JOINT CENTER FOR

ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH

The Future of Grid Storage Research and Development

George CrabtreeDirector, JCESR

Argonne National LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago

Outline

Li-ion experience

Electricity Grid Futures

Beyond Li-ion Batteries

Grid Storage: Rapidly Reframing Wholesale MarketsWisconsin Public Utility Institute

University of Wisconsin – MadisonNovember 14, 2016

Webpagehttp://www.jcesr.org/

Further Reading

Review ArticleGeorge Crabtree, Elizabeth Kocs and Lynn Trahey

MRS Bulletin 40, 1067-1076 (Dec 2015)

http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FMRS%2FMRS40_12%2FS0883769415002596a.pdf&code=9324c4d620e3

16a0e051a6bcc1b17fc3

Polymer Intrinsic Microporous (PIM)

membrane

Redox Active Polymer Flow

Lithium-Sulfur electrolyte

The Energy Storage Trajectory

Personal Electronics

Lithium-ion batteries enabled

the personal electronics revolution

Forever changed the way we interact

with people and information

Transportation: $20K electric cars Diversity transportation fuels

Lower carbon emissions

Reduce energy use

Lower operating costs

Grid-scale electricity storage

Widespread deployment of wind and solar

Enhance reliability, flexibility, resilience

Uncouple instantaneous generation

from instantaneous demand

~ 2% of US energyPersonal electronics

28% of US energyTransportation

39% of US energyElectricity grid

Li-ion

Li-ion

Development of Lithium Batteries

1970-2015

Gravim

etric Energy D

ensity (W

.h/kg)

Co

st (

US$

/kW

. h)

3000

2000

1000

0

300

200

100

0

Year

20151970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Ni-MHNi-Cd

1971Conceptualization

1991Commercialization

Crabtree, Kocs, Trahey, MRS Bulletin 40, 1067 (2015)

Lessons from Lithium-ion Batteries

Long incubation period

Lithium-ion battery of 1991looked nothing like

the 1970s vision

Many (most) good ideas fail

Multiple paths forward are critical

20 year

incubation

Electricity Grid Challenges

Storage breaks the historic constraint of

instantaneously balancing generation and demand

Build for the peak demand ~ 40% greater than average demand

40% more infrastructure than we need

Peak demand met with oldest, dirtiest, most expensive, least efficient generation

used a small fraction of the time

Storage matches disparate generation and demand time profiles

Enables new functionality, new operating paradigms, new business plans

Generation Transmission Distribution

Customer“behind the meter”

Renewable Smoothing, Time Shifting, Backup

Energy Market Arbitrage

Frequency Regulation

Spinning/Non-spinning Reserves

Voltage Support

Black Start

Peak Efficiency Operation

Congestion Relief

Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance

Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance

Demand Management

Time of Use

Demand Charge

Demand Response

PV Management

Virtual Power Plants

Back-up Power

Customized Micro-grid Services

The Storage Horizon

Utility

High cost of storage – stack the benefitsMany stacking options – which are most compelling?

New paradigms for grid operationNew regulatory structures

New business plans

Energy Storage Values Vary Dramatically Across Leading Studies

Time of Use Bill ManagementDemand Charge Reduction

Backup Power

Increased PV Self-Consumption

Resource AdequacyDistribution Deferral

Energy Arbitrage

Transmission Congestion Relief

Transmission Deferral

Frequency RegulationSpin / Non-Spin Reserve

Voltage SupportBlack Start

100 200 300 400 500 900

Service Value [$/kW-year]

Fitzgerald et al The Economics of Battery Energy Storage

Rocky Mountain Institute (2015)

The grid of the future will not

look like the grid of the past

Interlocking macro-micro grids

Customized electricity

service

Market participatio

n

Demand response

Time of day pricing

Renewable smoothing,

time shifting, backup

Infrastructure deferral

smart

sto

rag

e

today

Three Emergent Transitions: Storage + Smart + Distributed

Macro-grid + smart distributed solar, storage

and vehicle micro-grid

Personalized electricity service

TR

AN

SP

OR

TA

TIO

NG

RID

$100/kWh

400 Wh/kg 400 Wh/L

800 W/kg 800 W/L

1000 cycles

80% DoD C/5

15 yr calendar life

EUCAR

$100/kWh

95% round-trip

efficiency at C/5 rate

7000 cycles C/5

20 yr calendar life

Safety equivalent to a

natural gas turbine

JCESR: Beyond Lithium-ion Batteries for Cars and the Grid

Vision

Transform transportation and the electricity grid

with high performance, low cost energy storage

Mission

Deliver electrical energy storage with five times the energy

density and one-fifth the cost of today’s commercial batteries

within five years

Legacies

• A library of the fundamental science of the materials and

phenomena of energy storage at atomic and molecular levels

• Two prototypes, one for transportation and one for the electricity

grid, that, when scaled up to manufacturing, have the potential

to meet JCESR’s transformative goals

• A new paradigm for battery R&D that integrates discovery

science, battery design, research prototyping and

manufacturing collaboration in a single highly interactive

organization

JCESR Creates a New Paradigm for Battery R&D

Multivalent Intercalation

Chemical Transformation

Non-Aqueous Redox Flow

CR

OS

SC

UT

TIN

G

SC

IEN

CE

Systems

Analysis and

Translation

Cell Design

and

Prototyping

Commercial

Deployment

Battery Design

Research Prototyping

Manufacturing Collaboration

MATERIALS

PROJECT

Sprints

Discovery Science

++

TECHNO-ECONOMIC MODELING“Building battery systems on the computer”

ELECTROCHEMICAL DISCOVERY LAB

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEzsKJwYjDQ

Focus exclusively on beyond lithium ion

A single highly interactive organization

JCESR Team

20 Institutional Partners, 180-200 Researchers

JCESR’s Beyond Lithium-ion Concepts

Multivalent Intercalation

Chemical Transformation

Replace monovalent Li+ with

di- or tri-valent ions: Mg++, Ca++, Al+++, . . .Double or triple capacity

Replace solid electrodes with liquid

organic solutions or suspensions: lower cost, higher capacity, greater flexibility

Macromolecular

Organic Redox Flow

Lithium-ion “Rocking Chair”

Li+ cycles between anode and cathode, storing and releasing energy

Replace intercalation with high energy

chemical reaction: Li-S, Li-O, Na-S, . . .

e

Li+Li metal anode

Sulfurcathode

Li+

e

Metal oxide

cathode

Graphite anode Liquid

organic electrolyte

Mg++

e

Metal oxide

cathode

Mg metalanode Liquid

organic electrolyte

Liquid organic

electrolyte

Redox Active Colloid

Redox Active Polymer

Redox Active Oligomer

Redox Active Molecule

Proof-of-concept

Prototypes Transportation

Grid

Organic Redox Flow

TE modeling

Genome

Synthesis

EDL

MaterialsComponentsIntegration

Li-Sulfur StationaryLi-O

Li-S Flow

Four Prototype Targets

Air-Breathing Aqueous

Sulfur

Science-Driven Outcomes

MultivalentMg++, . . .

Science-Driven Outcomes

Final Prototype Targets Selected Jan 2016

JCESR Spins Out Two Startups

Nitash Balsara, Alex Teran and Joe

DeSimone (UNC)

Inorganic-polymer hybrids for Li anode

batteries

Villaluenga et al, PNAS 113, 52, (2015)

Robin Johnston, Michel Fouré, Brett Helms

and Peter Frischmann

Lightweight energy storage

for the electrification of flight

Li et al, Nano Lett. 15, 5724 (2015)

Best All-around TeamBay Area I-Corps competition

Blue Current

Sepion

Engaging the private sector

Training next generation entrepreneurs

Building JCESR relationships

Further Reading

Jonathan Walker and Charlie Johnson, Peak Car Ownership: The Market Opportunity of Electric Automated Mobility Services, Rocky Mountain Institute, 2016, http://www.rmi.org/peak_car_ownership.

Jeffery B. Greenblatt and Samveg Saxena, Autonomous taxis could greatly reduce greenhouse-gas emissions of US light-duty vehicles, Nature Climate Change 5, 860 (2015).

Garrett Fitzgerald, James Mandel, Jesse Morris, Hervé Touati, The Economics of Battery Energy Storage, Rocky Mountain Institute, 2016

George Crabtree, Elizabeth Kocs and Lynn Trahey, The Storage Frontier: Lithium-ion Batteries and Beyond, MRS Bulletin 40, 1067 (2015).

Why Energy Storage May Be the Most Important

Technology in the World Right NowForbes Apr 1, 2016

Frontiers of EnergyNature Energy Jan 11, 2016Ten experts, including JCESR’s George Crabtree, share their vision of coming energy challenges

Perspective: The Energy Storage RevolutionNature Oct 28, 2015How next-generation storage can change the car and the grid

Lithium Batteries: To the Limits of

LithiumNature Oct 28, 2015

Why We Need

A Revolution in

Energy Storage

PBS Jan 5, 2016