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The impact of entrepreneurial The impact of entrepreneurial activities on the environment in the activities on the environment in the
Upper East Region, GhanaUpper East Region, Ghana
Presented Presented ByBy
Dr Z.K.M BATSEDr Z.K.M BATSEDEPARTMENT OF STATISTICSDEPARTMENT OF STATISTICSBOLGATANGA POLYTECHNICBOLGATANGA POLYTECHNIC
4th July 2005
BACK GROUND OF THE UPPER BACK GROUND OF THE UPPER EAST REGION EAST REGION
History and locationHistory and location
Location: North Eastern part of Ghana.Boundaries: North (Burkina Faso) ,West (Upper West Region) ,South ( NorthernRegion) East ( Republic of Togo)History: Carved out of Northern RegionIn 1960 as Upper Region .Upper RegionSplit into Upper East and Upper west RegionsIn 1983.
Natural environmentNatural environment
VegetationVegetation Climate Climate SoilSoil
Vegetation: Savannah Woodland, short scatteredTrees.Climate: Very hot, singleRainy season ( May-Oct)Rainfall erratic spatially And in duration. Long Spell of dry season (Novto Feb), cold dry dustyHarmattan winds.Soils: Bole=sand, Tanga( rocks} Bolgatanga
Highlights of Population ( general characteristics)Highlights of Population ( general characteristics) Population size Population size 920,089920,089 Males :442,492Males :442,492 Females :477.597Females :477.597
About 4.9% of national population of 19 million. Density is 104Persons per sq km. Higher than national average of 79.3 persons
Highlights of Population ( general Highlights of Population ( general characteristics)characteristics)
Population distributionPopulation distribution
Population distribution
0
20
40
60
80
100
urban rural
Distribution
Per
cent
ages
Highlights of Population ( general Highlights of Population ( general characteristics)characteristics)
Age structureAge structure
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Per
cent
ages
Below 15 yrs 15-64 yrs 65&over
Ages
Age structure
Large dependent population below 15 years. Large potential labour force
Highlights of Population ( general Highlights of Population ( general characteristics)characteristics)
Literacy and school Literacy and school attendanceattendance
Education not introducedInto the north early ,A deliberate colonial policyLiteracy and school Attendance levels therefore Very low
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
NotliterateEnglishonlyGhanaianonlyEng&GhanaianOtherlang
Three out of everyFour persons aged three years And over have never attendedSchool.
Highlights of Population ( general Highlights of Population ( general characteristics)characteristics)
Main source of drinking waterMain source of drinking water
Pipe borne water and bore hole Water considered safe water.56% have access to safe water
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percent
Main source of drinking water
Pipe borne waterWellBoreholeRiver/streamAll others
Highlights of Population ( general Highlights of Population ( general characteristics)characteristics)
Main source of lightingMain source of lighting
0102030405060708090
Percent
Main source of Lighting
Kerosene LampElectricityAll others
Only about one out of every twelve Households have access to electricity
Highlights of Population ( general Highlights of Population ( general characteristics)characteristics)
Main source of cooking Main source of cooking fuelfuel
010203040506070
Percent
Main source of cooking fuel
Fuel woodCharcoalGas/electricKeroseneOthers
78.2% of households use firewoodOr charcoal
Highlights of Population ( general Highlights of Population ( general characteristics)characteristics)
Toilet facilitiesToilet facilities
01020304050607080
Percent
Main source of toilet facility
No facilityPublicAll others
Environmental sanitationIs very poor. Three out ofEvery four households Have no toilet facility
Highlights of Population ( general Highlights of Population ( general characteristics)characteristics)
Solid waste disposalSolid waste disposal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percent
Method of solid waste disposal
DumpedelsewherePublic dump site
Burnt
Buried
Collected byauthorityAall othersAbout 55.0% dump solid
Waste anywhere
Highlights of Population ( general Highlights of Population ( general characteristics)characteristics)
Liquid waste disposalLiquid waste disposal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percent
Method of liquid waste disposal
Street/gutterCompoundSewerage systemAll others
About 55.0% pour liquidWaste into the street/gutterOr in the compound.
Main Entrepreneurial ActivitiesMain Entrepreneurial Activities
Agriculture, hunting and Agriculture, hunting and forestryforestry
Main economic activities
01020304050607080
agric manf trade mining others
Main economic activities
Per
cent
ages
Farming methods/practicesFarming methods/practices Types of crops farmedTypes of crops farmed Livestock raring (free Livestock raring (free
range)range)
Main Entrepreneurial ActivitiesMain Entrepreneurial Activities
Quarrying
Large-scale commercial quarryingSmall-scale quarrying
small scale miningsmall scale mining
Large-scale capital intensive miningSmall- scale mining ( galamsey)
Entrepreneurial Activities and Entrepreneurial Activities and Environmental DegradationEnvironmental Degradation
(Vegetation and soil)(Vegetation and soil)
Fuel wood harvesting and charcoal manufacturingFuel wood harvesting and charcoal manufacturingExtent of use of firewood and charcoalSources of wood fuel supply
Impact of Fire Wood and Charcoal Impact of Fire Wood and Charcoal ManufacturingManufacturingReduction in forest canopy
Greater threat of fire damageGenetic depletion
Entrepreneurial Activities and Entrepreneurial Activities and Environmental DegradationEnvironmental Degradation
(Vegetation and soil)(Vegetation and soil) Impact of farming activitiesImpact of farming activities
Reduction in vegetationReduction in soil fertility Removal of the top soil
Entrepreneurial Activities and Entrepreneurial Activities and Environmental Degradation Environmental Degradation
(Vegetation and soil)(Vegetation and soil) Impact of small-scale mining: Destruction of VegetationImpact of small-scale mining: Destruction of Vegetation
Entrepreneurial Activities and Entrepreneurial Activities and Environmental Degradation Environmental Degradation
(Vegetation and soil)(Vegetation and soil) Impact of small-scale mining: Impact of small-scale mining: Creation of un-reclaimable land
Entrepreneurial Activities and Entrepreneurial Activities and Environmental DegradationEnvironmental Degradation
(Vegetation and soil)(Vegetation and soil)
Impact of Impact of quarryingquarrying
Destruction of vegetationCreation of difficult toReclaim land areas
Entrepreneurial Activities and Entrepreneurial Activities and Environmental DegradationEnvironmental Degradation
(Vegetation and soil)(Vegetation and soil) Bush firesBush fires
Causes of Bush FiresCauses of Bush Fires
Farming methods ( slash and burn)Farming methods ( slash and burn) HerdsmenHerdsmen Charcoal productionCharcoal production HuntingHunting Honey tappingHoney tapping Cigarette smokingCigarette smoking Long distance vehicle driversLong distance vehicle drivers Fire festivalsFire festivals
Extent of Bush FiresExtent of Bush Fires
Fifty percent of Ghana’s vegetation cover lost Fifty percent of Ghana’s vegetation cover lost in 1982-83 dry seasonin 1982-83 dry season
28 major or extensive outbreaks recorded in 28 major or extensive outbreaks recorded in the Upper East region between December the Upper East region between December 1995 and may 19961995 and may 1996
Fifty percent of vegetation cover destroyedFifty percent of vegetation cover destroyed 164 Ha of forest reserves in the region 164 Ha of forest reserves in the region
denudeddenuded
Impact of bush firesImpact of bush fires
Soil impoverishedSoil impoverished Increase in wind and water erosionIncrease in wind and water erosion Changes in structure and composition of Changes in structure and composition of
vegetationvegetation Impedes recovery of burnt vegetationImpedes recovery of burnt vegetation Raises surface temperatures at soil levelRaises surface temperatures at soil level
Exasperates food security problems( 35% of standing crops or stored cereals are lost to bush fires annually)
Re-forestation ProgrammesRe-forestation Programmes
NavrongoNavrongo BongoBongo
(The Gia/Nabio Agro forestry Development Organization)
(Anti-bush fire education: A Success story)
Summary and conclusionSummary and conclusion
Main factors responsible for vegetation and soil degradation in the Upper East Region can be Attributed to the increased demand for agricultural land, cutting of trees for fuel wood and Charcoal and bush fires. Small scale mining and quarrying have created very intensive Damages in a few uncultivated lands and communities.Tree planting seems to be the way out , but creates monocultures.