectation of Privacy” Issues 838 With Consent of a Third Person having Common Authority 838 The “Single Purpose Container” Theory 839 Containers Searched by Non-Law Enforcement 840

Exterior of a Container 843 Customs Inspections 843 “Manipulating,” “Squeezing” or “Poofing” Containers: 844 At an Airport 844 At a Bus Station 844 During a Detention and Pat Down 844 Detention of a Container 845


lxiv

Searches of Cellphones, Disks, Computers and Other High Tech Containers: 848 Issue 848 Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement 849 Standing: 851 Case Law 851 Search of Unauthorized Cellphone Recovered at CDCR 856 The California Electronic Communications Privacy Act:

P.C. §§ 1546-1546.4 856 P.C. § 1546.1: Compelling Production of

Electronic Communication information: 856 Subd. (a): Prohibitions 856 Subd. (b): Exceptions: Warrant, Court Order, or Subpoena 857 Subd. (c): Exceptions: Access to Device With Warrant, Court Order,

Subpoena, “Specific Consent,” Emergency, Device Lost, Stolen or Abandoned, or When Seized From An Inmate 857

P.C. § 1546: Relevant Definitions: 858

Subd. (a): Adverse Result 858 Subd. (b): Authorized Possessor 858 Subd. (c): Electronic Communication 858 Subd. (d): Electronic Communication

Information 859

Subd. (e): Electronic Communication Service 859

Subd. (f): Electronic Device 859


lxv

Subd. (g): Electronic Device Information 859 Subd. (h): Electronic Information 859 Subd. (i): Government Entity 859 Subd. (j): Service Provider 859 Subd. (k): Specific Consent 859 Subd. (l): Subscriber Information 860

P.C. § 1546.2: Procedures for Obtaining a Warrant as a Follow-up to an Emergency Situation 860

P.C. § 1546.4: Suppression Procedures and Other Remedies 860

Gov’t. Code § 53166(b): Mandated Security Procedures for Cellular Communications Interception Technology: 860 Subd. (a): Relevant Definitions: 861

(1) Cellular Communications Interception Technology 861

(2) Local Agency 862

Subd. (c): Prohibitions on Acquiring Cellular Communications Interception Technology 862

Subd. (d): Civil Remedies for Violation 862

Chapter 14: Border Searches: 863 General Rule 863 8 U.S.C. § 1357(a): Statutory Arrest and Search Authority 863

31 U.S.C. § 5317: Interdiction Authority 865 Routine vs. Non-Routine Searches: 867

Routine Searches 867


lxvi

Non-Routine Searches 868 Destructiveness of the Search 869

Reasonableness of the Search 870 The Functional Equivalent of a Border 871

The “Extended Border Search Doctrine” 871 Immigration Checkpoints Away from the Border 873 Roving Patrols 874

Search of a Residence 876 The San Ysidro Port of Entry 876 Chapter 15: Fourth Waiver Searches: 877 “Prior Consents:” Search & Seizure (“Fourth Waiver”)

Conditions: 877 General Rule 877

Parole v. Probation: Consent 878 Parole: 878

Statutory Authorization 878 P.C. § 3067(c) vs. Cal. Code of Regs,

Title 15, § 2511 879

Officer’s Prior Knowledge 879 Post-Release Community Supervision Act of 2011: 880

Supervision by County Probation 880 P.C. § 3453: Postrelease Community Supervision Conditions 880


lxvii

Probation: 881

General Principles 881 Statutory Authorization 882 Validity of a Fourth Waiver Condition 882 The Language of the Specific

Fourth Waiver Condition 884

Juveniles: 885

General Rules 885 Statutory Authority: 886

W&I § 727: Reasonable Orders 886 W&I § 730(b): Reasonable

Conditions of Probation 886

W&I §§ 790 et seq: Mandated Waiver Condition in Post-

Plea Diversion Programs 887

Juveniles and Electronic Device and/or Social Media Probation Conditions 887

Parole vs. Probation 891 A “Special Needs” Search 891

Pre-Trial 893

Warrantless Blood-Draws of a DUI Suspect 893 Constitutionality 894 Expectation of Privacy 894

Standard of Proof Required: 894 Probation 894 Parole 896


lxviii

Limitation: Searches Conducted for Purposes of Harassment 896

Who May Conduct a Fourth Waiver Search? 898 California Rule 898

Federal Rule 898

Need to Seek Permission: 898

Probation 898

Parole 899 Searching While In Ignorance of a Search Condition: 899

Issue 899 Earlier Case Law 900 Present State of the Rule 900 Exceptions 904

Arresting and Searching While in Ignorance of an Existing Warrant of Arrest 905 Parole Hearings 905

Probation Hearings 906

Entering a Residence; Probable Cause or Reasonable Suspicion 906 Searching a Container; Probable Cause or Reasonable Suspicion 907

Duration of a Fourth Wavier 907

Good Faith Belief in the Existence of a Search Condition 908

Rights of Third Parties: 908

Common Areas 908

Private Areas 911


lxix

When it is Unknown Who Owns the Property About to be Searched 913

Detention of Third Persons 915

In a Vehicle 915

Knock and Notice 916

Detentions, Patdowns and Arrests: 917

Detentions 917 Patdowns 917 Arrests 918 Out-of-State Probationer or Parolee 918 AIDS and HIV 918 Chapter 16: Consent Searches: 919 Rule 919

Why Do People Consent? 919 Limitation; Free and Voluntary Requirement : 919 Burden of Proof 919 Factors 920 Circumstances Affecting Voluntariness: 920

Under Arrest 920

Use of Firearms 921

Threatening to Obtain a Warrant 921 Threatening to Use a Drug-Sniffing Dog 922

Threatening the Suspension of One’s Driver’s License and Other Consequences for Refusing a Blood Test after a DUI Arrest 922


lxx

Implying Guilt 923 Using a Ruse 923

Threats to Take Away One’s Children 923 Other Inducements 924 Combination of Factors 925

During a Consensual Encounter 925 Manner of Inquiry: 925

Reasonable Person Test 925 Product of a Constitutional Violation: 926

Illegal Entry, Detention, or Arrest 926 Illegal Search 928 Illegal Interrogation 928 Sixth Amendment Violation 929

Consent During a Prolonged Detention: 929

General Rule 929 Lawfully Prolonged Detentions 929 After Detention Ends 930

The Scope of the Consent: 932

Burden of Proof 932 Test 932

Cases 932

Multiple Searches Based Upon a Single Consent 935


lxxi

Implied Consent to Provide Blood Sample as a Condition of the Privilege to Drive; V.C. § 23612(a)(1)) 936

Express vs. Implied Consent: 937

Express Consent 937 Implied Consent 938 Examples 938 The Totality of the Circumstances 939

Issues: 939 Withdrawal of Consent 939 Limiting the Consent 940 Use of a Drug-Sniffing Dog 940 Placing Conditions on the Consent 941 Use of a Ruse or Deception 941

Suspect Under Arrest Giving Consent 941 Consent to Search a Residence with No Suspicion 941

Other Elements of a Consent Search: 942

The Right to Refuse 942 Miranda 942 Written Consent 943 Answering the Telephone 943 Consent by Others: 944 General Rule: 944

Actual Authority 944


lxxii

Apparent Authority 944 Examples: 946 Landlord 946 Parent 948 Child 949 Co-Occupant (Roommates or Husband and Wife) 950

Evidence of a Defendant’s Refusal to Consent to a Warrantless Search 955

Sanctions for Violations 955

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