The Gender Dimension of Social Protection Index

7/28/2019 The Gender Dimension of Social Protection Index

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Gender Dimension of SocialProtection Index (SPI)

The Result for Asia and the Pacific

Sri Wening Handayani, RSGS

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The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian

Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the

data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any viewon ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.


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What is SPI? A simple and compact indicator of

public expenditures Intended beneficiaries divided by poor and

non-poor, and by men and women

Designed to assist DMCs for monitoringsocial protection programs

Provides useful information on therelative scale of SP programs

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Gender Dimension of SPI Accessible SP is an important policy

imperative Women experience more multidimensional

of poverty

Gender references in life courses affect theprovision of SP support

SP programs are gender neutral

Womens exclusion from formal SPprograms

Impact of external shock to women

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Objective Analyze gender dimensions of SP

programs in Asia and the Pacific Provide recommendation on

incorporating gender dimension in SP

policies and programs

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SP Programs and Sub-components

ProgramSocial

Insurance

Social

Assistance

Labor Market

Programs

Sub-

components

Health Insurance

Pensions

Others forms of

social insurance

(Unemployment

benefits,

Severance

Payments,

Provident Funds)

Social Transfers

Child Protection

Health Assistance

Assistance to the

Elderly

Disability

Programs

Disaster Relief

Employment

Guarantee

Programs

Skill

Development and

Training

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How SPI is constructed? The SPIs construction is relatively simple which is

based on comparing two ratios:

i. The ratio of total social protection expenditures tototal intended beneficiaries

SPI = (ES1+SA+LMP)

(BS1+SA+LMP)

ii. The SPI can be disaggregated by 2 components The size of the benefits (depth)

The extent of the coverage (width)

disaggregated by sex

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SPI Results by Region

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Gender Dimension of SPI by RegionsSocial Protection Index by Gender and by Region, 2009

Region SPI Ratio to Overall SPI

Overall Women Men Women Men

Central and West Asia 0.157 0.066 0.091 41.8 58.2

East Asia 0.240 0.107 0.133 44.8 55.2

South Asia 0.061 0.024 0.037 39.7 60.3

Southeast Asia 0.095 0.042 0.053 44.0 56.0

The Pacific 0.076 0.029 0.047 38.1 61.9

Overall Average 0.109 0.046 0.063 39.9 60.1

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Gender Dimensions of SPI by SP

Components and Regions

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

Overall Social

Insurance

Social

Assistance

Labor Market

Programs

Overall Social

Insurance

Social

Assistance

Labor Market

Programs

SPI Women SPI Men

Central and West Asia

East AsiaSouth Asia

Southeast Asia

The Pacific

Overall Average

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SPI women vs. GDP log, 2009

R = 0.2792

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

SPIwo

men

GDP per capita, 2009 (log)

Japan

Singapore

Rep. of KoreaMongolia

Timor-LesteRMI

MalaysiaVietnam

Georgia

PRC

Sri Lanka Thailand

Maldives

PhilippinesArmenia

Nepal

Fiji

India

Pakistan

Afghanistan Solomon IslandsBangladesh

Indonesia

Tajikistan BhutanNauru

Lao PDRVanuatu

Azerbaijan

Cambodia

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyz

Republic

Papua New Guinea

Palau

Samoa

Source: ADB (2012)

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Gender Dimensions of SP Expenditures

and Beneficiaries

a Other forms of social insurance are unemployment benefits, severance payments, and provident funds.

Component Total

Expenditure(in million $)

% of

Expenditure

% Expenditure % of

Beneficiaries% Beneficiaries

Male Female Male Female

Social Insurance (as % of total SP) 86 67

Pensions 600,466 51 54 46 11 64 36

Health Insurance 395,868 33 54 46 85 59 41

Other SIa 185,437 16 53 47 4 62 38

Total SI 1,181,771 100 54 46 100 57 43

SocialAssistance (as % of total SP) 12 27

Social Transfers 69,004 42 59 41 33 59 41

Child Protection 34,148 21 50 50 31 52 48

Disaster Relief 1,686 1 56 44 11 56 44

Assistance to the elderly 38,640 24 45 55 3 41 59

Health Assistance 6,862 4 47 53 19 44 56

Disability Programs 13,988 9 60 40 3 57 43

Total SA 164,328 100 53 47 100 56 44

Labor Market Programs (as % of

total SP)

3 6

Skills Development and Training 34,962 99 60 40 97 58 42

Food/Cash for Work Programs 300 1 74 26 3 64 36

Total LMP 35,262 100 60 40 100 58 42

Total Social Protection 1,381,361 100 54 46 100 53 47

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Gender Dimensions by Size of the

Benefits and by Region

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Central and West Asia East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Pacific

Depth

SI SA LMP

Source: ADB (2012)

1 - Women 2 - Men

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Gender Dimensions on the Extent

of Coverage by Region

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Central and West Asia East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Pacific

Breadth

SI SA LMP

Source: ADB (2012)

1 - Women 2 - Men

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Conclusions Women has less access to SP

SI covers more men than women Women has almost similar access to SA

as men

LMP is a very small component of SP that

has negligible impact on promoting

gender equity

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Recommendations Proper citizen identification card

Introducing universal pension and healthinsurances

Expanding SA for poverty reduction and

economic opportunities Strengthening centralized monitoring system

Identify gender-sensitive SP programs and

policy Collection, analysis and dissemination of

gender-disaggregated data

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The Gender Dimension of Social Protection Index

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