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Ind. Rev. in England (18th C.)• Industrial rev. triggered by
changes in agriculture – Consolidation: wealthy
landowners bought up small farmers’ land to make large estates
– Enclosures: small sections of larger fields used to experiment, develop new techniques
• Enclosure developments– Seed drill (Jethro Tull)– Idea of crop rotation– Selective breeding of cattle
Results of Agricultural Advances, in England
• Agricultural output skyrocketed, supporting population explosion in 18th-19th C.– England’s population in 1750 = 5.7
million– England’s population in 1850 = 16.6
million
• As farms became more efficient (& big business), fewer farm workers needed
• People moved to the cities, providing ready labor force for new industries springing up
Roots of Industrialization• What is industrialization?– Process of developing
machine production of goods
– Industrialization roots were in England
• Why England?– Ample “Factors of
Production”• Land, labor & capital• These are required to produce
anything
– Presence of entrepreneurs
English Roots of Industrialization• Why England?– Expanding economy
• Many private banks• Sophisticated methods of
lending and financing
– Form of government• 100+ years of liberty, freedom
in a const. monarchy• Laissez faire (“hands off”)
approach to business, by government
– Climate of progress• England a dynamic, open
society vs. rest of Europe / Russia
Industrial Advancements• Textile industry first to
industrialize (machines replaced muscle power)– Flying shuttle (1733)– Spinning jenny (1764)– Steam engine (1765)– Spinning mule (1779)– Power loom (1787)– Cotton Gin (1793)
• New methods– Old technique: piece work– Factory: a place where bulky,
expensive machinery – and workers – were brought together
Weavers wove faster
SJ: process thread
Cotton GinSteam engine
Transportation Advancements
Erie Canal: 363 miles long!
• On water– Steam engine used to propel
boats (Steam ship & paddle wheel boat)
– Man made canals connected regions otherwise not fed with rivers
– Why was river / canal trade better than overland trade?
Transportation Advancements
• On Land– Macadam road
• Large rocks on top of smoothed gravel
• Easier travel, better drainage• Allowed travel during rainy
seasons
– Steam engine led to railroads• First RR engine = 1804• First RR line (1821)
transported coal to port city• Liverpool to Manchester line
(1830): 24 MPH train!
Transportation Developments
• Railroads affected virtually every other industry– Spurred economic growth
(cheap way to transport goods)– Created tens of thousands of
jobs• Coal mining• Iron smelting• Shipping
– Boosted agriculture (get crops to market quicker = higher profits)
– Made migration to cities easier– Killed canal industry
Industrial Rev. on Continent
• Belgium (ca. 1800)– First country to adopt
industrial processes from UK– Already had canals, raw
materials (textile industry)– Employed skilled British
workers– Built machinery, steam
engines, railroads on English model
Industrial Rev. on Continent• Germany, ca. 1835– Imported British ideas,
engineers & equipment– German children were sent
to UK schools, to learn about industrialization
– Germany’s first RRs were built connecting raw materials to manufacturing centers
• But divisions of German Confederation slowed industrialization
Industrial Rev. on Continent• Regional spread of
industrialization to rest of Europe– Parts of Spain– Parts of Italy– Parts of Russia– Generally into cities near rivers
(why?)
• France industrialized only after 1830 (what slowed it down?)– Government sponsored dev. of
RR after 1850– How was that different than UK?
Impact of Industrialization
• Global inequality– Growing gap between
industrialized, non-industrialized nations
– Outside of Europe / America, no industrialization, anywhere
Impact of Industrialization• Economic & Social Inequality
– Owners of factories got rich– Workers had hard, dangerous
life• Imperialism
– Result of industrialization– Need for raw materials
• Where to get them from?– Need for vast markets to sell
finished (manufactured) goods • Where to sell them?
– Thus, industrialized nations took lands of non-industrialized countries for raw materials & sold their people manufactured goods
– Result? Even more power to industrialized nations