THE HALOGEN FAMILY

FLUORINE Moissan, a French chemist isolated

iodine by the electrolysis of HI and molten potassium hydrogen fluoride Gore prepared it by heating

potassium fluoroplumbate It has been used as a flux, where the name fluorine from Latin “fluo”

which means “to flow” was taken The 17th plentiful element on earth

FLUORINE The bones and enamel of teeth of

mammals contain small amounts of calcium fluride

A pale yellow gas having an odor that of the mixture of ozone and

chlorine It is the most active element known Fluorine may be placed in glass or

quartz vessels for short periods

FLUORINEPharmacologic Action:1. Gaseous fluorine is irritating to

the skin, eyes, and mucous membrane

2. The fluoride ion is germicidal, prevents growth of bacteria, molds and preserves blood specimen

Uses:1. Freon 12, CF2Cl2 - as refrigerant2. Teflon, CF2CF2 – containers for

HI

FLUORINE3. Cryolite, Na2AlF6 - insecticide4. DFT, di-isopropyl fluorophosphate –

for the reduction of intraocular tension in glaucoma 5. Sodium fluorosilicate – antimoth preparation6. Sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride,

sodium monofluorophosphate – prevent dental caries

CHLORINE The name was from the Greek word

chloros meaning ”greenish yellow” Scheele named it ”depflogisticated

muriatic acid” Berthollet named it “oxygenized

muriatic acid” Davy gave the nams Chlorine It is never found in nature but in

combination with the alkali metals

CHLORINE The blood contains about 0.25% Cl-1 Sea water is about 2.07% combined chlorine Volcanic gases contain HCl It is greenish-yellow, unpleasant-

suffocating odor and astringent taste Most active of the halogens with HCs

to form chlorinated compound

CHLORINE Chlorine Water(Aqua Clori) – a sat

sol’n of chlorine in distilled water is official in USP, has yellow color and diappears on standing

The oxidizing and bleaching properties are due to the oxygen evolved in the breakdown of HClO

Chlorine water should be kept in a dark place or in light-resistant jars

CHLORINEPharmacologic Action:1. Irritant to the mucous

membranes and respiratory tract2. Overexposure to the gas causes

restlessness, sneezing and excessive salivation

3. Death occurs by asphyxiation when symptoms increase accompanied by vomiting

CHLORINE4. Liquid Cl2 will cause blistering of

skin. Persons with asthma or chronic bronchitis are bothered by Cl2

Uses:1. Cl2 as the pure element has little

use in medicine2. To purify drinking water3. Prevent putrefaction and remove

the odor or decay

CHLORINE4. Manufac explosives, insecticides,

herbicides, organic chemicals and as refrigerants

Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)1. As bactericide but not economical

to sterilize drinking water2. For bleaching flour, fats, oil, paper, textile3. Destroy unpleasant taste and odor

BROMINE Balard discovered and named

bromine from the Greek word meaning “a stench” because of its pungent smell

Occurs in combination with various metals in sea water, Dead sea, carnallite deposits and brine

It is a dark reddish- brown mobile liquid almost black

BROMINE Freely soluble in alcohol, ether,

chloroform, carbon disulfide and acetic acid

Solubility in water may be incresed by the use of KBr

Stored in glass vessels or glass lined metal drums

A yellow color will produce with starch

BROMINE Pharmacologic action 1. Irritant poison and a powerful escharotic, rarely used in med 2. Liquid bromine quickly attacks the skin/tissues produce burns slow to heal In handling bromine, it is always advisable to have ammonia water to stop its action

BROMINE Relief from inhaled bromine is by breathing ammonia vapors then O2y Br2 is cooling on the skin, (just all volatile liquids) follwed by brown stain and burn Br2 is used in making bromides for med purposes, analytical

chemistry, photography, prep of organic dyes

IODINE Curtois, a salt manufacturer in Paris, accidentally discovered the element from burnt seaweeds which gave violet fumes Gay-Lussac named the subs Iode Curtois received a prize from the Royal Society for having improved the art of healing for the value of Iodine in treating goiter

IODINE The ashes obtained from burning

of sea weeds is known as kelp in Scotland, in Norway as varec, barilla in Spain

Occurs in thyroid gland of animals

Is a grayish-black solid, metallic luster, a penetrating odor

One of the heaviest gases

IODINE Pharmacologic action:1. I2 is converted to inorganic

iodide in the GIT2. Dr. Jean Coindet successfully

used I2 as cure for goiter3. Acts by oxidizing and/or

iodizing the protoplasm of the cell

- use as germicide, fungicide, amebicide, virucide

IODINE In Pharmacy, I2 preparations are

used externally as antiseptic or internally as a source of iodine

Important Compounds:1. Iodine USP - used in medicine as counterirritant and disinfectant2. Lugol’s sol’n (Strong Iodine Sol’n) source of I2 for internal use

IODINE It is the only official preparation

containing elemental iodine It is marketed under the ff prep: a. Iodine Tincture b. Iodine Ampuls c. Iodine Ointment d. Iodine solution e. Phenolated Iodine Solution (Boulton’s Solution)

IODINE f. Strong Iodine Tincture –has antifungal properties I2 sol’n and I2 tinc employ the

same conc of active ingredients but differ in the solvent medium

I2 sol’n is less irritating since it lacks alcohol but dries very

slowly I2 tinc is much less apt to

freeze

IODINE Official compound Povidove-Iodine- occurs as a

yellowish brown amorphous powder

- it is soluble in water and alcohol but insoluble CHCl3, CCl4 ether and alcohol

Betadine, Isodine, Polyvinylpyrrolidone Iodine

complex

IODINE Advantages over elemental iodine: a. Reduced irritation to tissues b. Reduced oral toxicity c. Does not stain the skin or

clothing d. Lower incidence if idiosyncracy Availlable prep accg to conc: a. Intraviginal applications- 1% douche or 0.1% gel

IUODINE b.Topical preparations 0.5% aerosol spray,1.0%

ointment, 0.75% shampoo, 0.75 % skin cleanser, 1.0% sol’n and 0.75% scrub Non-official preparation: 1. Diglycocoll Hydroiodide-Iodine (Bursoline)

IODINE Used to disinfect drinking water - I2 is better than chlorine for

purifying drinking water because it is not affected nitrogen contg cpmds

2. Undecoylium Chloride Iodide (Virac) – useful in treating

surface infections as well as pre and post operative disinfection