24
1 PRESENTED PRESENTED BY BY :– :– Praveen Praveen kumar kekti kumar kekti DEAL 01/04/2008 DIMAT INDIA - US INDO–US
11
PRESENTED BYPRESENTED BY :– :–
Praveen kumar kektiPraveen kumar kekti
DEAL
01/04/2008
DIMAT
INDIA - US
INDO–US
22
NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY The energy evolved byThe energy evolved by “Nuclear Fission”“Nuclear Fission” or or
“Nuclear Fusion”“Nuclear Fusion” is know as nuclear energy.is know as nuclear energy. The energy is liberated in fission, when The energy is liberated in fission, when
heavy atomic nucleus, such as uranium spilt heavy atomic nucleus, such as uranium spilt in to two or more parts and generate large in to two or more parts and generate large amount of energy by striking of neutron.amount of energy by striking of neutron.
= + = + 3 n3 n + + EnergyEnergyNeutron U-235
U-236
Ba-140
Kr-93
Fig: Nuclear Fission
33
CONTINUED……………….CONTINUED……………….
Nuclear Fusion:-Nuclear Fusion:- In a fusion reaction, two light nuclei, such In a fusion reaction, two light nuclei, such
as hydrogen, combines to form a stable as hydrogen, combines to form a stable nucleus and again large energy is nucleus and again large energy is released. released.
Fig: Nuclear Fusion
NuclearNuclear
+ + Reaction Reaction = = 2 He 2 He + + EnergyEnergyH H
44
RESEARCH NUCLEAR REACTORS RESEARCH NUCLEAR REACTORS IN INDIAIN INDIA
Main research nuclear reactors areMain research nuclear reactors are :- :-
1.) Apsara at BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research center)1.) Apsara at BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research center) 2.) Zerlina2.) Zerlina 3.) Purnima3.) Purnima 4.) Trombay4.) Trombay 5.) Dhruva5.) Dhruva 6.) R–5 6.) R–5 Purnima used Plutorium while others use UraniumPurnima used Plutorium while others use Uranium (U-235, U-233) as a fuel.(U-235, U-233) as a fuel. First research nuclear reactor setup was Apsara, in the year First research nuclear reactor setup was Apsara, in the year
1952.1952. Uranium ore is obtained from Jaduguda mine (Bihar).Uranium ore is obtained from Jaduguda mine (Bihar). In Hyderabad, Nuclear fuel (U-235) is made.In Hyderabad, Nuclear fuel (U-235) is made.
55
ATOMIC POWER STATIONSATOMIC POWER STATIONS There are There are 12 12 main Atomic Power main Atomic Power
Stations in India. Few of them are:Stations in India. Few of them are: (a) (a) Tarapur Atomic Power Station (Maharastra)Tarapur Atomic Power Station (Maharastra)
(b) (b) Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (kota)Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (kota)
(c) (c) NaroraNarora Atomic Power Station ( U.P.)Atomic Power Station ( U.P.)
(d) (d) Indira Gandhi Center of Research ( Chennai)Indira Gandhi Center of Research ( Chennai)
India is the first country in the world which uses India is the first country in the world which uses U-233 U-233 (A man made fissionable material) derived(A man made fissionable material) derivedfrom from ThoriumThorium. .
66
ATOMIC ENERGY CENTERS IN INDIAATOMIC ENERGY CENTERS IN INDIA
77
WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY??WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY??
Total requirement of power in India is Total requirement of power in India is 130000 MW130000 MW and currently produced and currently produced is only is only 119000 Mw119000 Mw. Nuclear energy . Nuclear energy can help India to achieve the target can help India to achieve the target of 200000 Mw by 2020. of 200000 Mw by 2020.
It provides clean energy.It provides clean energy. Carbon emission will be reduced up Carbon emission will be reduced up
to appropriate level. to appropriate level.
88
The landmark nuclear energy agreement that deepens ties between the worlds oldest & the largest democracy was announced in the year 2005. The agreement was signed by US president (Bush) & Indian Prime minister (Manmohan Singh) on 18th July 2005.
The United states-India peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act, of 2006 is the legal basis for the Indo-US Deal (123 Agreement). Under which the U.S. promised to provide access to civilian nuclear technology & nuclear fuel to India, in exchange for International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) – safeguards on civilians Indian reactors.
99
KEY FEATURES OF NUKE DEALKEY FEATURES OF NUKE DEAL India can have nuclear cooperation and India can have nuclear cooperation and
trade with US and others without trade with US and others without compromising its weapons program. India compromising its weapons program. India need not sign the Non-proliferation need not sign the Non-proliferation Treaty (Treaty (NPTNPT) or put its nuclear facilities ) or put its nuclear facilities under full-scope safeguards.under full-scope safeguards.
It gives India assured fuel supplies for its It gives India assured fuel supplies for its civilian nuclear reactors in returns of civilian nuclear reactors in returns of them going under permanent safeguards.them going under permanent safeguards.
It allows India to reprocess and recycle It allows India to reprocess and recycle spent fuel. spent fuel.
1010
This deal is known as This deal is known as 123 Agreement 123 Agreement because it because it comes from Section 123 of the US Atomic Energy comes from Section 123 of the US Atomic Energy Act,1954 under which the US has to conclude any Act,1954 under which the US has to conclude any bilateral civilian nuclear cooperation agreement.bilateral civilian nuclear cooperation agreement.
It took 300 working hours for Indian and American It took 300 working hours for Indian and American technical experts to put together a 30-page technical experts to put together a 30-page document that constitutes the so-called 123 document that constitutes the so-called 123 Agreement which will bring into effect the U.S-India Agreement which will bring into effect the U.S-India civilian nuclear deal.civilian nuclear deal.
1111
CONTINUED……………..
This agreement needs to be This agreement needs to be approved by the approved by the International International Atomic Energy AgencyAtomic Energy Agency (IAEA) & (IAEA) & must receive unconditional must receive unconditional exemption from the rules for nuclear exemption from the rules for nuclear commerce set by the 45-nation commerce set by the 45-nation Nuclear Supplier GroupNuclear Supplier Group (NSG). (NSG).
1212
HOW DOES NUKE DEAL HELP INDIAHOW DOES NUKE DEAL HELP INDIA India will get access to more and diversified India will get access to more and diversified
sources of energy. It will help to fulfill the sources of energy. It will help to fulfill the growing demand of electric power in India. growing demand of electric power in India.
New scenario will be create for high tech and New scenario will be create for high tech and dual-use technology in sectors as diverse as dual-use technology in sectors as diverse as IT, defense, space, Pharmaceuticals etc.IT, defense, space, Pharmaceuticals etc.
Nuke deal will open a new door for us Nuke deal will open a new door for us because India has been prohibited from because India has been prohibited from buying nuclear fuel & technology from world buying nuclear fuel & technology from world market for it’s civilian energy program, since market for it’s civilian energy program, since it conducted its nuclear tests in 1974.it conducted its nuclear tests in 1974.
India will get recognition as a state with India will get recognition as a state with advanced nuclear technology.advanced nuclear technology.
1313
WHY WHY UUSS INTRESTED IN NUKE DEAL INTRESTED IN NUKE DEAL It will create healthy environment in It will create healthy environment in
relationship relationship between United States and between United States and India.India.
India’s growing demand for electric India’s growing demand for electric power will mean a lot of nuclear power will mean a lot of nuclear reactors, and reactors, and billions of dollars of billions of dollars of business for US companies.business for US companies.
Rise of India will help US, as in the post-Rise of India will help US, as in the post-cold war world: cold war world: India and US on same India and US on same sideside..
US firms can US firms can partner India in high–tech partner India in high–tech
venturesventures which they are forbidden to do which they are forbidden to do at present. at present.
1414
THE POSSIBLETHE POSSIBLE PITFALLS PITFALLS
If India conducts an If India conducts an N–test, the deal N–test, the deal could fall apart.could fall apart.
The bar on test The bar on test would be upheld by would be upheld by the Nuclear the Nuclear Supplier's Group Supplier's Group (NSG). (NSG). India
1515
THE POINTS OF THE POINTS OF OPPOSITIONOPPOSITION IN THE IN THE UUS S TO DEALTO DEAL
Non–proliferation lobby feels it’s too generous to Non–proliferation lobby feels it’s too generous to India.India.
India should not get the right to reprocess spent India should not get the right to reprocess spent fuel.fuel.
India will make N–weapons with it’s own uranium.India will make N–weapons with it’s own uranium. The “wrong signal” will go out to Iran, North–The “wrong signal” will go out to Iran, North–
Korea and Pakistan.Korea and Pakistan. It will undermine global Non-proliferation system. It will undermine global Non-proliferation system.
1616
VIEW OF INDIAN PARTIES ABOUT NUKE DEALVIEW OF INDIAN PARTIES ABOUT NUKE DEAL
The Congress–led United Progressive The Congress–led United Progressive Alliance government showing Alliance government showing keenness to go ahead with deal but keenness to go ahead with deal but the the Left parties Left parties areare strongly apposing strongly apposing it.it.
On 18On 18thth August 2007, the Left parties August 2007, the Left parties warned the government of “Serious warned the government of “Serious consequences” of operational zing consequences” of operational zing the Indo-US nuclear deal, but short of the Indo-US nuclear deal, but short of withdrawing support to the UPA withdrawing support to the UPA coalition.coalition.
Mr. Prakash karat
1717
CONTINUED……..CONTINUED…….. By growing apposition to the By growing apposition to the
nuclear deal from the left parties nuclear deal from the left parties Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Prime Minister Manmohan Singh once went to the extend of even once went to the extend of even daring them to withdraw support daring them to withdraw support to the government on the issue.to the government on the issue.
The deal also drew fire from the The deal also drew fire from the right-wing BJP which initially right-wing BJP which initially supported it.supported it.
1818
THE POINTS OF THE POINTS OF OPPOSITIONOPPOSITION IN THE IN THE INDIA INDIA TO DEALTO DEAL
Any kind of restriction in the foreign Any kind of restriction in the foreign policy of India will not be negotiated.policy of India will not be negotiated.
Opposition insists that Indian government Opposition insists that Indian government should not start talks with IAEA should not start talks with IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) for (International Atomic Energy Agency) for the nuclear safe-guard agreement.the nuclear safe-guard agreement.
There should be guaranty of providing There should be guaranty of providing nuclear fuel from the 45 members nuclear fuel from the 45 members Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG). Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG).
1919
CONTINUED…….CONTINUED…….
According to IAEA, India should be According to IAEA, India should be considered as special Protocol.considered as special Protocol.
Only IAEA should get permission for Only IAEA should get permission for the inspection of nuclear reactors the inspection of nuclear reactors and US should not do inspection in and US should not do inspection in the nuclear plants.the nuclear plants.
2020
RELEVANCE OF RELEVANCE OF ““HYDE ACTHYDE ACT””
The left parties had also raised The left parties had also raised concerns about the domestic US law concerns about the domestic US law called the J. Henry Hyde Act. called the J. Henry Hyde Act.
It was passed by the US congress in It was passed by the US congress in December 2006.December 2006.
The Hyde Act gives US The Hyde Act gives US administration the waiver to reach a administration the waiver to reach a pact with India which has not signed pact with India which has not signed NPT.NPT.
2121
India is currently engaged with IAEA, in respect of India's specific safeguard agreement. The discussions are over, but the agreements are yet to be initialed and approved by the Board of Governors.
The Indian Left's opposition to the agreement that's coming in the way of Bush's keenness to see it implemented before, he leaves office in January 2009.
2222
On 25th march 2008 during US visit External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee said :- “we have some political problems in our country. Currently, we are engaged in resolving those problems. But we are hoping that the deal will definitely come in the existence.”
Secretary of State-Condoleezza Rice, added parrying a question, the deal would have to be given up if it is not completed and sent to US Congress by July, given its electoral calendar.
2323
“ “Struggle is the father of all Struggle is the father of all things. It is not by the things. It is not by the principles of humanity that principles of humanity that man lives or able to preserve man lives or able to preserve himself above the animal himself above the animal world, but solely by means of world, but solely by means of the brutal struggle.”the brutal struggle.”
- Adolf Hitler - Adolf Hitler
