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THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
1. Visible describe or demonstrate anatomical position2. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body
directions, surfaces, and body planes.3. Locate the major body cavities, list the chief organs in
each cavity
• An initial reference point
• The body is erect
• Feet parallel
• Arms hanging at sides
• Palms facing forward
• Uncomfortable
ANATOMICAL POSITION
Allow medical personnel and anatomist to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another. Describe the location of the ears in relation to
the nose The ears are to the right and left of the nose The ears are lateral to the nose
Directional Terms
Directional Terms
Superior/ Inferior
Term Definition Example
Superior (cranial or cephalad)
Toward the head end or upper part of the body; above
The forehead is superior to the nose
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body: below
The naval is inferior to the breastbone
Directional TermsVentral (anterior)/ Dorsal (posterior)
Term Definition Example
Ventral (anterior)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
The breastbone (sternum) is anterior to the spine
Dorsal(posterior)
Toward or at the backside of the body; behind
The heart is posterior to the breast bone
Directional Terms
Medial/ Lateral Term Definition Example
Medial Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
The heart is medial to the arm
Lateral Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
The arms are lateral to the chest
Intermediate Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder
Directional Terms
Proximal/ Distal Term Definition Example
Proximal Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
The elbow is proximal to the wrist (meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm than the wrist)
Distal Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
The knee is distal to the thigh
Directional Terms
Superficial (external)/Deep (internal)
Term Definition Example
Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
The skin is superficial to the skeleton
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal
The lungs are deep to the rib cage
REGIONAL TERMSAnterior Body
Landmarks Abdominal/ Umbilical:
anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs
Acromial: point of the shoulder Antebrachial: forearm Antecubital: anterior surface Axillary: armpit Brachial: arm (upper) Buccal: cheek Carpal: wrist Cervical: neck region Coxal: hip Crural: leg Deltoid: curve of the shoulder
formed by the deltoid muscle Digital: fingers, toes
Femoral: thigh Fibular: lateral part of the leg Frontal: forehead Inguinal: area where thigh
meets body trunk; groin Mental: chin Nasal: nose area Oral: mouth Orbital: eye area Patellar: anterior knee Pelvic: area overlying the
pelvis anteriorly Pubic: genital region Sternal: breast bone area Tarsal: ankle region Thoracic: chest Umbilical: naval
REGIONAL TERMSPosterior Body
Landmarks Calcaneal: heel of foot Cephalic: head Femoral: thigh Gluteal: buttock Lumbar: area of back
between the ribs and hips; the loin
Occipital: Posterior surface of the head or base of the skull
Olecranal: posterior surface of the elbow
Plantar: sole of the foot Popliteal: posterior knee
area Sacral: area between the
hips Scapular: shoulder blade
region Sural: the posterior
surface of the leg: the calf Vertebral: area of spinal
column
REGIONAL TERMS
• A plane is an imaginary line on the body.
• Sections• Sagittal – a cut a long the lengthwise or longitudinal, dividing the body into right and left parts
(parasagittal)• Median, or Midsagittal – a cut down the median of the body that spits the body into equal right and left
halves• Frontal/ Coronal – a cut along a lengthwise plane that divides the body or organ into anterior or
posterior parts • Transverse / Cross– a cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
BODY CAVITIESDorsal
Has 2 subdivisions Cranial cavity - brain Spinal cavity - spine
Ventral
Has 2 subdivisions Separated by the diphragm
Thoracic cavity lungs & heart protected by the rib cage Lungs are separated by the
mediastinum Heart , trachea, visceral
organs
Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity
Stomach Liver Intestines
Pelvic cavity Reproductive organs Bladder Rectum
ABDOMINOPOELVIC CAVITY
QUADRANTS
The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 4 quadrants RUQ – right upper
quadrant RLQ – right lower
quadrant LUQ – left upper quadrant LLQ – left lower quadrant
9 ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
UMBILICAL Centermost region, deep to
and surrounding the umbilicus (navel) EPIGASTRIC
Superior to the umbilical region
HYPOGASTRIC (PUBIC)Inferior to the umbilical
region RT. & LT. ILIAC or
INGUINALLateral to the hypogastric
region RT. & LT. LUMBER
Lateral to the umbilical region RT. & LT.
HYPOCHONDRIACFlank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs
Umbilical
Region
Epigastric
Region
Hypogastric
Region
Right Iliac
(inguinal)
Region
Left Iliac (inguinal
)Region
Right lumbarRegion
LeftlumbarRegion
Right hypochondri
acRegion
Right hypochondri
acRegion
9 ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
Oral & Digestive cavities Mouth Digestive Organs Continuous tube from mouth to anus
Nasal Cavity Within and posterior to the nose
Orbital Cavity Orbits in the skull that houses the eyes and
presents them in an anterior position Middle Ear Cavity
Contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to hearing receptors in the middle ear.
Other Body Cavities