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The Freud’s Project

Summary

In his initials works, Freud, makes a series of discoveries and fundamental contributions to the neurobiology and psychology, to whom he gives little or no diffusion. Several decades later those same findings were reported by other researchers, that now, deserved in most cases, a Nobel Prize in Medicine. I give below a detail of such findings, as the result of a personal and original investigation of Freud’s life and work; at the same time I compare with my theory of psychic structure and function due to more than 10 years of research that culminated in my PhD thesis, Semiotics of real systems, and a treatise on the psychic theory of human natural language.

Key words: Psychology’s Project, Neurobiology, Logic.

We begin this approach better knowledge of the psyche, the instrument that enables the supreme manifestations of human subjectivity, from a minimum and necessary detail of the apparatus that Freud imagined when he wrote the Project for a psychology for Neurologists in 1895.

But do not we retrospectively, that is, do not approach it from the interpretation of dreams or from later and purely psychoanalytic work, but we will do so from the same draft found among the correspondence sent by Freud to his friend Fliess. (AE Volume I, p. 323)

Direct access to the project is founded on trying to show, first, that this work did not mean a failure in his attempt to explain psychological processes by neuronal activity, and therefore he would not publish, as some researchers suggest. In fact, the theoretical model built here, appears throughout his work in its fundamental aspects, although reworked from the psychoanalytical point of view.

Second, though he used two basic concepts, such as Neuron and Quantity, He managed to sketch, through a series of mechanisms derived from the of physical prevailing in his time, and the circulation of quantities of energy, increase and reduction in different systems that supposedly constituted our neural apparatus, 'the forces' that would generate psychic processes, both normal and pathological. In the description of this mechanism, strictly metaphorical nature, there are budding, very important concepts that then find the source of great finds further developed, such as artificial neural networks, although not they were inspired in the incommensurate Freudian intuition.

On the other hand, the project represents the first coherent attempt to show the existence of an inner world and its importance as a means of defining subjectivity.

Freud sought from this work, scientific basis for the study of the psyche, as well let see with his own words: "The purpose of this project is to provide a psychology of Natural Science". (Op. Cit., p. 339)

Natural science that prevailed at the end of the nineteenth century was physics, therefore, there is an undeniable conceptual influence derived and specifically, by then nascent electronic theory. In addition, in 1882 he published his research

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on histology of the nervous system; in 1884 he read the conference: "The structure of the elements of the nervous system"1 (Jones, 1981, p 70), which holds, based on research conducted by him at the Institute of Physiology Dr. Brücke, the thesis of morphological and physiological unit of nerve cells, using a staining method-of his invention-, this way it was anticipated to the theory of neurons of Waldeyer (1891) and to the theory of dynamic polarization of Ramon y Cajal (in 1892 and Nobel Prize in 1906), which establishes dendrites as receiver pole of the neuron, and its axon as the place where the stimulus is transmitted to other neurons; whereupon, as we see, already had all the necessary material to start your elaboration.

We will make a description of the first part of the approach of Freud, and we will in contrast to artificial neural networks, so that, on the one hand, be clear what is the caliber of some of his predictions, but on the other hand, for make it easier to understand its functioning. (Figure 1)

Fig. 1 Freudian neurons in the project References: Q = outside quantity - Qἠ = psychic quantity

We must clarify to avoid confusion, the description by Freud is similar in part to that is made from the current artificial intelligence, and is based on the conception of the neuron as a functional unit governed by excitations and inhibitions, theory, from the beginning (Waldeyer, Ramón y Cajal) was held as a sort of neuroscientific dogma, until 1988, when Rodolfo Llinás showed that the neuronal

1 In the text of the conference, which is a summary of all his works on the subject, goes beyond the field of histology, as shown in the following paragraph: "If we assume that nerve fibrils have the meaning of isolated roads driving, we would have to say that the tracks, which are separated in the nerve flow into the nerve cell: the nerve cell becomes the 'beginning' of these nerve fibers anatomically attached to them ".

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functionality does not depend on their connections, but its intrinsic electrophysiological properties (Llinás's Law), is means that there may be two morphologically identical neurons that release in its operation the same neurotransmitters, but whose electrophysiological properties are remarkably different.

However, neither the proposal of Freud, or computer simulations, dwindle in importance, as they allow us to approach, in a very simple way, a cursory understanding of how it is possible that a brain operation (biological) is the source of an inner psychic activity, which, incidentally, help rejected as inaccurate, all those appreciations that ravaging Freudian theory with the harsh sentence: 'too biological'.

In the artificial neuron, as in his Freudian homonym, there are three factors that can be modified to alter their behavior and way of integration with other neurons, neighbors or not. In the artificial neuron, as in his Freudian homonym, there are three factors that can be modified to alter their behavior and way of integration with other neurons, neighbors or not. These factors are: a) The magnitude of the stimulus it receives (Q load), b) interconnections with other neurons (connectivity pattern), and c) Strength (or excitability) of these interconnections (Qἠ). But Freud was a little further, perhaps intuiting - or rather anticipating - somehow the Llinás's Law, describing three types of neuronas2 (φ, ψ, ω), and three types of functions: W = perception, V = representation, and M = motor image.

Neuron as processing unit

Looking at Figure 1 we can see that artificial neurons follow a pattern of connectivity divided into three levels: a) The superficial level, where are neurons that receive stimuli from the outside, b) The hidden or internal level, where they are those neurons who have no contact with the outside world, but where is carried out the processing of entries; and c) The output level, where are the neurons that are responsible for providing the response of the system.

As we see, this neural network not only receives a series of inputs, but emits an output given by three functions: 1) Propagation or excitation function, which places the inlet in relation to the weight of their interconnection. If the weight is positive, the connection is called excitatory, if negative, is called inhibitory; 2) Activation function amending the previous one. May even not exist; if this is the case, the output is the same function of propagation; and 3) Output or transfer function, which is applied to the resulting value of the activation function. This is used to define the output and, as a result, may be characterized, at least three types of neurons: a. All or nothing neurons, that handle discrete amounts, included in a certain range, b. Indentity neurons, where its output is equivalent to the non-application of the output function, and c. Neurons that handle continuous analog quantities. Finally, all of this neurons are governed by a rule defined learning.

Neurons proposed by Freud, as independent processors with low capacity of individual process, greatly enhance the ability to be connected profusely, show a

2 (...) The neuron system consists of different neurons with identical architecture ... (op. Cit., P. 342).

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distribution and a specific pattern of connectivity, and meet all the functional aspects listed in the previous paragraph. Let's look at this in some detail:

On the theory of neurons:

[...] The neurons's system comprises different units with identical architecture, that are in contact by means of a strange mass, which end in one another as parts of foreign tissue; and they are prefigured certain conduction orientations, because it receive by the cell extensions and output it by the cylinder-axis. To this is added, besides, the abundant branching with a variety of caliber." (Op. Cit., P. 342).

Where is hereby stated the connectivity patterns, in addition to the neural bipolarity, proposal by Ramón y Cajal:

In fact, by the anatomy, we have news of a system of neurons (the substance spinal gray) that is unique in forming a weft with the outside world, and one superimposed (the brain gray matter), which has no peripheral connection whatsoever, but it is responsible for the development of the system of neurons and the psychic functions." (Op. cit. p. 347)

Where he detail precisely the neuronal distribution in levels:

If one combines the neurons Qἠ theory, you obtain the representation of a vested neuron [activation state] that is filled with some Qἠ, but other times it is empty [transfer function or output]. The principle of inertia finds expression in the course of a stream [propagation function], since from the conductions or cell extensions [dendrites] is directed to cilinder-axis [axon]. (Ibid)

The above describes what Freud identified as primary neuronal function and reproduces exactly the theory of dynamic polarity of Ramón y Cajal.

As for the secondary function, which requires storage of Qἠ, is made possible by assuming resistors that are opposed to the discharge, and the architecture of the neuron suggests the possibility of placing all the resistance in contacts [synapses3], so they receive the value of a barriers. (Ibid.)

If the theory of barriers-contact adopts this form, you can give the following expression: there are two kinds of neurons. First, those that let pass Qἠ as if they haven't none barrier-contact [φ neurons in Figure 1], [...], and secondly, those whose barrier- contact is asserted, so that, that Qἠ can pass only with difficulty, or only partially through them. [Neurons ψ in Figure 1] (Ibid., P. 343)

Here is clearly marked with the "possibility of forming memory" as it says the original text, agreeing on a whole as proposed in artificial neural networks, theory accepts that the 'memorized information', as is supposed to happen in the brain, is more related to the synaptic values [handled by the contact barrier-Freudian] that with the neurons themselves. In other words, that knowledge is at synapses

3 The term synapse was introduced by Foster and Sherrington in 1897, two years after the project was drafted.

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and is represented by the 'weights' [the Qἠ of Freud] of the connections between neurons. Thus, the learning process involves a succession of changes operated over these connections , that is, it is learned by modifying the 'weights' of the network [Freud mnemic footprint]. Freud says in this regard:

"Memory consists of the existing facilitations4 between ψ neurons." (Op. Cit., P. 344)

On the memory subject is instructive a scheme that Freud sends to Fliess in one of his letters (52), (Figure 2) where he speaks on the assumption that the psychic apparatus has been generated by successive stratification, since, time to time - Freud continues - the preexisting material of mnemic footprints undergoes a rearrangement according nexuses, a transcript (Umschrift).

Fig. 2 Memory according Freud5 References: P = neurons where perceptions are generated (without any footprint) – Ps = (Signs of perception) first transcription of perceptions associated by simultaneity, not aware – Ic = (Unconsciousness) second transcript that corresponding, perhaps, to footprints of memories of concepts – Prc = (Preconsciousness) third transcription, linked to representations-word – Coc = neuron-consciousness

What is essentially new in my theory, then, is the thesis that memory is not pre-exist a simple way, but multiple, is registered in several varieties of signs. Some time ago (aphasia6) I have argued for such a rearrangement pathways coming from the periphery (of the body to the cerebral cortex). I do not know how many of these transcripts exist. At least three, probably more. I have illustrated this with the following scheme [Figure 2], in which it is supposed that the various transcripts are separated, also according to their neuronal carriers (not necessarily a topically).

In Figure 2, Freud makes clear his successful conception on some aspects, for example: consciousness and memory are mutually exclusive; and suggest that both neurons-consciousness as neuronas-percepción would have no memory. This scheme is the precursor that will appear in "The Interpretation of Dreams" when speaking of the psychic apparatus refers for the first time explicitly, to the mnemic footprints.

It is important to point out another foresight of Freud on the mechanism underlying learning. It has to do strictly with the concept of facilitation, as an element essential promoter of the changes that occur in neuronal synapses.

4 What constitutes memory, according to Freud, are in fact, "the distinctions within the facilitations" (op. Cit., P.345), which would be the equivalent of weight changes of a connection. 5 Excerpted of op. Cit., p. 275. 6 He refers to his book on Aphasias (1891).

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Donald Hebb published in 1949, "The organization of behavior" which became one of the most influential works in psychology and neuroscience. In this book appears the idea of a very particular synapse, which is now known as Hebb's synapses or Hebbian. This concept, which has survived intact to this day and has given rise from the artificial neural networks to modern theories of brain function, is an explanation of the operation of the synapse, based on the experimental work of Sherrington and Pavlov on reflexes and inhibitions.

The neurophysiological Hebb's postulate (ibid., p. 62) assumes that the persistence or repetition of a reverberant activity (or 'footprint') tends to induce lasting cellular changes that point to cell stability. This assumption states the following: when the axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly and persistently takes part in the excitement, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells, so that the efficiency of A, as one of the cells which make to B shoot, increases. This basic rule is based in learning algorithm using by artificial neural networks, while explaining exactly how conditioned reflexes work, and suggests a possible mechanism of memory. To develop a remembrance, the neural network 'Retains' the association of a particular group of neurons, by strengthening their links, formerly weak (Freudian facilitation). Enhanced relationships allow neurons to fire together the next time. When a few are triggered, they induce their neighbors inactive, to shoot, to connecting through relationships (roads or footprints) already transited. It is a similar phenomenon to what happens with a row of dominoes falling crawling to each other, to reach a destination that league them. By reviving an old pattern, is made a recapitulation (Freud's retranscription) of the original situation.

Finally, we discuss which, in my opinion, is the most significant advance made by Freud respect to neuronal functioning. The importance attached to the answer to how and where the qualities are generated?, is doubly justified. On the one hand, because it portends absolutely Llinás’s law, not only in their anatomical aspects, but also in those that indicate the functional parameters to be taken into account when characterizing a particular neuronal type, and the other hand, it suggests where is the key to human subjectivity, that is, the psychic management of the qualitative.

What I have described up to this point is what Freud considered unconscious, but he warns us that the content of consciousness must 'thread' with quantitative processes ψ. He states that consciousness gives us the 'qualities'; those feelings that are 'something else' within a wide range, and whose characterization depends on links with the outside world. After discarding, more or less successfully, the φ neurones and ψ neurons as the place of residence of the qualitative, proposes to ω neurons (perceptive of quality neurons of Figure 1), which would be excited from the perception, but not by reproduction [memory], thus giving different levels of qualities, to which he calls conscious sensations.

The ω neurons are characterized as driving too low load [excitement or 'weight'], which is contradicted by the fact that no 'memory', and yet, it is postulated that reach full facilitation [Supposedly maximum memory]. Reviewing the fundamental assumption about the course of excitation [propagation function], which until now was considered as Qἠ transfer from one neuron to another through contact barriers [synapses], the genius emerges. Let us accept that Freud shows us in his own words:

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But also, [the Qἠ] it must possess a character: a temporary nature; in fact, the mechanics of physicists, has attributed this temporary feature, also to the other mass movements of the outside world. For the sake of brevity, I call this 'period', and I will assume then that all resistance of barriers-contact only applies to the transfer of Q, but that the period of neuronal movement spreads everywhere without inhibition, so to speak, as a process of induction.

In paragraph followed, he continues:

[...] The neurons ω are unable to receive Qἠ, in exchange for which they appropriate of the period of excitation; and this, their state of affectation for the period, given a minimum fill with Qἠ, is the foundation of consciousness. (AE Volume I, p. 354)

Finally, it arises what is the cause of the differences of the period, concluding that 'distinct qualities' of the organs of the senses are the cause of these differences, and this explains it by saying that sensory organs are not only screens that protect the body against excessive amounts of Q, as all terminal organ, but are also filters that only let through a stimulus of certain processes, with defined period.

Llinás proposes that cognition is an intrinsic functional state of the brain (Llinás et al., 1998, p. 1841), and that consciousness is an internal functional status, dream-like type, which is modulated rather than generated by the senses ( Llinás & Pare, 1991); but also that its substrate is the thalamocortical resonance, ie, spontaneous oscillatory activity in a particular band (with a specific period, as predicted by Freud). Based on their research to determine the shortest time interval for sensory discrimination (Freudian period), it concludes that consciousness is a non-continuous event, determined by the synchronous activity in the thalamus-cortical system. (Llinas, Op. Cit., P. 1845). Freud, in Notes on 'Magic slate' (1925), suggests a mechanism that we must emphasize, given the similarity between this mechanism and the proposed by Llinás (1993), which was amended and extended by Salatino (2012) to explain the discontinuous operation of consciousness, but above all, a possible mechanism representation of time.

Freud says:

In the magic slate, the written it disappears whenever the intimate contact between the paper which receives the stimulus and the wax tablet that preserves printing is interrupted. [...] I have assumed, investiture innervations are sent and round pick in newspapers fast punches from the inside to the P-Cc system, which is completely permeable. While the system remains invested thus, it receives perceptions accompanied by awareness and transmits the excitation to the unconscious mnemic systems; as soon as the endowment is withdrawn, consciousness is extinguished, and the system operation is suspended. It would be as if the unconscious, through the P-Cc system extended to meet the outside world, an antennas that rapidly removed, after taking 'samples' of their excitations. Therefore, I make that interruptions in the magic board ensue from outside occur by the discontinuity of the stream of innervation; and the inexcitability of perception system, of periodic occurrence, replaces in my hypothesis

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to the effective cancellation of the contact. I guess also that in this discontinuous work of system P-Cc the genesis of the representation of time is based. (Volume XIX, AE, p. 246)

In Salatino, referred to the internal or psychological time, we can find the following:

An alternating behavior between states of consciousness and unconsciousness, which become evident between a 'now' and another is thus determined. This dynamic involves a kind of exploratory interruption state of consciousness, which aims to perceive and develop what is perceived, tasks that happen during the 'wedge'7, and to which the internal time is spent. These interruptions are not perceived by consciousness, given its short duration. [...]We are highlighting that the operation of the perceptual system is deployed in a state of unconsciousness and is a discrete (binary) and sequential process, and not continuous, as is supposed by psychophysics (James, 1890) with periodic behavior with active and inactive phases and flexible because it adapts, changing its frequency to the external and internal constraints. (Salatino, 2012, p. 420)

Freud tells us that, in addition to sensible qualities, as contents of consciousness are feelings of pleasure and displeasure. Displeasure would be the sensation ω against an increase of Qἠ in ψ; while pleasure, it would be the sensation of discharge.

Operation of the apparatus

The operation of the psychic apparatus formed by neurons φ, ψ and ω is summarized by Freud as follows:

1) The stimuli affect terminals of φ system, operating with a certain threshold [magnitude of the excitation = amount], and at the same time as a filter [specific receptors = quality], that lets pass stimuli of relevant nature.

2) The amount of φ stimulation causes the discharge of the nervous system as a proportional motor excitement.

3) To the ψ neurons it is transferred part of the load Qἠ, the flow is modified by the interpolation of several barriers-contact, that as we saw, officiate memory. The operation of these barriers-contact is such, that offering, in the first instance, a resistance to the passage of the stimulus, which be exchanged for facilitation, but instead of signify resistance cancellation, only the downgrade to a necessary minimum.

7 Temporal Wedge is the temporary gap helps explain why the same real fact it looks different from of the objective that of the subjective. Is the 'external time unaware' that elapses between a 'now' and the other in the world of objectivity where, simultaneity is relative, that is, where there is no 'eternal now', but a succession of them. This temporary plurality is not perceived because we remain plunged in unconsciousness while the 'wedge' runs, lasting 12.5 msec. Then the sensation is permanent consciousness and continuous fluence of external time. During the temporal wedge in the internal time, important subjective phenomena occur, such as, updating the transient memory and predictability showing our brain, all while on the surface apparently nothing changes. In addition, and very importantly, during this period of psychological time it is where takes place the elaboration of thoughts.. (Author's Note)

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In the words of Freud:

While Q runs, resistance is canceled; then resets, but to different heights according to the Q that it has passed in each case, so that the next time may already spend a smaller Q, etc. Even with the most comprehensive facilitation, remains then, some resistance, the same for all barriers-contact, which therefore also demand a Q growth, to a certain threshold so that these Q can pass. This resistance would be a constant ". (AE Volume I, p. 361)

4) The urgency of discharge of ψ operates in two ways, first, as an 'internal change' in the apparent identified by expression of emotions, or bawl, etc., which is done as a result of a simple transfer between neurons; and secondly, the cancellation of the stimulus by 'detachment' [effort channeled into the motor activity], that is, the occurrence of a change in the outside world (food supply, for example), which as 'specific action' that in first instance - given the human inability - comes from 'foreign aid' that 'warns' state of necessity. The whole is an experience of satisfaction, which is validated by the events that occur in the system ψ, namely: a) there is a lasting discharge that gives relief to the effort involved displeasure in ω, b) is generated in the cortex (mantle) the excitation of one or more neurons as a result of the perception of an object, and c) to other places of the cortex comes news of the discharge of the reflex movement, according to the specific action, and result in an 'image -movement' in ψ. The latter is exactly equivalent to that defined by Llinás as a Fixed Action Pattern (PAF)8

5) The establishment of a 'reproductive recall' [operational memory or 'storage' of PAF], governed by the fundamental law of association by simultaneity, which forms the basis of all connections between neurons ψ. Freud tells us:

We find that the consciousness, that is to say, the quantitative investiture of a neuron ψ, passes from one of them, α, to a second, β, if α and β were once invested simultaneously from ϕ (or from elsewhere). Then, by a simultaneous investiture α-β , was facilitated a barrier-contact. Hence it follows, in the terms of our theory, that a Qἠ more easily transfers from a neuron to an invested neuron, than to a non-invested neuron. The investiture of the second neuron then produces the same effect as the more intense endowment of the first. In this case, once again, investiture [state or excitation level] shows to be, for the duration of Qἠ, equivalent to facilitation [learning]. (AE, Volume I, p. 363)

This is almost a literal copy of Hebb's neurophysiological postulate, seen earlier, but elaborated 54 years later.

8 Llinás (2003, p. 155) defines PAF (fixed action pattern) as an automatic modulus of discrete motor function that operates as a somewhat more elaborate reflex and whose origin is neural networks that specify stereotyped movements that are often Rhythmic and relatively fixed; Fixity that occurs not only on an individual level, but on an entire species. In this work, this concept is extended to the concept of habit, or that 'motor routine' that once learned becomes a kind of operational memory. This mechanism was first described by Nicolaas Tinbergen, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1973.

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6) It characterizes the experience of pain, through what produces in ψ, that is, a great increase of the load [level of excitation] that translates into ω as displeasure, a Predisposition to the discharge, and a facilitation between this and an image-memory of the object producing pain. In addition, pain, has a certain quality. If by new perceptions the mnemic image of the hostile object was put into effect, it would produce not pain, but something like that which he called affection. (AE, Volume I, p. 365)

Freud tells us that just as motor neurons tend to discharge Qἠ into muscles, there must be 'secretory' neurons that produce an endogenous Qἠ. These 'key neurons', as he calls them, through a series of chemical products (Volume I AE, p.366), and the achievement of a privileged facilitation with the image-remembrance the hostile object that caused pain, produce the 'detachment' of the displeasure in the affection. Here, not only gives an idea of the existence and importance of the interneurons or association neurons, but also anticipated the existence of chemical synapses (the most abundant), which were only discovered by Otto Loewi until 1921 (Nobel Prize 1936) And most transcendent, a precise prediction of the existence of the operative neurotransmitters in these chemical synapses, something that was discovered by Bernard Katz, between 1935 and 1946 (Nobel prize 1970).

7) From the experiences derived from the affections and states of desire (those characterized as a revitalization of the remembrance images left by an experience of satisfaction) From the latter, originates the attraction of desire, and from the former, the primary defense as a consequence of the repulsion of the experience of pain. This primary defense or repression arises from the appearance of another object instead of the hostile one that indicates the termination of the experience of pain, thus attempting the system ψ, 'biologically instructed', to reproduce the state that defined the cessation of pain.

8) Defines the Ego as the organization that has been formed in ψ, as a consequence of concurring on this system, both of the attraction of desire and the inclination to repress, that is, those states accompanied by satisfaction or pain. It establishes it in a group of neurons that are permanently invested [loaded] and fulfill, among others, the function of reservoir of the secondary function. The desire of this Ego is to get rid of burdens through satisfaction, but for this to be possible, it must influence the experiences of pain and affections, inhibiting them. To explain inhibition, he tells us:

If a contiguous neuron is invested simultaneously, this produces the same effect of a temporary facilitation of the contact barriers between them and modifies the course that would otherwise have been directed by a facilitated contact barrier. A collateral investiture is, then, an inhibition for the course of Qἠ. (Op. Cit., p. 368)

Again Freud goes further in describing this inhibitory mechanism of 'collateral investiture', something Sherrington officially discovered in 1897, and for which, along with other important contributions, he received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1932.

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9) Clearly differentiates a primary process from a secondary process in ψ. This allows to distinguish between the real presence of an object and its representation-fantasy, that is, between perception and representation. From this arises one of the fundamental concepts of Freudian theory, as the sign of objective reality, which is attributed to the discharge of ω (of an excitation-quality from an external perception) on ψ. (EA, Volume I, p. 371)

The activity of recognition of a perceptive entrance implies, above all, the participation of thalamic nuclei, which include the most modern or specific nuclei and the oldest or nonspecific nuclei. Both nuclei emit connective fibers to the pyramidal dendrite of the cortex, the specific ones are connected with this unique dendrite at the level of the 4th cortical layer and the nonspecific at the level of the 1st layer of the cerebral cortex. When both thalamic connections virtually coincide in time (when they are separated by 5 msec or less), there is a concordance of the 'content' or perception that arrived by the specific nucleus, with the 'context or continent', which gives it the nonspecific nucleus , by contextualizing the content in chronological or external time.

Attained the synchronic approximation, there is a discharge of action potentials in the axon of the pyramidal neuron, which certifies such synchrony. This interesting phenomenon, described by Llinás (1994) as the neuronal signal of the identification between the perceived and its context in time, is the same mechanism that Freud (1895) intuited, when he called a 'sign of reality' to the neuronal discharge that was produced when it was possible to decree equality between the maximum useful approximation between the perceived and the continent (memory, desire, need, etc.). It is a discharge produced by an approximate temporal identity that is considered as absolute, that is, as synchronous despite being successive. Both approaches have in common a neuronal discharge that informs an apparent synchrony result of a succession led to its minimal expression, that is, to the apparent equality between the objective and the subjective, or between the desire and the perceived, indispensable organic-functional base for thought, because it makes it possible to distinguish the internal (contextural) time of external time (or of the content). The apparent coincidence of both times in the 'now' gives sense to reality. (Salatino, 2013, p.64)

It is the inhibition propitiated by the Ego that provides a criterion to distinguish between perception and memory, something that ψ learns to value biologically. Thus they are constituted The primary psychic processes which are the Investiture-desire until the hallucination, the total development of displeasure, which implies the total expense of defense, and the secondary psychic processes that are made possible by the investiture of the Ego as an attenuation of the former, and which arise from a correct appreciation of the signs of reality, given the inhibition operated by the Ego.

10) Make a distinction between discernment and thinking, as between remembering and judging; all attempts to explain the psychic functioning, based on biology, to an unimaginable level in 1895, and even with a series of specifications that was never matched, even today. We will only analyze in some detail the relation established by Freud between thinking and reality.

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Freud says:

The goal and termination of all thought processes is, then, to produce a state of identity, the transfer of an investiture from outside to a neuron invested from the Ego. The discerning or judicative thinking seeks an identity with a bodily endowment; The reproductive thinking, with an own psychic endowment (an own experience). Judicative thinking provides the previous work to the reproductive thinking, since it offers a facilitations, already ready for a later associative migration. If, after the conclusion of the act of thinking, the sign of reality is added to the perception, the judgment of reality, the belief, has been obtained, thus achieving the goal of all work. (AE, Volume I, p.378)

This wonderful passage gives absolute sustenance to one of the fundamental principles of Transcursive Logic9: "The psychic apparatus is constructed in function of finding identities" (Salatino, 2009).

Neurobiological-transcursive bases of the Freudian psychic apparatus

To speak of a 'psychic physiology' it is essential to base it on a specific anatomy and physiology. We will address some aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the brain which, As we see it, give support this very special functional state we call psyche.

Taking into account the above, we next give some biological and theoretical guidelines on which the proposed psychic physiology is constituted; These guidelines are based on Salatino (2012 and 2013). From them, reference is made to Freud's Theory of Psychic Apparatus described above.

1. The psyche is structured in a way homologous to the surrounding reality and in total agreement with the ‘real systems’10 (Salatino, 2009); That is, it is based on the same logic. So, too, Freud understood in his approach to the 1st and 2nd Topic and in the Project. 1.1. In order for such homology to be possible, is essential a perceptual

apparatus, which serves both the external and the interior environment, that Freud locate in neurons φ and ω.

2. The temporal coordination of the ‘operative units’11 (Salatino, 2009) of each real system creates a functional geometry12 (Llinás, 2003) that, at the same time, give the structural basis. The psychic apparatus, in this way, is constituted by a series of structural units, that temporarily linked, give support their function, which is carried out in two integrated levels, the superficial and

9 Logic tetravalent (as opposed to classical logic that is bivalent) that makes it possible to approach evolution (elapse) Of the subjective aspects of any living being, including man. It covers both the volitional aspects and the The cognitive ones, that are given in the subjective reality. 10 Aspects in which, arbitrarily, reality is divided with the object of its study. There are three: psycho-internal, bioexternal and socio-cultural. 11 Operational unit or universal autonomous pattern (PAU). It is the fundamental logical core of reality. 12 Structural arrangement of a topological nature that seeks to represent, in each operational unit defined in reality, in addition to static relationships, those that result from the evolutionary, that is, from the functional in each of them. This concept was introduced by Llinás to leave constancy of a kind of temporary map that Handled by the thalamus-cortical system, gives sustenance to subjectivity.

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the deep. This explains the relation function / structure in the experiences of satisfaction and pain, and in the Freudian topicals. 2.1. The psychic apparatus is considered as a temporary (synchronous)

assembly of two cycles with opposing directions of rotation, which allow to 'retain', in its discourse, aspects that arise from the contact that the psyche maintains with the outside, either extracorporeal or from within of the organism, and of those arising from its own functioning. The superficial and deep psychic functioning, clearly, is put in evidence in the Freudian theory of the Interpretation of the dreams; And the opposite, complementary and concurrent turns, can be seen in the Project, when he explains the relation between the idea contained in an experience, as a representative of the superficial world, and desire as a demander of the deep, represented in the drive; these two systems are mediated by thinking.

3. Synchronous neuronal oscillations in the gamma band (20-80 Hz), allow the neuronal coordination that gives origin to the transient memory, those of more low range; and to the states of consciousness and cognitive processes, the middle and high range respectively. This proposal of temporal coordinations is the hypothesis developed by Salatino (Salatino, 2013, p. 49), based on the findings of Llinás and collaborators. 3.1. The permanent memory is sustained in the same psychic structure. This

is similar to the facilitations and mnemonic traces of the Project, which are records of experiences with structural and functional characteristics.

4. There is a circuit of neurons with an operative center in the thalamus, which acts as a pacemaker, and whose regulation would be mainly due to the reticular substance of each of the nerve centers that make up the circuit. This was also suggested by Freud when he proposed a mechanism of attention and pulsating tracking, which interspersed states of consciousness with states of unconsciousness in intervals, as we have seen on the magic slate. 4.1. This neuronal support would give rise to the coordination of two circuits:

a superficial one (Dextrorotatory loop) that would attend the contact with the outside and prepare the answers, and another deep one (Left-turn loop) that would be in charge to modulate the outputs in function of the inputs, giving 'sense' to what is coming and able to operate even in the absence of external inputs.

4.2. These two loops (superficial and deep) are related in a complex way: they are opposite, complementary and operate concurrently (at the same time). Despite the synchrony, the temporal behavior is different. The surface loop operates at constant frequency (40 Hz - Llinás, 1993), while the deep loop operates at a variable frequency (20 - 80 Hz). There is only one way to explain that this behavior is simultaneous, and it is by accepting that each loop operates different time references; that is, the superficial cycle is handled with external time (quantitative or discrete, that of dating) and the deep cycle does it with internal time (qualitative or continuous, that of the subjective - Salatino, 2013).

4.3. The functional units are arranged in columnar form and are operated by the thalamocortical resonant columns, which Llinás (Llinás, 2003, p.412) establishes them as the basic functional units of consciousness and, for Salatino (2013), represent true pacemakers.

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5. Both the states of consciousness and those of sleep are discontinuous and of pulsating nature. They last what Kristofferson (1984) established as the 'cognitive quantum'; or 12.5 msec and represent, as demonstrated by Llinás (1993), a kind of system of tracing face-caudal, that runs through the cerebral cortex during that time. 5.1. Psychological functioning alternates periods of 'unconsciousness' of a

duration equal to those of consciousness (12.5 msec), in which significant processes take place, such as: part of the burden of transient memory and most of the cognitive processes themselves.(Salatino, 2009).

5.2. The volitional processes take place throughout the period between cycles, that is, during 25 msec at a frequency - oscillation pattern - of 40 Hz (Llinás, 1993, p.2078) since, the consciousness does not necessarily have to participate for that are carried out.

6. There are two types of 'knowledge' that arise: I) the shared by all animals and that is revealed through of the PAF. These, representing finished volitional models, promote one of the primordial functions of the brain: the prediction (Llinás, 2003, p.25), on which learning and knowledge are based; and II) the knowledge that derives from the cognitive process itself, human heritage, where takes root the symbolic management, that is, comprehend, like what happens with the natural language of man. (Salatino, 2012, p.364)

7. Outside states of consciousness, this psyche can handle other functional states. Among them, sleep in its two main variants: a) REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement) and b) NON-REM sleep. 7.1. Like any functional condition, sleep is operated by a pacemaker. In the

case of the REM sleep is the same as the one used during the vigil (Llinás, 1993), and in the non-REM sleep, where the oscillation frequency is very low, would be dispersed throughout the cortex.

7.2. The difference between wakefulness and REM sleep is established at the management level of the perceptual system. There is a double perception system: 1) external perceptual apparatus (APE) and 2) internal perceptual apparatus (API). These devices function as deterministic finite automata13, which operate, in a waking state, inputs from the outside and inside of the organism, respectively. During the REM sleep, with the same frequency as during wakefulness, the perceptual apparatuses are unified into a single system, they become a single indeterministic finite automaton14, turning attention 'inward'. The external is replaced by the permanent memory that is accessed discronically (the 'external time' is not operative so dreaming is timeless) and the internal is relegated to the past. It remains operative part of the transient memory, so we remember what we dream for some time and is attended by a single threshold, which makes only an intense stimulus (external or internal) can restore the state of consciousness. Freud, in the Project, records most of the above, in the points: [19] Primary processes - Sleep and dreams, [20] The analysis of

13 A logical behavior model that consists of four elements: a) states that define a behavior and can generate actions, b) transition or change from one state to another, c) rules or conditions that must be met to allow a change of state, and d) Input events that can be external or generated internally and allow the activation of the rules and therefore, empower the transitions. The deterministic model handles a single final state. (Author's Note) 14 Logical behavior model that handles more than one final state. (Author's Note)

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dreams, [21] The consciousness of sleep, and in timelessness of the unconscious.

7.3. During non-REM sleep, whose oscillations are very low frequency, the ability to access the 'synchronous history' is lost, and it operates with minimal attention to the basics, but with a lower threshold for internal emergencies. The perceptual system thus becomes an instinctive PAF, which is a reflection with greater complexity and greater sensitivity to sudden changes, both internal and external.

8. From the perspective of Transcursive logic, the three functional levels described in the psyche: wakefulness, REM sleep and non-REM sleep, correspond to the planes representing the three basic surficial contextures: object, change and subject and in its neuropsychic disposition with complementary identities.

According to what has been said, it is clear that in this work the psyche is considered as an integration of ideas and thoughts, that is, of a structure and a function. In this way, on a sort of surface plot that serves as the primordial psychic structure or psychic DNA, the external appearance is captured in an idea. In an opposing and complementary composition the deep function unfolds which, taking the superficial (idea) as argument, constitutes thought.

Conclusions

Throughout this work we have had direct contact with, in my estimation, the most original contribution of Freud, and which, as we have seen, set important precedents, not only in psychology, but in medicine.

His proposal of the neuron as an operative unit of the central nervous system, both in structural and functional, establishes a 'way of seeing' the psychic as deeply rooted in the biological.

Based on his research (and not on his conjectures as some of his detractors suggest), Freud elaborates a solid theory of psychic functioning, which, as we have seen, is largely in keeping with very recent findings, which gives it Absolute preeminence to his theoretical writings, but in addition, and here, if he advanced considerably ahead of his time, leaves well established the bases for the psychic approach through Psychoanalysis, invoking a logic that is far from the one that manages and is sustenance of the scientific approach that he wanted to give it to his discoveries.

We refer to the very important coincidence of psychoanalytic precepts with their homonyms in the Transcursive logic, which is why, neither then nor now, Psychoanalysis can be approached from traditional science, for the simple reason that its object of study, the psyche, is one of the fundamental elements of subjectivity, and this as a motive for research, vanishes in the scientific field, where, not only is not taken into account, but is proscribed.

In view of the contributions made by Freud, as we have shown, if he had presented his project as a doctoral thesis, he would surely have obtained the title with the highest honors; And if he had continued his very well targeted investigations, he would have been awarded a nomination of at least five Nobel Prizes in Medicine, according to the following detail:

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1906 - Santiago Ramón y Cajal: To discover the morphology and connections between nerve cells, and to develop the 'doctrine of the neuron', from the fact that the brain tissue is composed of individual cells.

1932 - Charles Scott Sherrington: For his contributions on neuronal functioning, including the well-known Sherrington's Law or reciprocal innervation, which states that when a muscle is contracted as a result of a nervous action, the antagonistic muscles receive a Signal that inhibits them.

1936 - Otto Loewi: On Saturday night of Easter 1932, this German physiologist dreamed of an experiment that would finally allow him to prove that the nerve impulses were transmitted in a chemical rather than an electric form. He woke up, wrote down the experiment on paper, and went back to sleep. The next morning he woke up very excited with the idea, knowing that his dream had been important. To his horror, he discovered that he could not decipher the scribbles of dream memories. Loewi later confessed that this was the longest day of his life, having been unable to remember the dream. Fortunately, that same night he dreamed the same experiment again. This time, he got up immediately and went to the laboratory to execute it. He had discovered the neurotransmitters, which was why he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

1970 - Bernard Katz: By explaining how messages are transmitted between nerves and muscles, by demonstrating that the electrical impulses that run through the nerve fibers in form of spike sequence, send a precise message through the synaptic space and mediated by a neurotransmitter, which was able to generate in the other cell a very precise electrical impulse.

1973 - Nikolaas Tinbergen: For the discovery of the organization and diffusion of individual and social patterns of behavior (PAF = fixed action pattern).

2011 - Rodolfo Llinás: Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his contributions to Neurobiology; some of them are: a) the discovery of dendritic inhibition in central neurons, b) the definition of cerebellar function from an evolutionary perspective, c) the functional organization of the neural circuits of the cerebellar cortex, d) the discovery of The existence of presynaptic calcium currents, and e) the discovery that vertebrate neurons are capable of generating calcium-dependent action potentials, resulting in what is known as Llinás's law or no neuronal interchangeability something Freud intuited and described 93 years earlier.

Hebb's neurophysiological postulate, which deserves no award at all, made Donald Hebb the father of modern biopsychology, the inspiration for artificial neural networks and large part of the current Artificial Intelligence, which are based on the 'Hebb's learning' (Freudian facilitation). As a curious detail, says Hebb, who looking for work as a laborer, despite being a teacher, through Canada found the work of Sigmund Freud. Hebb describes Freud as follows: "Obviously he is a very interesting guy but, in my opinion, it is not very rigorous." Thus, at age 23, Hebb thought: "It may not be too late for me to enter this field where, obviously, there is room to continue working"; And thus begins the career of Psychology in his native Canada, and ends up doctoring himself in 1936 at Harvard.

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References

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