The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

-Key Concepts--Key Concepts-

I. The “Other Half” of the “Dual I. The “Other Half” of the “Dual Revolution”Revolution”

A revolution recognized A revolution recognized by 1820by 1820Changes occurred rather Changes occurred rather suddenlysuddenlyChanges in the workplaceChanges in the workplaceIn 1860, Britain produced In 1860, Britain produced 20% of the entire world’s 20% of the entire world’s output of industrial goodsoutput of industrial goodsTwo “caveats”Two “caveats”--scope of the revolution--scope of the revolution--impact of the revolution--impact of the revolution

II. The Essential Nature of the II. The Essential Nature of the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Dates vary according to Dates vary according to nationnation1818thth century origins century origins--expanding Atlantic --expanding Atlantic economyeconomy--flourishing English --flourishing English agricultureagriculture--effective central bank --effective central bank and credit systemand credit system--stable and predictable --stable and predictable governmentgovernment--mobile rural wage --mobile rural wage earnersearners

II. The Essential Nature of the II. The Essential Nature of the Industrial Revolution (cont)Industrial Revolution (cont)

Fundamental nature = Fundamental nature = adaptation and changeadaptation and change

Continuous nature of Continuous nature of adaptation—a adaptation—a “permanent” revolution“permanent” revolution

Impact of the industrial Impact of the industrial revolutionrevolution

Beginnings in Great Beginnings in Great BritainBritain

Pre-industrial cottage Pre-industrial cottage industryindustry

III. A Case Study: Cotton III. A Case Study: Cotton Manufacturing in ManchesterManufacturing in Manchester

Great locationGreat location

By-product of By-product of overseas tradeoverseas trade

--1 million bags of --1 million bags of cotton imported into cotton imported into Liverpool in 1825Liverpool in 1825

Tremendous Tremendous opportunityopportunity

New TechnologyNew Technology

James Hargreaves’ “Spinning James Hargreaves’ “Spinning Jenny” (1765)Jenny” (1765)

Richard Arkwright’s Water Frame Richard Arkwright’s Water Frame (1769)(1769)

James Watt’s Steam Engine James Watt’s Steam Engine (1790’s)(1790’s)

Significance of the Steam EngineSignificance of the Steam Engine

Requires a Requires a specialized facility for specialized facility for its use near a ready its use near a ready source of coalsource of coal

Changed the location Changed the location of factories, freeing of factories, freeing the factory to be the factory to be located in the most located in the most economical locationeconomical location

IV. Economic Explosion Mixed with IV. Economic Explosion Mixed with FearFear

Availability of cotton Availability of cotton clothing to allclothing to allTemporary bottleneck Temporary bottleneck means higher wages for means higher wages for British weaversBritish weavers--Edmund Cartwright’s --Edmund Cartwright’s power loom (1785)power loom (1785)The cityscape of The cityscape of Manchester was Manchester was dramatically transformed dramatically transformed by 1800by 1800New machines and New machines and factories were both factories were both fascinating and horrifyingfascinating and horrifying

V.V. The “Crowning” Invention: The “Crowning” Invention: The RailroadThe Railroad

The world’s first railway The world’s first railway line ran from Manchester line ran from Manchester to Liverpoolto LiverpoolThe first locomotive = The first locomotive = The “Rocket” (1830)The “Rocket” (1830)Revolution in land Revolution in land transportation = dropping transportation = dropping pricespricesLaborers shift to the city Laborers shift to the city and factoriesand factoriesCultural changes Cultural changes producedproducedA “feedback” mechanismA “feedback” mechanism

VI. The Invention of a Free MarketVI. The Invention of a Free Market

Transportation advances Transportation advances broke down traditional broke down traditional local marketslocal marketsSignificance of economic Significance of economic freedomfreedom--abolition of the Corn --abolition of the Corn Laws in 1846Laws in 1846A free market in laborA free market in laborThe main goal = profitThe main goal = profitPraise for the free marketPraise for the free marketCriticism: A sense of Criticism: A sense of destruction and alienationdestruction and alienation

VII. The Industrial Revolution on VII. The Industrial Revolution on the Continentthe Continent

Industrialize in a different Industrialize in a different pattern than Britainpattern than BritainLater industrialization as Later industrialization as you move eastyou move eastEntered industrialization Entered industrialization at an advanced stageat an advanced stageRailroads and banks Railroads and banks were instrumentalwere instrumental““State-managed State-managed capitalism”capitalism”--Friedrich List’s --Friedrich List’s ZollvereinZollverein

VII. Continental Industrialization VII. Continental Industrialization (cont) (cont)

Delayed industrialization Delayed industrialization was more explosivewas more explosiveProcess of Process of industrialization is far industrialization is far from automaticfrom automatic--Competition from cheap --Competition from cheap British goodsBritish goods--Complicated technology--Complicated technology--Expensive technology--Expensive technology--Shortage of laborers--Shortage of laborers--Authorities suspicious at --Authorities suspicious at firstfirst

VIII. The New Working ClassVIII. The New Working Class

Who were they?Who were they?

A group with genuine A group with genuine hesitationhesitation

--initial reluctance--initial reluctance

--incomplete conversion--incomplete conversion

The significance of The significance of kinship tieskinship ties

Slow evolution in some Slow evolution in some kinds of manufacturing kinds of manufacturing employmentemployment

VIII. The New Working Class VIII. The New Working Class (cont)(cont)

Early attempts to Early attempts to organize workersorganize workers

--Combination Acts, --Combination Acts, 17991799

--1834 attempt at a --1834 attempt at a national labor union national labor union by Robert Owenby Robert Owen

--Chartist movement, --Chartist movement, 1830’s and 1840’s1830’s and 1840’s

VIII. The New Working Class VIII. The New Working Class (cont)(cont)

Working conditionsWorking conditions--long hours--long hours--unbroken routine--unbroken routine-- “Separate Spheres” for -- “Separate Spheres” for married and single married and single womenwomenLabor DisciplineLabor Discipline--fines--fines--low wages--low wages--Thomas Malthus--Thomas Malthus--David Ricardo and the --David Ricardo and the “Iron Law of Wages”“Iron Law of Wages”

VIII. The New Working Class VIII. The New Working Class (cont)(cont)

BellsBells

““Speed up and stretch Speed up and stretch out”out”

Employment of Employment of women and childrenwomen and children

SubcontractingSubcontracting

Subjected to real Subjected to real dangerdanger

The notion of “hands”The notion of “hands”

IX. Living Conditions in New IX. Living Conditions in New Factory CitiesFactory Cities

The symbolism of the The symbolism of the “East End”“East End”Enormous population Enormous population shiftsshiftsProblems of disease, Problems of disease, alcoholism and crimealcoholism and crimeOccupied “row houses” Occupied “row houses” near factoriesnear factoriesNo rise in “real” wages No rise in “real” wages until after 1850until after 1850Middle-class reform Middle-class reform effortsefforts--leads to vote for women--leads to vote for women

X. A “Divided City”X. A “Divided City”

““West End” = winners West End” = winners of the industrial of the industrial revolutionrevolution

““East End” = losers of East End” = losers of the industrial the industrial revolutionrevolution

Urban geography Urban geography displayed the displayed the extremes of industrial extremes of industrial capitalismcapitalism

XI. Symbol of Industrial Success: XI. Symbol of Industrial Success: The Crystal PalaceThe Crystal Palace

The Great London The Great London Exhibition of 1851Exhibition of 1851Intended to show off the Intended to show off the industrial might of Great industrial might of Great BritainBritainThe need for a special The need for a special building to house the building to house the exhibitionexhibition--Joseph Paxton--Joseph PaxtonConstruction problems: Construction problems: light and speedlight and speedThe answer: a “machine The answer: a “machine building”building”

XI. The “Crystal Palace” (cont)XI. The “Crystal Palace” (cont)

““Softening” the industrial Softening” the industrial designdesign

The popularity of the The popularity of the exhibitionexhibition

A variety of exhibitsA variety of exhibits

--Grandest spectacle was --Grandest spectacle was the Machinery Courtthe Machinery Court

The significance of The significance of “period revivalism” used “period revivalism” used for the exhibitsfor the exhibits

XI. The “Crystal Palace” (cont)XI. The “Crystal Palace” (cont)

The Crystal Palace as a The Crystal Palace as a vision of the future—a vision of the future—a “haunting modern dream”“haunting modern dream”

Its transparency Its transparency symbolized a sense of symbolized a sense of limitlessness—no limitlessness—no boundariesboundaries

Became the basis for Became the basis for modern architecturemodern architecture

Ambivalence for a Ambivalence for a controlled, orderly worldcontrolled, orderly world