The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolutionKEY EVENTSKEY EVENTS

OBJECTIVE(S):OBJECTIVE(S):

• Explain why the Industrial Explain why the Industrial Revolution developed in Great Revolution developed in Great Britain firstBritain first

• Identify some of the key resources Identify some of the key resources of the Industrial Revolutionof the Industrial Revolution

• Identify some of the key inventions Identify some of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolutionof the Industrial Revolution

V.V. An examination of the first An examination of the first country to industrialize, Great country to industrialize, Great Britain, serves as a case study Britain, serves as a case study of the key events of the of the key events of the Industrial Revolution.Industrial Revolution.

A.A. The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain.began in Great Britain.

1.1. England had all of the England had all of the pre-conditions of pre-conditions of industrialization before industrialization before any of the other any of the other countries in Europe, countries in Europe, allowing it to allowing it to industrialize first.industrialize first.

2.2. From England, the From England, the Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution spread to the other spread to the other European countries European countries once they were ready once they were ready for it.for it.

B.B. The textile The textile industry—or industry—or clothing—was clothing—was the first to the first to mechanize.mechanize.

1.1. Several key inventions Several key inventions made the processing of made the processing of raw materials, raw materials, production of cloth and production of cloth and the manufacture of the manufacture of clothing more efficient.clothing more efficient.

a.a. Processing of cotton and wool Processing of cotton and wool into thread:, James Hargreaves’ into thread:, James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny, Richard spinning jenny, Richard Arkwright’s water frame (loom), Arkwright’s water frame (loom), Samuel Compton’s spinning Samuel Compton’s spinning mule (a spinning jenny and mule (a spinning jenny and water frame combined into one water frame combined into one machine) and Eli Whitney’s machine) and Eli Whitney’s cotton gin.cotton gin.

b.b. Production of cloth: Production of cloth: John Kay’s flying John Kay’s flying shuttle and Edmund shuttle and Edmund Cartwright’s power Cartwright’s power loom.loom.

2.2. These machines These machines were too large to be were too large to be in homes and too in homes and too expensive for the expensive for the average person to average person to buy. buy.

So factories had to be So factories had to be built to house them and built to house them and industrialists—people industrialists—people who invest in industry—who invest in industry—had to finance the had to finance the construction of them construction of them and buy the machines.and buy the machines.

C.C. Over the course of Over the course of the Industrial the Industrial Revolution, new Revolution, new forms of power forms of power came into use.came into use.

1.1. Water powerWater power

a.a. Early factories were Early factories were powered by water wheels, powered by water wheels, using rivers and streams. using rivers and streams. So early factories had to be So early factories had to be built in places were the built in places were the conditions were right. conditions were right.

b.b. Many of the early industrial Many of the early industrial cities in Great Britain cities in Great Britain sprang up in places where sprang up in places where there were not cities there were not cities before. Cities like Leeds, before. Cities like Leeds, Manchester, etc., were Manchester, etc., were new industrial cities.new industrial cities.

2.2. Steam powerSteam power

a.a. The steam engine, The steam engine, perfected by James perfected by James Watt, became the Watt, became the next important next important source of power.source of power.

b.b. The steam engine, The steam engine, powered by large coal powered by large coal furnaces, allowed furnaces, allowed factories to be built factories to be built anywhere, not just anywhere, not just near water.near water.

c.c. The steam The steam engine was also engine was also used for used for transportation. transportation.

Railroads and steam ships Railroads and steam ships became important became important components of components of industrialization as they industrialization as they were used to move raw were used to move raw materials and finished materials and finished products quicker and products quicker and cheaper than before.cheaper than before.

3.3. ElectricityElectricitya.a. After steam After steam

power, electricity power, electricity became the next became the next great power great power source.source.

b.b. Electricity, like Electricity, like steam power, steam power, allowed factories allowed factories to be built to be built anywhere.anywhere.

c.c. Once the infrastructure Once the infrastructure for electrical power was for electrical power was built for businesses, it built for businesses, it also came into use for also came into use for everyday people, everyday people, drastically changing the drastically changing the way people lived.way people lived.

4.4. PetroleumPetroleuma.a. Later in Later in

industrialization, industrialization, oil became an oil became an important important resource.resource.

b.b. Oil is still used in Oil is still used in business, especially business, especially in the transportation in the transportation of raw materials and of raw materials and trade goods.trade goods.

D.D. Other important Other important industrial resourcesindustrial resources1.1. Wool and Cotton Wool and Cotton

a.a. Wool, taken from sheep, Wool, taken from sheep, was used to spin thread was used to spin thread and make cloth for and make cloth for clothing. European clothing. European countries raised sheep countries raised sheep for their wool.for their wool.

b.b. As industrialization As industrialization continued, cotton continued, cotton became the preferred became the preferred material for making material for making thread to be woven into thread to be woven into cloth. cloth.

Cotton grows in warm Cotton grows in warm climates and most of it climates and most of it had to be imported from had to be imported from outside of Europe outside of Europe because their climate because their climate was not well suited for was not well suited for growing it.growing it.

2.2. CoalCoal

a.a. Once the steam Once the steam engine started to be engine started to be used in factories, coal used in factories, coal became an important became an important resource.resource.

Coal had to be mined—Coal had to be mined—not an easy process—not an easy process—and there were many and there were many problems associated problems associated with its use, not the with its use, not the least of which was least of which was pollution. pollution.

b.b. Massive Massive quantities of quantities of coal were need coal were need to power to power industry.industry.

c.c. Coal was also Coal was also used for used for transportation. transportation.

Steam ships and Steam ships and railroads—which railroads—which were built were built specifically for specifically for industry—used tons industry—used tons of coal too.of coal too.

3.3. IronIron

a.a. During During industrialization, the industrialization, the preferred material preferred material for products shifted for products shifted from wood to metal. from wood to metal.

b.b. At first, iron was the At first, iron was the strongest and strongest and easiest to work easiest to work with. But it was with. But it was heavy.heavy.

b.b. At first, iron was the At first, iron was the strongest and strongest and easiest to work easiest to work with. But it was with. But it was heavy.heavy.

4.4. SteelSteel

a.a. Steel is an alloy—a Steel is an alloy—a mixture of metalsmixture of metals—and is stronger —and is stronger and lighter than and lighter than iron.iron.

b.b. Steel became the chief Steel became the chief material of material of industrialization as industrialization as everything—from pots everything—from pots and pan to battleships—and pan to battleships—started to be made with started to be made with it.it.